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Chapter 4 Test Study Guide
TEST ON 2/26!
Asexual Reproduction
1. What is asexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction is when a new organism is produced from a single, parent organism. The new
organism is identical in DNA to the parent organism.
2. Draw the cell cycle. Label interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Draw a box around the phase the takes
the most time in the cell cycle.
Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle. Remember the cell cycle is continuous in cells.
Once a new cell is created, it begins interphase again.
Cell Cycle
Cytokinesis
Mitosis
Interphase
3. What is mitosis? How does it differ from the cell cycle?
The cell cycle is referring to the division of a cell as a whole. Mitosis is a specific step in the cell
cycle. Mitosis refers to the dividing of the cell’s nucleus into two new identical nuclei.
4. What happens to the cell in interphase? Draw
and label a picture.
During interphase chromosomes duplicate.
Interphase is a period of growth and repair for
the cell.
5. What happens to the cell in prophase? Draw
and label a picture.
During prophase the nucleus begins to
disintegrate (disappear) and centrioles move to
opposite ends.
6. What happens to the cell in metaphase? Draw and label a picture.
During metaphase the chromosomes line-up in the middle of the cell. Spindle fibers attach to the
centromere of the duplicated chromosome.
7. What happens to the cell in anaphase? Draw and label a picture.
During anaphase spindle fibers begin to shorten which causes the centromere of the duplicated
chromosome to break in half. The chromosomes are now being pulled to opposite sides of the cell.
8. What happens to the cell in telophase? Draw and label a
picture.
During telophase the nucleus begins to reform and the
cytoplasm pinches in.
9. What happens to the cell in cytokinesis? Draw and label
a picture.
Cytokinesis is the last step in the cell cycle. Cytokinesis
is when the cytoplasm pinches apart, creating two new
cells.
10. What type of cell(s) goes through mitosis?
Body cells of multi-cellular organisms undergo mitosis.
11. What is the purpose of spindle fibers have in the cell
cycle?
During anaphase of mitosis, the shortening of the
spindle fibers causes the centromere to break and the
chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell. If the
spindle fibers did not shorten, the two new cells would
not end up with identical DNA.
12. How many chromosomes does a human body cell have?
Humans have 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs.
13. List six examples of organisms that go through asexual reproduction.
POTATO, spider plant, strawberry, starfish….
14. An elephant has 56 chromosomes; indicate in each stage of the cell cycle how many chromosomes an
elephant’s cell will have.
a. Interphase- 112; during interphase chromosomes are duplicated (2 x 56 = 112)
b. Prophase-112; the chromosomes are still duplicated (2 x 56 = 112)
c. Metaphase-112; the duplicated chromosomes line-up in the center (2 x 56 = 112)
d. Anaphase- 112; chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell
e. Telophase- 112; there is still one cell at this point, so all chromosomes are still in one cell
f. Cytokinesis- 56; the cells completely divides, now each new cells has 56 chromosomes
Sexual Reproduction
1. What is sexual reproduction?
Sexual reproductions is the coming together of two sex cells (sperm and egg).
2. Give two examples of sex cells? Indicate which sex cell is from males and which sex cell is from
females.
The female sex cell is an egg and the male sex cell is sperm.
3. What is fertilization?
Fertilization is the joining of sperm and egg.
4. What forms as a result of fertilization?
A zygote forms as a result of fertilization.
5. What is meiosis?
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces sex cells. Meiosis begins with one diploid cell that
divides into four haploid cells.
6. Where does meiosis take place?
Meiosis takes place in the reproductive organs.
7. What type of cell is produced from meiosis?
Meiosis produces sex cells. Meiosis produces the sperm and egg.
8. How many cells does meiosis start and finish with?
Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell that divides into four haploid cells.
9. List six examples of organisms that go through sexual reproduction.
Humans, tigers, birds, etc
10. Compared to the original cell, how many chromosomes does a sex cell have? half
In the beginning of meiosis the cell has pairs of chromosomes. After meiosis, the remaining cells are
left with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.
11. A body cell from an elephant has 56 chromosomes, how many would a normal sex cell have in a female
elephant?
Sex cells have half the number of chromosomes as the original cells. If an elephant has 56
chromosomes the sex cells would have half of that. A elephant sex cell has 28 chromosomes.
12. How many chromosomes does a human sex cell have?
Human sex cells have 23 chromosomes. Human body cells have 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs of
chromosomes.
DNA
1. What is DNA?
DNA contains hereditable material.
2. What shape or object does DNA resemble?
DNA resembles the shape of a ladder in the cartoon drawings.
3. What are the four bases of DNA?
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
4. What are the rules for pairing the four bases?
Adenine only pairs with thymine (A=T) and cytosine only pairs with guanine (C=G).
5. What is the difference between chromatin, chromatid, and chromosomes? What do they have in
common?
Chromatin- long and thin, uncondensed
Chromatid- condensed DNA
Chromosomes- short rods of condensed DNA
6. Draw a single chromosome. Draw a duplicated chromosome.
7. Explain the role of each term in cloning- somatic cell donor, egg cell donor, surrogate mother. Be sure
to indicate which of these the “clone” or new offspring will be genetically identical to.
- The somatic cell donor gives the DNA.
- The egg cell donor gives the empty egg cell (nucleus must be removed).
- The DNA from the somatic cell donor is put into the empty egg cell.
- The egg cell with the somatic DNA is implanted into the surrogate mother.
- The surrogate mother then gives birth the clone identical to the somatic cell donor.
8. What are two common misconceptions about cloning?
= Instant clone- Clones are first born as babies. If you made a clone of yourself, it must be a baby first.
= The clone will be different than the DNA donor since it grows up in a different environment.
9. What is a karyotype?
A karyotype is a picture of an organism’s chromosomes.
10. Why might it be beneficial for parents expecting a child to go a genetic counselor?
Parents would be about to become informed of any potential genetic disorders their baby may have.
11. Compare and contrast normal and cancer cells.
Cancer cells divide uncontrollably due to a genetic mutation.