人文領域通識課程
概述
1-2:
古希臘戲劇與戲劇家
I. Aeschylus (c525-456 B. C.)
The Oresteia (trilogy):
Helen, Menelaus; Goddess of Discord, Golden Apple, Hera, Athena,
Aphrodite, Achilles’ heel (Peleus+ Thetis) Iphigenia, Dionysus
(Zeus+Semele), 10 citizens as judges (jury)
Agamemnon : Agamemnon, Clytemnestra, Cassandra, Aegisthus
The Libation Bearers : Orestes, Pylades, Electra (Electra complex)
The Eumenides : Apollo (Delphi), Hermes, Orestes, Athena; Areopagus
Apollo: Here is the truth, I tell you--see how right I am.
The woman you call the mother of the child is not the parent, just a nurse to the seed, the new-sown seed that grows and swells inside her.
The man is the source of life--the one who mounts.
She, like a stranger for a stranger, keeps the shoot alive unless god hurts the roots.
II. Sophocles (495-406)
Oedipus the King : Oedipus, Creon, Tiresias, Jocasta; Thebes (King Laius, the
Sphinx)
Oedipus Complex:
You need not fear a union with your mother. Men often, in their dreams, approach their mothers’ beds, lie with them, possess them.
Oedipus at Colonus : Antigone, Theseus, Polyneices, Eteocles, Ismene
Antigone : Antigone, Ismene, Haemon, Eurydice, Messenger; Acheron (woe),
Charon (boatman), Cerberus (a three-headed, dragon-tailed dog, cake), lips
(passage money); Cocytus (lamentation), Phlegethon (fire), Styx (the unbreakable oath), Lethe (forgetfulness); Elysian Fields; Fates (Lachesis
[lot], Clotho [thread], Atropos [shears]); Hades (Rhadamenthus, Minos,
Aeacus)
III. Euripides (480-407 B. C.)
Medea : Jason, Kreon, Aigeus, the Chorus; Corinth, dragon chariot, deus ex

西洋戲劇與戲劇家
2 machina
IV. Aristophanes (448-380 B. C.)
Lysistrata (utopian comedy): Lysistrata (Athenian), Calonice (Athenian),
Lampito (Spartan woman), Myrrhine, Cinesias (husband), Old men of
Athens, Old Women of Athens, Athenian Magistrate
Birds (social satire): Pisthetaerus (Athenian), Euelpides(Athenian),
Cloudcuckooland
概述
3:
古羅馬與中世紀戲劇與戲劇家
A.
古羅馬戲劇與戲劇家
喜劇作家
Titus Maccius Plautus (ca. 251-184 B. C.)
Menaechmi :Menaechmus of Epidamnum, Menaechmus Sosicles, Messenio,
Wife of Menaechmus of Epidamnum, Erotium (a courtesan), Peniculous (a parasite)
B.
中世紀戲劇與戲劇家
(1) The Second Shepherds' Play : Coll (a bob of cherries: resurrection), Gib (a bird: innocence), Daw (a ball: power), Mak (sheep-stealing), Gill, Angel, Mary; faith, hope, charity
(a)Lord, what these weathers are cold,
(b)And I am ill happed
(a)I am nerehand dold.
(b)So long have I napped
(a)My legs they fold,
(b)My fingers are chapped
(a)It is not as I wold,
(b)For I am all lapped
(c)In sorrow:
(d)In storms and tempest,
(d)Now in the east, now in the west,
(d)Woe is him that has never rest
(c)Midday nor morrow. i) The Birth of Christ (Luke, 2: 8-17)
And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch

