UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA College of Education DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION: Department: Course Title: School of Teaching, Learning and Leadership Equitable Educational Opportunity and Life Chances: A CrossNational Analysis Course Number: EDF 6855 Course Credit: 3 semester hours CATALOG DESCRIPTION: EDF 6855, Equitable Educational Opportunity and Life Chances: A Cross-National Analysis. This course examines, from an international perspective, how factors including gender, class, race, ethnicity and language affect the quality and outputs of schooling, as well as children’s access to education and life chances. The course will also focus on the impact of multinational organizations and NGOs in education worldwide. STATEMENT OF COURSE OBJECTIVES: I. General Concepts Regarding the Course 1. Examine how gender affects students’ educational opportunities and life chances. 2. Demonstrate how language and/or dialect can affect students’ educational and life chances from an international perspective. 3. Analyze how race and/or ethnicity can affect children’s access to quality education. 4. Explain how students’ class (socioeconomic status) can provide opportunities or barriers to quality schooling and social equity from a cross-national perspective. 5. Demonstrate the relationship between education, social change and school transformation. 6. Study and reflect on the Millennium Development Goals and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. II. Country-Specific Content 7. Study and evaluate educational access, quality of schooling, and educational/social challenges in various countries. III. Reflective Activities and Analyses 8. Examine how national and multinational policy interventions promise to overcome past inequities in schooling and society. 9. Explain how national, bilateral and multinational organizations and NGOs can impede or enhance access to quality education across nations. 10. Compare the causes and effects of educational inequality from a cross-national perspective. 1 11. Identify how “North-South” relationships (developed vs. developing nations) affect educational opportunity and equity. REQUIRED TEXTS AND READINGS: I. General Concepts Regarding the Course Bobbitt-Zeher, D. (2007). The gender income gap and the role of education. Sociology of Education, 80(1), 1-22. Carinci, S., & Wong, P. (2009). Does gender matter? An exploratory study of perspectives across genders, age and education. International Review of Education, 55(5/6), 523-540. McDaniel, A. (2010). Cross-national gender gaps in educational expectations: The influence of national-level gender ideology and educational systems. Comparative Education Review, 54(1), 27-50. Morley, L., & Lugg, R. (2009). Mapping meritocracy: Intersecting gender, poverty and higher educational opportunity structures. Higher Education Policy, 22(1), 37-60. Stromquist, N.P. (2006). Gender, education, and the possibility of transformative knowledge. Compare, 36(2), 145-163. Rodriguez, J., & Cadiero-Kaplan, K. (2008). Bilingualism & biliteracy: Issues of equity, access, & social justice for English language learners: Introduction to this special issue. Equity & Excellence in Education, 41(3), 275-278. Juarez, B. (2008). The politics of race in two languages: An empirical qualitative study. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 11(3), 231-249. Tarabini, A. (2010). Education and poverty in the global development agenda: Emergence, evolution and consolidation. International Journal of Educational Development, 30(2), 204-212. United Nations. (2005). Millennium Development Goals, targets and indicators. Convergence, 38(3), 11-17. Wils, A., Carrol, B., & Barrow, K. (2005). Educating the world’s children: Patterns of growth and inequality. Washington, D.C.: Academy for Educational Development. II. Country/Continent-Specific Content Adefuye, A. (2006). The Commonwealth and the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. Round Table, 95(385), 387-397. 2 Stambach, A. (2000). Lessons from Mount Kilimanjaro: Schooling, community, and gender in East Africa. Waghid, Y. (2007). Education, responsibility and democratic justice: Cultivating friendship to alleviate some of the injustices on the African continent. Educational Philosophy & Theory, Vol. 30, (2), pp. 182-196. Please review the following websites: Africa Education, http://www.africaeducation.org/ Council of Ministers of Education, Canada, http://www.cmec.ca/index.en.html Australian Education Union, http://www.aeufederal.org.au/Campaigns/index2.html China Education and Research Network, http://www.edu.cn/HomePage/english/index.shtml Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology- Japan, http://www.mext.go.jp/english/ National Portal of India, Education, http://india.gov.in/citizen/education.php Department for Children, Schools, and Families, United Kingdom, http://www.dfes.gov.uk/index.shtml Ministry of Education, Albania, http://www.mash.gov.al/MOES.htm Ministry of Education, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, http://www.moe.gov.sa/openshare/englishcon/ Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, http://eng.mon.gov.ru/ III. Reflective Activities and Analyses Gomolla, M. (2006). Tackling underachievement of learners from ethnic minorities: A comparison of recent policies of school improvement in German, England and Switzerland. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 9(1), 46-59. Chapman, D., & Quijada, J. (2009). An analysis of USAID assistance to basic education in the developing world, 1990-2005. International Journal of Educational Development, 29(3), 268-280. Hollander, A. (2005). The perspectives of the international agencies. Prospects: Quarterly Review of Comparative Education, 35(3), 303-310. King, K. (2007). Multilateral agencies in the construction of the global agenda on education. Comparative Education, 43(3), 377-391. Moustsios, S. (2009). International organisations and transnational education policy. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 39(4), 467-478. Neves, C. (2008). International organisations and the evaluation of education systems: A critical comparative analysis. European Journal of Vocational Training, 45(3), 72-89. Samoff, J. (2008). World Bank financing of education: Lending, learning, and development. Comparative Education Review, 52(3), 494-496. Sutton, M. (2007). UNESCO’s role in global educational development. Comparative Education Review, 51(2), 229-245. 3 RECOMMENDED READINGS: Charlton, E., Mills, M., Martino, W., & Beckett, L. (2007). Sacrificial girls: A case study of the impact of streaming and setting on gender reform. British Educational Research Journal, 33(4), 459-478. Fitts, S., Winstead, L. Weisman, E., Flores, S., & Valenciana, C. (2008). Coming to voice: Preparing bilingual-bicultural teachers for social justice. Equity & Excellence in Education, 41(3), 357-371. Grover, S. (2006). The right to minority language public school education as a function of the equality guarantee: A reanalysis of the “Gosselin” Supreme Court of Canada Charter Case. Education and the Law, 18(4), 283-294. Hertz-Lazarowitz, R., Mor-Sommerfield, A., Zeiniker, T., & Azaiza, F. (2008). From ethnic segregation to bilingual education: What can bilingual education do for the future of the Israeli society? Journal of Critical Education Policy Studies, 6(2), 142-156. Mehran, G. (2009). “Doing and undoing gender”: Female higher education in the Islamic Republic of Iran. International Review of Education, 55(5/6), 541-559. Mickelson, R. A., Nkomo, M., & Smith, S. S. (2001). Education, ethnicity, gender, and social transformation in Israel and South Africa. Comparative Education Review, 45(1), 1-34. Murphy, I., & Vencio, E. (2009). Maintaining two worlds: The relevance of mother tongue in Brazil’s Amerindian societies. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 12(4), 387-400. Murphy-Graham, E. (2009). Constructing a new vision: Undoing gender through secondary education in Honduras. International Review of Education, 55(5/6), 503-521. Rizyi, R., Lingard, B., & Lavia, J. (2006). Postcolonialism and education: Negotiating a contested terrain. Pedagogy, Culture, and Society, 14(3), 249-262. Salazar, M. (2008). English or nothing: The impact of rigid language policies on the inclusion of humanizing practices in a high school ESL program. Equity & Excellence in Education, 41(3), 341-356. Schweisfurth, M. (2006). Global and cross-national influences on education in post-genocide Rwanda. Oxford Review of Education, 32(5), 697-710. Shabaya, J., & Konadu-Agyemand, K. (2004). Unequal access, unequal participation: Some spatial and socio-economic dimensions of the gender gap in education in Africa with special reference to Ghana, Zimbabwe and Kenya. Compare, 34(4), 395-424. Stash, S., & Hannum, E. (2001). Who goes to school? Educational stratification by gender, caste, and ethnicity in Nepal. Comparative Education Review, 45(3), 354-378. 4 Trudell, B., & Klaas, A. (2010). Distinction, integration and identity: Motivations for local language literacy in Senegalese communities. International Journal of Educational Development, 30(2), 121-129. REQUIRED COURSE ASSIGNMENTS: 1) Assignment 1: Based on the assigned and recommended readings, write a paper analyzing how issues related to a student’s language and/or dialect as well as gender can affect his/her educational and life chances. The paper needs to be at least 5 double-spaced pages with APA 6th edition referencing. 50 points. This assignment meets Objectives 1, 2. 