GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES
IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
OUTLINE
1 - AGRICULTURAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC
GROWTH
 AGRICULTURARL GROWTH
 DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH
 ACTIVITIES
2 – MEDIEVAL CITIES
 STRUCTURE OF MEDIEVAL CITIES
 BOUROUGHS AND BOURGEOIS
 CITY FUNCTIONS
 GUILDS
 FAIRS
 TRADE BETWEEN CITIES
 ACTIVITIES
3 - SOCIETY, GOVERNMENT AND KINGS
 SOCIAL GROUPS
 POLITICAL POWERS AND
GOVERNMENT OF CITIES
 THE KINGS
 ACTIVITIES
ASPECTOS LINGÜÍSTICOS





EL PASADO:
PASADO CONTINUO
SUBORDINADAS
CAUSALES
SENTENCE STRESS
LAS CONSONANTES
PHONETICS
/p/
/b/
/t/
/d/
/k/
/g/
/tʃ/
/dʒ/
/S/
4 - RELIGION, CULTURE, ART
 ACTIVITIES
 RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND HERESIES
 MILITARY ORDERS
 EDUCATION AND INNOVATION
 GOTHIC ART: ARCHITECTURE,
SCULPTURE, PAINTING
 ACTIVITIES
VOCABULARY




















APPRENTICES
TO ACHIEVE
TO APPOINT
TO ATTAIN
BLACK DEATH
BOURGEOIS
COUNCILS
DEADLY
DISTAFF
FAIRS
FIRTSBORN
GOTHIC
TO GRANT
GUILDS
HERESIES
NEIGHBOURHOODS
POPE
SCHISM
SLENDER
STAINED GLASS
WINDOWS
5 - THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES
 THE BLACK DEATH
 THE HUNDRED YEARS´ WAR
 THE WESTERN SCHISM
 CHANGES TOWARDS THE EARLY
MODERN AGE
 ACTIVITIES
6 - VOCABULARY
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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES
IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
1 – AGRICULTURAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH.
During the 12th and 13th centuries the European
population grew. In 1300 there were about 73 million
inhabitants. During these centuries there was great
agricultural expansion. New cultivated lands were
ploughed up. For this reason, forests were felled and
marshy zones were drained. New population centres arose
in those new lands. There were technical innovations in the
agricultural tasks (jobs) too: triennial crop rotation system;
seed selection; plough with two wheels and mouldboard;
horses and oxen as draught animals; watermills or wheels.

Activities:
- Answer these questions:
 In which centuries did European population grow?
 Which were drained zones for new cultivation?
 What were the technical innovations of agricultural tasks?
 Fill in the boxes of this table about triennial crop rotation. Use any three examples of crops.
FIRST YEAR
SECOND YEAR
THIRD YEAR
2 – MEDIEVAL CITIES.
Inside
the
European
medieval cities there were main
squares, where main buildings
(cathedrals and city councils) were
located. These cities had walls with
accesses where people had to pay
taxes if they wanted to pass inside.
Inside the cities there were modest
houses next to palaces, convents,
churches, or workshops. Outside of
the towns there were cemeteries,
hospitals, vegetable gardens and
new neighbourhoods. These walled
cities became known as "bourgs,"
"burghs," and later, boroughs.
Inhabitants were known as
bourgeois.
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UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES
IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
The cities were centres for
handicraft (artisanal) activities and trade. A
lot of cities were of Roman origin, but others
arose near castles, monasteries, crossroads
or places where traders passed. Food
surpluses were sold in these cities. Over
time, these cities organized weekly markets.
All cities had administrative, defensive,
commercial and handmade functions. Some
specialized cities: commercial centres
(Genoa, Venice, Marseille, Barcelona);
handmade centres (Bruges, London); fair
centres (Medina del Campo, Antwerp,
Troyes, Champagne); cultural centres with universities (Paris, Oxford, Salamanca); administrative and
political centres (London); religious centres (Rome).
The handicraft activities were controlled by guilds, which
were associations of craftsmen in a particular trade. Each guild had
rules, and its craftsmen worked in workshops. The guilds were
organized in a structure composed by a master craftsman,
journeymen and apprentices. The trade fairs were celebrated in
cities, where merchants of different origins could sell their products.
