ENVIRONMENTAL
~dEnvironmental
~tEffects of Cooking and Subcellular Distribution on the
Bioaccessibility of Trace Elements in Two Marine Fish Species
~w2010-05-31
According to the current human health risk assessment, the maximum
acceptable concentrations of contaminants in food are mostly based on
the total concentrations. However, the total concentration of
contaminants may not always reflect the available amount and
therefore Bioaccessibility detection is required to improve the risk
assessment of contaminants. This study investigated an in vitro
digestion model to assess the bioaccessibility of several trace
elements (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Se, and Zn) in the muscles of two farmed
marine fish species with different body sizes, Seabass (Lateolabrax
japonicus) and Red Seabream (Pagrosomus major). The total
concentrations and subcellular distributions of these trace elements
in fish muscles were also detected. The results demonstrated that the
bioaccessibility of these trace elements was generally high (> 45%),
and the lowest bioaccessibility was observed for Fe. Cooking
processes, including boiling, steaming, frying, and grilling
decreased the bioaccessibility of these trace elements, especially
for Cu and Zn. The influences of frying and grilling were greater
than those of boiling and steaming. The relationship between
bioaccessibility and total concentration varied with the elements. A
positive correlation was found for As and Cu whereas a negative
correlation was for Fe. There was no correlation found for Cd, Se,
and Zn. A significant positive relationship was observed between the
bioaccessibility and the elemental partitioning in the heat stable
protein fraction and in the trophically available fraction, and a
negative correlation was demonstrated between the bioaccessibility
and the elemental partitioning in metal-rich granule fraction. The
authors concluded that the Subcellular distribution may thus affect
the bioaccessibility of metals and should be considered in the risk
assessment for seafood safety.
Authors: He, Mei; Ke, Cai-Huan; Wang, Wen-Xiong
Full Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2010, 58(6),
3517-3523 (English)
~dEnvironmental
~tOrganic forms of trace elements as feed additives: assessment of
risks and benefits for farm animals and consumers
~w2010-05-31
Essential trace elements (TEs) are major nutritional feed additives,
required for the health and welfare of farm animals, especially under
intensive husbandry conditions. This study reviewed risk and benefits
of using organic forms of TEs as feed additive for farm animal and
consumers. Within the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), risk
assessment of feed additives is carried out by the Panel on Additives
and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), which is
increasingly confronted with additives based on organic forms of TEs.
Organic forms are expected to have higher bioavailability; hence,
lower levels in feeds may be needed to meet farm animal requirements.
On the other hand, higher bioavailability might also lead to enhanced
deposition in edible tissues, thus increased consumer exposure.
Specific organic forms might also have a different distribution in
edible tissues or products. Higher consumer exposure is especially
relevant to TEs with recognised health risks at excess levels, for
example Se; exposure scenarios should take into account background
dietary levels and other intake sources such as supplements.
Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for adults and children are the
basis for risk assessment; when no ULs are defined (for example Mn),
a conservative estimate should assess whether the organic form in
feeds might significantly increase the consumer's intake above the
dietary background. In perspective, specific maximum allowable
contents might be considered for organic forms of TEs in feeds, when
supported by a robust database as well as by targeted analytical
methods.
Authors: Mantovani, Alberto; Frazzoli, Chiara; Cubadda,Francesco
Full Source: Pure and Applied Chemistry 2010, 82(2), 393-407
(English)
MEDICAL
~dMedical
~tAssociation between air pollution and cardiovascular risk, 2008
Study
~w2010-05-31
This study reviewed the relation between air pollution and
cardiovascular risk. A clear-cut relation between particulate matter
air contamination and the mortality and morbidity due to respiratory
disease has been observed during the last decades. However, there is
also a relationship between air pollution and cardiovascular
diseases. In big cities, big or small particle concentration increase
of 10 µg/m3 is associated with a significantly higher risk of
ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction, both when acute or
chronic exposures are considered. The risk is higher for small
particles. Patients with hypertension, stroke, or severe arrhythmias,
similar risk increases were observed. However, this association is
independent of environmental distracters such as weather, temperature
or humidity and of classical cardiovascular risk factors such as age,
diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. The authors concluded that the
physicians should be aware of the problem and explain to their
patients about the increased risk that they are facing due to air
pollution.
