National ICT Innovation System Study, PESTLE&SWOT AnalysisRomania
Output Title
National ICT Innovation System Study, PESTLE&SWOT Analysis-Romania
Work Package
WP3 - Context Analysis and Taskforce Formation
Activity
3.3 - National ICT Innovation systems studies & Regional Synthesis
3.4 - National PESTLE & SWOT analysis and synthesis
Short Description
The aim of this study is to assess the situation in the ICT RTD sector by
identifying the policy framework, the institutional structure and operational
organisation of innovative activities in the each country.
Status
Final
Distribution level
Internal (Partnership)
Responsible partner
National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics–ICI Bucharest
Version
v01
Revision History:
Version Responsible Organization Comment
01
ICI Bucharest
First version of the document created and provided to the UoM as
Responsible partner
LEGAL NOTICE
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the
use, which might be made, of the following information. The views expressed in this report are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission.
© FORSEE Partnership, 2011
Reproduction is authorised provided that the source is acknowledged.
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Table of Contents
National ICT Innovation System Study, PESTLE&SWOT Analysis-Romania............................................. 1
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 7
1
2
Introduction and Methodology ..................................................................................................... 10
1.1
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 10
1.2
Report methodology ............................................................................................................ 11
National ICT Innovation System Study .......................................................................................... 14
2.1
Governance structure of national R&D/innovation systems ............................................... 14
2.1.1
Institutional set-up of innovation policy ......................................................................... 14
2.1.2
General policy considerations ......................................................................................... 16
2.1.3
R&I policy milestones ...................................................................................................... 17
2.1.4
Main national innovation related organisations ............................................................. 18
2.2
Priority setting and public policies ....................................................................................... 21
2.2.1
R&I policies in Romania ................................................................................................... 21
2.2.2
Main priority axis ............................................................................................................. 21
2.3
Mapping the major actors in RDI ......................................................................................... 30
2.3.1
Overview of main actors.................................................................................................. 30
2.3.2
R&D infrastructure .......................................................................................................... 33
2.4
The ICT Sector and the RDI Sector in National economy ..................................................... 36
2.4.1
Overview of the ICT sector .............................................................................................. 36
2.4.2
Structural aspects of Romanian economy ....................................................................... 40
2.4.3
Competitive aspects ........................................................................................................ 44
2.4.4
Trade and financial aspects of R&D ................................................................................. 46
2.4.5
Innovation in enterprises................................................................................................. 50
2.4.6
Other strategic trends ..................................................................................................... 51
2.5
Main components and interactions of innovation systems (barriers and drivers) ............. 53
2.5.1
Regulatory framework ..................................................................................................... 53
2.5.2
Venture capital and the public sector ............................................................................. 53
2.5.3 Links between industry and academia or links between enterprises and public research
organisations ................................................................................................................................. 54
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2.5.4
Tax incentives for RDI ...................................................................................................... 55
2.5.5
Main sources of funding for innovation .......................................................................... 55
2.6
3
Cross cutting issues and challenges ..................................................................................... 59
2.6.1
Human Resources ............................................................................................................ 59
2.6.2
Links between education and RDI ................................................................................... 61
2.6.3
Internationalization of R&D ............................................................................................. 62
2.6.4
Future challenges ............................................................................................................ 64
National PESTEL and SWOT analysis ............................................................................................. 66
3.1
Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental analysis of the
emerging innovation system ............................................................................................................. 66
3.1.1
Core information ............................................................................................................. 66
3.1.2
Additional information .................................................................................................... 70
3.2
Strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of/for the emerging innovation system
74
3.3
Self assessment tool: Features of well performing national and regional research and
innovation ......................................................................................................................................... 79
4
Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 81
5
Abbreviations, References ............................................................................................................ 82
5.1
Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... 82
5.2
References ........................................................................................................................... 84
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List of Tables
Table 2-1. National RDI related organisations ...................................................................................... 18
Table 2-2. Existing Romanian R&D and innovation policy measures (in chronological order) ............. 22
Table 2-3. Priorities of the National RDI Strategy ................................................................................. 26
Table 2-4. INCDs coordination and profile ............................................................................................ 31
Table 2-5.The structure of RENITT ........................................................................................................ 33
Table 2-6. The activity profile of scientific and technological parks ..................................................... 33
Table 2-7. ICT strategies in the implementation phase ........................................................................ 37
Table 2-8. ICT development indicators EU27 / Romania ...................................................................... 38
Table 2-9. ICT Profile for Romania......................................................................................................... 39
Table 2-10. Structural indicators of Romanian and EU27 economies................................................... 40
Table 2-11. Main societal challenges .................................................................................................... 41
Table 2-12. Regional RDI indicators....................................................................................................... 42
Table 2-13. Innovation aspects in 3 development regions ................................................................... 43
Table 2-14. Doing Business Report........................................................................................................ 44
Table 2-15. Global Competitiveness Index for Romania, 2011 ............................................................. 45
Table 2-16. Innovation Capacity Index – Romania ................................................................................ 46
Table 2-17. Indicators of trade .............................................................................................................. 46
Table 2-18. R&D Finance ....................................................................................................................... 47
Table 2-19. Innovation in Romanian enterprises .................................................................................. 50
Table 2-20. Other business indicators ................................................................................................... 50
Table 2-21. Skills-Competencies that enterprises look for ................................................................... 51
Table 2-22. Innovation stimulators ....................................................................................................... 51
Table 2-23. Indicators for open innovation .......................................................................................... 52
Table 2-24. Strategic partnership to support innovation ...................................................................... 52
Table 2-25. Collaboration with foreign countries ................................................................................ 52
Table 2-26. Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD) [%] ......................... 56
Table 2-27.Distribution of public funding [%] ....................................................................................... 57
Table 2-28. Employment and Science and Technology indicators ....................................................... 60
Table 2-29. Access and use of international knowledge ...................................................................... 63
Table 2-30. Intellectual assets and patents ........................................................................................... 63
Table 2-31. Gaps compared with EU27 ................................................................................................. 64
Table 3-1. PESTLE core information ...................................................................................................... 66
Table 3-2. Investment indicators - estimated trajectory....................................................................... 70
Table 3-3. Comparative levels for environment indicators ................................................................... 70
Table 3-4. SWOT Table .......................................................................................................................... 74
Table 3-5. Self assessment tool ............................................................................................................. 79
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Overview of Romania’s research system governance structure ............................................ 15
Figure 2. R&D Intensity projections for Romania, 2000-2020 [34] ...................................................... 48
Figure 3. R&D Profile for Romania, 2009 [34] ....................................................................................... 49
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of the National Plan budget per programmes ................................ 56
Figure 5. Percentage distribution of researcher by age groups ............................................................ 59
Figure 6. Romania – GDP annual growth rate ....................................................................................... 71
Figure 7. Romania – inflation rate ......................................................................................................... 71
Figure 8. Romania – ICT technology expenditure [US dollar] ............................................................... 72
Figure 9. Romania – unemployment rate ............................................................................................. 72
Figure 10. Romania – literacy rate ........................................................................................................ 72
Figure 11. Romania – Internet users ..................................................................................................... 73
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Executive Summary
The FORSEE initiative aims to introduce a sustainable mechanism for ICT RDI Foresight in the region,
attempting to tackle the absence of a regular process applied for technological future orientation
and research policy review.
The main objective of the project is to identify the shortcomings of the ICT RDI sector in the region
and orchestrate the establishment of a regional collaboration network, working on ICT Foresight and
exploring synergies and complementarities between research resources in the target countries.
FORSEE will create a transnational structure that will design, operate, evaluate and refine the
approach and tools for the implementation of national and regional Foresight exercises in the field of
ICT RDI.
In Romania, the scientific research, experimental development and innovation are the main activities
creating knowledge and generating the economic and social progress [1]. The National Strategy for
research, development and innovation, for the period 2007-2013 and its main implementation
instrument – the National RDI Plan for 2007-2013 promote and support the tight interdependency
between R&D and Innovation [2].
In 2010, according to national statistics, the GERD expenses represented 0.47% of GDP (i.e. 2413.5
million lei), down 0.01 percent compared to 2009. The running expenses represented 84.7%, while
capital expenditures 15.3% (with 3.4% higher than in 2009). In total research spending, as compared
with 2009, the fundamental research funding increased by 0.6% (from 42.3% to 42.9%) and the
applied research funding by 1.2% (from 48.8% to 50.0%). The public funds had the same share in the
R&D total expenditures in 2010 as in 2009 (54.9%), while the private enterprises sources decreased
by 2.5% (32.3% vs. 34.8% in 2009). Regarding the capacity of the RDI system, the National Reform
Programme for 2011-2013 underlines the discrepancies against the European average on the share
of researchers in total employed population (3.64‰ in Romania, compared to 9.2‰ in EU27), the
share of employees in R&D activities in total employed population (5.04‰ vs. 15.5‰), the share in
the total employed population of the employees involved in activities with knowledge-intensive
intake (6.16% vs. 13.03%). There was registered, however, a positive trend of the investment in
research infrastructure, which increased over six times in 2010 compared to 2006. Also, the share of
services exports of high and medium technology in total exports is close to the European average
(44.91% in Romania, 49.43% in EU27), and the share of exports of high and medium technology
products in total exports is above the European average (50.14% vs. 47.36%). As a dynamic,
knowledge intensive economic domain, ICT had a significant contribution to these high-tech related
indicators. In this context it is worth mentioning that for the Innovation Capacity Index - a tool for
assessing the potential for innovation, one out of five component pillars is the adoption and use of
ICT.
The composite indicator of innovation (Summary Innovation Index - SII, 2010), conclusive for the
results of the RDI system, is 0.237 for Romania compared to 0.516 in EU27, placing Romania in the
group of modest innovators at the EU level. Nevertheless, the ANCS Report 2010 on Government
Policies in the Field of Research–Development and Innovation in Romania indicate an increase rate of
this indicator in the period 2006-2010 of 5.23% for Romania compared to 0.85% for EU27.
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The economic crisis seriously affected the RDI sector in our country. After a notable increase from
0.45% in 2006 to 0.52% in 2008, the Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development GERD relative to the GDP went down to 0.47% in 2009. The public funding for national RDI
programmes managed by the National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS) dropped
consequently by 27.6% in 2009 [7]. Also, approx. 30% of the research infrastructure investment
planned for 2007-2009 was cancelled because of the budgetary limitations at the end of 2008 [8].
The negative consequences were evident: losses of qualified researchers in R&D institutions,
especially in the National R&D institutes, weaker capacity to attract young researchers and to stop
the migration of researchers abroad or towards better paid sectors, weakening of public-private
partnerships [7]. In the same economic circumstances, in 2010, the public R&D expenditure
increased only by 8.6% relative to 2009, getting closer to the values of 2008, but remaining still
considerably lower than the funding planned in the National RDI Plan II [9].
According to the National Authority for Scientific Research, better inter-ministerial coordination of
RDI policy instruments, adequacy of public funding and attractiveness of the research career are
among the major challenges currently facing the RDI system [18]. Currently the RDI reformation
efforts are oriented towards the priorities defined in the 2011-2013 National Reform Programme for
this domain: strengthening the capacity and performance of RDI system in order to meet socioeconomic needs, stimulating the RDI investment growth in the private sector, and developing the
European dimension of RDI policies and programs [5].
In line with the FORSEE project methodology, the implementation process of national and regional
Foresight exercises begins with the context analysis per country and integration of local
characteristics and views into the framework of the regional approach. The current document
provides a national RDI systems study and a national PESTLE and SWOT analysis for Romania.
Considering the ICT orientation of the FORSEE project, wherever appropriate the document provides
ICT specific data, results and trends.
In the context of the FORSEE project, the term Innovation generically addresses the full researchdevelopment-innovation cycle, emphasizing the project focus on the implementation and
exploitation of R&D results in benefit of business and industrial communities, based on collaboration
and interaction between academia, technology transfer infrastructures and enterprises.
The report is structured according to template elaborated by the Task Leader-University of
Macedonia, considering both to the SEE Programme Manual that stipulates that the innovation
capacity can be described by the education system, the human resources (level of qualification) and
the institutional framework for research and development (public and private sector, institutions,
enterprises, budgets, programmes and politics) as well as the “Oslo Manual” of the OECD that
provides guidance on innovation indicators and their interpretation.
Following the introductory section including the report methodology, the second section is dedicated
to the study of the national RDI system, where a large area of issues are tackled, according to the
report methodology: governance structure of national R&D/innovation systems, institutional set-up
of innovation policy, general policy considerations, R&I policy milestones, main national innovation
related organisations), priority setting and public policies (R&I policies in Romania, main priority axis,
overview of main actors, R&D infrastructure), the ICT sector development (including the ICT national
profile in the European context), the RDI domain assessment in terms of competitiveness and
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innovation potential of enterprises, main components and interactions of innovation systems
(regulatory framework, venture capital, links between industry and academia, main sources of
funding), cross cutting issues and challenges (human resources, links between education and RDI,
international cooperation, future challenges).
The third section of the document includes the PESTLE and SWOT analyses, based on facts
emphasized in the previous section. The PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and
Environmental) analysis provides a review of the country’s general environment within which the
Foresight exercises will be implemented. The SWOT analysis is structured on several priority RDI
clusters regarding the governance and policy system, the priority setting, public policies and actors,
the sector features and cross cutting issues. The final part of this section is dedicated to the self
assessment results regarding the RDI current status and its recent evolution, using a set of 25
Innovation specific statistical indicators.
The elaboration of the report was based on the review of a large number of references including
national RDI policy documents, annual reports of the National Authority for Scientific Research,
European policy documents, Pro-Inno Europe reports, annual ERAWATCH reports, annual World
Bank “Doing Business” reports, World Economic Forum and EU competitiveness reports, national and
Eurostat statistics.
The report, with the emphasis SWOT results, will be used to produce the regional common
methodology and the national Foresight designs. The information collected by all national reports
will be used to inform stakeholders, to map competencies and capabilities, to identify implications
and strategies, and to extrapolate positive trends.
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1 Introduction and Methodology
1.1
Introduction
According to the Governmental Ordinance no 57/2002 on scientific research and technological
development, the scientific research, experimental development and innovation are the main
activities creating knowledge and generating the economic and social progress [1]. As compared with
the former period when the focus was put mainly on the research and development, the current
2007-2013 National RDI Strategy was build, after a nation wide Foresight exercise, with the aim of
promoting and supporting the tight interdependency between R&D and innovation [2]. In line with
fundamental research, applied research and experimental development activates, the document
defines the innovation as “the implementation of a new or substantially improved product, service or
process or a new business or marketing method, in practice, in workplace organisation or external
relations”. To underline its relation with R&D, the innovation is seen as “an outcome, of which
research can be one of the sources, next to other factors, such as experience, communication,
marketing, etc. Therefore, a coherent innovation policy needs national horizontal coordination. The
RDI Strategy sustains innovation that includes a research component, and aims for complementarities
with the Structural Funds allocated for innovation, in order to articulate a national innovation system
as part of the knowledge-based society”. To close the RDI loop, the technology transfer includes “all
activities with or without a contractual basis, performed in order to disseminate information, to
advise, to transmit knowledge, to purchase machinery and production equipment, towards the
driving in the economic circuit of the research results, transformed into commercial products and
services”.
This vision is reflected by the current 2007-2013 National RDI Plan – the implementation instrument
of the Strategy [3].
The FORSEE initiative aims to introduce a sustainable mechanism for ICT RDI Foresight in the region,
attempting to tackle the absence of a regular process applied for technological future orientation
and research policy review. In the context of the FORSEE project, the term Innovation generically
addresses the full research-development-innovation cycle, emphasizing the project focus on the
implementation and exploitation of R&D results in benefit of business and industrial communities,
based on collaboration and interaction between academia, technology transfer infrastructures and
enterprises.
This report was elaborated within the WP3 – Context Analysis and Taskforce Formation of the
FORSEE project. Although the project orientation is on the ICT domain, the report covers the overall
RDI domain at the national level. The document is structured according to template elaborated by
the Task Leader-University of Macedonia, considering both the SEE Programme Manual and the
“Oslo Manual” of the OECD provides guidance on innovation indicators and their interpretation.
The first part of the report (see Section 2) represents the national contribution to the Activity 3.3 –
National ICT Innovation systems studies & Regional Synthesis, which is focused on identifying the
institutional structure and operational organisation of innovative activities in the each country. The
aim is to assess the situation in the ICT RTD sector and to map national ICT Innovation capacities as a
basis of common understanding between regional stakeholders, to assist future collaboration
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initiatives. The outputs of this activity will be utilized during the Foresight exercise planning and
implementation.
The second part of this report (Section 3) is compliant with the objectives of the Activity 3.4 –
National PESTLE & SWOT Analysis & Regional Synthesis, and is based on the information provided in
the first part of the report. The PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and
Environmental) analysis provides a review of the country’s general environment within which the
Foresight exercises will be implemented. The SWOT analysis is structured on several priority RDI
clusters regarding the governance and policy system, the priority setting, public policies and actors,
the sector features and cross cutting issues. This part ends with the presentation of the self
assessment results regarding the RDI current status and its recent evolution, using a set of 25
Innovation specific statistical indicators.
Finally the report provides some concluding remarks, a list of abbreviations used throughout the
document and the list of references.
1.2
Report methodology
The underlying objectives of the Greek NIS, PESLTE & SWOT report in relation to the main foresight
work are summarized as follows:
-
to identify the main policies and implications for policy that lead to the definition of priority
areas;
-
to understand the development, planning and implementation of ICT/RTD policies;
-
to grasp the region-specific needs for foresight by including the regional characteristics and
regional goals, drivers and barriers;
-
to identify the sectors, technologies and industries that should be promoted to enhance
regional competitiveness and the key development trends in central social issues;
-
to investigate some aspects of the innovation system central to foresight exercises, such as
the design and implementation of research and innovation policies, the main orientations,
the investment trends, education and training systems , key partnerships, framework
conditions that promote business investments in R&D, public support to innovation etc.;
-
to perform PESTLE and SWOT as a basis for more detailed discussion about the scope of the
foresight exercises and analyze each country’s external environment to review the general
frame for implementation of exercises;
-
to enable key stakeholders involved in the foresight exercise access key information that may
prove useful in strategic planning and scenario building;
-
to enable the FORSEE Consortium understand the resources and constraints related to ICT
foresight that would contribute to the common methodology.
The information collected by the national reports will be used to inform stakeholders, map
competencies and capabilities, map implications and strategies and extrapolate positive trends.
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A National Innovation System encompasses a broad array of institutions and relationships involved in
scientific research, the accumulation and diffusion of knowledge, education, technology
development and the development and distribution of new products and processes. As hybrid
systems, innovation systems cut across other societal areas such as education and training, business
entrepreneurship, existing infrastructures or other sectoral policies that highlight the interplay of
