North Coast Salmon Update #8 – Tuesday, August 11, 2015
Please note that in-season updates always deal in preliminary numbers. Usually these change somewhat upon receipt
and analysis of all the data.
Area F Troll Update
Table 1 – Summary of Area F Troll catch and releases to date by week.
End
Date
20-Jun
27-Jun
4-Jul
11-Jul
18-Jul
25-Jul
1-Aug
8-Aug
15-Aug
Total
Validated Catch:
WEEK
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Effort
327
416
152
301
621
453
454
322
107
Chinook
Kept
Rel.
36,439
1,976
46,455
2,879
8,526
1,566
4,603
5,633
5,234
9,972
2,609
5,625
474
9,374
0
5,419
0
1,558
104,341
44,002
104,020
Coho
Kept
0
0
6,886
33,042
59,236
39,431
49,934
35,069
9,646
233,245
Rel.
2,844
4,943
1,107
369
96
12
6
14
0
9,390
Pink
Kept
Rel.
249
649
517
1,713
4,991
611
5,791
1,869
9,878
3,268
7,302
2,115
8,040
3,086
3,974
1,937
1,886
268
42,628
15,515
Sockeye
Kept
Rel.
0
31
0
39
3
9
602
31
657
78
843
51
368
16
274
30
104
81
2,849
365
CHINOOK
The 2015 Area F Troll Chinook TAC is 117,400 pieces, and is managed to the maximum 3.2%
exploitation objective on WCVI Chinook using an Effort / Harvest Relationship Management
Tool. The total number of Chinook validated to date is 104,020, which is 89% of the 2015 Area
F Troll TAC. The estimated harvest rate of WCVI Chinook is 1.15% as estimated by fishing
effort using the Effort Harvest Management Tool. The Area F Troll Chinook ITQ fishery closed
on Friday July 31st (FN0726) to protect WCVI Chinook. The fishery is expected to reopen in
late August.
Chinook stock composition in the Area F Troll catch from DNA samples are as follows:
Sample #1
From 800 fish (27 vessel landings) caught between June 18th and 23rd
40.4% Upper Columbia Summer/fall, 20.8% South Thompson, 12.6% North & Central
Oregon, 9.3% Coastal Washington, 1.5% WCVI, 2.2% Skeena and 0.4% Nass.
Sample #2
From 402 fish (24 vessel landings) caught between June 24th and July 1st.
40.1% Upper Columbia Summer/fall, 20.8% South Thompson, 12.0% North & Central
Oregon, 13.0% Coastal Washington, 0.2% WCVI, 1.0% Skeena and 0.2% Nass.
Sample #3
From 189 fish (12 vessel landings) caught between June 26th and July 13th.
47.1% Upper Columbia Summer/fall, 17.6% South Thompson, 11.4% North & Central
Oregon, 11.9% Coastal Washington, 0.5% WCVI, 2.9% Skeena and 0.0% Nass.
Sample #4
From 185 fish (9 vessel landings) caught between July 10th and 19th.
48.3% Upper Columbia Summer/fall, 14.6% South Thompson, 9.0% North & Central
Oregon, 14.9% Coastal Washington, 0.0% WCVI, 1.8% Skeena and 1.9% Nass.
North Coast Salmon Update
Page 1 of 16
Total estimated catch of WCVI Chinook (based on DNA analysis of catch) is 1,100 pieces.
COHO
The main targeted Coho Fishery opened July 10th (FN0592) with an allowance of sockeye bycatch (FN0593). Average daily effort over the last week was 62 vessels with a mean Coho
CPUE of 108 Coho/Vessel/Day. Total catch to date is estimated to be 233,000 Coho, 42,600
Pinks and 2,800 Sockeye. Area F Troll closed to the retention of sockeye on August 7th
(FN0780) to avoid interception of Fraser Sockeye. A comparison of Coho CPUE over the past
decade and fleet distribution are depicted in the following graphs.
Figure 1
Mean Weekly Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) in Area F Troll.
CPUE = (# Coho Caught + # Coho Released) / Vessel / Day.
North Coast Salmon Update
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Figure 2 – Distribution of fishing effort of the Area F Troll Fleet by week.