Authors: Oscar, Roman A.; Maria, Jose Prieto C.; Pedro, Mancilla F.;
Pedro, Astudillo O.; Ana, Maria Dussaubat A.; Carolina, Miguel W.;
Jennifer, Lara M.
Full Source: Revista Medica de Chile 2009, 137(9), 1217-1224
(Spanish)
~dMedical
~tAssessment of the correlation between the levels of toxic metals,
cadmium and lead, and the concentration of steroid hormones in
ovarian tissue homogenates obtained from post-menopausal women
~w2010-05-31
Environmental factors have an essential impact on the time of
menopause. This study investigated the correlation between the levels
of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) and the concentrations of estradiol,
testosterone, and androstenedione in ovarian homogenates depending on
the time from the last menstrual bleeding (LM). Thirty nine
postmenopausal women who had not used substitutive hormone therapy
before, and whose ovaries had been removed during elective surgery
were participated in this study. Two groups of women were analysed of
which group A composed of 20 women being no more than 5 years after
LM, and group B consisted of 19 women >5 years after their last
menstrual period. The levels of Cd and Pb in ovarian homogenates were
measured using emission spectrometry, while the concentrations of
oestradiol (E2), testosterone (T)and androstenedione (A) were
detected by ELISA method. The results demonstrated that the mean Pb
concentration in ovarian homogenates was 9.85 ± 4.2 µg/kg whereas the
mean level of Cd 3.52 ± 1.7 µg/kg. A significant positive correlation
was found between the level of Cd in ovarian homogenates and the age
of the women examined (rs = 0.37). However, there were no differences
found in the concentrations of Cd and Pb in ovarian homogenates
depending on the time elapsed from the last menstruation (group A vs.
group B). The mean oestradiol concentration in homogenates was 31.84
± 12.5 pg/mg protein, testosterone 0.21 pg/mg protein, and
androstenedione 0.56 pg/mg protein. There were no correlation was
found between the levels of Pb and Cd and the concentrations of the
tested steroid hormones in ovarian homogenates. However, women belong
to group A showed significantly higher levels of oestradiol and
androstenedione in ovarian homogenates. The authors concluded that
the lack of substantial differences in the concentrations of Cd and
Pb in ovarian homogenates depending on the time elapsed from the last
menstruation, and especially no significant correlations between Cd
and Pb and the steroid hormones analysed, may suggest that these
elements have no influence on the time of the last menstrual
bleeding.
Authors: Brodowska, Agnieszka; Brodowski, Jacek; Karakiewicz, Beata;
Starczewski, Andrzej; Laszczynska, maria; Salacka, Anna; Kulig,
Jolanta
Full Source: Przeglad Menopauzalny 2009, 8(3), 155-160 (Polish)
~dMedical
~tInvestigation of the effects of lead and cadmium on human
immunoglobulin G by MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry
~w2010-05-31
This study investigated the influence of Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd)
on human IgG by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Incubation of Ig with
metals in vitro was done and resulted in inhibition of intensity of
mass-spectrum pikes. The metal atoms were joined with the IgG
molecule and its fragments (light and heavy chains). The results
demonstrated that the Cd had higher activity to bind to IgG than Pb
and also Cd had a greater influence on the stabilisation of the IgG
molecule that can affect functional activity and the ability of IgG
to form the immune complexes. This fact reflected the cadmium high
affinity for sulfhydryl groups.
Authors: Trakhtenberg, I. M.; Gromovii, T. Yu.; Pokrovs'kii, V. O.;
Dmitrukha, N. M.; Shevchenko, G. V.
Full Source: Sovremennye Problemy Toksikologii 2009, (1), 37-40
(Ukraine)
~dMedical
~tExpression of TNF-R, IL-1â and IL-8 genes in lymphocytes in the
presence of carbon nanotubes
~w2010-05-31
This study investigated the changes in expression of TNF-R, IL-1â,
and IL-8 genes in human lymphocytes after short-term action of multiwalled carbon nanotubes at 100 µg/mL concentration to assess the
potential risks of using the artificial nano structures. The
expression of TNFR, IL-1â, and IL-8 genes was detected by real-time
polymerase chain reaction. The results shown that the increase in the
expression of TNF-R, IL-1â, and IL-8 genes in a time-dependent manner
whereas decrease in survival rate of cells when compare with control
samples. The increase in the expression of TNF-R gene apparently led
to the activation of NF-â and AP-1 transcription factors, which
regulate the activity of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, such as IL1â and IL-8 and other mediators of the inflammation to induce the
programmed cell death.