西洋戲劇與戲劇家
3 over their flock by night. And, lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of the Lord shone round about them: and they were sore afraid. And the angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a saviour, which is Christ the Lord. And this shall be a sign unto you; Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger. And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God, and saying, Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men. And it came to pass, as the angels were gone away from them into heaven, the shepherds said one to another, Let us now go even unto Bethlehem, and see this thing which is come to pass, which the Lord hath made known unto us. And they came with haste, and found Mary, and Joseph, and the babe lying in a manger. And when they had seen it, they made known abroad the saying which was told them concerning this child.
耶穌誕生（
Luke, 2: 8-17
）
在伯利恆之野地裏有牧羊的人，夜間按著更次看守羊群。有主的使者站在他們
旁邊，主的榮光四面照著他們，牧羊的人就甚懼怕。那天使對他們說：不要懼怕，
我報給你們大喜的信息，是關乎萬民的，因今天在大衛的城裏，為你們生了救主，
就是主基督。你們要看見一個嬰孩，包著布，臥在馬槽裏，那就是記號了。忽然有
一大隊天兵，同那天使讚美上帝說：在至高之處榮耀歸與上帝，在地上平安歸與他
所喜悅的人。眾天使離開他們升天去了，牧羊的人彼此說：我們往伯利恆去，看看
所成的事，就是主所指示我們的。他們急忙去了，就尋見馬利亞和約瑟，又有那嬰
孩臥在馬槽裏。既然看見，就把天使論這孩子的話傳開了。
(ii) The Lord’s Prayer
Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come.
Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever,
Amen. (St. Matthew, 6:9-13; see also Luke, 11:2-4
）

西洋戲劇與戲劇家
4
主禱文
我們在天上的父，願人都尊你的名為聖。願你的國降臨；願你的旨意行在地上，
如同行在天上。我們日用的飲食，天天賜給我們。赦免我們的罪，我們也赦免凡虧
欠我們的人。不叫我們遇見試探，救我們脫離兇惡。
(2) Everyman : Messenger, Death, Everyman, Fellowship, Cousin, Kindred,
Goods, Good Deeds, Knowledge, Confession (scourge, robe of contrition),
Priesthood (seven sacraments), Discretion, Strength, Beauty, Five Wits,
Angel, Doctor
i) Seven chief virtues: justice, temperance, fortitude (courage), prudence; faith, hope, love (charity)
ii) Seven deadly sins: pride, covetousness (avarice), wrath (anger), lechery
(lust), envy, gluttony, sloth
iii) Seven sacraments: Baptism, Confirmation, Holy Order, Holy Eucharist,
Holy Matrimony, Penance, Extreme Unction
概述
4-5:
文藝復興時代英國戲劇與戲劇家
I. William Shakespeare (1564-1612)
Four great tragedies:
(1) Hamlet : Hamlet (Prince of Denmark, mad, melancholia), Old Hamlet (sting of a serpent), Claudius, Polonius, Horatio, Laertes (poisoned rapier),
Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Fortinbras, Gertrude (poisoned cup), Ophelia; procrastination, Elsinore Castle
(2) Othello : Othello (commander of the armed forces of Venice), Duke of
Venice, Cassio (chief of staff), Iago (ensign), Desdemona, Emilia;
Brabantio, Roderigo; Machiavellism, Venice, Cyprus, Turkish galleys, handkerchief, epilepsy
(3) King Lear : Goneril, Duke of Albany, Regan, Duke of Cornwall, Cordelia,
King of France, Duke of Burgundy, Kent (peasant), Gloucester, Edgar
(madman), Edmund (bastard son), Fool, Osvald (Goneril’s steward); filial ingratitude; knights: 100
→
50 (Goneril)
→
25
→
0 (Regan); Dover,
(4) Macbeth : Macbeth (a Scotish thane of Glamis, thane of Cawder, King of
Scotland), Duncan, Malcolm (England), Donalbain (Ireland), Banquo,
Fleance, Porter, Lady Macbeth, two grooms, Three Witches (heath), Three

西洋戲劇與戲劇家
5 other Witches; Birnam Wood, Dunsinane Hill; sleepwalking;
Macdulf was from his mother's womb
Untimely ripp'd (V.viii.15)
Hamlet's soliloquy
To be or not to be, that is the question:
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles
And by opposing end them. To die--to sleep,
No more; and by a sleep to say we end
The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to: 'tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep;
To sleep, perchance to dream--ay, there's the rub:
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come,
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Must give us pause--there's the respect
That makes calamity of so long life.
For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,
Th'oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,
The pangs of dispriz'd love, the law's delay,
The insolence of office, and the spurns
That patient merit of th'unworthy takes,
When he himself might his quietus make
With a bare bodkin? Who would fardels bear,
To grunt and sweat under a weary life,
But that the dread of something after death,
The undiscover'd country, from whose bourn
No traveller returns, puzzles the will,
And make us rather bear those ills we have
Than fly to others that we know not of?
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all,
And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,
And enterprises of great pitch and moment
With this regard their currents turn awry
And lose the name of action. (Hamlet.III.i.56-88)