North Coast Salmon Update
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Area 1-2 Recreational
Recreational catch estimates for the month of July are not expected until next week.
Table 2: Estimated Area 1-2 Recreational Catch to the end of June
2015
Month
May
June
May June
% of total
catch by
source
Note:
Season
Catch By Species
Area Coho Chinook Pink Sockeye
Chum
Rockfish
1
40
500
5
1
5
150
2E
0
400
0
0
0
0
2W
20
100
0
0
5
250
May Total
60
1000
5
1
10
400
1 1800
8200
50
20
80
1900
2E
0
150
0
0
0
100
2W
700
3200
60
0
10
3400
June Total 2500
11550
110
20
90
5400
1 1840
8700
55
21
85
2050
2E
0
550
0
0
0
100
2W
720
3300
60
0
15
3650
Season
Total: 2560
12550
115
21
100
5800
Log Book 88%
86%
98%
86%
98%
95%
Creel
7%
8%
0%
0%
0%
2%
Estimate
4%
5%
2%
14%
2%
3%
Catch estimates are preliminary and subject to change.
Data sources include Logbook program from fishing lodges,
Haida Creel and anecdotal information
Halibut
150
200
100
450
3400
300
1500
5200
3550
500
1600
Lingcod
75
0
125
200
1300
50
1600
2950
1375
50
1725
5650
82%
7%
11%
3150
92%
3%
5%
Figure 3: Catch and releases of Coho and Chinook in Area 1. Figure from Haida Fisheries
Program June Creel Report.
North Coast Salmon Update
Page 4 of 16
Southeast Alaska Troll
Regional coho CPUEs remain slightly above the 20-year average, though effort is below
average.
Southeast Alaska Southern Inside Troll Coho Catch per Boat-Day
Tree Point Gill Net Fishery
The Tree Point gill net fishery in Alaska was extended to 4 days of fishing this week, opening
Sunday, August 9th, at noon, and closing at noon on Thursday, August 12th. No catch estimates
were available for this opening at the time of posting. Catch estimates for the previous week
(Week 32) for the Tree Point gill net fishery are listed below.
Week 32 gill net (August 2 - 8) harvests for 42 vessels over 4 days fishing:
Chinook
Sockeye
Coho
Pink
Chum
20
2,500
1,400
51,000
35,000
Noyes Island Seine Fishery
The District 4 seine fishery opened for 39 hours this week, from 05:00 Tuesday, August 11th to
20:00 on August 12th. No catch estimates for this opening were available at time of posting.
Catch estimates Week 32B (August 7th/8th) are listed below.
Week 32B SN harvests for 42 vessels:
Chinook
Sockeye
5,100
72,000
North Coast Salmon Update
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Coho
Pink
Chum
7,800
650,000
29,000
Area 3 (Nass River)
The Nass River fishwheels have been operating since June 4th. The current in-season total return
to Canada (TRTC) forecast (50% confidence interval), based on mark-recapture data and mean
run timing, increased from 567,000 last week to 607,000 (561,000 – 775,000) for data to August
9th. This estimate assumes that 88% of the returning sockeye have migrated past the lower fish
wheels at Gitwinksihlkw. The in-season run-size estimate past the Gitwinksihlkw fishwheels
(GW), for data to August 9th, is 331,057 sockeye, much higher than the 1994-2014 average of
238,000. The run-size target past the GW fishwheels is 250,000 sockeye.
In addition, the point estimate for Nass chinook TRTC dropped slightly from 38,000 last week to
37,000 (36,000 – 40,000), based on mark-recapture data and mean run timing, and assuming that
97% of the returning stock has migrated past the GW fishwheels. The in-season run-size
estimate past the GW fishwheels for upper Nass chinook , for data to August 9th, is 26,500 fish,
much higher than the 1994-2014 average of 20,000. The run-size target past the GW fishwheels
is 15,000 chinook.
For coho, assuming that 26% of the run has migrated past the GW fishwheels, the TRTC
estimate is 181,000 (100,000 – 479,000). Meanwhile, the odd-year pink TRTC estimate is
632,000 (187,000 – 723,000), assuming 36% of the run has migrated past the GW fishwheels.