The most important trade fairs were those of Champagne. The use
of the coin began again and the figure of moneychangers appeared
all over Europe. This was the origin of banks. During the XIII century
terrestrial trade routes were organized between principal European
cities. The major economic zones were in the north and the centre of
Europe, France and north of Italy. In the rest of Europe trade was
done by sea between main ports. The main commercial products
were cereals, spices, wine, salt, silk, wool, gold, silver, metals,
wood, meat, fish, leathers and skins.

Activities:
- Answer these questions:
 What is the name of the inhabitants of bourgs?
 What were the guilds?
 What were trade fairs?
- Write the name of a specialized city:
Commercial centre:
Handmade centre:
Fair centre:
Cultural centre:
Administrative centre:
Religious centre:
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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES
IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
- Look for information about the names of the different parts of a medieval city, and fill in the boxes for this
picture.
3 – SOCIETY, GOVERNMENT AND KINGS
The hierarchical medieval society underwent
some changes during the 12th century:
- Some nobles abandoned their castles and went to cities.
They turned into the nobility of the courts of the kings.
- Clergy was still very hierarchical, but education and
culture were notably improved among its members.
- A lot of peasants abandoned the fiefs (feuds) and went,
as freemen, to cities. There they turned into the bourgeois
and worked in handicraft and trade.
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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES
IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
The cities were controlled
by feudal lords, but with the
passing of time many attained
great independence. Sometimes
kings granted them charters with
privileges: They didn´t have to
pay taxes, or could tax foreign
merchants, or could contribute
with men for wars, etc. The cities
could create their own laws, and
because of this, they enjoyed
judicial
and
administrative
autonomy. The municipal administration was divided into councils formed by nobles and rich bourgeois, and
civil servants formed by mayors, aldermen and town councillors.
The kings came from noble families. A lot of them fought
in wars with their vassal nobles, in this way they extended their
territories and controlled their vassals. The elective monarchies
were converted into hereditary monarchies, and the power
passed from the king to his firstborn son. With the passing of
time, they increased their powers and authority. They appointed
delegates to represent them, and they converted the royal
councils into courts and parliaments that were assemblies formed
by nobility, clergy and representatives of the cities.

Activities:
- Answer these questions?
 What kind of privilegies did kings give to cities?
 What is the difference between the elective monarchies
and the hereditary monarchies?
 How did the power of the kings increase?
- Look for information about parliaments and others assemblies in the medieval cities and write a short
composition.
- Look at these drawings and write the name of each of these characters in the blank boxes.
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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES
IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
4 – RELIGION, CULTURE, ART
Heresies appeared in the last centuries of the Middle
Ages. The Holy Inquisition was created to persecute them. Saint
Bernard of Clairvaux reformed the Cistercian order to obtain a
spiritual updating of the clergy. In the 11th century Saint Bruno
founded the Carthusian order. In the 12th century mendicant orders
appeared: Dominican order founded by Saint Dominic and
Franciscan order founded by Saint Francis of Assisi. They were
dedicated to evangelization.
During the 12th and 13th centuries seven crusades took
place. In those crusades, the military orders (Knights Hospitaller,
Knights Templar, etc. ) were founded. Some of those, such as
Knights Templar, had a great power.
After the 12th century, many schools and universities
were founded. Their students studied the trivium (grammar,
rhetoric and dialectic or logic) and the quadrivium (arithmetic,
geometry, music, and astronomy). Some universities were
specialized in law, medicine, philosophy and theology. In
astronomy, the geocentric theory remained as a true theory. In
math, arithmetic books were written. In those centuries the
distaff, new dyes, varnish and glue were invented. In navigation,
the compass was used, and a new type of ship appeared: the
caravel. The printing press was invented by Gutenberg around
1440 in Germany.
A new style of art spread around Europe since the12th
century: Gothic art. This style arose in France and was the art
featured in churches and cathedrals.
ARCHITECTURE: the most
representative buildings are churches,
cathedrals, palaces and civil buildings
(town halls, guild halls, marketplaces,
universities,
hospitals…).
Gothic
buildings are taller than Romanesque
buildings. They were made of stone,
with narrow walls and great windows
with stained glass windows. Other
elements were:
o Pointed ribbed vaults.
o Ogival or pointed arches.
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UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES
IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
o Large and slender columns and pillars.
o Shape of latin cross plan.
o Ambulatories.
o Arcades.
o A long nave making the body of the church, a transverse arm called the transept and, behind it, an
extension which may be called the choir, chancel or presbytery.
o Buttresses, flying buttresses, abutments with pinnacles.
o Towers and pinnacles.
o Transept spire above the crossing.
o Rose windows (or Catherine windows).
o Gargoyles.