research and innovation stakeholders and actors. The present report employs a systems approach
analysis that is inclusive of the main components of a NIS such as human capital, training, the
institutional environment, the regulatory environment, R&D and usage of ICT as well as the resulting
linkages among the components. Thus, the report aims to encompass the main building blocks of the
innovation system so as to provide the “diagnostics” of the situation inherent in the country.
The report’s structure (elaborated by the Task Leader-University of Macedonia) abides both to the
SEE Programme Manual that stipulates that the innovation capacity can be described by the
education system, the human resources (level of qualification) and the institutional framework for
research and development (public and private sector, institutions, enterprises, budgets, programmes
and politics) as well as the “Oslo Manual” of the OECD that provides guidance on innovation
indicators and their interpretation [36]. It is also enhanced by additions based upon a scrutiny and
review of European policy documents, country reports, Innovation Scoreboards and Competitiveness
Reports generated by the European Union with a view of incorporating components that would serve
the overarching aim of facilitating foresight work. Other conceptualizations of innovation flows (such
as the concepts of innovation inputs and outputs of the Pro-Inno Europe (Commission)) are taken
into consideration for the analysis of indicators [37].
A definition of “innovation” as perceived in the present report needs to be elucidated at the outset.
According to the OECD innovation is “the implementation of a new or significantly improved product
(good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method in business
practices, workplace organisation or external relations” [36]. Innovation is seen as central within the
knowledge-based economy, and it is recently that a better understanding of the complexity of the
processes has been understood. Thus, the innovation system is perceived as an all-encompassing
ecosystem based upon the pillars of science and technology institutions, the enterprise landscape,
the broader framework condition of national institutional and structural factors and transfer factors
that influence the efficiency of innovation linkages. The factors, policies and institutions fostering
innovation as well as the underlying logic of analyzing them in the context of the present report are:
• Institutions and the priority-setting during specific programming periods, which are essential
issues to be taken into consideration by foresight exercises
• Innovation governance (the implications of governance may foster or impede investment climate,
entry to market, business innovation and general efficiency in the system)
• The macro-economic environment of the country, especially in light of the current financial crisis,
as fiscal and monetary policies can contribute to a stable domestic environment.
• The regulatory framework and analysis of competitiveness of the country (obstacles to
competitiveness and doing business may generate additional challenges for innovation and
entrepreneurship. The role of public sector procurement policies and other conditions might
prove favourable to foster innovation and they are subsequently analysed).
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• ICT usage and the ICT landscape in the country. As FORSEE targets RDI ICT foresight, it is
imperative to include indicators regarding ICT with regards to trade, expenditure, productivity,
industry structure, economic significance etc. The micro-level (firms), the report endeavours to
assess capacities to absorb knowledge. Specific focus in placed upon the specialization patterns of
each country and existing infrastructure.
• Other components and cross-cutting issues, such as links between industry and academia, links
between the educational system and research, funding modes are analyzed according to the
degree of strength and the underlying role within the NIS. Education and training are emphasized
as drivers of innovation and are inherently included.
In terms of report generation, the methodology was elaborated by the Task Leader and is reported as
a two-stage process:
I.
During the first stage, the first section outlining the Greek NIS was elaborated. The process
included an iteration of drafts reviewed by the responsible authors in cooperation with the
University of Macedonia. At the outset, a literature review of work outlining the Greek
Innovation System and its performance was performed so as to substantiate the statements
provided on official data and safeguard a level of subjectivity and validity.
II.
During the second stage and based upon the results of the first stage, PESTLE& SWOT
analysis was enabled.
The template, specific guidelines, points for analysis, existing literature and references to be
consulted as well as documents including statistical indicators for each country were drafted and
provided by the Task Leader (University of Macedonia).
It is important to highlight that most references date from 2009 onwards; however, in order to
overcome the lack of information in specific domains older references are used as well (from 2007
onwards).
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2 National ICT Innovation System Study
2.1
Governance structure of national R&D/innovation systems
This section starts with an overview of the institutions involved in the RDI policy set-up,
implementation and monitoring at the national level. Then some general considerations about the
RDI policy are formulated and major events on the policy set up roadmap are outlined. More details
about the mandate / goals / mission / of RDI related organisations are provided in the remaining part
of this section.
2.1.1
Institutional set-up of innovation policy
The overall structure of the Romania’s RDI system in presented in Figure 1, which is an updated
version of the similar schema provided in ERAWATCH 2010 Country Report for Romania [7]. The
governance responsibilities of this system are distributed on several levels starting from the
Romanian Parliament down to RDI organisations and financial institutions. This complex structure
requires an additional effort for communication and coordination inter and intra levels to avoid
incoherencies and inconsistencies in policymaking and implementation.
At the Parliament level, the Commissions for Education, Science, Youth and Sport of the Senate and
of the Chamber of Deputies debate and approve draft laws and other legal documents on science,
education, sport and youth.
At the Governmental level The National Council for Science and Technology Policy is the
government’s high level policy coordination body. The National Authority for Scientific Research
(ANCS), which belongs to the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sport (MECTS) is the key
actor in RDI governance, which formulates and implements the RDI objectives and policies included
in the Government Programme. MECTS collaborates with other ministries, which have limited role in
the coordination of RDI activities in their specific domains. Their role consists in coordinating some
national R&D institutes (see Table 2-4), participation in the National Council for S&T Policy,
management of some Sectoral Operational Programmes, consultations on the role of R&D in the
respective sectoral strategies (e.g. IT, energy, environment). In addition, MECTS collaborates with a
few government-subordinated agencies that have specific functions related to R&D and innovation,
such as the National Institute for Statistics, National Commission for Prognosis (subordinated to the
Ministry of Finances) and the Agency for the Implementation of Projects and Programmes for SMEs,
which was created in 2009 by GD 65/2009 on the basis of the former National Agency for SMEs,
subordinated to the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Business Environment.
At the MECTS level there are several Consultative bodies and the Executive Agency for Higher
Education, Scientific Research, Development and Innovation Funding (UEFISCDI). The list of
Consultative bodies includes the Advisory College for Research, Development and Innovation, the
National Council for Scientific Research, the National Council for Development and Innovation, the
National Council for Ethics, the Romanian Committee for Research Infrastructures. They are playing
an important role in designing, implementing and monitoring of specific RDI policies.
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PARLIAMENT
Commission for Education, Science, Youth and Sport
(Chamber of Deputies)
Commission for Education, Science, Youth and Sport
(Senate)
GOVERNMENT
National Council for Science and Technology Policy
Other ministries involved in RDI
Government-subordinated agencies
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Business
involved in innovation
Environment
National Commission for Prognosis
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Institute of Statistics
Advisory Bodies
Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism Agency for the Implementation of
Advisory College for Research, Development and
Ministry of Environment and Forests
Projects and Programmes for SMEs
Innovation
Ministry of Communications and Information
National Council for Scientific Research
Society
National Council for Development and Innovation
Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure
National Council for Ethics in Scientific Research,
Ministry of Labour, Family and Social
Technological Development and Innovation
Protection
Ministry of Public Health
Executive Agency for Higher Education,
Ministry of Administration and Interior
Research, Development and Innovation
Funding (UEFISCDI)
Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and
Sport (MECTS)
National Authority for Science Research (ANCS)
NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Romanian Academy
52 institutes, 16 centres
Academy of Medical Science
22 institutes, 12 clinics
Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
25 institutes, 91 res./prods. units
Academy of Technical
Sciences
OTHER NATIONAL COORDINATING AGENCIES IN STRATEGIC AREAS
Romanian Space Agency
Nuclear Agency
Romanian Accreditation Association
Romanian Standards Association
R&D PERFORMERS
National RDI Institutes
Other R&D institutions
Firms with RDI activities
Public & Private Universities
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND INNOVATION-RELATED INSTITUTIONS
S&T Parks
Technology Transfer
Centres
Technology and
Business Incubators
Industrial Parks
Business Innovation
Centres
Innovation Relay
Centres
R&D PERSONNEL
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Commercial banks, Donors
Source: ERAWATCH 2010 Report [7]
Figure 1. Overview of Romania’s research system governance structure
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Other national institutions involved in R&D policy-making are: the Romanian Academy, the Academy
of Medical Sciences, the Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Academy of Technical
Sciences (AST). There should be mentioned also National agencies coordinating strategic areas: such
as the Romanian Standards Association (ASRO), Romanian Association for Accreditation (RENAR),
Nuclear Agency and Romanian Space Agency (ROSA), the Nuclear Agency.
2.1.2
General policy considerations
In Romania, the research and development activity is a national priority and has a decisive role in the
strategy for sustainable economic development. The national strategy for research and development
defines the state policy for the fulfillment of the objectives of nation interest in this domain and is
approved by the Governmental Decision.
In order to promote, support, develop and stimulate the research and development activity, the
Government adopts policies to stimulate and coordinate this activity at the national level, ensures
the financial sources and organises structures to administrate these funds, develop policies and
regulations to create a favourable environment in the economy, to protect the national scientific
patrimony, to distribute, use and valorize the results of the research and development activity.
The current policy framework for RDI development is provided by the Governing Programme 20092012 and the National Reform Programme for 2011-2013, which are addressing explicitly the
difficulties of the national RDI system under the impact of economic crisis and include concrete
action lines to alleviate these difficulties.
At the National level the main RDI policy document is the National RDI Strategy for 2007-2013
(National Strategy), representing the first integrated vision regarding the national RDI system and
long term priorities [12]. The main objective of The National Strategy is to bridge the current gaps
between Romania and European countries and it prepares the Romanian RDI system to identify and
strengthen, through international openness, partnership and competition, those areas where
Romania can excel. The National Strategy supports the strategic role and the priority of RDI as an
engine of the economy competitiveness increase, ensuring a sustainable development of the
economy.
At the regional level, the main innovation policy instruments are the Regional Innovation Strategies
(RIS) developed by six out of eight Romanian regions on the basis of their affiliation to the Innovating
Regions in Europe (IRE) Network [7]. In Romania there are defined eight development regions:
North-East, South-East, South Muntenia, South-West Oltenia, West, North-West, Centre, and the
Capital region Bucharest–Ilfov. They are territorial units created by the voluntary association of 4-7
counties, in view of more efficient use of resources from national programmes and Structural Funds.
At the national level, they are coordinated by the National Council for Regional Development, and at
the regional level by eight Regional Development Councils and eight Regional Development Agencies
(RDAs). According to the 2010 Annual Report of Regional Innovation Monitor project with a view on
the autonomy of regions in the field of RDI policy, Romania is among a few countries in Europe
where bottom-up and decentralized approaches in the RDI policy making are met, i.e. strategic
documents designed at regional level, with the involvement of the regional stakeholders [6].
Nevertheless, the integration between the RISs and the national RDI strategy is weak, due to limited
regional outreach of ANCS and collaboration with the RDAs, RDAs’ poor capacity to implement
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regional innovation strategies, lack of innovation legal competences and expertise, understaffing and
shortage/lack of experienced personnel in project management, limited capacity to stimulate
cooperation between regional stakeholders. More recently, in the implementation of the national
RDI policy adopted by ANCS since 2008 a regional focus was considered, consisting mainly in
monitoring the regional distributions of projects funded by the 2007-2013 National RDI Plan [7].
2.1.3
R&I policy milestones
According to general policy considerations, this section presents some major documents adopted
during the last 10 years, which are significant for their role and contribution to the current status of
RDI
policy
set
up
and
are
included
in
the
ERAWATCH
database
(http://erawatch.jrc.ec.europa.eu/erawatch/opencms/search/index.html):
• Government Ordinance no. 57/2002 on the scientific research and technological development,
amended and approved by the Law no. 324/8.07.2003. The document establishes the legal
framework for the RDI activity: and includes the following main chapters: national RDI system
(units and institutions, human resources), assessment of the scientific research and technological
development activities, national R&D strategy and national R&D plan, funding R&D and
innovation activities, capitalization and use of the R&D potential, results of the R&D activities,
stimulation of technological development and innovation activities.
• Law 50/2003 for approving GO 14/24 January 2002 regarding the creation and functioning of S&T
Parks, as strategic partnership between academia and industry for the valorizing the R&D results
and for support of the high-tech companies.
• Government Decision 1264/13.08.2004 regarding the creation of the National Centre for
Programme Management, with the aim of improving the quality and efficiency of activities
related with competition-based selection, contracting, monitoring and assessment of RDI
programmes and projects, as well as of actions include in the National RDI Plan.
• Governmental Decision 1449/2005 on the organisation and functioning of the National Authority
for Scientific Research within the structure of the Ministry for Education, Research, Youth and
Sports, as the major public administration body for the domain of RDI policy making and
implementation.
• the National Strategy for research, development and innovation, for the period 2007-2013,
elaborated through a broad consultation with the main RDI stakeholders, within the first national
foresight exercise in S&T organised in 2005-2006 by ANCS within its Sectoral R&D Plan, and
approved by the Governmental Decision no. 217/2007.
• 2007-2010 National Reform Plan, which stipulates the increase of investments in R&D mainly for
domains of major interest for the social and economic development, as ICT, innovative materials
and products, advanced technologies.
• 2007-2013 Sectoral Operational Programme “Increasing Economic Competitiveness” (SOP-IEC), to
increase the productivity and competitiveness of Romanian companies;
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• 2011-2013 National Reform Programme, following the launch of Europe 2020 Strategy; the
document nominates the objective of achieving, by 2020, the level of 2% of the GDP for public
and private investments in the RDI domain.
2.1.4
Main national innovation related organisations
As reported in the overview of Romania’s research system governance structure presented in Figure
1, the main policy body in the RDI domain is the National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS),
according to its responsibilities to ensure the harmonization of objectives of the scientific and
technical community and business environment in Romania with the science and technology
priorities in the European Union, as well as the dynamics of their evolution and implementation.
Therefore the information provided in Table 2-1 is focused on ANCS, its consulting bodies and the
funding agency UEFISCDI. This list of organisations is illustrative for implemented changes during the
last two years with the aim of adapting the institutional structure of the RDI governing system to its
current objectives.
UEFISCDI was established in 2010 by merging the activities of three former institutions: National
Centre for Programme Management (CNMP), Executive Unit for Funding Academic Research
(UEFISCU) and Managerial Agency for Scientific Research, Innovation and Technology Transfer
(AMCSIT – University “Politechnica” of Bucharest).
In 2011 the National Council for Scientific Research and the National Council for Development and
Innovation have been established in order to reinforce the scientific coordination of the main
programmes of the National RDI Plan II. Also the responsibilities of the Advisory College for Research,
Development and Innovation have been updated in accordance with new methodological
requirements regarding the assessment and classification of the RDI institutions.
Due to the ICT orientation of this Report, the Ministry of Communications and Information Society
(MCSI) has been included in the list of main national innovation related institutions. MCSI
coordinates the Sectoral Operational Programme “Increase of Economic Competitiveness” – Priority
Axis 3 “ICT for private and public sectors”, as well as the activity of both national institutes in this
field - the National R&D Institute for Informatics and the National R&D Institute for Communications.
During 2008-2010 MCSI coordinated two R&D Sectoral programmes in communications and
information technology areas. Also MCSI hosts the National Contact point for the EU
Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme.
Table 2-1. National RDI related organisations
Institution
Mandate / Goals / Mission
National Council for
Science and Technology
Policy (CNPST)
CNPST was initially established in 2003 by Prime Minister’s Decision 2/6.01.2003.
Its current structure and activity are according to the Governmental Ordinance
no.6/26.01.2011. It represents the government’s high-level policy coordination
body, under the Prime Minister coordination, which has as main mission to
establish the priorities and legislative framework of the implementation of the
2007-2013 National Strategy for RDI and to ensure the coherence of government
policies through horizontal inter-ministerial coordination. CNPST has 9 members,
including 4 CCCDI’s members. CNPST presents an annul report to the government
with conclusions and recommendations on the RDI activity and on the
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development of the knowledge-based society and economy.
National Authority for
Scientific Research
(ANCS)
ANCS belongs to the Ministry for Education, Research, Youth and Sports.
The statute of ANCS is settled by the Government Decision no. 1449/17.11.2005
with subsequent amendments (Official Journal no. 1101/7.12.2005).
ANCS exercises the responsibilities of the state authority for researchdevelopment and carries out its activity in compliance with the provisions of the
Government Ordinance No. 57/2002 on the scientific research and technological
development, approved with amendments and additions by the Law No.
324/2003.
The Authority’s mission is to ensure the elaboration, application, monitoring and
evaluation of the policies in the field of research-development and innovation,
consistent with the strategy and the Governing Programme, for the purpose of
ensuring on this basis the enlargement of the national and international
technological and innovation patrimony, the sustainable economic development,
the access on the internal, European and global markets, the creation of the
informational knowledge-based society.
The Authority has the role and responsibility: to ensure the strategic and tactical
planning; to define the strategic and tactical objectives; to define, apply, monitor
and evaluate the policies necessary in order to achieve the objectives; to define
the normative and methodological, functional, operational and financial
framework necessary to apply the policies, to follow up the alorization of the
national legislation with the legislation of the European Union and to absorb the
acquis communitaire; to ensure communication with the other public authorities
in order to achieve a coherent approach of the government policies; to ensure
communication with the civil society structures and with the citizens; to define,
finance, apply, monitor and evaluate programmes, for the purpose to achieve the
objectives; to stimulate the regional and local development, as well as the one in
the private sector; to stimulate the development of international partnership.
Advisory College for
Research, Development
and Innovation (CCCDI)
CCCDI is the main advisory body of ANCS. Its functioning has been modified by the
Governmental Ordinance no. 6/26.01.2011. CCCDI’s mission is to provide
specialized scientific support in developing policies and strategies to support R&D
and innovation at national level, in coordination, evaluation and funding of
scientific research, experimental development and innovation in Romania by
MECTS – ANCS. CCCDI scientifically coordinates the evaluation and classification of
units and institutions belonging to the national R&D system, in accordance with
Art. 33 of the Governmental Ordinance no. 57/2002, and with methodological
rules for assessment and classification, adopted by Governmental Decision. It
coordinates the Institutional Performance program of the National RDI Plan II.
National Council for
Scientific Research
(CNCS)
Established according to the Ministerial Order no. 3794/01.03.2011 of MECTS
(Official Gazette no. 152/02.03.2011), based on provisions of the Governmental
Decision no. 133/19.02.2011.
CNCS is a national advisory body, which has the mission to promote excellence in
scientific research in Romania through assisting MECTS and ANCS in coordinating,
monitoring and evaluation of scientific research activities in Romania. CNCS is in
charge with the scientific coordination of Human Resources, Ideas and Capacities
Programmes of the National RDI Plan II and of national competitions of scientific
projects for awarding doctoral grants. CNCS took over the responsibilities of the
former Committee for Research Infrastructures (CRIC).
National Council for
Development and
Innovation (CNDI)
Established according to the Ministerial Order no. 4087/2011 of the MECTS
(Official Gazette no. 306/04.05.2011), based on provisions of the Governmental
Decision no. 133/19.02.2011.
CNDI has the mission to scientifically coordinate two programmes from the
National RDI Plan II – Partnerships in Priority Domains and Innovation – as well as
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other financing programmes of applied research and experimental development,
programmes supporting innovation and entrepreneurship.
National Council for
Ethics in Scientific
Research, Technological
Development and
Innovation (CNECSDTI)
CNECSDTI is the main body that coordinates and monitors implementation of the
rules of good moral and professional conduct in R&D activities in Romania. Its
responsibilities are according to the Governmental Ordinance no 28/31.08.2011 on
amending and supplementing Law No. 206/2004 of good conduct in scientific
research, technological development and innovation (Official Gazette no.
628/2.09.2011) and the National Education Law no. 1/2011 (Official Gazette no.
18/10.01.2011).
Executive Agency for
Higher Education,
Research, Development
and Innovation Funding
(UEFISCDI)
UEFISCDI is a public institution with legal personality in the subordination of
MECTS which was created by the Governmental Emergency Ordinance 74/2010
(Official Gazette no. 448/01.07.2010).
UEFISCDI implements in a decentralized manner the management of several
programmes included in the National RDI Plan 2007-2013 (Human Resources,
Ideas, Capacities, Partnerships in Priority Domains, and Innovation), designs and
implements nationally or internationally funded institutional development projects
in higher education and RDI, provides consultancy and technical assistance for
internal and international research and innovation programmes, and ensures the
executive activity of several national councils for higher education and research.
Ministry of
Communications and
Information Society
(MCSI)
MCSI was established according to the Government Decision no. 12/2009 with
subsequent amendments (Official Gazette no. 51/28.01.2009, updated version
according to subsequent amendments – 21.06.2010). It’s main objectives for the
domain of electronic communications, information technology, information society
and knowledge-based society services are the following: to ensure development
strategies and unitary regulatory; to define strategic objectives for this domain; to
define, implement, monitor, evaluate and coordinate the policy in the domain; to
define the normative-methodological, functional, operational and financial
framework for the application of policies; to follow up the harmonization of
national legislation with the one of the EU; to ensure coordination of the other
public authorities in order to achieve policy coherence in the domain; to ensure
administration, efficient management and assignment for use of all goods in public
ownership, belonging to this domain; to develop, finance, implement, monitor,
evaluate, promote and manage programs and projects according to strategic
documents; to encourage regional and local development, as well as the private
sector; to stimulate development of international partnership.
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2.2
Priority setting and public policies
This section presents in more details the main RDI policy documents and their priorities at the
national, sectoral and regional levels.
2.2.1
R&I policies in Romania
According to the selection made in section 1.3.3, Table 2-2 provides details about the main RDI policy
documents regarding R&D Policies affected actions/orientation of these documents, and coherence
with EU goals/priorities.
2.2.2
Main priority axis
In compliance with the document specificity, RDI priorities are different by their horizon of action,
their focus, and coverage.
2.2.2.1
National level priorities
At the national level, the main policy documents formulating priorities for RDI activities planning,
implementing and monitoring are: the National RDI Strategy for 2007-2013 and its implementation
instrument – the National RDI Plan for the same period, the Governing Programme 2009-2012 and
the Reform Programme for 2011-2013. At this level priorities are formulated as overall objectives
and aggregated action lines.
The priorities defined by the National RDI Strategy address national research areas:, horizontal goals
to be achieved in each research area, and specific themes (programmes). Details are provided in
Table 2-3 [2].
In case of the Governing Programme 2009-2012, the list of R&D related priority actions at the
national level includes:

increase the R&D funding, including private sector sources;

allocate resources based on competition and exclusively on scientific quality, according to
internationally accepted criteria; simplify funding procedures;

implement dynamic and competitive policies for human resources;

provide access to positions and competitions exclusively on professional performance;

ensure the multiyear funding of research projects, according to the European practices;

facilitate the usage of funds accessed by competition, including the implementation of the
principle “funds follows the researcher”;

stimulate private investments in R&D;

implement a long term action plan for dissemination of scientific and technical results;

rationalize the institutional system.
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Table 2-2. Existing Romanian R&D and innovation policy measures (in chronological order)
Strategy
Document
R&D Policies affected
Actions/orientation
Coherence with EU goals/priorities
Establishing the
legal framework for
scientific
research, technolog
ical development
and innovation
activities in
Romania.
Government Ordinance no. 57/2002 on
the scientific research and technological
development, amended and approved
by the Law no. 324/8.07.2003, with
subsequent amendments (Official
Gazette of Romania no. 643/30.08.2002,
updated version according to
subsequent amendments – 10.06.2011).
The document sets out the general framework for undertaking
scientific research and technological development activities in
Romania and defines the key elements of the National R&D
and innovation system.
The law provides details on the creation, roles, structure and
funding of national R&D institutes and the evaluation of their
activities. It also refers to the evaluation and accreditation of
higher education institutions with R&D activities.
Furthermore, the law refers to the types, functioning,
funding and evaluation of the programmes that can be
financed from the public budget
Addressing the guidelines set by the Lisbon
Strategy and the European Union policies,
which have stated that science and technology
are the real key instruments for the European
future. The implementation of this law has also
been in line with the four priority areas of the
renewed Lisbon Strategy adopted by European
Council in 2006, mainly the priority supporting
the growth of knowledge and innovation.
.
Creation and
functioning of S&T
Parks
Law 50/21 January 2003 for approving
GO 14/24 January 2002 regarding the
creation and functioning of S&T Parks;
31/01/2003
The law approves Government Ordinance no. 14/24 January
2002 regarding the creation and functioning of S&T Parks. It
specifies the entities that can be involved in a S&T Park
(higher education institutions, R&D institutions, business
firms, local public administration, professional associations,
Romanian or foreign investors, physical persons, etc.), the
conditions for the administration of the S&T Park and some
fiscal incentives granted to S&T Parks.
Addressing EU initiatives in the field of the
Technology, Industrial-innovation and Science
Parks which are seen increasingly as a means to
create dynamic clusters that accelerate
economic growth and international
competitiveness. They are contributing the
European industrial change, enhancing the
innovation-, clustering-, B2B- activity,
supporting the SME sector and the job
creation.
Improving the coordination and
management of
innovation
programmes and
projects
Government Decision 1264/13.08.2004
regarding the creation of the National
Centre for Programme Management;
02/08/2004
1.1.1 Strategy policy documents (official
documents, policy consultation papers,
green or whith papers, Operational
Programmes of Structural Funds),
1.2.1 Strategic Research policies (long-term
research agendas),
1.2.2 Innovation strategies,
1.3.2 Horizonal measures in support of
financing,
2.1.1 Policy measures concering excellence,
relevance and management of research in
Universities,
2.1.2 Public Research Organisations,
2.1.4 Research Infrastructures,
3.1.3 Stimulation of PhDs.
1.2.2 Innovation strategies
2.2.1 Support infrastructure (transfer
offices, training of support staff)
2.2.2 Knowledge Transfer (contract
research, licences, research and IPR issues
in public/academic/non-profit institutes)
2.2.3 R&D cooperation (joint projects, PPP
with research institutes)
4.2.1 Support to innovation management
and advisory services
4.3.1 Support to innovative start-ups incl.
Gazelles
2.2.3 R&D cooperation (joint projects, PPP
with research institutes)
1.2.2 Innovation strategies
1.3.3 Other horizontal policies (ex. societydriven innovation)
1.3.2 Horizonal measures in support of
financing
The document approves the creation of the National Centre
for Programme Management as a public institution
subordinated to the Ministry of Education, Research and
Innovation, with a budget totally funded from extra budgetary
resources.
The National Centre for Programme Management was created
with the purpose to improve the co-ordination and
management of innovation programmes and projects by
Addressing the integrated guidelines for
growth and jobs from Lisbon strategy, such as
”to increase and improve investments in R&D”,
”to facilitate all forms of innovation”, ”to
facilitate the spread and effective use of ICT
and build a fully inclusive information society”
and ”to strengthen the competitive advantages
of its industrial base”.
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Implementing the
government policy
in the area of R&D
and innovation
Governmental Decision
1449/17.11.2005 on the organisation
and functioning of the National
Authority for Scientific Research, with
subsequent amendments, published in
the Official Gazette of Romania, part I,
no. 1101/7.12.2005.
Strategy policy documents (official
documents, policy consultation papers,
green or whith papers, Operational
Programmes of Structural Funds)
1.2.1 Strategic Research policies (long-term
research agendas)
1.2.2 Innovation strategies
2.1.2 Public Research Organisations
2.1.4 Research Infrastructures
2.2.2 Knowledge Transfer (contract
research, licences, research and IPR issues
in public/academic/non-profit institutes)
2.2.3 R&D cooperation (joint projects, PPP
with research institutes)
Increasing
economic
competitiveness
and developing
the knowledgebased economy
2007-2013 Sectoral Operational
Programme “Increasing Economic
Competitiveness” (SOP-IEC);
02/02/2007
2.1.4 Research Infrastructures
2.2.3 R&D cooperation (joint projects, PPP
with research institutes)
2.3.1 Direct support of business R&D
(grants and loans)
Expressing the
priorities of the
Romanian society
for the
advancement of
science, technology
and innovation.
Governmental Decision no. 217 /
28.02.2007 on the approval of the
National Strategy for research,
development and innovation, for the
period 2007-2013, published in the
Official Gazette of Romania, part I, no.
214/ 29.03.2007.
1.1.1 Strategy policy documents (official
documents, policy consultation papers,
green or white papers, Operational
Programmes of Structural Funds)
1.2.1 Strategic Research policies (long-term
research agendas)
1.2.2 Innovation strategies
2.1.1 Policy measures concerning
excellence, relevance and management of
WP3 – Activity3.3: National ICT Innovation systems studies & Regional Synthesis
acting as a programme management unit within the structure
of the Ministry of Education, Research and Innovation. The
Centre aims to achieve this objective by finding partners for
international R&D projects, alorizati competition-based
selection of partners, ensuring effective planning and
monitoring of programme activities, evaluation, risk
assessment, dissemination of information, etc.
The document defines the roles, functions and structure of
the National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), the
central public administration body with responsibilities in the
area of R&D and innovation policy-making and
implementation.
In the process of implementing the government policy in the
RDI area, ANCS collaborates with several other ministries and
government-subordinated agencies, such as the National
Institute for Statistics and the National Commission for
Prognosis that have specific functions related to R&D and
innovation. The high-level coordination is ensured by the
National Council for Science and Technology Policy, for the coordination of RDI policies with other socio-economic policies
at government level.
The Sectoral Operational Programme ‘Increasing Economic
Competitiveness’ (SOP IEC) is one of the seven operational
programmes (Ops), under the Convergence objective, which
aim to achieve the priorities of the 2007-2013 National
Development Plan (NDP). The general objective of SOP IEC is
to increase the productivity and competitiveness of Romanian
companies, in compliance with the principle of sustainable
development, and to reduce the gap to the average
productivity of EU. The target is an average annual growth of
GDP per employed person of approx. 5.5%, which will allow
Romania to reach about 55% of the EU average productivity
by 2015.
The strategy was elaborated in synergy with the key national
economic and political documents, e.g. the 2007-2013
National Development Plan, the 2007-2010 National Reform
Plan, the National Education Strategy (especially the higher
education component). The strategy provides the basis for
organising the RDI system and establishes the key domains for
public investment in RDI in the coming years and the specific
implementation instruments. The document formulate the
following strategic objectives: knowledge creation, i.e.
Creation and development of a framework for
RDI activities, in line with EU principles, criteria
and procedures;
Integration of Romanian RDI into the European
Union and international RDI community.
The priority axes of SOP IEC are in full
compliance with the lines of action of the
Commission’s proposal regarding the
framework for Competitiveness and Innovation
2007-2013, and take into account the
guidelines put forward by the EU Council for
the cohesion policy for 2007-2013.
Mobilise research to address major societal
challenges and contribute to sustainable
development Strengthen Research institutions,
including notably universities, Enhance
research capacity across Europe .
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Increasing the
country’s economic
competitiveness
over the period
2007-2010 and
establishes
priorities, measures
deadlines and
budgets associated
with specific
institutional
settings
2007-2010 National Reform Plan;
31/10/2007
Defining and
applying the main
policies for
economic
development of
Romania, in
accordance with
Europe 2020
Strategy and
related policies
2011-2013 National Reform
Programme; April 2011.
research in Universities
2.1.2 Public Research Organisations
2.1.3 Research and Technology
Organisation (private non-profit)
2.1.4 Research Infrastructures
2.2.1 Support infrastructure (transfer
offices, training of support staff)
2.2.2 Knowledge Transfer (contract
research, licenses, research and IPR issues
in public/academic/non-profit institutes)
2.2.3 R&D cooperation (joint projects, PPP
with research institutes)
3.1.3 Stimulation of PhDs
4.2.1 Support to innovation management
and advisory services
1.1.1 Strategy policy documents (official
documents, policy consultation papers,
green or white papers, Operational
Programmes of Structural Funds)
1.2.2 Innovation strategies
1.3.2 Horizontal measures in support of
financing
4.3.1 Support to innovative start-ups incl.
gazelles
achieving high level, internationally competitive scientific and
technological results; increasing the competitiveness of the
Romanian economy through innovation with impact on the
economic operators and knowledge transfer into economic
practice; increasing the quality of social life through the
development of solutions, including technology that will
generate direct benefits on society.
1.1.1 Strategy policy documents
1.2.2 Innovation strategies
1.3.2 Horizontal measures in support of
financing
To reach the target of 2% GDP for public and private sector
investment in RDI, in line with the Europe 2020 objectives,
three main directions of action have been identified for the
RDI domain:
1. Strengthening the capacity and increasing the performance
of RDI system;
2. Stimulating the growth of RDI investment in the private
sector;
3. Developing the European and international dimension of
RDI policies and programmes.
WP3 – Activity3.3: National ICT Innovation systems studies & Regional Synthesis
The priorities established in the NRP are based on a thorough
analysis of Romania’s social and economic situation at the
moment of EU accession and include the following areas:

Improving the administrative capacity

Improving the quality and the management of
government expenditures

Improving market functioning

Improving the business environment –

Improving the labour market

Improving life quality through sustainable management
of renewable energies and climate change –
The NRP is correlated with sectoral strategies promoted by
the 2007-2013 National Development Plan, the 2007-2013
National Strategic Framework, the 2007-2010 Convergence
Plan and the 2007-2013 National Strategic Plan for Rural
Development
It was established according to the EC
Communications “Working together for growth
and jobs”, “A new start for the Lisbon
Strategy”’ and “Integrated Recommendations
for Growth and Employment (2005-2008)”. The
NRP aims to create the conditions for Romania
to reach the economic performances
recommended by the revised Lisbon Strategy,
addressing the following challenges: integrate
macro- and microeconomic development
policies and labour market policies into a
coherent package, promote structural and
institutional reforms in the priority economic
sectors and the social sector, so that Romania
can achieve a better, more flexible and more
efficient socio-economic and institutional
structure and absorb the Structural and
Cohesion Funds provided by the EU.
The programme was agreed with the
International Monetary Fund, the European
Community and other international financial
institutions (World Bank, European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development) and defines
in a realistic roadmap, a set of key objectives
for strengthening and reforming the tax
administration, supervising the financial sector
and structural reform of key sectors
(employment, education, environmental
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Justifying and
prioritizing public
investments related
to the European
economic and social
cohesion policy
2007-2013 National Strategic Reference
Framework; 06/09/2011
1.1.1 Strategy policy documents (official
documents, policy consultation papers,
green or whith papers, Operational
Programmes of Structural Funds)
Development of basic infrastructure at European standards.
Long-term increase of the Romanian economy
competitiveness.
Development and more efficient use of Romanian human
capital.
Consolidation of an efficient administrative capacity.
Balanced regional development.
infrastructure).
The NSRF relies on the long-term guidelines of
the Strategic concept of spatial development
and integration into the European spatial
structures 2007-2025, thus adding the
territorial cohesion dimension to the approach.
Source: ERAWATCH 2011
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Table 2-3. Priorities of the National RDI Strategy
Research areas
Goals
Specific programmes
1. ICT,
2. Energy,
3. Environment,
4. Health,
5. Agriculture and food,
6. Biotechnologies,
7. Innovative materials,
processes and goods,
8. Space and security,
9. Socio-economic and
humanistic research.
a) development of the national
RDI system capacity to create,
transfer and use knowledge;
b) fostering RDI activities and
services in all socio-economic
sectors, and increasing their
demand for RDI;
c) supporting the provision of
specialized human resources
for RDI activities and services;
d) improving the innovation
framework and the innovative
capacity of business firms,
especially SMEs;
e) stimulating local and
regional technological
development and innovation
potential;
f) the international
collaboration.
i) Human resources: to increase the
number of researchers and to improve
their professional performance;
ii) Capacities: to develop the research
infrastructures;
iii) Ideas: to get cutting-edge scientific and
technological results ;
iv) Partnerships in the priority domains: to
focus resources and to set up partnerships
between national RDI institutes,
universities and economic operators, in
order to create innovative technologies,
products and services;
v) Innovation: to support pre-competitive
and competitive research, driven by
economic operators in compliance with
the state aid rules;
vi) Institutional performance: to support
the activity of national institutes in their
own domain of activity.
In the Programme “Partnerships in the priority domains”, for the ICT domain the following research
directions were defined:
1. Theoretical informatics and computer science (with 9 research topics);
2. Advanced information systems for e-services (7);
3. Communication technologies, systems and infrastructures (12);
4. Artificial intelligence, robotics and advanced autonomous systems (8);
5. Security and accessibility of information systems (9);
6. Technologies for distributed systems and embedded systems (17);
7. Nanoelectronics, photonics and integrated nanosystems (14).
The 2011-2013 National Reform Programme (NRP) identifies the following priorities for the R&D
domain [5]:
• strengthening the capacity and performance of RDI system in order to meet socio-economic needs:
implementing the measures established by the legal acts recently adopted in the RDI field,
developing the human resources for research, mid-term evaluation of the National RDI Strategy
2007-3013 and the National RDI Plan 2007-2013, launching the project for the development of
the National Strategy and National RDI Plan 2014-2020;
• stimulating the RDI investment growth in the private sector: developing enterprises’ RDI own
activities, achieving analysis, consultation and impact studies for establishing new mechanisms to
support the public-private partnership, developing the National Innovation Strategy;
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• developing the European dimension of RDI policies and programs: providing further support the
joint efforts to achieve the European Research Area, developing bilateral framework-programmes
for the co-operation with developed countries, in high technology fields, supporting strategic
projects for integrating of research and its results in the economic environment.
As support measures for priority settings at the national level for the next period, in 2010 were
launched [9]:
1. the project of interim evaluation of the RDI National Strategy Plan 2007-2013 and of the
2007-2013 RDI National Plan,
2. the project to develop the RDI National Strategy and National Plan 2014-2020.
The main objectives of the interim evaluation are the following [18]:

A realistic report on the accomplishment level of the objectives of the National R D & I
Strategy and the appropriateness of the actions undertaken through the National Plan 20072013;

A range of potential corrective measures required for the remaining interval until 2013;

Suggestions to increase the effectiveness of the public policies in science and technology to
reach the levels of developed European countries;

Ideas/suggestions for the next strategic framework – i.e. the National R D & I Strategy 20142020 and the National RD&I Plan 2014-2020.
In 2011 the development of the National Innovation Strategy was launched, as an important
objective included in the 2011-2013 NRP. The main orientations of the document include [18]:

building an entrepreneurial environment, under the coordination of the new National Council
for Development and Innovation, to help enterprises to identify their RDI priorities and to
strengthen collaboration with academia;

providing support for establishing technology clusters for better cooperation between
industry and public R&D sector;

launching foresight studies in key technologies; in 2010-2011 were run such studies in
Nanotechnology, Green Energy, Cell Therapy, and Services Science.
2.2.2.2
Sectoral specific priorities
There are two types of documents supporting these priorities:
-
R&D Sectoral Plans for various activity domains;
-
Sectoral Operational Programmes “Increase of Economic Competitiveness” (SOP-IEC) and
“Human Resources Development” (SOP-HRD) according to their priority axes.
The R&D Sectoral Plans are financed by the ministries coordinating respective domains: Ministry of
Education, Research, Youth and Sports / National Authority for Scientific Research, Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Business Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry
of Environment and Forests, Ministry of Communications and Information Society. In case of MCSI,
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the priorities of the R&D Sectoral Plan 2008-2010 were the development of communications
networks and services, including the digital system and information architectures and solutions for eGovernment.
The Sectoral Operational Programme “Increase of Economic Competitiveness” (SOP-IEC) formulates
the following specific objectives, relevant for R&D activity and ICT development [10]:

increase of the R&D capacity, stimulation of the cooperation between RDI institutions and
enterprises, and increase of enterprises’ access to RDI;

establishment of a favourable environment for sustainable enterprises’ development;

valorization of the ICT potential and its application in the public (administration) and private
sector (enterprises, citizens).
According to these objectives, the SOP-IEC priority axes define the main priorities (key areas of
intervention) as follows:
a) for Priority Axis 1 “An innovative and eco-efficient productive system”, managed by the Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Business Environment:

productive and environment friendly investments and preparation for market competition,
especially of SMEs;

access to finance for SMEs;

sustainable entrepreneurship development;
b) for Priority Axis 2 “Research, Technological Development and Innovation for competitiveness”,
managed by MECTS / ANCS:

R&D partnerships between universities/research institutes, and enterprises for generating
results directly applicable in economy;

investments in RDI infrastructure and related administrative capacity;

RDI support for enterprises;
c) for Priority Axis 3 “ICT for private and public sectors”, managed by MCSI:

supporting the ICT use;

developing and increasing the efficiency of electronic public services;

sustaining the e-Economy.
The Sectoral Operational Programme “Human Resources Development” (SOP-HRD), managed by
the Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection, supports the development of human capital and
the increase of competitiveness by linking education, lifelong learning and labour market. Relevant
for RDI objectives are:
-
Priority Axis 1 “Education and training in support for growth and development of knowledgebased society” supporting doctoral and post-doctoral programmes in support of research;
-
Priority Axis 3 “Increasing adaptability of workers and enterprises” supporting the
development of entrepreneurial skills and training in new technologies.
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2.2.2.3
Priorities at the regional level
The main documents defining priorities at the regional level are Regional Innovation Strategies (RIS),
developed by the Regional Development Agencies in six development regions: West Region (20042008 RIS, followed by the 2009-2013 RIS), Bucharest Ilfov Region (2005-2008 RIS), North-East Region
(2005-2008 RIS), North West Region (2005-2008 RIS), South-East Region (2005-2008 RIS), South
Muntenia Region (2005-2008 RIS).
The Sectoral Operational Programme “Regional Operational Programme” (ROP), managed by the
Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism, is the main instrument for regional development
policies and covers all eight development regions, without any particular regional focus. Relevant for
innovation objectives is the Priority Axis 4 “Strengthening regional and local business environment”
aiming to narrow the large disparities between regions in terms of entrepreneurial and industrial
development by supporting regional and local business support structures (e.g. industrial, business
parks, business incubators etc.), regional and local entrepreneurial initiatives in order to attract
investors, job creation and sustainable economic growth, technology transfer to microenterprises, in
line with the Regional Innovation Strategies.
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2.3
Mapping the major actors in RDI
This section provides in formation about the main categories of RDI organisations (national R&D
institutes, universities, innovation and technology transfer institutions) and RDI infrastructure with
emphasis on ICT based components.
2.3.1
2.3.1.1
Overview of main actors
Overall taxonomy of RDI organisations
According to the Government Ordinance 57/2002, the national research and development system
consists of all units and institutions of public law and private law that have the R&D activity in their
statutes. Within the national research-development system, the following categories of public
entities and institutions are included:
a) Public entities:

national research-development institutes;

accredited state higher education institutions or their research-development structures,
without legal personality, established under the University Charter;

research-development institutes and centres subordinated to the Romanian Academy or
branch academies;

other research-development institutes and centres organised as public institutions or public
law;

international research-development centres created on the basis of international agreements;

research-development institutes or centres or stations organised within national firms and
national companies;

other public or public law institutions that have the research-development activity in their
statutes or their legally established structures.
Within the national research-development system, the following categories of private entities and
institutions are also included:
b) Private entities:

accredited private higher education institutions or research-development structures of these,
without legal personality, established under the University Charter;

non-profit research-development institutes or centres or stations recognized as being of
public utility

other research-development institutes, centres or stations organised as non-profit private
legal persons;

other non-profit, non-governmental organisations, that have the research-development
activity in their statute, or their legally established structures;
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
companies which have as main activity the research and development;

companies that have the research-development activity in their statute, or their legally
established structures.
2.3.1.2
National institutes for research and development (INCD)
INCDs are aimed to strengthen scientific and technological competence in the areas of national
interest, determined in accordance with Romania’s development strategy. They participate in
strategies development in their specific areas, conduct research and development activities to
achieve the objectives contained in the National Strategy, establish basis of scientific and
technological competence, of expertise, of human resources improvement, and of scientific and
technical documentation. National Institutes can develop in subsidiary trading and production
activities, according to their own regulation. There are 44 INCDs; their coordinating bodies and R&D
affiliation are presented in Table 2-4.
Table 2-4. INCDs coordination and profile
Coordinating body
R&D domain
No
National Authority for
Scientific Research
Physics and chemistry
Biology
Micro-technology
Geology
Aerospace
Electrical Engineering
Textile and Leather
Turbo-engines
Equipment for Agriculture and Food-Industry
Informatics
Communications
10
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Energy
Mining Security
Chemistry and Petrochemicals
Industrial Ecology
Testing in Electrical Engineering
Mecatronics
Nonferrous Metals
Radioactive Metals and Sources
Welding and Material Testing
Oil Equipments
Civil Building and Sustainable Development
Tourism
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Ministry of Labour, Family and
Social Protection
Labour Protection
1
Ministry of Health
Microbiology and Immune technologies
Pathology and Biometrical Science
Environmental protection
1
1
1
Ministry of Communications
and Information Society
Ministry of Economy, Trade
and Business Environment
Ministry of Regional
Development ant Tourism
Ministry of Environment and
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Forests
Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development
2.3.1.3
Agrochemicals and Environmental Protection
7
Universities
By their RDI potential and capabilities, universities are classified into three categories [1]:
a) focused on education and advanced research;
b) focused on education and research (or education and artistic creation);
c) focused exclusively on education.
In the press release of MECTS from 06.09.2011 on results of the evaluation of universities, performed
by the European University Association, in the first group were ranked 12 universities, in the second
group
30
universities
and
in
the
third
group
48
universities
(http://www.edu.ro/index.php/pressrel/16071).
2.3.1.4
Network of specialized technology transfer and innovation institutions
The State supports the development of the innovation and technology transfer infrastructure at
national, regional and local level, by creating [1]:
a) centres and specialized services for assistance and scientific and technological information, and
for dissemination, transfer and use of research results;
b) areas and infrastructure with special facilities for the establishment and operation of innovative
economic agents that develop and apply new technologies, infrastructure that might be:
technology transfer centres, business incubators, centres for information technology, industry
liaison offices, scientific and technological parks;
c) branch entities specialized in technology transfer, financed due to the results transferred in
economy and in social life. In this respect, the transfer entities are responsible for drawing up
tripartite contracts among the technology provider, transfer entity and the entity applying the
results.
The initiative to set up an entity of the innovation and technology transfer infrastructure can belong
to central or local public administration, research units, higher education institutions, chambers of
commerce and industry, employers’ associations and professional associations and economic agents
located in Romania.
The financial support for development of innovation and technology transfer infrastructure at
national, regional and local levels is provided from the funds allocated to branch ministries and from
the interested local public administration funds.
The registry of accredited entities belonging to the network of specialized technology transfer and
innovation institutions (RENITT) published by ANCS at 30.03.2011, includes 53 positions (see Table
2-5) (www.ancs.ro). As from December 2010 there were 4 active scientific and technological parks
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(PST). The ICT domain is included in the activity profile for three of them, while the fourth one is
oriented on micro and nanotechnologies (see Table 2-6).
Table 2-5.The structure of RENITT
Entity type
Total
ICT profile
technological and business incubators
18
8
technology transfer centres
16
4
technology information centres
19
3
Table 2-6. The activity profile of scientific and technological parks
Name
Profile
Software Park
MINATECH-RO
TIM SCIENCE
PARK
TEHNOPOLIS
2.3.2
- information and communication technologies
- electronics and microelectronics
- environment protection and unconventional
energy sources
- micro and nanotechnologies
- micro engineering and new materials
- chemistry, environment protection
- physics, blending
- computers, control of technological processes
- economical sciences, marketing
- information technology
- bio-technologies
- food industry
- audio-video technologies
Location / set-up date
Galati / 24.10.2002
Bucharest / 20.04.2004
Timisoara / 13.10.2004
Iasi / 14.12.2004
R&D infrastructure
The expenditure for operation, maintenance, decommissioning and security of installations and
special national interest objectives are financed from state budget, with funds allocated for this
purpose, in the limit of the budget funds allocated within the year [1].
In the 2007 Report of the Romanian Committee for Research Infrastructures (national roadmap) the
following categories of infrastructures were considered [13]:
a) national:

national interest plants, National Network for Education and Research (RoEduNet), highcomplexity laboratory and equipments;

scientific and documentary data bases for large-size researches developed in Romania or for
which it is necessary to purchase access licenses ( ISI data bases, libraries);
b) international:
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
infrastructures built or operated under international collaboration on the basis of the
convention to which Romania is member:
1. European Space Agency, European Center for Nuclear Research, ITER project in the
field of nuclear fusion, Unified Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna;
2. projects from the list of the European Strategy Forum for Research Infrastructures
(ESFRI);

other infrastructures made under national and / or international partnership.
A special emphases was put on large research infrastructures which were defined as follows:
“installations, equipments or tools, of special vastness and complexity – given by the costs of
purchase, operation, maintenance and / or facilitation of the uses’ access - through which there are
ensured essential conditions of the scientific community both for the fundamental and for the
applicative research “.
For the substantiation of the priorities regarding the investments projects in national interest
research infrastructures, the following criteria of assessment were used: relevance, potential of use,
proportionality of the investment in relation with previous criteria, coordination of the
accomplishment, use, future development of the infrastructure, quality of the implementation
environment, access to infrastructure, interoperability.
The list of priority investment projects proposed in the CRIC Report includes 19 positions for 10
domains: ICT, Energy, Environment, Physics, Health, Agriculture, food safety and security,
Biotechnologies, biology and genetics, Materials, processes and innovative products, Space and
security, Social and economic and humanistic research. The ICT projects are the following:
a) High-speed communications network for education and research;
b) National Grid Infrastructure for research.
Both projects received a substantial financial support from the SOP-IEC sectoral programme,
Priority axis 2.
c) Centre for research in advanced optical communications technologies and networks
d) Centre for research in information systems security
e) Unitary System for the Correlation of the Scientific and Encyclopaedic libraries
f) Unitary system for the inventory of research projects and results
In the European context, the Agency for Administration of the Romanian Informatics Network for
Education and Research (AARNIEC) is a member of the GEANT consortium. Since the second quarter
of 2008, the Agency is hosting the Bucharest node (Bucharest GEANT POP) of the European network,
which is responsible for connecting the countries of Southeast Europe to GEANT infrastructure. From
technical point of view ARNIEC includes one national operation and coordination node, 7 regional
nodes and 47 local points of operation and presence [40].
The National Grid Infrastructure - NGI_RO is coordinated by the Romanian Grid Initiative RoGridNGI, which is coordinated by the National Institute for R&D in Informatics and includes currently four
INCDs, 6 universities and a research agency. RoGrid-NGI is member of the European Grid Initiative
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(http://web.eu-egi.eu/). NGI_RO is part of the European Grid Infrastructure (http://www.egi.eu) with
12 certified grid sites [41].
Romania is member of the High-Performance Computing Infrastructure for South East Europe’s
Research Communities HP-SEE, funded by the homonym FP7 project (http://www.hp-see.eu/) where
participates with 11 HPC centres, under the coordination of the National Institute for Nuclear Physics
and Engineering.
The National Supercomputing Centre – NSC is going to be established, as an entity with legal
personality, subordinated to the Ministry for Communications and Information Society [28]. The
main competences of NSC refers to: analyzing and testing advanced ICT solutions; omania and
simulation of complex processes in nuclear energy, socio-economics polices, various scientific
domains (e.g. medicine, nanotechnologies, astronomy, biology, chemistry, physics, geography,
biotechnologies), economic-financial phenomena; formulating proposals for normative documents to
be adopted in its domain of activity; carrying on research and design activities, studies, analysis,
consultancy, training courses for interested institutions.
The National centre for response to cyber security incidents – CERT-RO was established as public
institution with legal personality, in coordination of the Ministry for Communications and
Information Society [29]. Within CERT-RO is organised the system for early warning and real time
information about cybernetic incidents.
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2.4
The ICT Sector and the RDI Sector in National economy
This section starts with an overview of the ICT domain in Romania stressing on the coordination role
of the Ministry for Communications and Information Society and its current stage of development
reflected by the ICT profile for Romania and other basic Eurostat and World Bank indicators. Than
some structural aspects of the Romanian economy are presented in comparison with EU27 ones
using specific indicators, including the regional dimension of the RDI development. A short
assessment of the competitive potential of the economy is provided next as it is reflected in the
World Bank Doing business reports, in the Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 of the World
Economic Forum and by the Innovation Capacity Index (ICI). Trade and financial aspects of the R&D
are illustrated using Eurostat and World Bank statistical indicators, including the R&D profile for
Romania from the Innovation Union Competitiveness Report 2011. Finally, the innovation potential
at the enterprise level and other strategic trends at this level are discussed based on statistics
provided by the Service Innovation Yearbook 2009-2010.
2.4.1
Overview of the ICT sector
Due to its impact on all scientific, economic and social activities, ICT is a priority domain at both
macro and micro development levels. In the field of RDI this priority is reflected in the budget share
allocated to the ICT related projects, in the National RDI Plan and the SOP-IEC structural funds
programme. In the Programme “Partnership in priority domains” which belongs to the National RDI
Plan, the Information Technology and Communications domain is included in the list of 9 national
research priority domains, with 10% of the programme budget, while all other priority domains
include also ICT aware research topics. The Computer science and communications field is included
among the 8 priority scientific fields monitored by the Advisory Council for Research, Development
and Innovation.
As a dynamic, knowledge intensive economic domain, ICT has a significant contribution to such
indicators as [21]:

the share of employees in activities (services and manufacturing) with an intensive
contribution to knowledge in total active population: 6.16 (13.03% in EU27);

the share of exports of medium and high technology products (M & HT) in total exports:
50.14% (47.36% in EU27);