Authors: Zhornik, E. V.; Emel'yanova, V. P.; Baranova, L. A.;
Volotovskii, I. D.
Full Source: Vestsi Natsyyanal'nai Akademii Navuk Belarusi, Seryya
Biyalagichnykh Navuk 2009, (3), 47-50 (Russian)
~dMedical
~tSome nonylphenol isomers show antiestrogenic potency in the MVLN
cell assay
~w2010-06-01
Nonylphenol (NP) isomers have shown vary in their estrogenic potency,
these differences may be due to varieties in receptor affinity,
receptor activation, or activation/deactivation of non-receptor
mediated side paths of reporter gene translation. This study
investigated the underlying mechanism of the different estrogenic
potency of seven nonylphenol isomers. Oestrogen receptor binding
assay was conducted with the human oestrogen receptor alpha (hERR)
and additionally authors co-incubated the nonylphenol isomers with
two concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2)in the MVLN cell assay to
measure the potency of the isomers to compete with E2. The results
demonstrated that there were no significant differences found between
the nonylphenol isomer binding affinities for the hERR. The IC50 were
in the range of 2.1-8.1 X 10-6 M and the binding affinity relative to
estradiol (set to 1) was between 2.6 and 6.7 X 10-3. Only two test
items (p353-NP and p-NP) were able to increase the estrogenic
response of 100 pM estradiol. The response of the other isomers coincubated with 100 pM E2 showed varying degrees of inhibition of the
response in the MVLN reporter gene assay. The authors concluded that
it appears that all isomers bind to the ER but some are partial
agonists while others are antagonists in the MVLN reporter gene
assay.
Authors: Preuss, Thomas G.; Gurer-Orhan, Hande; Meerman, John;Ratte,
Hans Toni
Full Source: Toxicology in Vitro 2010, 24(1), 129-134 (English)
OCCUPATIONAL
~dOccupational
~tOccupational exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in wood
dust
~w2010-06-09
Sino-nasal cancer (SNC) represents approximately 3% of Oto-RhinoLaryngological (ORL) cancers. Adenocarcinoma SNC is an acknowledged
occupational disease affecting certain specialised workers such as
joiners and cabinetmakers. The high proportion of woodworkers
contracting a SNC, subjected to an estimate risk 50 to 100 times
higher than that affecting the general population, has suggested
various study paths to possible causes such as tannin in hardwood,
formaldehyde in plywood and benzo(a)pyrene produced by wood when
overheated by cutting tools. It is acknowledged that tannin does not
cause cancer to workers exposed to tea dust. Apart from being an
irritant, formaldehyde is also classified as carcinogenic. The path
involving carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
emitted by overheated wood is attractive. During this study, the
authors measured the particle size and PAHs content in dust emitted
by the processing of wood in an experimental chamber, and in field
situation. Quantification of 16 PAHs is carried out by capillary GCion trap Mass Spectrometric analysis (GC-MS). The materials tested
are rough fir tree, oak, impregnated polyurethane (PU) oak. The wood
dust contains carcinogenic PAHs at the level of íg.g-1 or ppm. During
sanding operations, the PU varnish-impregnated wood produces 100
times more PAHs in dust than the unfinished wood.
Authors: Huynh, C. K.; Schupfer, P.; Boiteux, P.
Full Source: Journal of Physics: Conference Series [online computer
file] 2009, 151, No pp. given (Eng)
~dOccupational
~tApplication of a dynamic population-based model for evaluation of
exposure reduction strategies in the baking industry
~w2010-06-09
Recently a dynamic population model was developed that simulates a
population of bakery workers longitudinally through time and tracks
the development of work-related sensitisation and respiratory
symptoms in each worker. Input for this model comes from crosssectional and longitudinal epidemiological studies, which allowed
estimation of exposure response relationships and disease transition
probabilities. This model allowed the authors to analyse the
development of diseases and transitions between disease states over
time in relation to determinants of disease including flour dust
and/or allergen exposure. Furthermore it enables more realistic
modelling of the health impact of different intervention strategies
at the workplace (e.g. changes in exposure may take several years to
impact on ill-health and often occur as a gradual trend). A large
dataset of individual full-shift exposure measurements and real-time
exposure measurements were used to obtain detailed insight into the
effectiveness of control measures and other determinants of exposure.