At 1.6 meters, the Nass River water level at the GW fishwheels is 0.3 meters lower than the 1994
– 2014 average, while water temperature at the same location remains 10.0oCelsius, which is
equal to the 1994 – 2014 average.
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/northcoast-cotenord/nass-eng.htm
Nisga’a Fisheries
Below is the estimated catch by Nisga’a harvest fisheries. To date, there have been 11 Nisga’a
marine Individual Sales fisheries and 8 in-river Individual Sales fishery. At this time, Nisga’a
Fisheries has announced that there will be no further in-river IS opportunities for sockeye and
that further opportunities will be directed at coho.
*From Nisga’a Fisheries
North Coast Salmon Update
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Commercial Net Fisheries:
Twenty-five gillnet openings have occurred in Area 3. Further opportunities for later this week
will be based on stock assessment information and will again be restricted in area to minimize
interception of Skeena sockeye and Area 3 chum encounters, and operated under a nonpossession / non-retention regulation for chum and steelhead.
Area 3 Gillnet Catch Estimates
There have also been 13 seine opening to date, the last opportunities being Thursday July 30th
and Friday’ July 31st to target Area 3 pinks and with retention of sockeye and coho. The fishery
has been closed since due to poor pink abundance. Further opportunities will be based on pink
abundance and will again be restricted in area to minimize interception of Skeena sockeye and
Area 3 chum encounters, and operated under a non-possession / non-retention regulation for
chum, chinook and steelhead.
Area 3 Seine Catch Estimates to July 31st:
A catch monitoring program is in place for Area 3 net fisheries. Packer vessels and gillnet
vessels landing to shore-based sites each have a 20% chance of being validated by an
independent service provider. At-sea observers are now being deployed to the fleet to gather
non-target species release information.
North Coast Salmon Update
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Gillnet species composition from gill net validated landings
Date Fished
09-Jun
June 15/16
June 22/23
June 25/26
June 29/30
July 9/10
July 14/15
July 17/18
July 26/27
July 31/August 1
August 3/4
Sockeye Sockeye
pieces
%
459
2317
1702
2217
4209
8179
6806
7016
8,356
7,081
3,738
Pink
pieces
100
98.8
78.8
89.7
86.9
44
39.8
27.1
27.9%
37.2%
61.9%
Pink %
0
0
0
0
68
3.2
91
3.7
507 10.5
7953 42.8
8013 46.9
12618 48.7
20,745 69.4%
11,262 59.1%
2,003 33.2%
Chum
pieces
0
0
0
0
0
2206
2041
5863
2
0
0
Chum
%
Coho
pieces
0
0
0
0
0
11.9
11.9
22.6
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0
4
292
114
24
220
203
403
770
690
293
Coho Chinook Chinook Steelhead
%
pieces
%
pieces
0
1.2
13.5
4.6
0.5
1.2
1.2
1.6
2.6%
3.6%
4.9%
0
0
97
49
106
21
27
22
39
27
6
0
0
4.5
2
2.2
0.1
0.16
0.09
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Steelhead
%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Data provided by Ecotrust Canada
Nass Inland Demonstration Fishery
Both the Nisga’a and the Gitanyow are participating in inland demonstration fisheries to fish
selectively for sockeye in the Nass watershed this year. The Nisga’a paused their harvesting
from July 29-August 4 reduce impacts to Kwinageese sockeye but have since harvested the
complete allocation of 5,154 sockeye. The Gitanyow continue their harvest at the Meziadin site
and currently have 596 pieces remaining on their current allocation of 8,021 sockeye. Further
sockeye allocations will be issued to both groups early next week, based on Area 3 marine
commercial gillnet fishery catches.