the share of exports of services with intensive contribution of knowledge, in total exports
services: 44.91% (49.43% in EU27);
At the Government level, the ICT development is coordinated by the Ministry of Communications
and Information Society (MCSI).
MCSI is the sole public authority in organising and coordinating at national level the implementation
of programs and projects for electronic government and electronic administration.
Table 2-7 presents the strategies coordinated by MCSI which are currently in the implementation
phase.
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Table 2-7. ICT strategies in the implementation phase
Document
Strategy focus
The strategy on
implementation of the
universal service in the
field of electronic
communications
 Providing, up to 31 December 2012, the necessary
conditions to cover by at least one provider of
electronic communications networks or services
the reasonable requests of end users concerning
the access and connection to a fixed public
telephone networks and access to a fixed public
telephone services;
 Providing the service of information on subscribers
and providing subscribers’ registers;
 Providing access to public pay telephones;
 Ensuring equal access conditions to telephone
services for disabled end-users.
The strategy for the
development of
broadband electronic
communications in
Romania for the period
2009 – 2015
 to increase the penetration of broadband
connections at households level up to 40% by 2010
and up to 80% by 2015;
 to increase the access to broadband electronic
communications at population level up to 100% by
2015;
 to connect and increase the use of broadband
services at SMEs’ level;
 to increase the penetration of broadband
electronic communications for disadvantaged
areas from the access point of view;
 to increase the supply of on-line services for
government and business sector.
The objectives are structured in 3 groups oriented on:
a) development of the public institutions capacity of
to exploit the potential of electronic services (9
objectives);
b) delivery of the 20 services monitored at
European level (12 for citizens, 8 for businesses),
in accordance with European recommendations
and national legislative provisions (30 objectives);
c) implementation of the e-Romania portal
providing a unified, consistent and friendly
interface between public administration and
citizens, and between the government and
business community (42 objective distributed on
12 domains).
Source: http://www.mcsi.ro
e-Romania – the National
strategy and action plan
for a coherent and
integrated national
system supporting
eGovernment services
for citizens and business
environment.
Coherence with EU
goals / priorities
Addressing the
compliance with the
standards of universal
service as set out in
Directive 2002/22/EC,
aiming at providing access
to public telephone
network at a fixed point,
similar to the average
level for EU Member
States in terms of
availability, quality and
accessibility.
Addressing the action
plans eEurope 2005 and
i2010 aiming at creating
the Information Society
for all, as support for
implementing the
fundamental objectives of
the Lisbon strategy.
Addressing the EU
recommendations
regarding the
eGovernment
development objectives
and indicators.
Currently, the access to the online services available in the eGovernment system is provided by the
portal National Electronic System, with the following components: online administrative forms
(http://formulare.e-guvernare.ro/), online purchasing (www/e-licitatie.ro), virtual pay desk
(https://www.ghiseul.ro/).
MCSI coordinates the National Institute for R&D in informatics, the National Institute for R&D in
Communications, as well as two public institutions with competences in the implementation and
operation of informatics systems providing services for the electronic governance: the National
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Management Centre for Information Society (CNMSI) and the National Centre “Digital Romania”
(CNRD) [30]. The National Electronic System (SEN) and the Electronic Public Procurement System
(SEAP) are administrated by CNMSI. More than 12000 public institutions were registered in the SEN
system at the end of 2009. For 2012 the system target is to get registered the full list of public
institutions and to cover 70% of the total amount of public services. Regarding SEAP, in 2009 the
savings in the state budget generated by on line procurements supported by this system were 1.1
billion euro. For 2010 these savings were estimated at 2.5 billion euro considering the increase to
40% of the online procurement procedures from the total amount of procedures carried out in the
national system for public procurements. The target for 2012 is to increase this share to 50% [42].
Some ICT development indicators for Romania are presented in Table 2-8. In the European context,
the ICT Profile for Romania compared with the EU27 level is presented in Table 2-9.
Table 2-8. ICT development indicators EU27 / Romania
Indicator
Romania
Percentage of ICT personnel
on total employment
ICT expenditure as % of GDP
in Information Technology
ICT expenditure as % of GDP
in communications
Promoting e-Commerce for
individuals – Last online
purchase: in the 12 months
Proportion of individuals
who have used the Internet
for interaction with public
authorities
2007
2008
2009
2010
2.72%
2.08%
N/A
N/A
1.6%
1.6%
1.7%
N/A
3.1%
3%
3.3%
N/A
16
18
24
27
N/A
35%
35%
44%
Source: World Bank and Eurostat
Based on this ICT profile, the Europe’s Digital Competitiveness Report formulates the following
conclusions [20]:
•
Romania is still lagging behind in the implementation of the Information Society. However,
developments in eGovernment and eCommerce are continuing.
•
Progress has been made in universal service provision for the inhabitants of isolated
communities: in 2009, 215 telecentres were installed. A total of 626 telecentres were installed in
remote villages during the period 2005–2009. This has given around 380 000 people access to
telephone, internet and fax services and allowed them to make calls to the national emergency
number 112.
•
In April 2009, the Government strategy on broadband electronic communications in Romania
for the period 2009–2015 was adopted. The strategy includes measures to ensure access to
broadband services, provide relevant content and establish the preconditions necessary for
information, education and security.
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Table 2-9. ICT Profile for Romania
Source: Europe’s Digital Competitiveness Report – ICT Country Profiles.
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•
Penetration of the fixed broadband is growing only slowly, and stands at 13 %, which is the
second lowest in the EU. In order to resolve this problem, the Romanian government has
launched a National Strategy for Broadband Development with the aim of increasing the
household penetration rate to 40 % by 2010 and up to 80 % by 2015.
•
Low connectivity is reflected in low rates of Internet usage. Despite a gradual increase over the
past few years, Romania has the lowest rates of regular and frequent internet use in the EU. In
addition, a majority of Romanian citizens (61 %) have never used the internet. On the whole,
most internet services are used to a significantly lesser degree than on average in the EU,
including eCommerce.
•
Romania has shown some progress on Information Society indicators, such as internet access
and broadband availability. Where eGovernment is concerned, the online availability of public
services has increased, but usage by business is stalling and take-up by citizens remains limited. A
positive development is the use of eProcurement, 1% above the average.
•
Romania’s eGovernment strategy forms part of a wider Information Society policy with the aim
of modernizing Romania’s administration and the economy. The Romanian government has a
separate ministry for ICT in administration and has recently reviewed its policy and organisation
to increase the speed and effectiveness of eGovernment deployment.
2.4.2
Structural aspects of Romanian economy
Structural indicators are an important instrument for assessing the progress made by EU states in the
Lisbon Strategy implementation, i.e. also the competitiveness of their economies. Table 2-10 and
Error! Reference source not found. present respectively the structural indicators of Romanian
economy and major societal challenges as compared with the average values for the EU27
economies (according to Eurostat and World Bank).
Romania has improved its performance relative to the key indicators of the Lisbon Agenda up to
2008. The economic crisis that hit Romania in 2009 reversed the trend for some indicators, but this
impact might be only temporary. Good economic performance in last few years has been reflected in
the macroeconomic and labour market indicators improvement. However, a number of indicators
illustrating the structural changes differ in minus from the EU average.
Table 2-10. Structural indicators of Romanian and EU27 economies
Indicator
GDP at market
prices (% and Euro
per inhabitant)
Real GDP growth
rate (% change on
previous period)
General
government gross
debt, relative to
GDP (%)
European Union (EU27)
Romania
2007
100
2008
100
2009
100
2010
100
2007
17,6
2008
19,4
2009
19,0
2010
18,3
23800
23700
22600
23000
4200
4600
4300
4200
3.2
0.3
-4.3
2.0
6.3
7.3
-6.6
-1.6
59
62.3
74.4
80
12.8
13.4
23.6
31
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Public expenditure
on education (as %
of GDP)
Gross capital
formation (% of
GDP)
Inflation rate (%)
Employment rate
(20-64) (% of total
labour force, male
and female)
Employment
growth (%)
Real labour
productivity
growth per hour
worked (% change
on previous period)
Unemployment
rate (% of total
labour force, male
and female )
4.96
5.07
N/A
N/A
4.25
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
6.2
6.6
5.9
5.8
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.9
7.9
5.6
6.1
69.9
70.3
69.0
68.6
64.4
64.4
63.5
63.3
77.8
77.9
75.8
75.1
71
71.6
70.7
70.8
62.2
63
62.5
62.1
57.9
57.3
56.3
55.9
1.8
0.9
-1.8
-0.5
0.4
0
-1.8
-1.8
1.4
-0.6
-1.0
1.7
5.4
7.3
-5.1
-0.1
7.2
7.1
9
9.7
6.4
5.8
6.9
7.3
6.6
6.6
9.1
9.7
7.2
6.7
7.7
7.9
7.9
7.6
9.0
9.6
5.4
4.7
5.8
6.5
2008
2009
Source: Eurostat-Structural Indicators and World Bank
Table 2-11. Main societal challenges
Indicator
European Union (EU27)
Rural population (% of total
population)
Inequality of income
distribution (income quintile
share ratio)
Population at risk of poverty
or exclusion (%)
Net migration (%)
Energy intensity of the
economy – Gross inland
consumption of energy
divided by GDP (kilogram of
oil equivalent per 1000 Euro)
Romania
2007
2008
2009
2010
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.9
5
4.9
N/A
7.8
7
6.7
6
24.5
23.6
23.1
N/A
45.9
44.2
43.1
41.4
3.9
2.9
1.7
1.8
0.1
0.1
-0.1
0
N/A
659.09
612.76
576.9
N/A
168.7 167.4 165.2
2007
45.94% 45.76% 45.58%
2010
N/A
Source: World Bank, 2011 and Eurostat, 2011
At the regional level, the main development objectives in each region receiving assistance are
specified in the regional development strategies, which are included in the National Development
Plan (currently at its 3rd edition, for the period 2007-2013) and the National Strategy for Regional
Development. For main RDI related indicators their values corresponding to different levels of the
NUTS classification of regions are presented in Table 2-12. The shape of each indicator is similar for
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all regional units, but regional disparities have increased over the last years, especially between the
capital region Bucharest-Ilfov and the rest of the country, both in terms of economic development
and RDI resources.
Table 2-12. Regional RDI indicators
Geo / Time
2007
2008
2009
2010
Total intramural GERD by region [percentage of GDP]
Romania
0.52
0.58
0.47
0.47
Macroregion 1 (North-West Centre)
0,27
0,29
Macroregion 2 (Nord-East, South-East)
0,27
0,28
Macroregion 3 (South, Bucharest-Ilfov)
1
1,06
Macroregion 4 (South-West, West)
0,23
0,26
Total R&D personnel and researchers by region [Percentage of total employment –
numerator in full time equivalents]
Romania
0,20
0,21
0,21
0,21
Macroregion 1
0,10
0,13
0,16
Macroregion 2
0,09
0,1
0,09
Macroregion 3
0,48
0,47
0,45
Macroregion 4
0,12
0,1
0,12
Annual data on HRST [thousands]
Romania
2.308
2.416
2.477 2.548
Macroregion 1
538
574
579
589
North-West
274
297
293
311
Centru
264
278
286
278
Macroregion 2
573
598
613
625
Nord-East
317
339
345
359
South-East
257
260
268
267
Macroregion 3
783
801
824
850
South (Muntenia)
284
286
296
310
Bucharest – Ilfov
500
515
528
540
Macroregion 4
412
442
462
483
South-West (Oltenia)
214
232
232
240
Vest
119
210
230
243
Annual data on employment in technology and knowledge-intensive sectors, All NACE
activities [millions]
Romania
N/A
9,37
9,24
9,24
Macroregion 1
N/A
2,15
2,10
2,11
North-West
N/A
1,13
1,10
1,15
Centre
N/A
1,03
0,99
0,96
Macroregion 2
N/A
2,83
2,81
2,83
North-East
N/A
1,67
1,66
1,69
South-East
N/A
1,15
1,15
1,14
Macroregion 3
N/A
2,52
2,49
2,47
South (Muntenia)
N/A
1,48
1,44
1,42
Bucharest – Ilfov
N/A
1,03
1,04
1,05
Macroregion 4
N/A
1,88
1,85
1,82
South-West (Oltenia)
N/A
1,04
1,03
1,07
West
N/A
0,83
0,81
0,80
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Sources: Eurostat – Regional science and technology statistics, Regional labour market statistics [31]
Table 2-13 provides a closer view on 3 development regions in Romania in terms of innovation.
Table 2-13. Innovation aspects in 3 development regions
Geographical location
North-West Region
South (Muntenia)
Region
West Region
Specific aspects of innovation development
- Total expenditure for R&D (as share of the total national expenditure) was
about 60 mil Euro in 2008, with 3,5 employees in RDI per 1000 inhabitants.
- During the period 2004-2006, the innovative enterprises represented 21,2% of
the total number of enterprises in the region.
- In order to support the innovation and the technological transfer, a Regional
Innovation Strategy for the 2007-2013 was elaborated and a Regional Institute
for Education, Research and Technological Transfer was established.
- In 2008 the share at the national level was 7,2% in terms of R&D expenditures
and 9,6% in terms of R&D employees; 237 patent request applications were
registered.
- The main identified weaknesses were: the insufficient financing of RDI sector,
both from public and private sources, and the limited cooperation between
research/university centres and business environment.
- The innovation activity was concentrated mainly towards developing new
products (50.47%), new technologies (33.96%) or new management and
marketing concepts (19.34%), and only a small percent (16.51%) towards really
innovative approaches.
- The region is ranked second among the eight development regions (following
Bucharest-Ilfov Region), with a percentage of 18% of the national expenditure
on innovation: machine, equipment or software acquisition (82%), investments
in domestic research & development (12%) and external research &
development (4%).
- Main challenges faced by the RDI organisations were: insufficient public
funding, obsolete infrastructures and lack of human resources (around 9% of
active population), a low interest of companies towards research results and a
low level of RDI expenditure within companies.
- In a few cases, expensive and advanced technologies were underused by the
enterprises, due to the lack of communication and knowledge.
- In the last years RDI organisations have increased their awareness regarding the
importance of investing more in marketing and promotion activities. On
average, 19,65% of the RDI units’ income is brought from commercial contracts
with companies.
- The Association for Multidisciplinary Research in West Romania was
established, a non-governmental body joining together individual researchers,
omaniations and universities from both the public and the private sector, to
promote services, training and support for certification.
Source : http ://www.rim-europa.eu/index.cfm?q=p.baseline&r=RO
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2.4.3
Competitive aspects
The World Bank 2012 Doing Business Report ranked Romania 72nd out of 133 countries in 2011 (see
Table 2-14) [15]. The worst result was reported for the paying taxes indicator, considering the
number of payments per year, the time spent and the total tax rate (% of profit). The positive
business policies adopted during 2010 and 2011 are addressing the following indicators: Dealing with
construction permits (Romania amended regulations related to construction permitting to reduce
fees and expedite the process), Closing a business (substantial amendments to Romania’s
bankruptcy laws—introducing, among other things, a procedure for out-of-court workouts—made
dealing with insolvency easier) (see [16]), Paying taxes (Romania made paying taxes easier for
companies by introducing an electronic payment system and a unified return for social security
contributions; it also abolished the annual minimum tax) (see [15]). As compared with 2010, Romania
changed in rank with -7, regressing from the 65 rank in 2010 to 72 in 2011. Ranks have also
decreased for Starting a business (with -32), Dealing with Construction Permits (with -1), Registrating
Property (with -6), Enforcing contracts (with -2), Paying taxes (with -3) or Protecting investors (with 2), Trading across borders (with -23). There was no change in Getting a credit, but Resolving
Inconveniences increased in rank with + 12.
Table 2-14. Doing Business Report
Doing Business Indicators
Romania
Starting a Business
Dealing with Construction Permits
Registering Property
Getting Credit
Protecting investors
Paying Taxes
Trading across borders
Enforcing contracts
Closing a business
Total rank
2011
63
123
70
8
46
154
72
56
97
2010
31
122
64
8
44
151
49
54
109
72
65
Sources: [15], [16].
According to the Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 of the World Economic Forum, Romania
is ranked 77th out 144 countries [14]. According to the indicators in Table 2-15, Romania belongs to
the first half of ranked counties on Internet bandwidth, broadband internet subscriptions, Internet
users, higher education and training, technological readiness. On the opposite, firms’ capacity to
absorb technology, collaboration between universities and industry in R&D, availability of latest
technologies were poorly evaluated. In the previous two editions the rank was 67 out of 139
countries (2010-2011) and 64 out of 133 countries (2009-2010), which reflects a slow deterioration
trend of competitiveness. A significant influence on the general perception about the efficiency of
the doing business environment has the level of corruption. According to Corruption perception
Index 2010, published by the Transparency International, Romania is ranked 69th out of 178 countries
(in corruption increasing order), with a score of 3.7.
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Table 2-15. Global Competitiveness Index for Romania, 2011
GCR Rank
Romania
Public institutions
97
Private institutions
97
Infrastructure
95
Macroeconomic environment
87
Higher education and training
55
Quality of education
69
On the job training
98
Goods market efficiency
96
Competition
96
Quality of demand conditions
92
Labour market efficiency
92
Efficient use of talent
85
Financial market development
84
Technological readiness
60
Technological adoption
106
Availability of latest technologies
115
Firm level technology absorption
117
FDI and technology transfer
83
ICT use
48
Internet users
63
Broadband internet subscriptions
42
Internet bandwindth
33
Innovation and sophistication factors subindex
99
Business sophistication
102
Innovation
95
Capacity for innovation
78
Quality of scientific research institutions
91
University industry collaboration in R&D
115
Government procurement of advanced technological products
111
Source : WEF [14]
The Innovation Capacity Index (ICI) is a tool for assessing the extent to which nations have succeeded
in developing a climate that will nourish the potential for innovation. The values for Romania of the
main components of this composite indicator (pillars and subindicators) are presented in Table 2-16
[32]. Being ranked 55th of 131 countries, Romania has an acceptable level for the Innovation capacity,
with highest contribution of Human capital and Adoption and use of ICT.
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Table 2-16. Innovation Capacity Index – Romania
Pillars
Institutional
Environment
Human Capital,
training and
social inclusion
General Rank
Adoption and Use
of ICT
Subindicators
General Rank
Good
Governance
Policy Assessment
61
56
74
General Rank
Education
Social inclusion and equity
policies
48
43
50
Regulatory and
legal Framework
R&D
and
General Rank
Doing Business
52
52
General Rank
R&D
infrastructure
Patents and trademarks
53
61
51
General Rank
Internet,
computers and
TV
Government
ICT usage
Quality of
infrastructures
49
44
45
85
General ICI rank
55/131
Source: ICI rankings [32]
2.4.4
Trade and financial aspects of R&D
Regarding the trading barriers indicators, Romania recorded inferior values to those from EU27 (see
Table 2-17). Nevertheless, the share of knowledge intensive services in the total services export is
comparable with the European level, while for the high-tech export the gap between National and
EU levels has been being recovered in a fast pace.
Table 2-17. Indicators of trade
Indicator
European Union (EU27)
Romania
2007
2008
2009
2010
2007
2008
2009
2010
Average of FDI
inflows and
outflows, relative to
GDP (%)
4.4
3.1
2.4
0.9
0.2
0.1
-0.1
0.1
Imports of goods
and services,
relative to GDP (%)
39.6
41
35.6
39.7
43.2
43.5
36.9
41.2
ICT goods imports
(% of total goods)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
7.33
7.52
9.34
N/A
Exports of goods
and services,
40.2
41.3
36.6
40.6
29.3
30.4
30.8
35.8
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relative to GDP (%)
ICT goods exports
(% of total goods
exports)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3.14
5.34
8.37
N/A
ICT service exports
(% of service
exports, BoP)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
18.02
15.81
18.93
N/A
Total high-tech
trade as a
percentage of total
imports
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
8.4
8.7
10.8
N/A
Total high-tech
trade as a
percentage of total
exports
16.1
15.3
16.9
N/A
3.5
5.4
8.2
N/A
Knowledge intensive
services exports as
% of total services
exports
N/A
N/A
48.8
49.43
N/A
N/A
51.8
44.91
Source: Eurostat and World Bank
As it is shown in Table 2-18, Romania allocated a modest share of GDP to BERD and GERD, as
compared with EU level, while for the ICT oriented BERD as share from the total BERD is significantly
higher than in case of EU27.
Table 2-18. R&D Finance
Indicator
European Union (EU27)
Romania
2007
2008
2009
2010
2007
2008
2009
2010
Business R&D
expenditure as a %
of GDP
1.18
1.21
1.25
N/A
0.22
0.17
0.19
N/A
R&D expenditure
(BERD) of in ICT
sector as % of total
R&D expenditure in
all sectors
N/A
N/A
1.03
0.71
11.57
N/A
N/A
N/A
Non- R&D
innovation
expenditures as a
total number and as
a % of total turnover
N/A
N/A
1.03
0.71
N/A
N/A
1.08
1.36
Gross Domestic
Expenditure on R&D
(GERD) as % of GDP
1.85
1.92
2.01
N/A
0.52
0.58
0.47
0.47
Total GBAORD as a
% of total general
1.49
1.47
1.48
N/A
1.02
1.04
0.76
N/A
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government
expenditure
Total GBAORD as a
% of GDP by total
R&D appropriations
0.68
0.69
0.75
N/A
0.37
0.4
0.31
0.28
Business R&D
expenditure as a %
of GDP
1.18
1.21
1.25
N/A
0.22
0.17
0.19
N/A
Non- R&D
innovation
expenditures as a %
of total turnover
N/A
N/A
1.03
0.71
N/A
N/A
1.08
1.36
Source: Eurostat
The R&D intensity (defined as the Gross domestic expenditure on R&D – GERD as % of GDP) in
Romania had a moderate positive trend from 0.37 % in 2000 to 0.48 % in 2009, but it still scores one
of the lowest values in the European Union (see Figure 2) [34]. The planned increase of the R&D
public budget in 2009 did not take place, mainly due to the economic crisis. The current target is to
achieve an R&D intensity of 2.0 % in 2020.
Figure 2. R&D Intensity projections for Romania, 2000-2020 [34]
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The R&D profile of Romania, proposed by the same Innovation Union Competitiveness report 2011,
is built on 10 indicators (see Figure 3) [34]. It emphasizes big discrepancies between the national and
EU levels for some indicators (e.g. Business enterprise expenditure on R&D, PCT patent applications
in societal challenges per billion GDP or PCT patent applications per billion GD) and smaller gap in
case of several others (e.g. New doctoral graduates per thousand population aged 25-34, Scientific
publications within the 10% most cited publications worldwide as % of total scientific publications of
the country or Employment in knowledge intensive activities as % of total employment).
Figure 3. R&D Profile for Romania, 2009 [34]
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2.4.5
Innovation in enterprises
The number of innovative enterprises in industry and services has slightly increased in the last
decade, from 17% in 2000-02 (according to Statistical Yearbook of Romania, 2008) to 19% (see Table
2-19). Nevertheless the innovative capacity of Romanian domestic firms is low, as it is reflected by
some other indicators in the same table, as the rate of innovative enterprises engaged in intra mural
R&D expenditure or receiving public funding. The poor competitive environment, the firms’
reluctance or inability to take on financial and commercial risks arising from R&D and the absence of
financial services and instruments to mitigate the risk are among reasons generating the current
situation [7].
Table 2-19. Innovation in Romanian enterprises
Indicator
2008
Innovation in high-tech sectors – Share of enterprises with
innovation activities
36%
Innovative enterprises engaged in intra mural R&D expenditure
as a % of innovative enterprises
22%
Innovative enterprises engaged in extra mural R&D expenditure
as a percentage of innovative enterprises
9%
Innovative enterprises involved in all types of cooperation as a
percentage of innovative enterprises
13.80%
Innovative enterprises, process and product oriented, as a
percentage of total number of enterprises
32.00%
Innovative enterprises that receive public funding as a
percentage of innovative enterprises
9.70%
SMEs introducing marketing or organisational innovations as %
of SMEs
26.80%
SMEs introducing product or process innovations as % of SMEs
19.00%
Source: Service Innovation Yearbook 2009-2010
Table 2-20 presents values for Romanian enterprise related indicators. Business Demography
contains information relating to business births (often referred to as business entries); business
deaths (often referred to as business exits) and business survival rates. An enterprise is considered to
be active if it has any turnover and/or employment in the period from 1/1 to 31/12 in a given year.
Births / deaths do not include input into / exits from the population due to mergers, take-overs,
break-ups or restructuring of a set of enterprises.
Table 2-20. Other business indicators
Indicator
2007
Business Demography (%):
Birth rate,
Survival rate
Death rate
15.62
75.93
8.74
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Number of high-tech industries and Knowledge Intensive
services at the national level
19590
17528
Sales of new to market and new to firm innovations
14.87
Statistics on high-tech industry and knowledge-intensive services (referred to as simply ‘high-tech
statistics’) comprise economic, employment and Science, technology and innovation (STI) data
describing manufacturing and services industries broken down by technological intensity. Sales of
new to market and new to firm innovations is the sum of total turnover of new or significantly
improved products either new to the firm or new to the market for all enterprises / Total turnover
for all enterprises. It measures the turnover of new or significantly improved and includes both
products which are only new to the firm and products which are also new to the market. For 2010
the EU27 value for this indicator is 13.26.
2.4.6
Other strategic trends
To identify these trends for Romania and compare their degree of convergence with the European
level, some additional Eurostat indicators have been used addressing: skills and competences
relevant for enterprises (see Table 2-21), innovation stimulators (see Table 2-22), open innovation
capacity (see Table 2-23), strategic partnership with suppliers, customers , RDI and educational
organisations (see Table 2-24), international collaboration (see Table 2-25). Romanian enterprises
appear to focus on creativity and other skills and open innovation rather than innovation stimulators,
strategic partnerships or international collaboration.
Table 2-21. Skills-Competencies that enterprises look for
Indicator
EU27
Romania
Companies targeting team working capacity in support of
innovation
56%
57%
Negotiation skills
46%
48%
Successful communication with other cultures
32%
40%
Creativity
48%
56%
Indicator
Europe27
Romania
Knowledge management systems in support of innovation
35%
21%
Internal mechanisms for employees to submit innovative ideas
46%
37%
Staff rotations and secondments
40%
23%
Creation of cross-functional teams on innovation project
35%
16%
Source: Service Innovation Yearbook 2009-2010
Table 2-22. Innovation stimulators
Source: Service Innovation Yearbook 2009-2010
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Table 2-23. Indicators for open innovation
Indicator
EU27
Romania
Creation/participation in internet-based forums in support of
innovation
13%
21%
Allow free access to test products or services to users
26%
37%
Involving potential users in in-house innovative activities
24%
23%
Share/exchange of intellectual property in support of innovation
22%
16%
Source: Service Innovation Yearbook 2009-2010
Table 2-24. Strategic partnership to support innovation
Indicator
EU27
Romania
Str. Relationship with specific customers
39%
35%
Str. Relationship with suppliers
42%
39%
Str. Relationship with other companies active in their field
29%
35%
Str. Relationship with research institutes
15%
11%
Str. Relationship with educational institutes
24%
24%
Indicator
EU27
Romania
Outsourcing tasks to enterprises located in other countries
10%
8%
Making investments in enterprises in other countries
6%
3%
Other forms of cooperation with local partners in other countries
17%
22%
Recruiting employees from other countries
16%
5%
Market testing innovative products in other countries
13%
11%
Source: Service Innovation Yearbook 2009-2010
Table 2-25. Collaboration with foreign countries
Source: Service Innovation Yearbook 2009-2010
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2.5
Main components and interactions of innovation systems (barriers and drivers)
Complementary to the information and assessment provided in the previous sections, this section is
dedicated to some additional aspects and mechanisms that are relevant for their potential to
facilitate the RDI development: the regulatory framework, the venture capital, links between
enterprises and public research organisations, tax incentives, sources of funding for innovation.
2.5.1
Regulatory framework
According to the National Reform Programme 2011-2013, in order to adapt the national RDI system
to the European practices, measures have been adopted to increase efficiency and effectiveness of
public spending in this sector, with the focus on the institutional financing [5]. An Analysis of
efficiency and effectiveness of the public spending on RDI was drafted and the Action plan for
increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of public spending on R&D was adopted (in May 2010).
The plan provides the strengthening of the national R&D activities and the improvement of the
assessment procedures and evaluation criteria used in national R&D competitions (increasing the
weight of the scientific quality of the project, of the scientific performances of the director and of the
project team is included). In 2011 MECTS and ANCS adopted an important set of updates to the
national innovation policies regarding: the evaluation and certification of RDI units, the direct
institutional funding, the structure and activity of the National Council for Science and Technology
Policy (introduced by GO no. 6/26.01.2011), the evaluation and management of projects and
programmes funded through the National RDI Plan (introduced by Government Decision no.
133/16.02.2011), the definition of types of R&D expenses that can be financed from the state budget
(introduced by GD no. 134/23.02.2011), the functioning of the Romanian education system
(introduced by Education Law no. 1/05.01.2011).
2.5.2
Venture capital and the public sector
According to the ANCS Report for 2010, the low level of usage of the venture capital, together with
the week research potential at the companies’ level and the incomplete restructuring of the business
sector are the main reasons explaining the very limited contribution of the private sector to the RDI
funding, representing 0,19% of GDP as compared with 1,25% at the EU27 level [9]. The ERAWATCH
Country Report 2010 – Romania emphasizes that the venture capital market is in an early stage,
because of the unfavourable tax regime for private equity investments and underdeveloped
domestic fund structure for private equity and venture capital [7]. The same report identifies the
virtual inexistence of the venture capital among the reasons for the underdeveloped stage of the
framework conditions for private investment in R&D. It also mentions the role of the venture capital
in encouraging research commercialization and technology transfer, along with strengthening
entrepreneurship education in universities and promoting various forms of academic
entrepreneurship, science parks, spin-off firms, and science-industry mobility schemes. Although the
creation of risk capital funds for innovation was foreseen in several policy documents (e.g. the 200710 National Strategy on RDI, the 2007-10 National Reform Plan), such funds have not been created so
far.
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2.5.3
Links between industry and academia or links between enterprises and public research
organisations
One of the major objectives of various policies and mechanisms is to stimulate the RDI investments
in the private sector based on the collaboration between enterprises and academia in order to
support the implementation of the 2007-2013 National RDI Plan.