The authors concluded that given this information, a population wide
reduction of the median exposure with 50% was evaluated in this
paper.
Authors: Meijster, Tim; Warren, Nick; Heederik, Dick; Tielemans, Erik
Full Source: Journal of Physics: Conference Series [online computer
file] 2009, 151, No pp. given (Eng)
~dOccupational
~tRecurrent epistaxis among operators in mechanical workshops for
trucks: etiological study concerning six cases
~w2010-06-09
In 2004, facing the recurrence of epistaxis among employees in a
mechanical workshop for trucks, the occupational medicine service of
the Brest area requested diagnostic investigations. The occupational
physician in charge of the annual examination, alerted by the
mechanics' complaints, requested the nearest occupational pathology
centre and prevention service of the "caisse regionale d'assurance
maladie" to investigate the aetiology. According to other
occupational medicine centres in the department of Finistere, to
date, no other similar complaints had been reported by workers
operating in mechanical workshops for trucks. Functional and
morphological explorations were conducted with an ergotoxicolical
analysis of the workstation aiming to reveal a professional origin to
these disorders. The results led to the discovery of inflammatory and
vascular abnormalities of the nasal mucosae correlated to a complex
dust mist over the workshop. The aetiological investigation
determined the physical agent most likely to be responsible for these
disorders. The authors found that the disorder could be caused by
metallic dust (mainly titanium, iron, nickel, chromium) whose effect
could be potentiated by the association of refractory ceramic fibres.
The authors concluded that based on the findings, a preventive
approach has been launched to lower the risks of occurrence of such
disorders in this branch of industry.
Authors: Lodde, B.; Lachaize, A.; Dewitte, J.-D.; Richecoeur, S.;
Fortun, C.; Marianowski, R.; Meriot, P.
Full Source: Archives des Maladies Professionnelles et de
l'Environnement 2008, 69(3), 506-512 (Fr)
~dOccupational
~tExposure to respirable crystalline silica in South African farm
workers
~w2010-06-09
While agriculture is listed in some publications as an activity
associated with silica (quartz) exposure, it is not widely recognised
as an industry with a potential for silica associated diseases.
Because so many people work in agriculture; and because silica
exposure and silicosis are associated with serious diseases such as
tuberculosis (TB), particular in those immunologically compromised by
the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), silica exposure in
agriculture is potentially very important. However, in South Africa
(SA) very little is known about silica exposure in this industry. In
this study the authors measured inhalable and respirable dust and its
quartz content on two typical sandy soil farms in the Free State
province of SA for all major tasks done on the farms; and
characterised the mineralogy soil type of these farms. Two typical
farms in the sandy soil region of the Free State province were
studied. The authors discuss the potential health effects faced by
these farm workers from exposure to respirable crystalline silica.
Authors: Swanepoel, Andrew; Rees, David; Renton, Kevin; Kromhout,
Hans
Full Source: Journal of Physics: Conference Series [online computer
file] 2009, 151, No pp. given (Eng)
~dOccupational
~tRespirable crystalline silica - a failure to control exposure!
~w2010-06-09
Several sites were visited to monitor stonemason exposure to
respirable crystalline silica (RCS), inhalable dust and respirable
dust. At all sites, exposure to RCS exceeded the Workplace Exposure
Limit of 0.1 mg/m3 8-h TWA. There was therefore a continuing high
risk of workers developing silicosis unless the appropriate measures
were instigated to prevent or control exposure. Exposure control was
ineffective at all sites e.g. water wall extraction systems were not
well designed. There was evidence that foreign workers were at a
greater exposure risk. The authors concluded that even with
appropriate controls to mitigate exposure to RCS it may not be
possible to sustain exposure to below 0.1 mg/m3 8-h TWA without
ongoing HSE intervention.
Author: Cain, J. R.
