DNA and RNA
Chapter 12
Name: ________________
Period: ___
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. What did Griffith observe when he injected into mice a mixture of heat-killed disease-causing bacteria and live
harmless bacteria?
a. The disease-causing bacteria changed into harmless bacteria.
b. The mice developed pneumonia.
c. The harmless bacteria died.
d. The mice were unaffected.
____
2. Which of the following is a nucleotide found in DNA?
a. ribose + phosphate group + thymine
b. ribose + phosphate group + uracil
c. deoxyribose + phosphate group + uracil
d. deoxyribose + phosphate group + cytosine
____
3. DNA replication results in two DNA molecules,
a. each with two new strands.
b. one with two new strands and the other with two original strands.
c. each with one new strand and one original strand.
d. each with two original strands.
____
4. Unlike DNA, RNA contains
a. adenine.
b. uracil.
c. phosphate groups.
d. thymine.
____
5. Which type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis?
a. transfer RNA only
b. messenger RNA only
c. ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA only
d. messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
____
6. During transcription, an RNA molecule is formed
a. that is complementary to both strands of DNA.
b. that is complementary to neither strand of DNA.
c. that is double-stranded.
d. inside the nucleus.
____
7. How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids?
a. 3
c. 9
b. 6
d. 12
____
8. Which type of RNA functions as a blueprint of the genetic code?
a. rRNA
c. mRNA
b. tRNA
d. RNA polymerase
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DNA and RNA
____
Chapter 12
Name: ________________
Period: ___
9. Which of the following is NOT a gene mutation?
a. inversion
c. deletion
b. insertion
d. substitution
____ 10. A lac repressor turns off the lac genes by binding to
a. the promoter.
c. the operator.
b. tRNA.
d. the lac genes.
____ 11. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
a. Mutations do not occur in hox genes.
b. Hox genes that are found in different animals are very different from each other.
c. Hox genes control the normal development of an animal.
d. Hox genes occur in clusters.
True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the
sentence or statement true.
12. The structure labeled X in Figure 12-1 is Hydrogen bond between Cytosine and Guanine.___________
Figure 12–1
13. The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of Amino Acids in proteins.____________
14. There is no triplet codon that is specified by a stop codon on an DNA molecule._____________
15. DNA polymerase reads the triplet codon on both strands in the same direction during replication. ___________
16. Transcription occurs within the nucleus. _______________
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DNA and RNA
Chapter 12
Name: ________________
Period: ___
Short Answer: Use complete sentences to answer the following 5 questions, one of which must be question 24.
17. At the beginning of DNA replication, what must occur in order for the two strands of a DNA molecule to
separate, explain? (2)
18. What Function does the molecule tRNA complete, explain this function in detail? (4)
19. Describe the Hershey-Chase experiment. Why were the results important? (4)
20. Describe the structure of a DNA molecule. (3)
21. Contrast the functions of the three main types of RNA, mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomal RNA. (6)
22. Why do some kinds of point mutations cause greater changes in proteins than others? (3)
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DNA and RNA
Chapter 12
Name: ________________
Period: ___
23. USING SCIENCE SKILLS (1 mark each)
Figure 12–4
a. Interpreting Graphics What process is illustrated in Figure 12-4?
b. Interpreting Graphics Identify structure C in Figure 12-4.
c. Interpreting Graphics Which labeled structure in Figure 12-4 is a codon?
d. Inferring What is the relationship between the codons and anticodons in Figure 12-4? How is this relationship
important?
e. Predicting In Figure 12-4, what will happen after the ribosome joins the methionine and phenylalanine?
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DNA and RNA
Chapter 12
Name: ________________
Period: ___
24. Using the original strand of DNA material below, complete the following processes.
Replication, Translation andTranscription,
ATGAGAAGTAGGAGAAGCATAATCGATTCAACACATCCAGCCACATTAG
Explain how each of the above processes (Replication, Translation and Transcription) occurs in the cell. This question
requires DETAIL.
(12)
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DNA and RNA
25.
Chapter 12
Name: ________________
Period: ___
Describe the relationship between DNA, Chromatin, histones and nucleosomes. (3)
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DNA and RNA
Chapter 12
Name: ________________
Period: ___
DNA and RNA
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
B
D
C
B
D
D
A
C
A
C
B
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
p. 288
p. 291
p. 299
p. 300
p. 300
p. 301
p. 302
p. 301
p. 308
p. 310
p. 312
COMPLETION
12. ANS: nucleotide
REF: p. 294
13. ANS: amino acids
REF: p. 302
14. ANS: amino acid
REF: p. 303
15. ANS: lactose
REF: p. 310
16. ANS: enhancer
REF: p. 311
SHORT ANSWER
17. ANS:
The hydrogen bonds between the base pairs must be broken and the molecule must unwind.
REF: p. 299
18. ANS:
Molecule B is tRNA, which carries amino acids to the ribosomes.
REF: p. 301
19. ANS:
Lactose binds to the lac repressor, causing the repressor to release the operator.
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DNA and RNA
Chapter 12
Name: ________________
Period: ___
REF: p. 310
ESSAY
20. ANS:
Hershey and Chase grew bacteriophages in cultures containing radioactive isotopes of 32P and 35S. The 32P
became incorporated into the bacteriophage’s DNA because DNA contains phosphorus. The 35S became
incorporated into the bacteriophage’s protein coat because proteins contain sulfur. After the bacteriophages
were allowed to infect bacteria, Hershey and Chase found that nearly all the radioactivity in the bacteria was
from 32P. This indicated that the bacteriophage’s DNA was injected into the bacteria. The results were
important because they showed that the bacteriophage’s genetic material was DNA, not protein.
REF: p. 289, p. 290
21. ANS:
A DNA molecule has the shape of a double helix, or that of a twisted ladder. Each strand of the helix is a chain
of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases of the nucleotides on
opposite strands. The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds with each other in pairs. Adenine forms hydrogen
bonds with thymine, and guanine forms hydrogen bonds with cytosine.
REF: p. 294
22. ANS:
Messenger RNA carries copies of instructions for assembling proteins from DNA to the ribosomes. Ribosomal
RNA is a component of the ribosomes. Transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes for assembly into
proteins.
REF: p. 301
23. ANS:
Proteins have many different functions in an organism. These functions include catalyzing and regulating
chemical reactions, regulating growth patterns, and providing the actual structural components of the organisms.
Together, these functions play a key role in producing an organism’s traits, or phenotype.
REF: p. 306
24. ANS:
Point mutations include substitutions, insertions, and deletions of single nucleotides in DNA. Insertions and
deletions have a greater effect on proteins than do substitutions, because insertions and deletions change the
reading frame of the genetic code, affecting every amino acid that follows the point of mutation. In contrast, a
substitution affects a single amino acid. A change in more than one amino acid is more likely to alter the
function of the protein than is a change in a single amino acid.
REF: p. 307
OTHER
25. ANS:
Translation (or protein synthesis) is illustrated.
REF: p. 304
8
DNA and RNA
Chapter 12
Name: ________________
Period: ___
26. ANS:
Structure C is a ribosome.
REF: p. 304
27. ANS:
Structure F is a codon.
REF: p. 302
28. ANS:
The codons and anticodons have complementary nitrogenous bases, allowing them to base pair. Since each
tRNA carries only one kind of amino acid, the base pairing between the anticodons and codons brings a specific
sequence of amino acids to the ribosomes.
REF: p. 304
29. ANS:
The bond between the methionine and its tRNA will be broken. The tRNA will move away from the ribosome,
allowing the ribosome to bind with another tRNA. The ribosome will move down the mRNA to the next codon.
REF: p. 304
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