The Programme “Partnerships in priority domains” funded so far 1347 projects, which were
coordinated mostly by R&D institutions of national interest (universities, national institutes) and, to a
smaller extent, by firms, NGOs and SMEs. [9]. 10% (135 projects) were dedicated to the priority
research domain ICT. The regional distribution of these projects was the following: North-East (90),
North-West (153), West (49), South-West (46), South (Muntenia) (36), South-East (47), Centre (24),
and Bucharest-Ilfov (902). In most cases the main beneficiaries of project results were the private
companies represented in the project consortium.

The Programme “Innovation”, with 263 funded projects (in Module I), coordinated by private
enterprises, who contributed with approx. 43.6% of the budget in 2009 [8] and approx. 51% of the
budget in 2010 [9].

The Network of specialized technology transfer and innovation institutions (see section
1.5.1.4).

National technological platforms (32 in 2010) in the following areas: alternative energy
sources, genomics and plant biotechnologies, water management and quality control, manufacturing
technologies, nanoelectronics, nano-medicine, innovative medicine, sustainable chemistry, maritime
transport, aeronautics, steel manufacturing [9].

SOP “Increasing economic competitiveness” (Priority Axes 1, 2 and 3), SOP “Regional
Development” (Priority Axis 4) and SOP “Human Resources Development” (Priority Axis 1 and Priority
Axis 3) – see section 1.7.5.

The Inno-voucher, officially launched in October 2011 as result of collaboration between
ANCS and the promotion pillar “TAKE IT UP” of the Europe INNOVA initiative, with a budget of 2 mil.
Euro for 2011 [39]. Beneficiaries are Romanian SMEs with technological potential and service
providers are consultancy research institutes, universities. Time of approval is max. 30 days and the
time frame is 2 months up to 1 year. Intended effects were to make better use of existing innovation
potential, stimulate the start of innovation activities, establish a basis for systematic innovation
processes (fitness training). Supported activities included the external scientific services to the
development of new products /technological processes; implementation and testing of patents –
models; design of new products; industrial research aiming to introduce into fabrication; technology
transfer, evaluation and technological audit; feasibility studies; support services for innovation;
transfer of research results to SMEs; IPR; certification of products, testing, laboratories analyses.

Participation in European public-private partnerships – Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI):
ARTEMIS (integrated information systems), ENIAC (nanotechnologies), IMI (innovative medicines),
Clean Sky (aeronautics) and Fuel Cells and Hydrogen (energy).
New mechanisms to support the public-private partnership in RDI are envisaged to be adopted
according to the 2011-2013 National Reform Programme, including the innovation clusters oriented
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towards high technology areas and strategic sectors (e.g. ICT, energy, transport - electric car industry,
large research investment) [5].
2.5.4
Tax incentives for RDI
Tax incentives in general are poorly represented at present, as only a few remained active after the
revision of the Fiscal Code in 2007 and the cancellation of many measures in 2009, as part of the
austerity measures adopted by the government to limit the effects of the crisis. Specific measures for
RDI in the Fiscal Code include [7]:
• VAT exemption for RDI activities performed under the National RDI Plan or financed in
international, regional and bilateral partnership.
• the 3% tax introduced in 2009 for micro-enterprises and reintroduced in 2011, after being
abolished in 2010;
• an income tax exemption for IT specialist programmers (software engineers, system designers,
system engineers or analysts), introduces in 2001 and reintroduced since 2009 due to its positive
economic effects on economic growth and considerable improvement of the IT sector
contribution to GDP;
• a more favourable regime of local taxes for the establishment and development of an industrial
park;
• tax facilities to young entrepreneurs (up to 35-years old) setting up their first enterprise, since
February 2011;
• deductible costs related to the management of information systems and quality management
systems; marketing, market study, promotion of existing or new markets; participation in trade
fairs and exhibitions; environmental protection and conservation;
• increased deductibility of R&D expenditure for units whose R&D activities account for at least 15%
of their total yearly expenditure.
2.5.5
Main sources of funding for innovation
The sources of funding for the RDI domain carried out by units and institutions within the national
research system consist of:
a) funds from the state budget;
b) funds raised from businesses;
c) funds from international programs and/or cooperation;
d) funds provided by trust companies or by other private sources;
e) other funds established according to law.
Funds allocated from state budget are mainly used to finance the objectives of the National RDI
Strategy and the National RDI Plan, and for funding the research entities that obtain partial funding
in international programs to which the Romanian state contributes with funds, according to
agreements with foreign partners.
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The envisaged funding from the state budget for the National Plan is 15 billions lei, with the
distribution presented in Figure 4 [3].
10
9
Human resources
13,5
13,5
Capacities
Ideas
Partnerships
Innovation
18
Institutional performance
36
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of the National Plan budget per programmes
Starting with 2010 Human Resources, Ideas, Partnership and Innovation programmes are managed
by the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding
(UEFISCDI), replacing the former 4 distinct managerial bodies.
3.359 national projects were running in 2010 on 5 National RDI programmes: 11.7% for Human
Resources programme, 11.1% – Capacities. 29.3% - Ideas. 40.1% - Partnership (including 135 ICT
projects), 7.8% - Innovation (including 27 ICT projects) [9].
An overview of RDI funding indicators for the period 2008-2010 in provided in Table 2-26.
Table 2-26. Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD) [%]
2008
2009
2010
0.58
0.48
0.47
Public funding
70.1
54.9
54.9
Private enterprises
23.3
34.8
32.3
Fundamental research
49.5
42.3
42.9
Applied research
42.5
48.8
50.0
Experimental development
8.0
8.9
7.1
Research intensity (GERD as % of GDP)
Main sources:
Distribution:
Complementary to the National RDI Plan funding is implemented through the Core R&D Programmes
and R&D Sectoral plans. The Core R&D Programmes provide annual or multi-annual funding for the
national RDI institutes to support their own medium-to long-term R&D strategies, in addition to the
funding gained through competition-based programmes. The Core R&D Programmes are validated by
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the line ministries of the respective institutes, and are approved and financed by ANCS. In 2010, the
financial support provided by ANCS through the Core R&D Programmes was about 50.9 mil. Euro (1
Euro=4.29 RON) [9]. The R&D Sectoral Plans are financed by the line ministries of specific domains.
In 2010, the largest share of the national RDI budget (approx. MEUR 390.5 in 2010) was allocated to
ANCS (70.7%), followed by the Romanian Academy (13.8%) and R&D Sectoral Plans, with largest
shares to Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Rural Development (8.8%) and Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Business Environment (4.4%) [9].
Another important source of RDI funding is the Sectoral Operational Programmes “Increase of
Economic Competitiveness” (SOP-IEC) with an overall budget of 3.01 billons Euro (84.8%
representing Community funding and 15.2% - National counterpart covered by National Public
funding). Relevant for the RDI ICT are the Priority Axis 1 – “An innovative and eco-efficient productive
system”, with 35.9% of the overall budget, the Priority Axis 2 – “Research, Technological
Development and Innovation for competitiveness”, with 21.5% of the overall budget, and the
Priority Axis 3 – “ICT for private and public sectors”, with 15.6% of the overall budget. In 2010 there
were 271 ongoing contracts, on Axis 2: 59% for public institutions and 41% for the private sector.
At the regional level, the strategic use of structural funds is characterized by a medium level of
financial relevance (to what extent these funds will motivate regional policy makers to adapt their
regional strategies, which implicitly reflects the degree of development of the regional innovation
system) and a low level of governance capacity: 40% of these funds are spent for capacity building
and another 40% for knowledge transfer and support to innovation poles and clusters.
The main beneficiaries of public funding are Governmental sector and Higher education, with a
significant increase of the share for private enterprises in 2010 as compared with 2009 (see Table
2-27).
Table 2-27.Distribution of public funding [%]
Sector / Year
2009
2010
Governmental sector
49.4
47.3
Higher education
35.4
31.4
Enterprises
15.2
21.2
Private non-profit sector
0.2
0.1
According to provisions of the OG no. 57/2002, starting from January 1st, 2012 the certified R&D
Institutions and units, from the categories of national research-development institutes, researchdevelopment institutes and centres subordinated to the Romanian Academy or branch academies,
other research-development institutes and centres organised as public institutions or public law,
international research-development centres created on the basis of international agreements, other
public or public law institutions that have the research-development activity in their statutes, except
those wholly or partly financed from state budget, receive basic institutional funding to support the
function of the research and development infrastructure . Also the institutions and units assessed
and classified in A+, A and A- categories may benefit, in a competitive regime, from the
complementary institutional funding dedicated to performance sustainability. The yearly allocated
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funds for the basic and complementary institutional funding should not be less than 25% and higher
than 50% from the overall funds allocated to the chapter “Fundamental research and research and
development” in the ANCS budget.
The Plan to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of R&D public spending, elaborated in 2010 by
the Government General Secretariat (SGG), in close collaboration with the Ministry of Finance,
Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sport – through the National Authority for Scientific
Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Romanian Academy, Academy of
Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology,
includes a set of reforms, with the following directions:
•
Increasing allocations for RDI, both as absolute values and as percentage of GDP, in line with the
objectives of Europe 2020 Strategy;
•
Increasing the importance of the domain at governmental authorities level and ensuring the
coherence of the RDI policies and programmes;
•
Stimulate the RDI activities of the private sector, by correlation of the RDI policies with additional
incentives, conceived in consultation with representatives of private sector companies;
•
Adjustment to the limited financial resources conditions due to the economic crisis;
•
Establishing and implementing unitary procedures for monitoring and assessment of R&D
activities, based on an updated system of classification of R&D expenditures;
•
Implementing the legislative and good practice recommendations which will be drawn from the
interim independent evaluation of the National Plan and the implementation of National Strategy
2007-2013.
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2.6
Cross cutting issues and challenges
This section addresses such aspects as Human Resources and the education system, links between
education and RDI, the internationalization of R&D, including the access and use of international
knowledge.
2.6.1
Human Resources
At the end of 2009, there were 42420 R&D employees, decreasing with 1082 employees as from the
previous year. By categories of occupations, the largest share of employees in research and
development was represented by researchers, 72.2% of the total, i.e. 30645 people. 85.4% of the RDI
staff had higher education, while the number of people with a PhD degree who worked in the RDI
domain remained relatively constant from 2008, respectively 14916 people, from which women
represented 6508, i.e. 43.6% . By scientific fields, the highest number of RDI employees were found
in applied sciences (46.9%) followed by natural and formal sciences (14.1)%. The share of researchers
in total occupied population in 2009 was 5.6‰, much lower than EU27’s 7.3‰, and the share of R&D
employees in total active population was 6.7%, significantly less than the average level in EU27
(11.7%) [9].
By age groups, in 2009 compared with 2008, there was an increase by 4.7% of researchers aged 34
years and below (29.1% vs. 24.4%). The share of researchers aged between 35 and 54 years
remained relatively constant, i.e. 47.3% (see Figure 5).
Source: Statistical Yearbook of Romania 2010
Figure 5. Percentage distribution of researcher by age groups
At the end of 2010, the value of main indicators regarding the RDI personnel were the following [4]:

39065 employees (with 3355 employees less than in 2009),

44.3% working in applied sciences (out of whom women represented 37.9%) and 16.1% in
natural and formal sciences (with a share of 43.3% for women).