SCULPTURE: it had religious, educational and decorative purposes. It decoratde fronts, capitals,
columns… The principal topics are images of the Virgin Mary with the child Jesus, Christ Pantocrator, and
figures of apostles and saints. Gothic sculpture is more naturalistic than Romanesque sculpture.
PAINTING: it also had an educational function. It was used to decorate the insides of churches. It´s
more highly developed than Romanesque painting, since the Gothic painting is more realistic and
expressive. Panel painting was developed and miniatures were still used as illustrations for books.

Activities: - Look at these drawings and write, next to their correct number, the names of the religious
orders and the names of the military orders. You can look them for their names by the habits of the
monks or by the coat of arms of the knights.
8
9
6
5
7
1:...................................................................
2:...................................................................
3:…………………………..............................
1
2
3
4
4:…………………………..............................
5:……………………......................................
6:…………………………..............................
7:…………………………..............................
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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES
IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
8:……………………......................................
9:…………………………..............................
- Using the drawing of the Gothic cathedral on page six and the elements of the explanations on pages six
and seven, fill in the boxes of this drawing.
- Look for information about these photos and explain what they are and their functions.
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UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES
IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
5 – THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES
In the 14th century a crisis developed due to to bad crops.
This caused famines and decreases in population. An epidemic
called the <<Black Death>> spread from Asia to all of Europe.
This deadly illness caused the death of 1/3 of the European
population.
In those times there were continual wars, where some
European kingdoms fought amongst themselves. The main war
was <<The Hundred Years´ War>>.
In that century there was a breaking-off within the Catholic Church called the <<Western Schism>>
or <<Papal Schism>>. For decades there were several popes ruling at the same time. Each one claimed
that they were the true pope.
At the end of 14th century there were some changes:
- The population began to recover in Europe.
- Some European monarchies achieved more power and
centralized it in their hands.
- Politics institutions (parliaments and courts) were developed.
- New currents of thinking (Humanism) and scientific research
arose and spread very fast thanks to the printing press.
- New navigational innovations were developed, and thanks to
these innovations, there were new geographical discoveries.
All these things (and others) changed the medieval society and led to the development of a new
historical period: Early Modern Period.

Activities:
- Answer these questions?
 What was the cause of famines and decreases in population in the 14th century?
 What was the Western Schism?
 What changes occured at the end of 14th century?
 What is the name of the new period after the Middle Ages?
- Look for information about the <<Black Death>> and write a short composition.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES
IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
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6 – VOCABULARY
English
Pronunciation
Spanish
A
Abutments sust.
/əˈbətmənts/
Contrafuertes
Accesses sust.
/'æksesis/
Accesos, entradas
to Achieve verb.
Aldermen sust.
Apostles sust.
/ə'tʃi:v/
/ə'pɒsəls/
Lograr, alcanzar, conseguir
Regidores-oras
Apóstoles
to Appoint verb.
/ə'pɔɪnt/
Nombrar, designar
Apprentices sust.
/ə'prentɪsis/
Aprendices
Assemblies sust.
Authority sust.
/ə'sembli:s/
/ɔ:'θɒrəti/
Asambleas
Autoritario
to Attain verb.
B
Black Death adj. y sust.
/ə'teɪn/
Conseguir, lograr, alcanzar
/blæk/ /deθ/
Peste Negra
Bourgeois sust.
Boroughs sust.
/'bʊəʒwɑ:/
/'bʌrəs/
Burgueses-as
Burgos, municipios
Breaking-off sust.
C
Chancel sust.
/'breɪkɪŋ/ /ɒf/
Ruptura
/ˈchan(t)səl/
Presbiterio
Choir sust.
/'kwaɪə(r)/
Coro
Coat of arms sust., prep. y sust.
Compass sust.
/kəʊt/ /ɒv/ /ɑ:rms/
Escudo de armas
Brújula
to Contribute verb.
Councillors sust.
/kən'trɪbju:t/
/'kaʊnsələrs/
Contribuir, aportar
Consejal-a
Councils sust.
/'kaʊnsəl/
Ayuntamientos, consejos
to Cultivate sust.
Currents of thinking sust., prep. y sust.
D
Deadly adj.
Decreases sust.
/'kʌltəveɪt/
Cultivar
Corrientes de pensamiento
Distaff sust.
to Drain sust.
/'dɪstɑ:f/
/dreɪn/
Rueca
Drenar, avenar
Draught animals sut. y sust.