2) Assignment 2: Based on your experiences and readings, write a paper describing the relationship between education, social change, and school transformation. Make sure to include specific examples in your paper and use APA 6th edition in referencing. The paper needs to be at least 5 double-spaced pages long. 50 points. This assignment meets Objectives 3, 4, 5. 3) Assignment 3: Select two countries and critically analyze the status of gender, socioeconomic status, poverty, and educational access. One of the two countries needs to be a developing country. Please provide an analysis for causes/effects of inequality and equality within the selected countries. The paper needs to be at least 5 double-spaced pages and you must use APA 6th edition in referencing. 50 points. This assignment meets Objectives 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 4) Assignment 4: Select three NGOs, national, international, and/or bilateral organizations and analyze their work to close the gap for diverse children and inequalities in education. The paper needs to be at least 5 double-spaced pages and you must use APA 6th edition in referencing. 50 points. This assignment meets Objectives 8, 9. 5) Final Paper: In the light of the readings, provide your own Action Plan to close the gap for diverse children and unequal education around the world. The diversity needs to address gender, socioeconomic status, language, and race. Make sure to identify politically viable and cost-effective solutions! Also, make sure to reference your work throughout the paper according to APA 6th edition. The paper needs to be at least 10 double-spaced pages long. 100 points. This assignment meets Objectives 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 5 EVALUATION AND GRADING SYSTEM: Percentage: Grade: 90-100% A 80-89% B 70-79% C 60-69% D 0-59% F COURSE POLICIES AND PROTOCOLS: Participation/Attendance: It is expected that each of you will demonstrate interest, enthusiasm, and professionalism in the course. Each absence will result in point reduction. Format: Unless otherwise noted, all written assignments must be word-processed and professionally presented. Please use grammar/spell check and APA 6th edition for referencing. Timeliness: All assignments are expected to be handed in on time on the day on which the assignment is due. Submitting late assignments will result in point reduction. The Final Paper needs to be turned in on time, otherwise it will not be accepted. Academic Honesty: Plagiarism and Cheating of any kind on an assignment will result at least in a 0 for that assignment and may (depending on the severity of the case) be subject to appropriate referral to the Office of Student Conduct for further action. See the UCF Golden Rule for further information. I will assume for this course that you will adhere to the academic creed of this University and will maintain the highest standards of academic integrity. Disability Statement: The University of Central Florida is committed to providing reasonable accommodations for all persons with disabilities. This syllabus is available in alternate formats upon request. Students with disabilities who need accommodations in this course must contact the professor at the beginning of the semester to discuss needed accommodations. No accommodations will be provided until the student has met with the professor to request accommodations. Students who need accommodations must be registered with Student Disability Services, Student Resource Center Room 132, phone (407) 823-2371, TTY/TDD only phone (407) 823-2116, before requesting accommodations from the professor. Proficiency in the use of oral and written standard English/ study skills are expected of all students. Regular proof-reading may meet your needs or if further assistance is needed the UCF Writing Center is available http://www.uwc.ucf.edu/ as well as the Student Academic Resource Center (SARC) services are available for tutoring and study skills: http://www.sarc.sdes.ucf.edu/ Conceptual Framework: Please review the College of Education's Conceptual Framework, http://education.ucf.edu/Accreditation/index.cfm 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY: Abd-Kadir, J., & Hardman, F. (2007). The discourse of whole class teaching: A comparative study of Kenyan and Nigerian primary English lessons. Language and Education, 21(1), 1-15. Achola, P.P.W., & Pillai, V.K. (2000). Challenges of primary education in developing countries: Insights from Kenya. Burlington,VT: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Adamson, P., Adamson, B., Clausen-Grace, N., Eames, A., Einarson, C., Goff, J., et al. (2008). The trouble with Black boys: And other reflections on race, equity, and the future of public education. School Library Journal, 5480. Adeyemi, M.B. (2002). An investigation into the status of the teaching and learning of the concept of democracy at the junior secondary school level in Botswana. Educational Studies, 28(4), 385-401. Afolayan, M.O. (2007). Higher education in postcolonial Africa: Paradigms of development, decline and dilemmas. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, Inc. Ajayi, J.F.A., Goma, L. K.H., & Johnson, G.A. (1996). The African experience with higher education. Accra, Ghana: The Association of African Universities, African Universities House. Akala, W. (2006). Modernization versus cultural resilience in education in East Africa. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 38(3), 365-375. Apple, M. (2006). Educating the “right” way: Markets, standards, god, and inequality, 2nd Ed. New York: Routledge. Arnot, M., & Dillabough, J. (2000). Challenging democracy: International perspectives on gender, education, and citizenship. NY: RoutledgeFalmer. Arthur, J., & Martin, P. (2006). Accomplishing lessons in postcolonial classrooms: Comparative perspectives from Botswana and Brunei Darussalam. Comparative Education, 42 (2), 177-202. Asimeng-Boahene, L. (2006). Gender inequality in science and mathematics education in Africa: The causes, consequences, and solutions. Education, 126 (4), 711-728. Assie-Lumumba, N.T. (Ed.). (2007). Women and higher education in Africa: Reconceptualizing gender-based human capabilities and upgrading human rights to knowledge. Mansfield, OH: CEPARRED. Assie-Lumumba, N.T., & Sutton, M. (2004) Special issue on global trends in comparative research on gender and education. Comparative Education Review, 48(4). 7 Atiti, A.B. (2004). Mobilising interpretive capital with teachers for transformation of school grounds in Kenya. Environmental Education Research, 10(3), 371-386. Bain, O., & Cummings, W. (2000). Academe’s glass ceiling: Societal, professionalorganizational, and institutional barriers to the career advancement of academic women. Comparative Education Review, 44(4), 493- 514. Bajaj, M. (2009). Un/doing gender? A case study of school policy and practice in Zambia. International Review of Education, 55(5/6), 483-502. Basu, K. (2006). Globalization, poverty, and inequality: What is the relationship? What can be done? World Development, 34 (8), 1361-1373. Biraimah, K. (1994). Class, gender, and societal inequalities: A Study of Nigerian and Thai undergraduate students. Higher Education 27(1), 44-58. Biraimah, K. (1993). The non-neutrality of educational computer software. Computers and Education, 20(4), 283-290. Biraimah, K. C. (1980). The impact of Western schools on girls’ expectations: A Togolese case. Comparative Education Review, 24(2), 196- 208. Biraimah, K.L. (2005). Achieving equitable outcomes or reinforcing societal inequalities: A critical analysis of UNESCO’s Education for All and the United States’ No Child Left Behind Programs. Educational Practice and Theory, 27(2), 25-34. Biraimah, K. L. (1987). Class, gender, and life chances: A Nigerian university case study. Comparative Education Review, 3(4), 570-82. Blunch, N. (2006). Children’s work and school attendance in Ghana. Research in the Sociology of Education, 15(1), 177-205. Booth, M. Z. (1996). Parental availability and academic achievement among Swazi rural primary school children. Comparative Education Review, 40(3), 250-263. Booth. M. Z. (1995). Children of migrant fathers: The effects of father absence on Swazi children’s preparedness for School. Comparative Education Review, 39(2), 195- 210. Branyon, J.B. (2005). Education for All: Gender equity in Kenya. Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin, 71(2), 8-11. Brock-Utne, B. (2007). Worldbankification of Norwegian development assistance to education. Comparative Education, 43(3), 433-449. 8 Bunyi, G.W. (2006). Real options for literacy policy and practice in Kenya. Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2006, Literacy for Life. Retrieved on 5/28/08, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org. Carnoy, M. (2007). Cuba’s academic advantage: Why students in Cuba do better in school. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Castagno, A. (2008). “I don’t want to hear that!”: Legitimating whiteness through silence in schools. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 39(3), 314-333. Colclough, C., Al-Samarrai, S., Rose, P., & Tembon, M. (2003). Achieving schooling for all in Africa: Costs, commitment and gender. Hants, England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Conway, J. K., & Bourque, S.C. (Eds.). (1993). The politics of women’s education: Perspectives form Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Ann Arbor, Ml: University of Michigan Press. Dale, R., & Robertson, S. (2009). Globalisation and europeanisation in education. Oxford: Symposium Books. Davidson, J. (2007). Women in Kenya: How far have they come… Press Release: African Path. Retrieved on April 7, 2007, from http://africapath.com Eisemon, T.L. (1998). Benefiting from basic education, school quality and functional literacy in Kenya. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Eldering, L. (1996). Multiculturalism and multicultural education in an international perspective. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 27(3), 5-30. Ferguson, K.M., Dabir, N., Dortzbach, K., Dyrness, G., & Metz, S. (2006). Comparative analysis of faith-based programs serving homeless and street-living youth in Los Angeles, Mumbai, and Nairobi. Children and Youth Services Review, 28(12), 15121527. Fiske, E.B., & Ladd, H.F. (2004). Elusive equity: Education reform in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. Fleisch, B., & Shindler, J. (2009). Gender repetition: School access, transitions and equity in the ‘Birth-to-Twenty’ cohort panel study in urban South Africa. Comparative Education, 45(2), 265-279. Floro, M., & Wolf, J.M. (1990). The economic and social impacts of girls’ primary education in developing countries. Washington, DC: Creative Associates International, Inc. Fuller, B., & Hua, H. (1994). When girls learn more than boys: The influence of time in school and pedagogy in Botswana. Comparative Education Review, 38(3), 347-377. 9 Gershberg, A., Meade, B., & Andersson, S. (2009). Providing better education services to the poor: Accountability and context in the case of Guatemalan decentralization. International Journal of Educational Development, 29(3), 187-200. Gibson, M. A. (1997). Exploring and explaining the variability: Cross-national perspectives on the school performance of minority students. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 28(3), 318-29. Goetz, J. P., & Grant, L. (1988). Conceptual approaches to studying gender in education. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 19(2), 82-96. Gregory, S.T. (2006). The cultural constructs of race, gender and class: A study of how AfroCaribbean women academics negotiate their careers. International Journal Qualitative Studies in Education, 19(3), 347-367. Griffin, R. (Eds.). (2002). Education in transition: International perspectives on the politics and processes of change. Oxford, U.K.: Symposium Books. Guttman, C. (2005). Defining quality and inequality in education. UN Chronicle, 42(1), 49-51. Haigh, M.J. (2006). Promoting environmental education for sustainable development: The value of links between higher education and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 30(2), 327-351. Herriot, A., Crossley, M., Juma, M., Waudo, J., Mwirotsi, M., & Kamau, A. (2002). The development and operation of headteacher support groups in Kenya: A mechanism to create pockets of excellence, improve the provision of quality education and target positive changes in the community. International Journal of Education Development, 22(5), 509-526. Hickling-Hudson, A., Matthews, J., & Woods, A. (2004). Disrupting preconceptions: Postcolonialism and education. Flaxton, Australia: Post Pressed Flaxton. Hossain, T., & Pratt, C. (2008). Language rights: A framework for ensuring social equity in planning and implementing national-education policies. New Horizons in Education, 56(3), 63-74. Joseph, C. (2006). Negotiating discourses of gender, ethnicity, and schooling: Ways of being Malay, Chinese, and Indian schoolgirls in Malaysia. Pedagogy, Culture, and Society, 14 (1), 35-53. Kane, E. (1996). Gender, culture and learning: Advancing basic education and literacy. Washington, DC: Education Development Center. Kelly, D. H. (Ed.). (1996). International feminist perspectives on educational reform: The work of Gail Paradise Kelly. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc. 10 Kiani, S. (2009). Women with disabilities in the North West Province of Cameroon: Resilient and deserving of greater attention. Disability & Society, 24(4), 517-531. King, K. (2007). Balancing basic and post-basic education in Kenya: National versus international policy agendas. International Journal of Educational Development, 27(4), 358-370. Kratle, S. (2000, October). The bias behind nomadic education. The UNESCO Courier, 15-17. Retrieved on 5/28/08, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org. Kubow, P.K. (2005). African wisdom and democratic classrooms: Kenya and South Africa. Education & Society, 23(3), 21-33. Lavy, V., & Spratt, J. (1997). Patterns of incidence and change in Moroccan literacy. Comparative Education Review, 4(2), 20-41. Lebeau, Y. (2008). Universities and social transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Global rhetoric and local contradictions. Comparer: A Journal of Comparative Education, 38(2), 139-153. Lees, L. H. (1994). Educational inequality and academic achievement in England and France. Comparative Education Review, 38(1), 65-87. Levers, L.L. (2002). Examining northern Namibian teachers’ impressions of the effects of violence, gender, disability, and poverty on young children’s development: School-based countermeasures. Journal of Children & Poverty, 8(2), 1-41. Lewis, M.A., & Lockheed, M.E. (2007). Getting all girls into school. Finance and Development: A quarterly magazine of the IMF, 44(2), 9. Retrieved on June 27, 2007, from http://www.imf.org Lihamba, A., Mwaipopo, R., & Shule, L. (2006). The challenges of affirmative action in Tanzanian higher education institutions: A case study of the University of Dares Salaam, Tanzania. Women’s Studies International Forum, 29(6), 581-591. Lloyd, C.B., Mensch, B.S., & Clark, W. (2000). The effects of primary school quality on school dropout among Kenyan girls and boys. Comparative Education Review, 44(2), 113-147. Mak, G.C.L. (Ed.). (1996). Women, education, and development in Asia: Cross-national perspectives. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc. McEwan, P.J., & Jimenez, W. (2002). Indigenous students in Bolivian primary schools: Patterns and determinants of inequities. Washington, DC: World Bank. 11 McKay, S.L., & Bokhorst-Heng, W.D. (2008). International English in its sociolinguistic contexts: Towards a socially sensitive EIL pedagogy. Oxford, UK: Routledge Education. McMurray, P. (1998). Gender behaviors in an early childhood classroom through an ethnographic lens. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(2), 27190. Melchiorre, A. (2004). At what age?....are school-children employed, married and taken to court? 2nd Ed. Paris: UNESCO. Mensch, B., & Lloyd, C. (1998). Gender differences in the schooling experiences of adolescents in low-income countries: The case of Kenya. Studies in Family Planning, 28, 167-184. Metsola, L. (2006). ‘Reintegration’ of ex-combatants and former fighters: A lens into state formation and citizenship in Namibia. Third World Quarterly-Journal of Emerging Areas, 2 (6), 1119-1135. Mirembe, R., & Davies, L. (2001). Is schooling a risk? Gender, power relations, and school culture in Uganda. Gender and Education, 13(4), 401-416. Moulton, J., Mundy, K., Walmond, M., & Williams, J. (2002). Education reforms in SubSaharan Africa: Paradigm lost? Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. Mugisha, F. (2006). School enrollment among urban non-slum, slum, and rural children in Kenya: Is the urban advantage eroding? International Journal of Education Development, 26(5), 471-482. Mukudi, E. (2002). Gender and education in Africa, Comparative Education Review, 46(2), 23441. Niu, X. (1993). Gender inequality in Chinese education. Education & Society, 11(2), 19-30. Nordtveit, B. (2008). Producing literacy and civil society: The case of Senegal. Comparative Education Review, 52(2), 175-198. Nwadigwe, C. (2007). Unwilling brides: ‘Phallic attack’ as a barrier to gender balance inhigher education in Nigera. Sex Education, 7(4), 351-369. Ogula, P.A. (1997). The case of Undugu Basic Education Programme (UBEP) in Kenya. UNESCO Sub-regional Office for Southern Africa. Retrieved on 5/28/08, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org. Oh, S., & van der Stouwe, M. (2008). Education, diversity, and inclusion in Burmese refugee camps in Thailand. Comparative Education Review, 52(4), 589-617. 12 Paez, M. (2008). English language proficiency and bilingual verbal ability among Chinese, Dominican, and Haitian immigrant students. Equity & Excellence in Education, 41(3), 311-324. Palmer, D. (2008). Building and destroying students’ ‘academic identities’”. The power of discourse in a two-way immersion classroom. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education (QSE), 21(6), 647-667. Penn, H. (2008). Working on the impossible: Early childhood policies in Namibia. Childhood: A Global Journal of Child Research, 15(3), 379-395. Pennington, J.L. (2004). The colonization of literacy education: A story of reading in one elementary school. New York: Peter Lang. Pontefract, C., & Hardman, F. (2005). The discourse of classroom interaction in Kenyan primary schools. Comparative Education, 41(1), 87-106. Postlethwaite, T.N. (1999). International studies of educational achievement: Methodological issues. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong. Poulsen, H. (2006). The gendered impact of HIV/AIDS on education in South Africa and Swaziland: Save the Children’s experiences. Gender and Development, 14(1), 47-57. Reagan, T. (2000). Non-western educational traditions: Alternative approaches to educational thought and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Reagan, T. (2005). Non-Western educational traditions: Indigenous approaches to educational thought and practice.(3rd ed.). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Reichel, E. (1999). Cosmology, worldview and gender-based knowledge systems among the Tanimuka and Yukuna (Northwest Amazon). Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology,3(3), 213-242. Reimers, F. (Ed.). (2000). Unequal schools, unequal chances: The challenges to equal opportunity in the Americas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Rethinking Schools. (2006). Whose wars? Teaching about the Iraq War and the War on Terror. A Rethinking Schools Collection. Milwaukee, WI: Rethinking Schools Ltd. Riddell, A. (2003). The introduction of free primary education in sub-Saharan Africa. Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2003/4. Gender and Education for All: The Leap to Equality. Retrieved on 5/28/08, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org. 13 Rihani, M.A. (2006). Keeping the promise: Five benefits of girls’ secondary education. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development. Ritberg, I.C. (2004). Balancing change and tradition in global education reform. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Education. Rose, P., & AI-samarrai, S. (2001). Household constraints on schooling by gender: Empirical evidence from Ethiopia. Comparative Education Review, 45(1), 36-64. Rothstein, R. (2004). Class and schools: Using social, economic, and educational reform to close the black-white achievement gap. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. Rugh, A. (2000). Starting now: Strategies for helping girls complete primary. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development. Save the Children. (2004). Children having children: State of the world’s mothers 2004. Westport, CN: Save the Children. Shechtman, Z. (2002). Validation of the democratic teacher belief scale (DTBS). Assessment in Education, 9(3), 363-377. Sifuna, D.N. (2000). Education for democracy and human rights in African schools: The Kenyan experience. African Development, 25(1&2), 213-239. Snoddon, K. (2009). Equity in education: Signed language and the courts. Current Issues in Language Planning, 10(3), 255-271. Sommers, M. (2003). Urbanization, war, and Africa’s youth as risk: Towards understanding and addressing future challenges. Atlanta, GA: CARE, Inc. Soudien, C., & Kallaway, P. (Eds.) (1999). Education, equity and transformation: Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Spring, J. (1998). Education and the rise of the global economy. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Spring, J. (2004). How educational ideologies are shaping global society: Intergovernmental organizations, NGOs, and the decline of the nation-state. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associations, Publishers. Stambach, A. (1999). Gender-bending anthropological studies of education. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 30(4), 441-445. Steyn, H.J., & Wolhuter, C.C. (Eds.). (2008). Education systems: Challenges of the 21st century. Noordbrug, South Africa: Keurkopie. 14 Stromquist, N. P. (1996). Gender delusions and exclusions in the democratization of schooling in Latin America. Comparative Education Review, 40(4) 404- 425. Stromquist, N. P. (1997). Literacy for citizenship: Gender and grassroots dynamics in Brazil. Albany, NY: SUNY. Stromquist, N. P. (1990). Women and illiteracy: The interplay of gender subordination and poverty. Comparative Education Review, 34(1), 95- 111. Tahir, G., Mohammad, N.D., & Mohammed, A.M. (2005). Improving the quality of nomadic education in Nigeria. Paris: Association for the Development of Education in Africa. Tomasevski, K. (2003). Education denied: Costs and remedies. London: Zed Books. UNESCO. (2003). EFA Global Monitoring Report: Gender and education for all. The leap to equality. Paris: UNESCO. UNESCO. (2010). EFA Global Monitoring Report: Summary: Reaching the marginalized. Paris: UNESCO. UNESCO. (2006). Impact of free primary education on early childhood development in Kenya. Retrieved on 5/28/08, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org. UNESCO. (2007). Summary report of the UNESCO/OECD early childhood policy review project for Brazil, Indonesia, Kazakhstan and Kenya. The Division for the Promotion of Basic Education UNESCO Education Sector. Retrieved on 5/28/08, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org. Vandeyar, S., & Killen, R. (2006). Teacher-student interactions in desegregated classrooms in South Africa. International Journal of Educational Development 26, 382-393. Van Galen, J.A., & Noblit, G.W. (Eds.). (2007). Late to class: Social class and schooling in the new economy. Albany: State University of New York Press. Warwick, D. P., & Jatoi, H. (1994). Teacher gender and student achievement in Pakistan. Comparative Education Review, 38(3), 377-399. World Bank. (1996). Guinea. Beyond poverty: How supply factors influence girls’ education in Guinea. Issues and strategies. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. (2005). Reshaping the future: Education and postconflict reconstruction. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Zajda, J. (Ed.). (2006). Education and social justice. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. 15