西洋戲劇與戲劇家
6
II. Macbeth's soliloquy
She should have died hereafter:
There would have been a time for such a word.--
To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,
To the last syllable of recorded time;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!
Life's but a walking shadow; a poor player,
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage,
And then is heard no more: it is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing. (V.v.17-28)
II. Ben Jonson (1572?-1637)
Volpone : Volpone (fox; cough, gout, catarrh, palsy, consumption), Mosca (fly),
Corbaccio (crow, old gentleman, gold coin, physic, will), Corvino (raven, merchant, pearl, wife), Vultore (vulture, advocate, gold plate), Lord Politick
Would-be, Lady Politick Would-be (she-wolf), Bonario (Corbaccio’s son),
Celia Corvino’s wife)
概述
6:
新古典主義時代戲劇與戲劇家
I. Age of Reason: self-knowledge, self-control, rationalism, discipline, and the rule of law, order and decorum
II. Corneille (1606-1684)
Le Cid
: Don Fernand (King of Castile); Doña Urraque, Infanta (daughter of
Fernand); Don Di
è gue (father of Rodrigue); Don Gom
è s (father of Chim
è ne );
Don Rodrigue (accepted suitor of Chim
è ne); Don Sanche (in love with Chim
è ne); Chim
è ne (Daughter of Don Gom
è s)
III. Racine (1639-1699)
Ph
è dra : Theseus (King of Athens); Phaedra (wife of Theseus, daughter of
Minos and Pasiphae); Hippolytus (son of Theseus and Antiope); Aricia
(Princess of the blood royal of Athens); Theramenes (Hippolytus's tutor);
Oenone (Phaedra's nurse and confidante); Ismene (Aricia's confidante)

西洋戲劇與戲劇家
7
VI. Moli
è re (1622-1673)
Tartuffe : Madame Pernelle (Orgon's mother); Orgon (Elmire's husband);
Elmire (Orgon's wife); Damis (Orgon's son ); Mariane (Orgon's daughter, in love with Valere); Valere (in love with Mariane); Cleante (Orgon's brother-in-law); Tartuffe (a hypocrite); Dorine (Mariane's lady's-maid)
V. George Lillo (1693-1719)
The London Merchant : Thoroughgood (a London merchant), George Barnwell
(apprentice), Trueman, Millward, Maria
VI. Ballad opera
VI. Comedy of Manners
William Congreve (1670-1729)
The Way of the World : Fainall, Mirabell, Witwoud, Petulant, Sir Wilfull
Witwoud, Waitwell, Lady Wishfort, Mrs. Millamant, Mrs. Marwood,
Mrs. Fainall, Foible, Mincing, etc.
John Gay (1685-1732):
The Beggar’s Opera : Captain Macheath (leader of a band of highwaymen and thieves), Peachum (a fence for stolen goods and an informer), Mrs.
Peachum, Polly, Lockit (a jailer at Newgate), Lucy, poetic justice
概述
7:
浪漫主義時期戲劇與戲劇家
I. Romanticism: genius, originality
II. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832):
Faust : Gretchen, Mephistopheles (debauchery), Wagner, Paris and Helen of
Troy (transitory beauty), Homunculus (a formless spirit of learning); swamp land, self-centered egoist vs. active creation of productivity; wager:
"If ever I say to the passing moment
'Linger a while! Thou art so fair!'
Then you may cast me into fetters,
I will gladly perish then and there!"
概述
8-9:
現代戲劇與戲劇家
1. Realism: fatalism/determinism (heredity and environment)
Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906): i) A Doll's House : Torvald Helmer, Nora, Doctor Rank, Mrs. Linde, Nils
Krogstad
ii) Ghosts : Mrs. Alving, Osvald Alving, Pastor Manders, Jakob Engstrand, Regine

