The last exam is not cumulative. It covers the material below.
I suggest you review the “learning goals” at the start of each chapter and the review section at the end
of each chapter, in addition to reading the chapter text.
Berg Companion Site
(textbook summaries, flashcards, practice quizes and other resources)
Systematics and Phylogeny, Scientific Names and Classification
1. Who was Linnaeus?
2. Explain the system used to name organisms.
3. Explain how to correctly write the species name (genus and specific epithet)
Prokaryotes
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How are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes?
Do any prokaryotes photosynthesize? Explain.
What is the relationship between prokaryotes and chloroplasts?
How do bacteria reproduce?
What are plasmids and how do they help increase genetic diversity in bacteria in the absence of
sexual
reproduction?
What is another mechanism used by bacteria to exchange genetic diversity?
What are the main shapes of bacteria?
How else can you distinguish bacterial species?
What are spores and how do they benefit bacteria?
Describe an example of a positive plant-bacteria interaction.
What is the difference between a facultative*anaerobe and obligate*anaerobe?
ADDITIONAL TERMS TO KNOW: binary fission, conjugation, cyanobacterium, Gram staining
procedure, autotroph, heterotroph, nitrogen-fixing bacterium, coccus/ coccie, baciius/bacilli,
sprillum/spirilli
Protists & San Diego's kelp forests
17. What is meant when we say that Protista is the “catch-all kingdom?”
18. What, if any, characteristics do protists have in common with each other?
19. The 5 major divisions of photosynthetic protists are listed below. Describe the key features of
each.
• diatoms
• dinoflagellates
• red algae
• brown algae
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• green algae
Which division is responsible for “red tides?” How do they cause “red tides?”
Which division has silica walls and which are often compacted into a type of rock?
Which algae types are found mostly in marine environments?
Which algae are found mostly in freshwater environments?
Which division of algae are thought to be ancestors to higher plants and why?
What is the function of a holdfast? A bladder? A stipe?
Do algae have organs? Stomates?
How do algae obtain water and gases?
Discuss ways in which algae are economically important.
Discuss ways in which algae are ecologically important.
Which division of algae includes the kelp?
ADDITIONAL TERMS TO KNOW: holdfast, plasmodial slime mold, red tide
Fungi & Lichens
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How are fungal cell walls different from bacterial cell walls?
Do fungi photosynthesize?
Why are fungi important ecologically?
How do fungi reproduce?
What are hyphae and what is their function?
What is a mycelium?
What is a lichen?
________ are the only fungi that have flagellated cells.
________ is (are) the fruiting body of Ascomycota.
Give an example of a mutualistic (+/+) interaction between fungi and plants.
Give an example of a parasitic (+/-) interaction between fungi and plants.
________ is (are) symbiotic relationships between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism.
Yeast is a fungus – true or false?
Name a unicellular fungus.
Describe 1-2 fungi that are or were major crop pests.
Most fungi have cell walls made of ________, a nitrogenous polysaccharide also found in insect
exoskeletons.
48. ADDITIONAL TERMS TO KNOW: ascomycetes, ascospore, ascus, basidiomycetes, basidiospore,
basidium, chitin, chytrid, conidium (pl., conidia), decomposers, fruiting body, mold, mycotoxin,
sporangium (pl., sporangia), yeast, zygomycete, zygospore, fruticos, foliose, crustose
Nonvascular Plants – NVP (Bryophytes)
49. Do vascular plants have a cuticle? Stoma?
50. How do they obtain water?
51. What type of reproduction do bryophytes have?
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52. Which generation is dominant in the bryophytes – the gametophyte generation or the
sporophyte generation?
