Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: _____________________________ Period: ___________ Living Environment Living Environment Unit 5 Genetics Study Guide Test Date and Due Date: ______________ Unit 5 Important Topics: I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. Aim # 21 DNA Structure and Function Aim # 22 DNA Replication Aim # 23 Transcription Aim # 24 Translation Aim # 25 Mutations Aim # 26 Genetic Disorders Aim # 27 Karyotypes and Gel Electrophoresis Aim # 28 Gene Expression Directions: Use Aim # 21-28 (Unit 5) to complete this study guide. I. Topic One: (DNA Structure and Function) Use Aim # 21 Notes 1) Define Genetics: 2) Define Heredity: 3) Identify the molecule that holds your genetic code. _________Where is this molecule found in the cell? __________________________ 4) Place the following words in order from largest to smallest: nucleus, gene, DNA, chromosome, cell _______________________- ____________________________________- _________________________________ _________________________ ___________________________________________________ 5) Describe the appearance of a DNA molecule. (What does it look like?) ___________________________________________________ 6) DNA is a nucleic acid (one of the four types of organic macromolecules). What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? _______________________________________________ 7) A DNA nucleotide is made up of three components. Identify the three components. 8) How many different bases are found on DNA? _______Name all of the bases below. 9) The bases ______________________________ and ________________________________ always bond to each other and ___________________________________ and ________________________________ always bond to each other. 10) Write in the complementary base pairs for the following example. DNA: ATG CGC AGA CTC GTA GAT TTA CTA GTA DNA : __________________________________________________________________________________________ 11) If there are 20 Cytosine on a DNA molecule, how many Guanine are there? _________________ 12) If a DNA molecule consists of 41% Adenine, how much percentage is cytosine? ______________ 13) Which type of bonds hold together the paired bases? _______________________________________________________ 14) Are these bonds weak or strong? ________________________________________________________________ 15) Does every cell in your body have the same set of DNA or different sets of DNA?__________________________________________ 16) What does the sequence of bases determine about an individual? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 17) Why do you look different from the person next to you? (Include how the structure of your DNA causes these differences) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ II. Topic Two: (DNA Replication) Use Aim # 22 Notes 18) What is DNA replication? ____________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 19) Why does DNA replication occur? _____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 20) Where does DNA replication occur? _____________________________________________________________________________ 21) What does DNA replication produce or create? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 22) Describe the three steps of DNA replication (shorten the responses from your notes). Step 1: _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Step 2: _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Step 3: _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 23) Why is it important that the nitrogenous bases (A, T, G and C) are weakly bonded together by hydrogen bonds? __________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ III. Topic Three: (Transcription) Use Aim # 23 Notes 24) What is the “Central Dogma” of Biology? ____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 25) How is RNA different than DNA? Fill out the following Venn-Diagram by answering the following questions. a) Name of each molecule b) How many strands are found in each molecule? c) What is the sugar in the nucleotide of each molecule? d) Where is the molecule found? e) What are the bases in each molecule? f) Similarities between the two molecules 26) Why can’t DNA leave the nucleus to bring the instructions for making proteins to the ribosomes? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 27) According to your answer above, why is RNA made? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 28) What is transcription? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 29) Where does transcription occur? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 30) Once RNA is made, where does it go? Explain why it goes there. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 31) Transcribe the following to DNA molecule to make a new RNA molecule: DNA: A T G CGC AGA CTC RNA: __________________________________ IV. Topic Four: (Translation) Use Aim # 24 Notes 32) What is translation? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 33) Where does translation occur? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 34) Translate the following RNA molecule, using your codon CHART, to determine the amino acid chain RNA : U G G ACG GCG UAU AA: ___________________________________ 35) Amino acids bonded together in a long chain creates a _________________________________________. 36) The order of the amino acids determines the ______________________________________ of the protein and the shape of the protein determines the _________________________________________ of the protein. 37) What do many proteins become? Name at least three. 38) Complete the following DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Use your codon chart! DNA T A C C G C T C C G C C G T C G A C DNA ______________________________________________________________________________ mRNA ______________________________________________________________________________ AA ______________________________________________________________________________ 39) The sequence of amino acids that makes up a protein molecule is determined by the sequence of (1) bases in DNA (2) glucose in DNA (3) ribosomes in the cytoplasm (4) chloroplasts in the vacuoles 40) Explain the process of making proteins. Include the following points. Identify the molecule that holds the original recipe for making proteins? What is transcription and where does it occur? What is translation and where does it occur? What are the building blocks called that make up proteins? Why is the order of the building blocks so important? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Topic Five: (Mutations) Use Aim # 25 Notes Define: 41) Mutation: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 42) When do mutations occur? _________________________________________________________________________________________ There are four different types of mutations. Describe what has happened to the bases for each type. a. Deletion: ___________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Insertion: ____________________________________________________________________________________________ c. Substitution: ___________________________________________________________________________________________ d. Inversion: ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 43) Indicate which type of mutation is shown below: Original (Normal DNA) A T G C G C T A G Mutated DNA # 1 : ATG CCG TAG Type of Mutation= ____________________________________________ Mutated DNA # 2 ATG CGC AG Type of Mutation= ___________________________________________ Mutated DNA # 3 ATG CCG C TA G Type of Mutation= ___________________________________________ 44) What are the names of the substances that increase the mutation rate of DNA? _________________________________________ Give 3 examples: _____________________, _________________________ and ________________________________ 45) In which cells does a mutation have to occur in order for the mutated form of DNA to be passed onto your offspring? 46) State one reason why a mutation would be considered “good” ____________________________________________________________ 47) Explain why a mutation doesn’t ALWAYS change the shape and function of a protein VI. Topic Six: (Genetic Disorders) Use Aim # 26 Notes 48) Describe the effects of sickle cell anemia. ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 49) What is the cause of sickle cell anemia? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 50) Is sickle cell anemia a positive mutation or negative mutation? _________________________________________ 51) Describe the effects of PKU.________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 52) What is the cause of PKU? _________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 53) Is PKU a positive mutation or negative mutation? ________________________________________ 54) Can a protein always do the job it was meant to do if the amino acids are in the wrong order? Support your answer. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ VII. Topic Seven: (Karyotypes and Gel Electrophoresis) Use Aim # 27 Notes 55) Describe Karyotype: _____________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 56) Analyze the karyotype below and answer the following questions. a. Is this individual a male or female? ________________________________ b. Support your answer. ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ c. Does this individual have a disorder? Y or N ________________________________. d. If so, which disorder? __________________________________________________________ e. Support your answer. _________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 57) Describe gel electrophoresis:____________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 58) Which substance is used to cut DNA fragments prior to gel electrophoresis? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 59) After electricity is flows through the gel, which size fragments of DNA travel the farthest and fastest? Small or Large? _______________________________________________________________________ 60) After electricity is flows through the gel, which size fragments of DNA travel the shortest distance and the slowest? Small or Large? _____________________________________________________________ 61) Why do scientists perform (or use) gel electrophoresis? Name three reasons. 62) Analyze the gel electrophoresis samples below. a. Which suspect committed this crime? ____________________ Support you answer. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ b. Which male is the father of the child? Support you answer. _______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ VIII. Topic Eight: (Gene Expression) Use Aim # 28 Notes 63) Describe what scientists are arguing about when they disagree between nature and nurture. 64) If all of your cells have the same DNA, how come your nerve cells, liver cells and muscle cells all perform different jobs 65) Explain why the bunny has black fur after the ice pack was placed on his back for a long period of time. 66)