Sockeye allocations and Catches to date:
First Nation
# GN Licences Allocation
Nisga’a
45
5,154
Gitanyow
55
8,617
Catch
5,154
8,021
Meziadin Fishway
The Meziadin Fishway has been operational since July 1st. Current environmental conditions
include water temperature of 17.5oCelsius, which is the same as the mean, and water levels
which are near normal. As of August 9th, 84,184 adult sockeye (1994 – 2014 average to date is
91,000), 843 jack sockeye and 41adult chinook have passed through the fishway. All of these
counts are below the 1994 – 2014 average, to date. Historic and 2015 counts are available here:
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/northcoast-cotenord/meziadin-eng.htm
Kwinageese Weir
The Kwinageese weir is being managed by the Nisga’a Fish and Wildlife department, and has
been operational since July 3rd. As of August 9th, a total of 752 chinook and 333 sockeye had
passed through the weir. Though sockeye counts are near half the 1994 – 2014 average to date,
chinook numbers are more than double the average. No coho have been observed this year.
Water levels and temperature are higher than normal for this time of year.
North Coast Salmon Update
Page 8 of 16
According to the Nisga’a Fish and Wildlife Department, “The lower Kwinageese River barrier
site was visited on March 3, 2015. Water levels were higher than normal due to early snow melt.
The crew observed that several of the concrete blocks that were previously placed in the thalwag
of the channel have since washed out. The concrete weir was still functioning by pooling water
at the base of the bedrock barrier. Crew visited the barrier site on July 23 under normal water
level and observed that the concrete weir structure was in the same condition as when visited in
2014. Numerous chinook were observed holding in the pool below barrier and a few were
observed jumping the barrier.”
Area 4 (Skeena River)
The pre-season Skeena sockeye run size was for an above average return of 3.5 million (50%
probability) with a 90% probability of 1.7 million and a 10% probability of 7.3 million, based on
the sibling model. Based on the estimated escapement past the Tyee Test Fishery to August 3rd,
and assuming average run timing, the current in-season point estimate (50% probability) for
Total Return to Canada increased to 1.04 million, with a 90% probability of at least 770,000 and
a 10% probability of 1.32 million. As a result, no scheduled commercial Area 4 sockeye
fisheries are anticipated at this time.
The estimated Skeena sockeye escapement past the Tyee Test fishery, to August 10th, is 887,505
fish. Assuming average run timing, approximately 90% of the sockeye return should have
passed the Tyee Test Fishery by August 10th. All species except sockeye and chinook are
returning at, or above, historic decadal averages.
Below is a graph of estimated Tyee sockeye escapement, by date, along with the Babine fence
daily counts, delayed by 3 weeks (migration timing from Tyee to Babine), to provide information
on relative run timing and daily abundance.
60,000
50,000
# of Fish / day
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
North Coast Salmon Update
Page 9 of 16
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
0
The steelhead index at Tyee is currently tracking above average, to date, when compared to data
going back to the inception of the test fishery in 1956. Below is a graph of the cumulative
steelhead index at Tyee, along with average and min/max values over that time frame.
Supplied by Mark Beere, Min. of FLNRO.
Tyee test fishery data are available here:
http://www-ops2.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/xnet/content/salmon/testfish/sockeye/tyee_gillnet.htm
Tyee test fishery cumulative index to August 3rd:
2015
2000's Avg.
1990's Avg.
1980’s Avg.
Sockeye
935.54
1654.10
1056.19
1432.94
Coho
25.80
25.13
16.29
31.29
Pink
511.45
607.28
411.09
588.38
Chum
23.50
14.23
20.93
23.02
Lg Chinook
136.61
269.58
203.81
169.28
Steelhead
76.84
71.44
59.35
71.01
Historical and 2015 counts are available here:
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/northcoast-cotenord/index-eng.html
Net Fisheries:
One 18 hour gillnet opening occurred on June 12 and a second opening of 30 hours on June
27/28. Both openings were directed on Skeena chinooks and catches were below average for
both openings. Given the poor escapement of Skeena sockeye, to date, no commercial net
opportunities on Skeena sockeye are anticipated in Area 4 at this time.
North Coast Salmon Update
Page 10 of 16
Area 4 Gillnet Catch Estimates
Skeena Inland Demonstration Fishery
The Lake Babine Nation and Gitxsan Watershed Authority have both expressed interest in
participating in an inland demonstration fishery in the Skeena River watershed. Given the lack
of commercial sockeye opportunities on Skeena sockeye to date, no inland demonstration
fisheries on Skeena sockeye are anticipated at this time.