53. What evolutionary advances are present in bryophytes that are not present in protists?
54. Are bryophytes aquatic? Terrestrial? Explain.
55. The major classes of bryophytes include
• liverworts
• hornworts
• and 3 classes of mosses
56. Which of these groups is most common?
57. What are the identifying traits of each group?
58. Discuss how mosses are economically important.
59. Discuss how mosses are ecologically important.
60. ADDITIONAL TERMS TO KNOW: alternation of generations, antheridium, archegonium,
bryophyte, gemma (pl., gemmae), hornwort, moss, nonvascular plant, rhizoid, thallus
Seedless Vascular Plants - SVP
61. What type of vascular system do SVPs have?
62. What type of reproduction do SVPs have?
63. Which generation is dominant in the SVPs – the gametophyte generation or the sporophyte
generation?
64. What evolutionary advances are present in SVPs that are not present in bryophytes?
65. Are SVPs aquatic? Terrestrial? Explain.
66. The major phyla of SVPs include:
67. Which division is the most evolutionarily advanced?
68. Some ferns can produce in another way besides spores. Explain.
69. Discuss the importance of ferns to humans.
70. Staghorn ferns are epiphytes – what does this term mean?
71. How do bracken ferns affect other vegetation surrounding them?
72. How do bracken ferns affect animals grazing on them?
73. How are bracken ferns affected by fire?
74. Botanically speaking, what is a fiddlehead?
75. The heart-shaped gametophyte of ferns is called the ________.
76. Where do horsetails and scouring rushes produce their spores?
77. What is the function of elaters?
78. What was the climate like in the Carboniferous when the great coal deposits were formed?
79. ADDITIONAL TERMS TO KNOW: fern, frond, prothallus, sorus (pl., sori ), strobilus (pl., strobili).
indusium
Gymnosperms
80. In what ways are gymnosperms unique and uniquely adapted for life on land?
81. How do gymnosperms reproduce?
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How is the vascular system of gymnosperms different form that of SVPs?
What is resin?
What are resin ducts?
How are gymnosperms adapted to dry conditions?
Do gymnosperms have fruit?
Do gymnosperms have pollen?
Do gymnosperms have spores?
What is a pollination drop (secreted by the female cone)?
How long does it take from the production of a cone to the final germination of a seeds?
Cycads look a lot like which angiosperms? So why are cycads classified as gymnosperms?
Name 2 types of gymnosperms outside of the pinophyta.
Why do gymnosperm seeds have a “wing”?
What environmental factors other than fire help break seed dormancy in gymnosperms?
What is an embryonic sporophyte surrounded by nutritive tissue and a protective coat called?
Name a conifer that produces a seed surrounded by a fleshy fruitlike covering.
What is that covering called?
Which gymnosperms are of the greatest ecological and economic significance to humans?
ADDITIONAL TERMS TO KNOW: cone, conifer, cycad, dioecious, evergreen, ginkgo, gnetophyte,
gymnosperm, monoecious, needle
Angiosperms
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What characteristics differentiate angiosperms from gymnosperms ?
What is the advantage of having flowers? Fruit?
What is meant by double fertilization in angiosperms?
What are the products of double fertilization in angiosperms?
Angiosperms are the most recent group of plants to evolve. Approximately how old are the
oldest fossilized flowers?
Which of the following families includes rice, wheat, barley, and oats?
Which of the following families has plants with flowers crowded together in a head or
capitulum?
Food crops in the ________ include cabbage, cauliflower, kale and turnips.
What is a flora?
What is a herbarium?
Why are flowers so often used to classify angiosperms?
What does it mean when we say that flowers are evolutionarily conservative?
How does convergent evolution complicate the study of plant systematics?
How does divergent evolution complicate the study of plant systematics?
What was the conclusion about the first flower to evolve? What evidence was used to reach
that conclusion?
ADDITIONAL TERMS TO KNOW: endosperm, economic botany, ethnobotany, paleobotany
LABS:
identifying cyanobacteria & bacteria
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fungi
lichens
algae
field trip to tourmaline surf park
nonvascular plants (bryophytes)
seedless vascular plants
ymnosperms & angiosperms
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Some of the questions and terms above apply to the lab.
See the obejctives at the start of each lab handout for more guidance
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