/drɑ:ft/ /'ænɪməls/
Animales de tiro
Dyes sust.
E
Elective adj.
/daɪs/
Tintes, tinturas, colorantes
/ɪ'lektɪv/
Electiva-o
to Enjoy verb.
to Evangelize verb.
/ɪn'dʒɔɪ/
/iˈvanjəˌlīz/
Disfrutar
Evangelizar
Explanation sust.
/'eksplə'neɪʃən/
Explicación, aclaración
Fairs sust.
/feə(r)s/
Ferias
Firstborn sust.
Flying buttresses adj. y sust.
/fɜ:rst'bɔ:rn/
/'flaɪɪŋ/ /ˈbə-trəsis/
Primogénito-a
Arbotantes
Foreign adj.
/'fɒrɪɳ/
Extranjero-a
/'ɔ:ldərmen/
/'kʌmpəs/
/'kʌrənt/ /ɒv/ /'θɪŋkɪŋ/
/'dedli/
/'di:kri:s/
Mortal, mortifero-a
Descensos, disminuciones
F
G
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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES
IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
Glue sust.
/glu:/
Pegamento
Gothic adj.
/'gɒθɪk/
Gótico
to Grant verb.
/grɑ:nt/
Conceder, otorgar
Guilds sust.
H
Habits sust.
/gɪlds/
Gremios, cofradías
/'hæbɪts/
Hábitos (vestimenta religiosa)
Hereditary adj.
Heresies sust.
/hə'redəteri/
/'herəsi:s/
Hereditaria
Heregías
Hierarchical adj.
J
Journeymen sust.
L
Leather sust.
Lord sust.
M
Major adj.
Marshy zones adj. y sust.
/'hīə'ra:rkikəl/
Jerárquica
/'dʒɜ:rnimæn/
Oficial
/'leðər/
Cuero
Señor
Mayor sust.
Meat sust.
/'meɪər/
/mi:t/
Alcalde-sa
Carne
Mendicant orders adj. y sust.
/ˈmɛndɪk(ə)nt/ /'ɔ:rdər/
Órdenes mendicantes
Military orders adj. y sust.
Moneychangers sust.
/'mɪləteri/ /'ɔ:rdər/
/'mʌnitʃeɪndʒərs/
Órdenes militares
Cambistas, prestamistas
Mouldboard plough sust.y sust.
N
Neighbourhoods sust.
/məʊldbɔ:rd/ /plaʊ/
Arado de vertedera
/'neɪbərhʊds/
Barrios, vecindarios
Next to adv. y prep.
O
Owing to adv.
/nekst/ /tu:/
Al lado de, junto a
/'əʊɪŋ/ /tu:/
Debido a, a causa de
Oxen sut.
P
Panel paintings sust. y sust
/'ɒksən/
Bueyes
/'pænḷ/ /'peɪntɪŋs/
Tablas pintadas
Parliaments sut.
to Pass verb.
/'pɑ:rləmənts/
/pɑ:s/
Parlamentos
Pasar por, pasar para
to Persecute verb.
/'pɜ:rsɪkju:t/
Perseguir
Pinnacles sust.
to Plow up verb. (phrasal verb)
/'pɪnəkəls/
Pináculos
Arar, abrir surcos en la tierra
Pointed ribbed vaults adj., adj. y sust.
Pope sust.
/'pɔɪntɪd/ /rɪbd/ /vɔ:lt/
/pəʊp/
Bóveda de crucería
Papa
Printing press sust. y sust.
/'prɪntɪŋ/ /pres/
Imprenta
Privileges sust.
R
to Recover verb.
/'prɪvəlɪdʒs/
Privilegios
/'ri:'kʌvər /
Recuperar, recobrar
Remain verb.
Research sust.
/rɪ'meɪn/
/'ri:sɜ:rtʃ /
Seguir, continuar
Investigación
Rose windows sust. y sust.
S
Schism sust.
/rəʊz/ /'wɪndəʊ/
Rosetón
/'skɪzəm/
Cisma
Seed sust.
Silk sust.
/si:d/
/sɪlk/
Semilla
Seda
Skins sust.
/skɪns/
Pieles
Slender adj.
/'slendər/
Esbelto-a, delgado-a, fino-a,
/lɔ:rd /
/'meɪdʒər/
/ˈma:rshi/
/plaʊ/ /ʌp/
I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE
De mayor importancia
Zonas fangosas, pantanosas
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UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES
IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
to Sell verb.
/sel/
Vender
Spices sust.