Recreational Fisheries:
The Area 3 and 4 marine creel survey began on June 1st. The preliminary data for estimated kept
catch in June is listed below, along with historic June catch data (2009 – 2014) for comparison.
Data for the July portion of the creel program will be available by August 15th.
Estimated Kept Catch by Year
Species
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
Chinook
7,262
6,142
5,241
2,504
7,076
Coho
4,902
2,126
5,883
427
922
Chum
8
Pink
16
Sockeye
6
Halibut
3,823
3,346
3,781
2,363
5,105
* Note that 2015 data is still preliminary
2010
3,903
4,486
2009
4,840
3,813
3,494
3,083
The lower Skeena River creel survey began on June 1st. July results should be available next
week. Regular daily retention limits apply for salmon in the Skeena watershed, except for
sockeye salmon, which has been varied to 1/day.
Kitwanga Fence
An update was not provided in time for this week’s update. As such, preliminary data remains
the same as last week’s information.
The fence has been operational since July 10, which is the normal start date. The first chinook
was counted on July 10th, with the total count of 160 as of the evening of July 29th. Assuming
average run timing, ~14.7% of run has passed the fence by July 29th.
North Coast Salmon Update
Page 11 of 16
The first sockeye was counted on July 14th, with a total count of 26 to the evening of July 29th.
Assuming average run timing, ~2.8% of run should have passed through the fence by July 29th.
A single pink salmon and no chum or coho have migrated have passed through the weir, to date.
Typically, the first pink and chum salmon arrive during the first week of August and the first
coho arrive around the middle of August.
Water levels are currently ~0.87m, slightly higher than normal. Since the last update daily water
temperatures have been fluctuating between 12-15°C.
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/northcoast-cotenord/index-eng.html
Babine River Counting Facility
The first fish was counted through the Babine River fence on July 14th. Current daily water
temperature at the facility ranges from 15.6– 16.5 Celsius, with water level increasing slightly to
87 cm on August 10th. Total counts to date include 292,088 large sockeye, 5,339 jack sockeye,
43 chinook, 45 jack chinook, 7,490 pinks and 26 coho. On average, 34% of large sockeye
should have passed through the weir by August 10th. In addition, to date, 18% of the jack
sockeye return should have migrated past the fence.
The first recreational sockeye creel survey has been completed for Babine Lake, with data
collected on August 1st and then on the August 8 & 9 weekend. Effort is down from historic
values due to reduced retention limits and poor weather. The estimated catch (889) and daily
angler CPUE (0.13 sockeye/angler day) are well below normal.
Water temperature at Fulton on August 9th increased to 17.2oCelsius, with cooler temperatures
and lots of rain on Monday. The first spawning has been observed in river and a few spawned
out carcasses are evident. Enumeration of sockeye will begin next week. No update was
provided for Pinkut Creek.
Historical and 2015 counts are available here (updated today or tomorrow):
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/northcoast-cotenord/index-eng.html
Slamgeesh Weir
The Slamgeesh Salmon Project has been ongoing since the year 2000 in the Slamgeesh
Watershed, Gitxsan traditional territory of Gwininitxw in the Upper Skeena watershed.
The adult fence program was operational on July 27th and the first sockeye was caught on July
30th. To the night of August 9th, there has been 12 sockeye through the fence. Based on average
run timing since 2001, typically 19% of the sockeye are through the weir. Currently water levels
are higher than normal for this time of year but dropping and water temperature at the fence is ~
17ºC.
North Coast Salmon Update
Page 12 of 16
The 2015 sockeye return is derived from brood years 2010 and 2011, which had 740 and 689
sockeye spawners respectively.
For more information please contact:
Alicia Fernando– Gitxsan Watershed Authorities
afernando@gitksanwatershed.com
Sustut Weir
The Upper Sustut River weir has been in operation since August 1st . This is the 22nd year of
operations. Two steelhead had passed through the weir as of noon on August 6th. No sockeye
had been observed to that date.
Area 6
Net Fisheries:
Due to adequate chum abundance in the Kitimat River area, 4 directed chum gillnet opportunities
have been provided in sub-area 6-1, August 3rd/4th and August 9th/10th. Catch information for all
openings indicate good chum abundance. To date, the combined Area 6 gill net catch is
estimated to be 52,166 chum, 1,059 pinks and 11 chinook. Releases included 244 sockeye 308
coho and 10 chinook.