西洋戲劇與戲劇家
8
Engstrand; mental breakdown ( vermoulu )/softening of the brain, 12 morphine tablets, hereditary syphilis, euthanasia
2. Naturalism
August Strindberg (1849-1912)
Miss Julie : Miss Julie (25), Jean (the valet 30), Kristin (the cook, 35)
But, to begin with, there is no such thing as absolute evil; the downfall of one family is the good fortune of another, which thereby gets a chance to rise, and fortune being only comparative, the alternation of rising and falling is one of life's principal charms. Also, to the man of policy, who wants to remedy the painful fact that the bird of prey devours the dove, and lice the bird of prey, I should like to put the question: why should it be remedied? Life is not so mathematically idiotic as only to permit the big to eat the small; it happens just as often that the bee kills the lion or at least drives it mad.
3. Aestheticism
Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)
The Importance of Being Earnest : John Worthing, J. P., Algernon Moncrieff, Rev.
Canon Chasuble, D. D., Merriman, Lane, Lady Bracknell, Hon. Gwendolen
Fairfax, Cecily Cardew, Miss Prism
4. Expressionism
Georg Kaiser (1878-1945):
From Morn to Midnight : Cashier, Salvation Lass
(Salvation Lass obeys. All the lights of the hanging lamp are put out.
Lights from the left illuminate the tangle of wires, forming a skeleton in outline .)
Cashier ( Feeling with his left hand in his breast pocket, grasps with his right a trumpet, and blows a fanfare toward the lamp ) Ah!—discovered. Scorned in the snow this morning—welcomed now in the tangled wires. I salute you. . . .
Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953)
The Emperor Jones : Brutus Jones (Emperor), Henry Smithers (a Cockney trader), an old native woman, Lem (a native chief); the Little Formless
Fears, Jeff, the Negro Convicts, the Prison Guard, the Planter, the
Auctioneer, the Slaves, the Congo Witch Doctor, the Crocodile God
5. Symbolism:
Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949)
The Intruder : Grandfather (blind), The Father (Paul), The Uncle (Oliver),
Three Daughters, Sister of Mercy, The Maid
6. Existentialism

西洋戲劇與戲劇家
9
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980):
No Exit : Joseph Garcin (a journalist and man of letters by profession; died a month ago from 12 bullets through his chest), Estelle Rigault (a baby-killer, who died yesterday from pneumonia), Inez Serrano (a post-office clerk, who died last week from the gas stove)
Garcin ( Putting his hands on her shoulders ): Listen! Each man has an aim in life, a leading motive; that's so, isn't it? Well, I didn't give a damn for wealth, or for love. I aimed at being a real man. A tough, as they say. I staked everything on the same horse. . . .Can one possibly be a coward when one's deliberately courted danger at every turn? And can one judge a life by a single action?
Inez: Why not? For thirty years you dreamt you were a hero, and condoned a thousand petty lapses--because a hero, of course, can do no wrong. An easy method, obviously. Then a day came when you were up against it, the red light of real danger--and you took the train to Mexico.
Garcin: I "dreamt," you say. It was no dream. When I chose the hardest path,
I made my choice deliberately. A man is what he wills himself to be.
Inez: Prove it. Prove it was no dream. It's what one does, and nothing else, that shows the stuff one's made of.
Garcin: I died too soon. I wasn't allowed time to--to do my deeds.
Inez: One always dies too soon--or too late. And yet one's whole life is complete at that moment, with a line drawn neatly under it, ready for the
7. Surrealism summing up. You are--your life, and nothing else.
Andr
è
Breton (1896-1966)
Robert Desnos (1900-1945): La Place de l’Étoile ( The Place of Sta r)
8. Theatre of the Absurd
Eugene Ionesco (1912-1995):
The Bald Soprano : Mr. Smith, Mrs. Smith, Mr. Martin, Mrs. Martin, Mary, the
Fire Chief
9. Theatre of Cruelty
Antonin Artard, 1896-1948)
10. Epic Theatre: Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956)
The Good Woman of Setzuan : Wang, Three Gods, Shen Te (Shui Ta), Tang Sun
The Caucasian Chalk Circle : Grusha Vashnadze, Natella, Michael, Azdak
ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ ˍ

西洋戲劇與戲劇家
10
善學者，師逸而功倍，又從而庸之；不善學者，師勤而功半，又從而怨之。善問者
如攻堅木：先其易者，後其節目，及其久也，相說以解；不善問者反此。善待問者
如撞鐘：叩之以小者則小鳴，叩之以大者則大鳴，待其從容，然後盡其聲；不善荅
問者反此。此皆進學之道也。《禮記‧ 學記》
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