/spaɪsis/
Especias
Stained glass windows adj., sust. y sust.
/steɪnd/ /glɑ:s/ /'wɪndəʊ/
Vidrieras
Surplus sust.
T
Take place verb. y sust. (expresión)
/'sɜ:rpləs/
Excedentes
/teɪk/ /pleɪs/
Tiene lugar
Tasks sust.
Terrestrial trade adj. y sust.
/tɑ:sks/
/tə'restriəl/ /treɪd/
Tareas, labores
Comercio terrestre, por tierra
Turn into verb.y prep. (phrasal verb)
U
Universities sust.
/tɜ:rn/ /'ɪntu/
Transformase en, convertirse en
/'ju:nə'vɜ:rsətis/
Universidades
Updating sust., expresión
V
Varnish sust.
W
Watermills sust.
/ʌp'deɪtɪɳ/
Actualización, puesta al día
/'vɑ:rnɪʃ/
Barniz
/'wɔ:tərmɪls/
Molino de agua
Wheels sust.
With the passing of time prep., art., sust.,
prep. y sust. (exprsión de tiempo)
/wi:ls/
rueda
/wɪθ/ /ði/ /'pɑ:sɪŋ/ /ɒv/ /taɪm/
Con el paso del tiempo
Caballero medieval con armadura: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/knight-8.gif
Ciudad medieval 1: http://fc06.deviantart.net/fs48/f/2009/183/3/4/Middle_age_city_2_by_Tripio.jpg
Ciudad medieval 2: http://esunmomento.es/images/Ciudad%20medieval.jpg
Avila:
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_b_aYBobkrtI/SwvL2f9cS5I/AAAAAAAAAAs/ImvJduR0MLg/s1600/avila+foto.jpg
Ciudad medieval 3: http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/45000/45056/45056_med_village_lg.gif
Rotación bienal y trienal: http://historiacuartoeso.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/rotacion-cultivos.png
Burgués de la Edad Media:
http://educando.edu.do/UserFiles/P0001/Image/CR_Articulos_Educando/art_estudiante/edad_media_burgu
es.jpg
Burgueses de la Edad Media:
http://www.learnquebec.ca/export/sites/learn/en/content/curriculum/social_sciences/features/situation_middl
eages/situation_middleages_images/bourgeoisie_p.jpg
Medieval trade routes: http://www.ucalgary.ca/HIST/tutor/imagemid/hanseatic.gif
Mercado medieval: http://nationalityinworldhistory.net/images/MedievalChurchc1100s.jpg
Mercado medieval: http://www.mashpee.k12.ma.us/JAllen/ubanlife.gif
Estudiantes edad media: http://www.uprm.edu/ideal/images/EstudiarenlaEdadMedia_7C13/image.png
Músicas: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_BQE8864mcS0/S8R5BtXXlJI/AAAAAAAAFac/mJ6u1fsrC-0/s1600/edadmedia-musica.jpg
Ricas horas del duque de Limburg: http://cv.uoc.edu/~04_999_01_u07/percepcions/octubre.jpg
Eduardo III de Inglaterra: http://www.ebrisa.com/portalc/media/media-S/images/00021515.jpg
Peste negra: http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/7-1-peste-negra.jpg
Catedral gótica: http://faculty.cua.edu/Pennington/Religion402/Architecture/ChartresCutaway.jpg
Vidrieras: http://www.sacred-destinations.com/scotland/images/edinburgh/st-giles/stained-glass-ccsatosphere.jpg
Rosetón: http://www.lib-art.com/imgpainting/7/2/11127-south-rose-window-french-gothic-glass-painter.jpg
Órdenes militares: http://www.miniaturasjm.com/userdata/image/ordenes_militares_01.jpg
Gárgola 1: http://www.theofantastique.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/paris_gargoyle.jpg
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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES
IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
Gárgola 2: http://blog.coquipr.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Church_of_St_Mary_Moseley_Gargoyle.jpg
Burgués:
http://educando.edu.do/UserFiles/P0001/Image/CR_Articulos_Educando/art_estudiante/edad_media_burgu
es.jpg
Personajes de la Edad Media: http://cpmeejea.educa.aragon.es/personajes.htm
Campesino:
http://educando.edu.do/UserFiles/P0001/Image/CR_Articulos_Educando/art_estudiante/edad_media_camp
esino.jpg
Caballero medieval: http://www.gijoecanada.com/images/ignite_knight%20hospitaller%202.jpg
Imprenta: http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/4200/4255/printing-press_1_lg.gif
I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE
A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
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