Full Source: Journal of Physics: Conference Series [online computer
file] 2009, 151, No pp. given (Eng)
PUBLIC HEALTH
~dPublic Health
~tWhat biomonitoring can and cannot tell us about causality in human
health and ecological risk assessments
~w2010-06-09
Biomonitoring can provide exposure and effects information on various
stressors (chemical or biological) that can be useful for human
health and ecological risk assessments. It has been applied over the
years where harmful changes in human health or the environment were
observed and which may have warranted more detailed investigation.
Sometimes biomonitoring programs may have been useful in determining
the significance and/or cause of these harmful observations. These
data can help to infer, but not confirm, causality as exemplified in
classical studies conducted in humans and wildlife. However, in most
cases the authors note that additional work was needed to provide the
information necessary to support or refute causality. Today modern
technology provides the ability to measure a wide variety of
parameters in environmental media, plants, animals, and humans.
Finding a chemical in an environmental medium or biological tissue
may be helpful in understanding potential exposure (and perhaps to
begin estimating hazard) to humans and ecological receptors, but mere
presence does not necessarily help to establish effects or assign
causality. In this study, the authors evaluated the strengths and
weaknesses, in a risk assessment context, of the use of biomonitoring
data to support a detection of causality.
Authors: Stahl, Ralph G., Jr.; Bingman, Timothy S.; Guiseppi-Elie,
Annette; Hoke, Robert A.
Full Source: Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 2010, 16(1), 74-86
(Eng)
~dPublic Health
~tRapid and effective speciation analysis of arsenic compounds in
human urine using anion-exchange columns in HPLC-ICP-MS
~w2010-06-09
In this study, the speciation analysis of urinary arsenic in 172
Japanese subjects by high-performance liquid chromatography with
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using anion and cation
exchange columns was conducted. The results demonstrated that the
highest arsenic concentration in urine was that of arsenobetaine,
followed by that of dimethylarsinic acid, for both the anion and
cation columns. In addition, an anion exchange column of Dionex
IonPac AS22 with a volatile buffer can completely separate inorganic
arsenic (iAs) and the metabolites within 10 min and prevents the
accumulation of salts on the cone, leading in less instrument
downtime and less costly analysis. The ninety fifth percentiles of
sodium arsenate, sodium arsenite, monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and
the sum of iAs and MMA concentrations were 1.7, 5.4, 6.2, and 12.6
ígAs/l, respectively.
Authors: Suzuki, Yoshihiro; Shimoda, Yasuyo; Endo, Yoko; Hata,
Akihisa; Yamanaka, Kenzo; Endo, Ginji
Full Source: Journal of Occupational Health 2009, 51(4), 380-385
(Eng)
.
~dPublic Health
~tMethod development and analysis of total mercury in human urine
samples by hydride generator accessory coupled with atomic absorption
spectrophotometer of the population residing near Okhla industrial
area, New Delhi, India
~w2010-06-09
This study involved the analysis of total mercury in urine of human
samples by Hydride generator accessory (Hg-A.A.S.) in the mercury
contaminated ground water near Okhla industrial area, New Delhi
India. Mercury enters the body mostly through the contaminated
drinking water. The technique involves the measuring of the AA signal
(Atomic absorption) and involves coupling of HGA with Atomic
absorption instrument. The study involves the open digestion of urine
samples with strong oxidising agents. The limit of detection obtained
using the technique was 0.1 ppb and urine control-I & II Bio-Rad
showed a %CV of 4.6 and 5.5 respectively. Urine sample analysis
demonstrated that nearly all the urine samples had detectable and one
sample showing borderline values of mercury.
Authors: Siddiqui, W. A.; Sharma, R. R.
Full Source: Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal 2009, 2(1), 145-148
(Eng)
~dPublic Health
~tContamination of breast milk with DDT and its metabolites
~w2010-06-09
In this study, the authors analysed the presence of selected
organochlorine pesticides such as DDT and its metabolites: o,p'-DDT,
p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDD in 56 human milk samples
from Poland. The selected pesticides were detected qualitatively and
quantitatively following liquid gas chromatography extraction with an
electroncapture detector (GC ECD). The sample identity was confirmed
on mass-detector gas chromatography (GC MS). The results showed that
nearly all the samples (52) had contamination with p,p'-DDE and only
4 samples with p,p'-DDT. The milk samples showed contaminations with
DDT (total DDT) p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDT) ranging from 0.0007 to 0.0242
mg/L (mean- 0.04878 mg/kg). In 5 samples, the maximum limits
authorised for residual pesticides in infant dietary products were
exceeded at 0.01 mg/kg.