85.2% with higher education and 39.6% PhDs.
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According to Eurostat (see Table 2-28), for the period 2008-2010, Employment in Science and
Technology indicators show a percentage comparable with EU27 level of youth aged 20-24 having
attained at least upper secondary level education, a steady tendency to recover the gap for the for
the tertiary educational attainment, age group 30-34, and for employment in total knowledgeintensive activities at the national level, a successful recovery of this gap in 2009 for tertiary
graduates in science and technology per 1000 of population aged 20-29 years, but also significant
discrepancies as compared with EU 27 level for the share of persons aged 25-64 having participated
in education and training (long-life learning). It should be mentioned that at present, opportunities
for lifelong learning are provided mainly through the SOP HRD Priority Axis 1 “Education and training
in support of growth and development of knowledge society” and Priority Axis 2 “Linking Lifelong
Learning to labour” that are funded by the European Social Fund. Programme effectiveness is limited
by a lack of synergies between lifelong learning, educational policies and the existing legal framework
in the country, so that the population, especially the adult population, has difficulty in obtaining
formal accreditation of skills acquired in the labour market and re-entering the formal education
system.
Table 2-28. Employment and Science and Technology indicators
Indicator
European Union (EU27)
Romania
2007
2008
2009
2010
2007
2008
2009
2010
Percentage youth
aged 20-24 having
attained at least
upper secondary
level education
78.1%
78.4%
78.6%
79%
77.4%
78.3%
78.3%
78.2%
Tertiary educational
attainment, age
group 30-34
30%
31.1%
32.3%
33.6%
13.9%
16%
16.8%
18.1%
18.6
19.2
19.2
N/A
14
16.9
24.9
N/A
9
9.6
9.4
N/A
9.8
13.4
14.9
N/A
New doctorate
graduates per 1000
population aged 2534
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.5
0.6
0.9
N/A
Life-long learning:
share of persons
aged 25-64 having
participated in
education and
training
9.4%
9.4%
9.3%
9.1%
1.3%
1.5%
1.5%
1.3%
Employment in
high-technology
manufacturing and
4.4%
3.73%
3.73%
N/A
1.92%
1.74%
1.84%
N/A
Tertiary graduates
in science and
technology per
1000 of population
aged 20-29 years
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knowledgeintensive hightechnology services
as a percentage of
total employment
Employment in
KnowledgeIntensive high
technology services
3.29%
2.58%
2.62%
N/A
1.52
1.19
1.26
N/A
Employment in
total knowledgeintensive activities
at the national level
33.13% 36.94%
38.2%
N/A
14.4
18.98
19.83
N/A
N/A
N/A
877
908
N/A
N/A
Researchers in R&D
(per million people)
N/A
N/A
Source: Eurostat- Employment and Science and Technology indicators (World Bank for researchers in R&D)
Based on data provided by the National Institute of Statistics, the ERAWATCH Country report for
2010 formulates the following characteristics about the human resources in the R&D sector [7]:
• predominance of researchers in engineering and technical sciences (37.7% in 2008), followed by
natural and exact sciences, (18.7%), social sciences (15.7%), human sciences (9.5%), medical
sciences (11.7%), agricultural sciences (6.7%);
• a growing number of R&D employees since 2001, after massive drops in the 1990s and
predominance of R&D employees with tertiary education (73.7% in 2007; 85.4% in 2009; 85.2% in
2010);
• predominance of researchers in the total number of R&D employees: 72.3% inn 2007 (30.740
researchers out of 42484 R&D employees), 72.2% in 2009;
• predominance of R&D personnel in the Higher Education sector, followed by Enterprises,
Government and Private non-profit, relatively young age of R&D employees (about 50% of the
R&D employees are under 45 years old).
The same document concludes that although the supply of science, maths and engineering graduates
in Romania has had one of the highest growth rates in EU27 in recent years, the employment of
these people in the country is limited and the brain drain is significant. The most important reasons
for this situation include: low market demand for researchers, low salaries in the S&T/RDI system,
low importance attached to the role of science, research and innovation for economic growth,
insufficient/inadequate research infrastructure, insufficient funding of programmes meant to
increase the attractiveness of S&T/R&D careers and important additional cuts brought about by the
economic crisis .
2.6.2
Links between education and RDI
The role of higher education in the national RDI system is twofold: to prepare future researchers
and participate in the research activity as a major contributor. In 2010 31.4% from the RDI public
budget was allocated to higher education organisations [9]. Following the evaluation process in 2011,
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14% of universities in Romania have been accredited to carry out fundamental and applied research,
while 33% - only for applied research.
According to the Education Law, universities may organise research institutes, research laboratories
and research centres. Currently, the main organisational forms of research activity in universities are
research centres, covering a large variety of scientific domains. Also, universities may set up research
consortia with other research institutes and private companies, dedicated to join collaboration
programmes or projects. For research grants allocated to universities, ANCS provides 90% advanced
payment at the moment of contract signing, while the remaining 10% is provided by the beneficiary
university. To facilitate inter-institutional mobility of the research personnel, the principle “grant
follows the researcher” was implemented [11].
Education policies are generally poorly correlated with the private and the public research needs,
which is a cause for the high losses of qualified HRST. Also there is a lack of coordination between
education, initial training and continuing vocational training policies, and the definition and
transparency of vocational qualifications by the National Qualifications Framework [7].
2.6.3
Internationalization of R&D
Developing the European and international dimension of RDI policies and programmes is one of the
priorities of the National Reform Programme for 2011-2013. The expected impact will consist in
increasing the visibility, the networking and the involvement of Romanian researchers and research
teams; increasing the access to information and documentation sources, and to European and
international infrastructures; and increasing the direct involvement and access level of Romanian
researchers and research teams to the scientific and technical production [5].
The Bilateral cooperation programmes are funded from the Module III of the Capacities Programme
of the 2007-2013 National RDI Plan. In 2008-2010 the bilateral cooperation included 162 projects,
mainly aimed at building research teams for accessing FP7 funds. In 2010 there were active
programmes with 12 countries (most of which EU Member States) [9] and in May 2011 their number
increased to 14 active programmes and other 6 in preparation [18].
The participation in FP7, COST, EUREKA programmes is supported through Modules III and IV of the
Capacities Programme of the 2007-2013 National RDI Plan.
The level of Romania’s participation in FP7 compared to EU27 average is weak. Romania is ranked
18th for number of participations in signed grant agreements (538 participations in 429 signed grant
agreements), 27th for applicants success rate (14.5%, EU average is 21.6%) and 27th by EU
contribution (over €72.4 million to Romanian participants). Higher education (28.8%), research
organisations (27.7%) and private organisations (25.8%) have similar participation shares. By number
of the signed grant agreements, the most successful domains are ICT (61 projects and 12.9 mil. Euro
EU contribution); Transport (38 projects, 8.7 mil. Euro); Nano (37 projects, 7.5 mil. Euro);
Environment (39 projects, 5.7 mil. Euro) [38].
At the end of 2010 Romania was involved in 134 COST projects in all the 9 priority actions, and in 14
EUREKA projects (with 3 new projects receiving funding in 2011).
Regarding participation in instruments of cooperation and coordination between national R&D
programmes, in 2010 Romania was part in 32 active ERA-NETs, and also in other 16 ERA-NET that
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were finished before (inactive). By domain, the participation was highest in: Environment (8 active, 3
inactive), Food, agriculture and fisheries (5 active, 1 inactive), ICT (5 active, 1 inactive), Nanoscience
and nanotechnologies (5 active), Energy (4 active), Transport (3 active, 2 inactive).
Romania is part of four Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI): ARTEMIS (integrated information systems),
ENIAC (nanotechnologies), IMI (innovative medicines) and Clean Sky (aeronautics). Romania is a
founding member of Clean Sky, in which it participates through a consortium of two research
institutes and two plane manufacturers. Romania is also a founding member of IMI, through the
Romanian Association of International Medicines Manufacturers [9].
The level of the access and use international knowledge is illustrated also in Table 2-29. Specific
indicators for intellectual assets and patents are illustrated in Table 2-30.
Table 2-29. Access and use of international knowledge
Indicator
European Union
(EU27)
2009
2010
International scientific
co-publications per
million populations
1
Romania
2009
2010
266
44*
Public-private copublications per million
populations
36.1
36.2
17*
Innovative SMEs
collaborating with others
as % of SMEs
9.5%
11.16%
20*
Indicator values relative to the EU27 (EU27=100)
Source: Innovation Union Scoreboard 2010, European Innovation Scoreboard 2009 and Eurostat .
Table 2-30. Intellectual assets and patents
Indicator
European Union (EU27)
Romania
2007
2008
2009
2010
2007
2008
2009
2010
ICT patent
applications to the
EPO by priority year
at the national level
IPC: Total ICT
28848
16514
N/A
N/A
1.053
753
N/A
N/A
PCT patents
applications per
billion GDP
N/A
N/A
N/A
4
N/A
N/A
N/A
0,15
PCT patent
applications in
societal challenges
per billion GDP
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.64
N/A
N/A
N/A
0,01
License and patent
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.21
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.12
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revenues from
abroad as % of GDP
Source: Innovation Union Scoreboard 2010, European Innovation Scoreboard 2009 and Eurostat . Trademark
applications source: World Bank Statistics.
2.6.4
Future challenges
The identification of future challenges is based on the evaluation of the current RDI development
status considering the current European context and its major evolution trends. In addition to the
wealthy related information provided in the previous sections, Table 2-31 illustrates the gap between
Romania and EU27, identified by ANCS using a selection of statistics provided by INS, Eurostat, and
Innovation Union Scoreboard 2010 [18].
Table 2-31. Gaps compared with EU27
Indicator
RO
UE 27
Gap
Summary Innovation Index SII
0.236
0.513
<1/2
System Capacity
Researchers (share of total employment)
3.64‰
9.20‰
~ 1/3
RD Personnel (share of total employment)
5.04‰
15.50‰
~ 1/3
Human Res. In S&T (share of total employment)
22.90%
39.25%
~ 1/2
0.48
2.00
~ 1/4
Public RD expenditure(% GDP)
0.33
0.75
<1/2
Business RD expenditure(% GDP)
0.15
1.25
~ 1/6
50.14%
47.36%
No gap!
Knowledge Intensive Services Exports
44.91%
49.43%
Almost equal
Employment in knowledge intensive activities
6.16%
13,03%
~ 1/2
Financial support
GERD (% GDP)
Economic Effects
Mid and HiTech Product Exports
Sources: INS, Eurostat, Innovation Union Scoreboard 2010
Based on this results, the same document formulates the following RDI challenges and supporting
solutions:
• Policy mix: articulation of policy instruments under the responsibility of other ministries,
involvement of these ministries in the selection of R&I overall priorities;
-
Solution: Administrative coordination through an inter-ministerial body.
• Adequacy of public funding: fluctuations of the level of public funding, public investment in
research, both in absolute and relative terms, which is dependent on the state of the economy at
a given moment;
-
Solution: a sustained continuity of policy decisions.
• Attractiveness of research careers: number of researchers (FTE) per thousand labour force much
lower compared to the EU average, level of salaries and research environment, brain drain.
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-
Solutions: increased collaboration with top Romanian researchers in diaspora, maintaining a
base of mid-level researchers with already recognised results and with professional
challenges ahead, investing in top level research infrastructures to create opportunities.
The above challenges are at a great extent compliant with those formulated in the World Bank's Final
Report on Romania Research, Development, and Innovation Sector Functional Review, May 2011
(cited in [43]), which address the policy prioritization, links between the science system and the
production system, allocation of RDI funds and areas of national competitive advantage, large
number of public R&D institutes and wide range of scientific fields, unpredictable budgeting given
the fiscal crisis. To cope with these challenges the World Bank’s Functional Review provides four
main recommendations for improvement:
1. Strengthen the governance of the RDI system, through a better understanding of the systemic
nature of the national RDI set-up, increased visibility of the RDI sector in the government for
enhanced integration and functioning.
2. Strengthen the performance of R&D activities within the public sector itself by better aligning
incentives, funding, performance monitoring and research priorities to the agreed national priorities.
3. Accelerate the translation of R&D into innovation in the private sector, through strengthening the
technology transfer infrastructure in universities, encouraging commercialization of publicly funded
research, updating the intellectual property legislation.
4. Increase the level of private sector R&D in a framework of well-defined intellectual property rights
and targeted tax and regulatory actions to improve the climate for private sector RDI and attraction
of R&D-intensive FDI.
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3 National PESTEL and SWOT analysis
Science and technology issues cannot be considered without taking account of the broader context
of social and economic dynamics in terms of barriers and obstacles to technological development. As
scientific and technological knowledge evolves in ways shaped by social structures and process, we
employ a PESTLE analysis to lay down the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and
Environmental factors that cut across the spectrum of inter-nation characteristics that might bear an
impact or orientation upon the foresight processes. PESTLE analysis takes into consideration the
macro-environment of the country and discusses the operating environment and the organisation of
the country (structure, culture, competencies, resources) in a number of areas.
In addition, this section includes a SWOT approach (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and
Threats) to identify key generic issues upon which the main part of the foresight study will be based.
SWOT is perceived as a benchmarking and evaluation exercise of different components of the
national innovation system, the productive nexus, existing knowledge infrastructure, competencies
which enables a forward-looking approach to proactive public policies. For the better illustration of
the components, SWOT is structured on a grouping based on NIS components, i.e. governance and
policy system, public policies and actors, the ICT sector and cross-cutting issues. Last, this section
encompasses a self-evaluation tool to complement this analysis, elaborated by the European
Commission.
3.1
Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental analysis of the
emerging innovation system
3.1.1
Core information
PESTLE analysis takes into consideration the macro-environment of the country and discusses the
operating environment and the organisation of the country (structure, culture, competencies,
resources) in a number of areas. The factors listed here are oriented into explaining success and
failure of the external environment. By nature, this section includes general information.
Table 3-1. PESTLE core information
Political / legal institutional
-
The degree of coordination between research policy and other policies has increased in the
recent years in relation to the implementation of Structural Funds. For instance, R&D policies
have been included in the 2007-2013 National Development Plan, coordinated by the Ministry
of Economy [7].
-
The need to adapt the national RDI system to the European practices led to revising the
legislative framework, especially with regard to the institutional financing [5].
-
Romania has promoted, in recent years, a series of reforms aimed at enhancing the flexibility of
the labour market and increasing participation and sustainable job creation [27].
-
In Romania the importance and impact of innovation policies are still low. The country growth
strategy is mainly oriented to an exogenous development model based on foreign investment
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and consumer spending, with little effort to increase endogenous knowledge, research and
innovation capabilities [23].
-
The drastic cuts in the public budget for RDI and the declining economic environment have
strongly affected the research institutions and firms with RDI activities. Moreover, neither of
the two anti-crisis plans of the government includes any reference to innovation-based
strategies to restore economic growth [19].
-
National innovation policies address key issues for the development of the Romanian RDI
system, but their implementation is slow and often negatively influenced by factors that pertain
to ‘systemic failures’, such as capability, institutional, network, framework and policy failures. In
recent years, some improvements could be noted, especially under the influence of EU
management rules and regulations associated with the Structural Funds programmes, which
increased transparency and accountability, and improved the evaluation, selection and
monitoring processes [24].
-
Romania amended its insolvency law to shorten the duration of insolvency proceedings [15].
-
Romania has a secured transactions law that treats all security interests in movable property
equally with respect to publicity, priority and enforcement, regardless of the form in which the
security interest is given (whether a pledge, a financial lease or a loan and trust agreement, for
example). Such laws are in line with internationally accepted practices [16].
-
Substantial amendments to Romania’s bankruptcy laws—introducing, among other things, a
procedure for out-ofcourt workouts—made dealing with insolvency easier [16].
-
See Table 2-2
Economic and market issues
-
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Romania expanded 2.6 percent in the third quarter of
2011 over the same quarter, previous year. Historically, from 2001 until 2011, Romania’s
average annual GDP Growth was 4.04 percent reaching an historical high of 9.80 percent in
September of 2008 and a record low of -8.70 percent in June of 2009 (Figure 6) [17].
-
In 2008, more than 70% of GDP was generated by SMEs. The industry sector with 36% of GDP
was rather high and also agriculture was on a high level, compared with the other countries in
the region. The total number of SMEs was 440063 [25].
-
The inflation rate in Romania was reported at 3.55% in October of 2011. The evolution chart for
the last 3 years is presented in Figure 7 [17].
-
The strategy of economic growth in Romania, the way it was elaborated after the downfall of
the communist regime was based on encouraging the consumers to spend money, on direct
foreign investments and on capital flows. Unfortunately, a coherent policy based on
innovations was not considered. The specialists believe that this is one of the reasons why
Romania was and is strongly affected by the economic crisis.
-
The consequences of the drastic cut down of the research-innovation finances are both
complex and negative at the same time, neutralizing the encouraging signs from the past few
years regarding the revival of this sector, the attraction of human capital in this sector, as well
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as the partnerships between the public sector and the private sector.
-
In a recent assessment of the Romanian financial system the IMF identified several risk factors
to the stability of the financial outlook, among them: slowing down of capital inflows, including
a reduction in foreign banks’ credit volumes to their Romanian subsidiaries and a prolonged
recession in the euro-area [26].
-
Romania is among the countries with the lowest rate of investments in R&D field, of only 0.58%
in 2008. The situation worsened in 2009, when public expenditures returned to the pre-boom
level of 0.2% GDP. The weak contribution of the private sector (less than 30% of the total
investments in R&D) is explained by the type of competition on the domestic market, led by
price not by innovation [27].
-
In order to achieve, by 2020, a level of 2% GDP for public and private sector investment in RDI,
the estimated trajectory of this indicator is presented in Table 3-2 [18].
-
The software industry is among the main industries in Romania, together with electric
machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining,
timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing and petroleum refining.
The evolution of Information and communication technology expenditure is presented in
Figure 8 [17].
-
Romania made starting a business more difficult by requiring a tax clearance certificate for a
new company’s headquarters before company registration [15].
-
Romania made paying taxes easier for companies by introducing an electronic payment system
and a unified return for social security contributions. It also abolished the annual minimum tax
[15].
-
Romania established special pre-insolvency procedures in 2010 for distressed companies trying
to avoid bankruptcy [16].
-
In 2010, Romania introduced tax changes, including a new minimum tax on profit, that made
paying taxes more costly for companies [16]. The minimul tax was abolished in 2011 [15].
Social, cultural and demographic
-
The unemployment rate in Romania was at 7.2 percent in the second quarter of 2011. The
evolution of this indicator during the last two years is presented in Figure 9 [17].
-
The challenge for the Romanian labour force is quite high. On the one hand private sector is still
adjusting; virtually all created unemployment was done by this. On the other hand, the
required reduction in public sector wages would necessary entail some lay-offs. This would put
an increasing strain on the labour market as well as on the social security costs [27].
-
A very sensitive indicator is the inequality of income distribution, measured as the ratio of total
income earned by the top 20% of the population (with the highest income) to that earned by
the bottom 20% of the population (with the lowest income). Romania has a very high degree of
income inequality. Part of it can be explained by the flat tax fiscal policy [27].
-
The labour market conditions in Romania are particularly challenging. The negative growth rate
of the Romanian population, which has started in the early 1990 has already reduced the
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population by 10%. On top of this, there is the migration of the work force which is estimated
at between 1 to 2 million of the work force population, most of which are short term. Another
factor explaining the current widening imbalances is the low internal labour mobility,
particularly between the rural areas, where the surplus of labour largely rests, and the growing
urban regions, the engines of growth, where the demand for labour comes from [27].
-
The Literacy rate; adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) in Romania was reported at 97.60
in 2008 (Figure 10) [17].
-
Very few Romanians are involved in long-life learning programs – only 1.3%, while 40% from
the companies that were considered by the study did not invest anything in the training of their
own staff. The lack of long- life learning programs makes the adaptation to the structural
pressure more difficult, considering the compatibility between the national industry and the