Area 6 opened to seines for chum retention in sub-area 6-1 on August 9th/10th along with gill
nets. Catches include 20,590 chum and 2,441 pinks. Releases included 61 sockeye 220 coho
and 19 chinook for the 2 day opening. Patrolman surveys indicate pink abundance is well below
the brood year abundance, to date.
A catch monitoring program will be in place for the Area 6 seine fishery, should pink abundance
increase enough to provide fishing opportunities.
North Coast Salmon Update
Page 13 of 16
Area 7
Net Fisheries:
The first net fishery was held on July 27th to assess abundance. The opening was not well
attended (1 seine and 2 gill nets) and subsequently closed until further notice. The most recent
opening was this past Monday and mid-day hails for 2 gill nets were an average of 3 coho and
118 chums. For the 3 seines operating in the area, the average mid-day hail was 230 pinks and
1,200 chum. Future opportunities will be based on chum abundance.
Area 7 Gill net Catch Estimates by Week
Area 7 Seine Catch Estimates by Week
Recreational Fisheries:
Indications from the data received to-date of the weekly Chinook CPUE (catch per angler/angler
day) from July 12th to July 25th (Stat Weeks 29 & 30) is that it is above the past few years (0.53)
sitting at 0.68 and above the 10 year average of 0.45. Total known Chinook catch reported todate is 2,633 for 4,131 angler days.
Indications from the data received to-date of the weekly Coho CPUE from July 12th to July 25th
(Stat Weeks 29 & 30) is that it continues to be down from the past few years and the 10 year
average. Total known Coho catch reported to-date is 1,947 for 4,131 angler days.
Area 8
Net Fisheries:
Area 8 opened to gill nets and seines on August 10th to target local chums. Preliminary average
catch for the 57 gill nets operating in the Bella Coola Gillnet Area was 95 chum, while the 54 gill
nets operating in the Fisher/Fitz Hugh area averaged 96 chums. Meanwhile, only 3 gill nets are
operating in the Dean Channel area. In addition, the 30 seines operating in Fisher/Fitz Hugh
averaging 1,200 pinks and 200 chums for the mid-day hail. Listed below are gill net and seine
catch estimates, by opening, to August 4th.
North Coast Salmon Update
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Area 8 Gillnet Catch Estimates by Week
Area 8 Seine Catch Estimates by Week
Recreational Fisheries (Hakai Pass):
Indications from the data received to-date of the weekly Chinook CPUE from July 12th to July
25th (Stat Weeks 29 & 30) is that it is above the past few years of 0.2 and currently sits at 0.35.
Total Chinook catch reported to-date is 514 for 1,535 angler days.
The weekly Coho CPUE continues to be up from the past few years and significantly up from the
10 year average. Total Coho catch reported to-date is 1,724 for 1,535 angler days.
Area 9
Recreational Fisheries:
For Stat Week 29 & 30 (July 12 to 25) the Chinook CPUE information indicates it is up from the
past few years (2014-0.26 & 0.23; 2013-0.15 & 0.13) at 0.53 & 0.46 and significantly up from
the 10 year average of 0.19 & 0.14. Total Chinook catch reported to-date is 1,869 for 2,991
angler days.
For Stat Week 29 (July 12 to 18) the Coho CPUE information indicates it is up from last year but
down from 2013 & 2012. For Stat Week 30 (July 19 to 25) the Coho CPUE information
indicates it is similar to last year but down from 2013 & 2012. Both Stat Weeks are well above
their 10 year average. Total Coho catch reported to-date is 2,631 for 2,991 angler days.
North Coast Salmon Update
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Area 10
The Docee weir became operational on July 1st. By August 10th, a total of 102,415 sockeye, 670
coho and 5 chinook had migrated past the fence. This year’s Docee weir count can be found
here:
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/northcoast-cotenord/index-eng.html
For more information please visit the North Coast website here:
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/northcoast-cotenord/index-eng.htm
North Coast Salmon Update
Page 16 of 16