Authors: Skrajnowska, Dorota; Strzelczyk, Ewelina; Kotlinska, Anna;
Tokarz, Andrzej
Full Source: Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna 2009, 42(3), 532536 (Pol)
~dPublic Health
~tSome heavy metal determination by ICP-OES in human scalp hair (in
three different regions of Manisa)
~w2010-06-09
This study determined the levels of As, Cd, Mn, Cr, Fe, Pb, Hg, Zn,
and Se in hair samples collected from the nape of the neck of
voluntary people living or working in the industrial region, city
centre, and countryside of Manisa province. The concentrations of As,
Cd, Mn, Cr, Fe, Pb, Se, and Zn were detected using ICP-OES. The
measured values of trace elements in human hair samples were
compatible to the reference values given in the literature. The
measured values of As, Hg, Cr, Cd, Se, and Pb were found below the
detection limit of the method. Zn, Mn, and Fe were statistically
analysed and evaluated. When the Fe and Mn values of the hair samples
collected from the industrial region were compared with the data from
both the city centre and countryside (ANOVA), the differences were
meaningful and significant, but the differences for Zn between the
industrial region, city centre, and countryside were found to be
insignificant.
Authors: Celik, Ali; Abali, Yuksel; Edgunlu, Gokhan; Uzunoglu, Selim;
Tirtom, V. Nuket
Full Source: Ekoloji 2009, 19(73), 71-75 (Turkish)
SAFETY
~dSafety
~tMethod for preventing asbestos scattering while applying slate
construction materials
~w2010-06-01
This study investigated a method for preventing asbestos scattering
when apply slate construction materials. The slate construction
materials are to be applied by using following steps. Firstly the
application regions to be wet followed by cleaning using HEPA filter
vacuum cleaner or water-circulation cleaner. Then coating first
treatment agents for 0.01-1 kg/m2 to give primer layers, and coating
second treatment agents for 0.1-10 kg/m2 to give base coat layers for
sealing asbestos components in the slate. Optionally, third treatment
agents are applied for 0.01-0.5 kg/m2 to form top coatings.
Authors: Nakajima, Masaki
Full Source: Application 2008/206,831, 11 Aug 2008; 10pp.(Japan)
~dSafety
~tMethod for prevention of disaster
~w2010-06-01
Treatment of combustible liquids, gases, and specified chemical
substances with diatomaceous earth which has porous silica structure
is claimed. The materials used are nontoxic, absorbs gases, and sink
in water. The method is suitable for prevention of gas emission,
liquid treatment and extinction of fire on water surface.
Authors: Sawada, Shoji; Sawada, Yoshihiro
Full Source: Application 2008/244,905, 25 Aug 2008; 3pp. (Japan)
~dSafety
~tPortable detoxification/decontamination device for remediation of
areas affected by bacteriological, chemical, nuclear, and/or
radiological agents
~w2010-06-01
A portable detoxification/decontamination device for remediation of
areas affected by bacteriological, chemical, nuclear, and/or
radiological agents consists of a cylinder-shaped containment tank
for at least one decontaminating/detoxifying fluid with an
inlet/outlet opening for the fluid and can be easily carried by a
user. A pressurisation means for the fluids contained in that tank,
and a distribution means for the pressurised fluid in communication
with that tank. The distribution means comprise a turbulence chamber
which opens outwards and shaped for inducing the turbulent motions in
its interior favouring the dispersion of the fluid inside.
Author: Cristanini, Adolfo
Full Source: Application 2007/VI95, 28 Mar 2007; 21pp. (Italy)
~dSafety
~tRe-breather oxygen risk alarm for life support
~w2010-06-01
A device that indicates a hypoxia risk or hyperoxia risk, or
analogues thereto, using an integral value that is reset when a user
activates a switch and which integrates over time from each reset
event as a function calculating the PPO2 (partial pressure of oxygen)
deviation from parameters that include ambient pressure changes or
derivatives thereof and physiological parameters or analogues
thereof, from which a metabolic parameter is calculated.
Author: Deas, Alexander Roger
Full Source: US Application 2008/PV56,670, 28 May 2008; 9pp.
(English)