world one [26].
-
The low investments made by the public sector in fields relevant for the ”smart growth”
objective is also revealed by the low rate of public expenditure on education. Despite the
relative low expenditure on education, Romania manages to maintain a youth education
attainment level very close to the EU average (78.3% compared to 78.5%) [27].
-
Romania exempts employers that hire previously unemployed workers from paying the
workers’ social insurance contributions for 6 months [16].
Technological
-
Over the past 5 years, Finance and support and Throughputs have been the main drivers of the
improvement in innovation performance, in particular as a result from strong growth in Public
R&D expenditures (18.0%), Private credit (17.4%), Broadband access by firms (24.3%),
Community trademarks (36.0%) and Community designs [25].
-
The progress made in the past years in the field related to Internet usage is significant. The
percentage of households who have Internet access at home is only 38% compared to 65%, the
EU average, but in constantly grew in the past years, with a fast pace. See Figure 11 for the
Internet users’ growth during last years [17].
-
The broadband penetration rate (the number of dedicated, high-speed connections per 100
inhabitants), on the other hand, is the second lowest in EU (12.3%) [27].
Environmental
-
Romania’s dependence on energy imports is only 32% compared to EU average of 53%, but it is
forecasted to increase as our natural resources are extensively used [27].
-
Greenhouse gas emissions are much lower than at the beginning of transition, but the main
reason for that was the de-industrialization process which occurred since the early nineties
[27]. See Table 3-3.
-
Romania has a higher share of renewable energy sources (RES) in total consumption, and the
trend is upward (11.86% in 2007 compared to 9.95% in 2003). But the relatively high potential
of renewable energy in theory can not be paralleled in practice due to technological limitations,
economic efficiency, dispersed location of resources and environment restrictions. A recent
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governmental report commits to a 24% RES target for 2020, but it specifies that in order to
reach that target Romania needs to exploit two thirds of its theoretical RES potential.
-
Similar to most of the New Member States, Romania scores badly in terms of energy intensity
of the economy, indicator that monitors the decoupling of energy use from GDP growth and
shows the extent to which energy is being used more efficiently in the creation of wealth.
However, the trend is downward, Romania having made significant improvements in the last 56 years [27].
-
Romania has adopted series of policies and legislative measures on climate change, oriented
towards the two major approaches in the field, namely reducing greenhouse gas emissions and
adapting to climate change effects, pursuant to the provisions of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol for this Convention and the
European Union policy. According to such approaches, the National Strategy on Climate Change
2011-2020 shall be developed, associated to the approaches in the legislative package “Energy
– Climate Change”, with the „Roadmap for a low-carbon economy by 2050”, as well as the
European policy in the field of adaptation („White Paper on Adapting to Climate Change”) [5].
3.1.2
Additional information
Table 3-2. Investment indicators - estimated trajectory
INDICATOR (%GDP)
2009
2011
2013
2015
2020
Investment in RDI (public sources)
0.31
0.33
0.60
0.80
1.00
Investment in RDI (private sources)
0.17
0.15
0.25
0.50
1.00
Investment in RDI (public and private sources)
0.48
0.48
0.85
1.30
2.00
Source: World Bank
Table 3-3. Comparative levels for environment indicators
Romania
Greenhouse gas emissions index,
(base year = 100)
Share of energy from renewable
sources in total energy
consumption
Energy intensity of the economy
(Kilogram of oil equivalent per
1.000 EUR GDP)
Electricity generated from
renewable sources (% of total)
Volume of freight transport
relative to GDP
Volume of passenger transport
relative to GDP
EU average
The highest value
54.7
90.7
11.86
7.75
185.3
(Cyprus)
30.93
(Sweden)
46.6
(Latvia)
2
(UK)
655.59
169.39
1016.29
(Bulgaria)
103.13
(Ireland)
33.0
21.0
148.5
104.0
81.8
93.9
78.1
(Austria)
152.5
(Slovenia)
137.4
(Lithuania)
3.6
(Hungary)
61.8
(Estonia)
66.9
(Slovakia)
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The lowest
value
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Car share of inland passenger
transport
Urban population exposure to air
pollution by ozone
Urban population exposure to air
pollution by particulate matter
Municipal waste generated
75.3
83.4
3784.0
3909.0
43.1
28.1
382
524
Resource productivity
0.17
1.28
90.7
(Lithuania)
9006.0
(Greece)
59
(Bulgaria)
802
(Denmark)
2.58
(UK)
61.8
(Hungary)
938.0 (UK)
12.6
(Ireland)
306 (Czech
Republic)
0.14
(Bulgaria)
Source: Romania and the Europe 2020 Strategy. The 6th GEA Report on Romania and the Lisbon Agenda
Figure 6. Romania – GDP annual growth rate
Figure 7. Romania – inflation rate
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Figure 8. Romania – ICT technology expenditure [US dollar]
Figure 9. Romania – unemployment rate
Figure 10. Romania – literacy rate
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Figure 11. Romania – Internet users
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3.2
Strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of/for the emerging innovation
system
Table 3-4. SWOT Table
Clustering
Strengths
Weaknesses
ICT
RDI Multi-annual National RDI Strategy and Slow pace of national RDI policies
governance and National RDI Plan for 2007-2013, implementation due to lack of
policy system
established by a national Foresight capabilities.
exercise.
ICT has a prominent place in the Low visibility and importance of (ICT)
National RDI Strategy and Plan.
RDI policies in the government policy.
Representatives of important ICT The drastic 2009 GERD cut, with long
companies and prominent local ICT term consequences.
academics and professionals are
members in the advisory councils of
the National Authority for Scientific
Research (ANCS) and involved in
research and innovation management.
Broad range of R&D objectives
financed through the SOPs with R&D
focus (SOP IEC, ROP, HRD); specific
measures for support of research
infrastructures.
Low level of BERD, strong dependence
of BERD on public funding, weak
science-industry links and inter-sectoral
mobility.
Competition based access to funding Low absorption of R&D funds available
through project calls mechanism.
through the SOPs.
Periodic
evaluation
of
RDI Regional disparities in the distribution
organizations, national programmes of R&D resources.
and projects based on international
criteria; implementation of new
evaluation
procedures
and
methodologies.
Low level of coherence of regional
innovation strategies (RIS), weak
integration between the RISs and the
national RDI strategy and between the
six RISs, poor implementation capacity
of the RIS by Regional Development
Agencies (RDAs).
ICT RDI priority ICT is seen as one of the areas where
setting, public Romania can excel in the National RDI
policies
and Strategy for 2007-2013; long tradition
actors
in the RDI field.
The trend to provide general support
for enterprises to increase their
competitiveness by purchasing of new
technologies rather than experimenting
with new models of innovation policies
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ICT is part of specific priorities and of Limited
capacity
to
sectoral programmes that the National cooperation
between
RDI Strategy and National Plan are stakeholders.
focused on.
stimulate
regional
Elaboration of the National Innovation Limited strategic focus of regional RDI
Strategy.
policies suited to the specific strengths
and weaknesses of the region.
Extended network of RDI organisations
of national importance; recent
evaluation of RDI potential for state
and private universities.
Measures
aimed
to
increase
attractiveness of research careers were
taken in isolation, targeting specifically
the
young
researcher,
without
supporting consistently the long term
research careers.
National Network of Innovation and Lead market initiatives are incipient in
Technology
Transfer
institutions Romania.
(technological and business incubators,
technology
transfer
centres,
technology information centres).
Recently launched calls in the 20072013 National Plan for R&D and
Innovation and Sectoral R&D plans.
ICT RDI sector Adequate, clear and possible
features
operationalise objectives.
to Slow operationalisation of innovation.
Rich innovation policy mix including: Reduced set of tax incentives after
direct instruments (Grants) and indirect 2004, various modifications of the
instruments (Income tax exemption for Fiscal Code since 2007.
software creators, VAT exemption for
ICT RDI activities, Tax incentives for the
establishment and development of an
industrial park).
R&D and Adoption and use of ICT are
two out of five component pillar of the
composite
indicator
“Innovation
Capacity Index”.
Less emphasis is placed on the support
to innovative start-ups, technology
transfer and innovation strategies and
infrastructure.
Strong competitions for funds between The risk capital market is at an early
public R&D performers.
stage, no Risk Capital Fund for
innovative SMEs and start-ups.
Emphasis on the support to public Low attractiveness of R&D careers, high
research
organisations
in
the losses of qualified researchers and
budgetary allocations.
postgraduates through brain drain
Several
Programmes
supporting Shortage of qualified personnel and
research for PhD and young post- poor
technology
transfer
and
doctoral researchers.
innovation infrastructure.
Poor innovation capacity and culture of
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private collaboration
science fields.
in
advanced
ICT RDI cross 2007-2013 National Strategy for RDI Limited capacity to prepare quality
cutting issues
includes environment, energy, health, projects to attract funding and
space and security among the ten implement European projects.
priorities for Romanian RDI as response
to societal needs and changes.
A sound infrastructure to sustain Low
proportion
of
innovative
knowledge circulation is in place. enterprises, poor innovation absorption
Several programmes extend support capacity in industry.
for joint R&D projects between
university, public research units and
the business sector.
The NRP 2011-2013 highlights the
existence of 19 innovative clusters
(competitiveness poles) in Romania,
with six new ones expected to be
created in aviation, renewable
energies, naval constructions, textile
industry, automotive industry, and
wood and furniture industry.
A predominant top-down approach and
excessive reliance on government
funds, with only low shares of funding
attracted from regional and EU sources
and weak bottom-up initiatives.
There is a (research oriented) National Minimal observed effects and little
Strategy on Climate Change (Romanian visibility in the public debate of RDI
Government, 2005)
policies where the attention is usually
placed on the many weaknesses of the
system that overshadow its strengths.
High technology exports highest value
over
the
past
21
years
[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/ro
mania/high-technology-exports]; high
technology
exports
as
%
of
manufactured exports increased from
3.48 in 2007 to 10.95 in 2010
[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/ro
mania/high-technology-exports]
Low level of coherency between R&D
policies/ strategies and other national
policies/
strategies
(education,
employment, IT, energy, environment,
regional development).
Low competitiveness levels; slow
depreciation trends for majority of
Competitiveness and Innovation scores
and ranks for Romania from 2008 to
2011.
No evidence of any debate linking
innovation to societal concerns or
challenges was reported for Romania.
Opportunities
Threats
ICT
RTD Reorganization of the Advisory College Not yet a formal position of the RDI
governance and for Research, Development and authorities regarding the knowledge
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policy system
Innovation, establishment of two new and innovation-based
advisory bodies (for scientific research economic recovery.
and for development and innovation)
to increase coordination and support in
the management and assessment of
several National RDI Programmes.
strategy
for
New Education Law and RTD Low regional focus and coordination;
Regulations improving the perspective innovation policies and implementing
of qualified research workers.
instruments have been designed mainly
with a national focus and target R&D
performers across the country.
ICT RTD priority Adoption of the 2011-2013 National Low level of private funding in research
setting, public Reform
Programme,
establishing projects.
policies
and priorities for the reformation efforts in
actors
key domains of the national economy
including RDI.
Specific strategies in the field of Industry structure dominated by
communications
and
information traditional
manufacturing
and
society, adopted by MCSI.
processing industries, low share of
knowledge-intensive technologies, slow
pace of industry restructuring.
SME support grants awarded on a
competitive basis and funded from
national resources and SOP-IEC Priority
Axis 1 'Innovative and eco-friendly
production systems'.
Poor innovative capacity of industry,
low innovation culture, technological
renewal mostly based on acquisition of
foreign technologies.
New innovation policy support Lack of innovation incentives in R&D
measures issued by ANCS and the institutions and firms, including risk
Ministry of SMEs, Trade and Business capital funds; cancellation of some tax
Environment.
incentives.
The creation of risk capital funds for The capital market is very dependent
innovation is foreseen in several policy on the perception of the country by
documents.
foreign investors.
ICT RTD sector New tax incentives and allowances Low interest and spending for local ICT
features
issued for economic agents and tax RDI of foreign big ICT companies.
payers,
proportionally
to
RDI
expenditures and RDI investments.
A new risk capital fund for innovative
R&D enterprises became operational
on 1 January 2010.
ICT RTD cross Revival of the National Council for The modest ranking of Romania in the
cutting issues
Science and Technology Policy.
“Innovation Union Scoreboard” (IUS)
Report for 2010.
Education Law no. 1/ 5 January 2011 Loss of security, privacy and trust in the
guarantees
researchers'
inter- Internet, which leads to the loss of its
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institutional mobility and portability of commercial potential.
grants, applying the principle “the
grant follows the researcher”.
New focus on innovative clusters in
strategic industries (e.g. ICT, energy,
transport - the electrical vehicle, large
R&D investments) in the forthcoming
National Innovation Strategy.
New measures for stimulating private
RDI investment, the RDI potential and
competitiveness of domestic firms
announced in the 2011-2013 NRP.
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3.3
Self assessment tool: Features of well performing national and regional research and
innovation
The tool is based on a set of 25 Innovation specific statistical indicators. The results are presented in
Table 3-5.
Table 3-5. Self assessment tool
Indicators for the Innovation Union 2010
Data Source
Value
Comments
ENABLERS – Human Resources
New doctorate graduates (ISCED 6) per 1000
population aged 25-34
Percentage population aged
completed tertiary education
30-34
Eurostat
having
Percentage youth aged 20-24 having attained at
least upper secondary level education
0,9 (2009)
N/A
Eurostat
18.1 %
(2010)
increasing by 4.2
from 2007
33.6 for EU
Eurostat
78.2%
(2010)
increasing by 0.80%
from 2007
79% for EU
ENABLERS-Open, excellent and attractive research systems
International scientific co-publications per million
population
Thomson/
Scopus
Scientific publications among the top 10% most
cited publications worldwide as % of total scientific
publications of the country
Thomson/
Scopus
Non-EU doctorat students32 per million population
Eurostat/ OECD
118 (2010)
The EU average was
266
0.04 (2010)
The EU average was
0.11
2.01 (2010)
EU average is 19.45
0.47% (2010)
2% for EU
ENABLERS –Finance and Support
Public R&D expenditures as % of GDP
Eurostat
Venture capital (early stage) as % of GDP
0% (2009)
slighty decreasing
from 0.002 in 2008
Eurostat
0,0049%
(2009)
slighty increasing
from 0.003 in 2007
Business R&D expenditures as % of GDP
Eurostat
0.19 (2007)
EU average is 1.25
Non-R&D innovation expenditures as % of turnover
Eurostat
1,36% (2010)
EU average is 0.71%
SMEs innovating in-house as % of SMEs
Eurostat
n.a.
Innovative SMEs collaborating with others as % of
SMEs
Eurostat
Eurostat
Venture capital (expansion and replacement) as %
of GDP
FIRM ACTIVITIES-Firm Investments
FIRM ACTIVITIES-Linkages & entrepreneurship
Public-private
population
co-publications
per
million
2.27% (2010)
EU 30.31% (2010)
EU 11.16%
Thomson/
Scopus
63 (2010)
36.1 (EU-2010)
Eurostat
0.15 (2010)
EU average is 4
OECD
0.01 (2010)
EU average is 0.64
FIRM ACTIVITIES-Intellectual Assets
PCT patents applications per billion GDP (in PPS€)
PCT patent applications in societal challenges per
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billion GDP (in PPS€) (climate change mitigation;
health)
Community trademarks per billion GDP (in PPS€)
Community designs per billion GDP (in PPS€)
OHIM/ Eurostat
OHIM/ Eurostat
12.4 (2008)
EU average is 124.5
(2009)
2 (2008)
121.2 (EU average for
2009)
18.03%
(2010)
EU average is 34.18%
25.8% (2010)
EU average is 39.9%
OUTPUTS –Innovators
SMEs (more than 10 employees) introducing
product or process innovations as % of SMEs
Eurostat
SMEs (more than 10 employees) introducing
marketing or organisational innovations as % of
SMEs
Eurostat
High-growth enterprises (with more than 10
employees) as % of all
enterprises3
Eurostat
n.a.
n.a.
OUTPUTS –Economic effects
Employment in Knowledge-Intensive Activities
(manufacturing and services) as % of total
employment
Eurostat
Medium and High-tech manufacturing exports as %
total product exports
UN/ Eurostat
Knowledge-Intensive Services exports as % total
service exports
UN/ Eurostat
Sales of new to market and new to firm
innovations as % of turnover
Eurostat
Licence and patent revenues from abroad as % of
GDP
Eurostat
1.84% (2009)
EU average is 3.73%
8.2% for 2009
EU average is 16.9%
44.91% (2010)
EU average is 49.43
%
14.87 (2010)
EU average is 16.9%
0.12% (2010)
EU average is 0.21%
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4 Conclusions
The report provided an overview on the RDI development process – recent evolution, current status
and short term trends - in the framework provided by the 2007-2013 National RDI Strategy and its
implementation instrument - the 2007-2013 National RDI Plan. In order to face multiple challenges
raised by running this process in the European context, significant reformation efforts have been
deployed according to the overall orientations formulated for the RDI domain in the 2011-2013
National Reform Programme. The recent results of these efforts may by summarized as follows [18]:
• Strengthen the capacity & performance of the RD&I system: legal improvements in ST Policy
making at the government level (National Council for Science and Technology Policy to build an
overall national vision/strategy) and ministerial level (activity of the advisory bodies CCCDI, CNCS,
CNDI), increasing the quality of the publicly funded research (promoting the international project
evaluation, promoting the excellence via the National Plan Programmes Human Resources and
Ideas);
• Fostering innovation: financial support for innovative companies, elaboration process of the
National Strategy for Innovation, IPR regulation (patent owner) to comply with the requests of the
main investors, relaxing the rules of public procurement for new local firms, innovation broker as
a new entry in the occupation classification;
• Promote the European dimension in RDI policy, programmes, and projects: participation in FP7
and preparation for the next Common Strategic Framework on Research and Innovation,
participation to pan-European infrastructures (ESFRI projects) and JTIs (ENIAC, Clean Sky, FCH,
IMI, ARTEMIS), support EU Strategy for the Danube Delta – Black Sea Region, participation in
bilateral programs (active: 14, in preparation: 6, all FORSEE countries included), intention to take
part in Joint Programming (Health, Agriculture, Climate change, Water management, Urban
Europe, Cultural heritage).
• Policy assessment: mid-term evaluation of the 2007-2013 National RDI Plan (lessons learned, a
realistic report on the accomplishment level of the National RDI Strategy objectives, potential
corrective measures up to 2013, suggestions to increase the effectiveness of the public policies in
science and technology to reach the levels of developed European countries, ideas/suggestions
for the next strategic framework 2014-2020).
The overall map of activities and results in the RDI development is placed in general environment
depicted by the PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental) analysis.
The final component of these report contributions is the SWOT analysis, which is structured on
several priority RDI clusters regarding the governance and policy system, the priority setting, public
policies and actors, the sector features and cross cutting issues.
According to the FORSEE project methodology, the report results, with the emphasis on SWOT, will
be used to produce the regional common methodology and the national Foresight designs.
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5 Abbreviations, References
5.1
Abbreviations
Abbreviation
Full name
AARNIEC
Agency for Administration of the Romanian Informatics Network for
Education and Research
ANCS
National Authority for Scientific Research
BERD
Business Enterprise Research and Development
CCCDI
Advisory College for Research, Development and Innovation
CERT-RO
National Centre for Response to Cyber Security Incidents
CNCS
National Council for Scientific Research
CNDI
National Council for Development and Innovation
CNECSDTI
National Council for Ethics in Scientific Research, Technological
Development and Innovation
CNMSI
National Management Centre for Information Society
CNPST
National Council for Science and Technology Policy
CNRD
National Centre “Digital Romania”
CNS
National Supercomputing Centre
CRIC
Romanian Committee for Research Infrastructures
CIT
Technological Information Centre
COST
European Cooperation in Science and Technology
CTT
Technology Transfer Centre
EC
European Commission
EGI
European Grid Infrastructure
ERA
European Research Area
ESFRI
European Strategy Forum for Research Infrastructures
EU
European Union
EU27
European Union including 27 Member States
FDI
Foreign Direct Investments
FP
European Framework Programme for Research and Technological
Development
GBAORD
Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays on R&D
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
GERD
Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development
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HG
Government Decision
HP-SEE
High-Performance Computing Infrastructure in South East Europe
INCD
National Institute for Research and Development
ITA
Technological and Business Incubator
JTI
Joint Technology Initiative
MECTS
Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sport
MCSI
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology
NGI_RO
National Grid Infrastructure
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OUG
Government Emergency Ordinance
PN II
National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation
PNR
National Reform Programme
PST
Scientific and Technological Park
RDA
Regional Development Agency
ReNITT
National Network of Innovation and Technology Transfer institutions
RIS
Regional Innovation Strategy
RoEduNet
Romanian Informatics Network for Education and Research
RoGrid-NGI
Romanian Grid Initiative
SEAP
Electronic Public Procurement System
SEE
South East Europe
SEN
National Electronic System
SGS
Government General Secretariat
SME
Small and Medium Sized Enterprise
SOP-HRD
Sectoral Operational Programmes “Human Resources Development”
SOP-IEC
Sectoral Operational Programmes “Increase of Economic
Competitiveness”
SPO-ROD
Sectoral Operational Programmes “Regional Operational Programme”
UEFISCDI
Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and
Innovation Funding
WEF
World Economic Forum
WP
Work Package
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5.2
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