Cellular Respiration Vocabulary
Word
ATP synthase
acetyl coenzyme A
AMP/ADP/ATP
anaerobic respiration
beta oxidation
carbon dioxide
chemiosmosis
citric acid
coenzyme
cristae
cytochrome
electron transport chain
ethanol
facultative anaerobes
FADH/FADH2
fermentation
glucose
glycolysis
Kreb's (Citric Acid) cycle
lactic acid fermentation
Definition
A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista
(and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with
adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion
concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through
which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitrochondrion.
The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from
a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
Stimulates allosteric enzyme (phosphofructokinase) that catalyzes step 3 of
glycolysis./ADP + P = ATP (dehydration synthesis)./ Potential energy (like a
rechargeable battery).
The use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the
"downhill" end of electron transport chains.
A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments
which enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA.
Let off during Kreb’s Cycle.
An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a
hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the
synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.
6-Carbon molecule created during Kreb’s Cycle composed of (2-C) Acetyl
CoA and (4-C) Oxaloacetic Acid.
An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as
coenzymes in important metabolic reactions.
An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the
electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
An iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle
electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
Product of alcohol fermentation, a type of anaerobic fermentation. Pyruvate
gets decarboxylated to ethanol.
An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but
that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions.
FADH has lower energy and is reduced to FADH2 which has higher energy.
FADH (riboflavin) is an electron carrier created in Glycolysis and Kreb’s Cycle
and used to create a large amount of ATP in the Electron Transport Chain.
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose
without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end
product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
Original reactant of Glycolysis and cellular respiration.
The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic
pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for
fermentation or aerobic respiration.
A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic
breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the
mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.
The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.
matrix
mitochondrion
NAD+/NADH
oxaloacetic acid
oxidation/reduction
oxidative
phosphorylation
oxidizing agent
phosphofructokinase
phosphorylation
pyruvic acid
reducing agent
respirometer
substrate-level
water
The nonliving component of connective tissue, consisting of a web of fibers
embedded in homogeneous ground substance that may be liquid, jellylike, or
solid.
An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.
NAD+ has lower energy and is reduced to NADH which has higher energy.
NAD+ (niacin) is an electron carrier created in Glycolysis and Kreb’s Cycle
and used to create a large amount of ATP in the Electron Transport Chain.
A 4-Carbon molecule that attaches to Acetyl CoA (2-C) on its way to the top
of Kreb’s Cycle to create a 6-C citrate.
The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. / The
addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.
The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an
electron transport chain.
The electron acceptor in a redox reaction.
Enzyme that catalyzes step 3 in glycolysis. It is inhibited by ATP and citrate
and stimulated by AMP.
A molecule that has been the recipient of a phosphate group.
Pyruvate – Product of glycolysis. Necessary for the start of Kreb’s Cycle but
does not enter Kreb’s Cycle.
The electron donor in a redox reaction.
The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP
from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
In the Electron Transport Chain, water is created by the H+ in the membrane
and the oxygen at the terminal point for the electrons.
Good luck on this phosphofructokinase-ing test!!! 