Español 3: Repaso para el Examen FINAL
I. The Preterite Verb Tense (From the Regular Verbs to the Irregular Verbs)
1. -AR Verbs
-ar preterite verb endings
-é
-amos
-aste
X
-ó
-aron
▪ Regular –ar verbs. Any –ar stem changer in the present does not
change change in the preterite.
▪ There are three irregular “yo” forms.
Any verb that ends in –zar (z→c) Ex. comenzar = yo comencé
Any verb that ends in –gar (g→gu)
Ex. llegar = yo llegué
Any verb that ends in –car (c→qu)
Ex. tocar = yo toqué
2.
-ER/-IR Verb Endings
-í
-imos
-iste
X
-ió
-ieron
▪ -er stem changers in the present tense do not stem change in the
preterite.
▪ The verb dar –to give and the verb ver- to see use the –er/-ir endings,
but they have no accents.
di
diste
dio
dimos
X
dieron
vi
viste
vio
vimos
X
vieron
3. Spelling Changers: There are certain verbs in which the “i” is changed
to a “y” for pronunciation purposes. This change occurs only in the él, ella,
Ud., ellos, ellas, and Uds. forms. The verbs that have this spelling change end
in –aer, -eer, -uir, and the verb oír. In addition to the spelling change, all of
the verbs with the exception of the –uir verbs have accents on the “i” in all
other forms.
leer = to read
leí
leíste
leyó
leímos
X
leyeron
oír = to hear
oí
oímos
oíste
X
oyó
oyeron
caer = to fall
caí
caíste
cayó
caímos
X
cayeron
construir = to construct
construí
construimos
construiste
X
construyó
construyeron
4. Stem Changers: Only –ir stem changers in the present tense change in
the preterite tense. There are only two types of changes. e→i and o→u.
The stem change occurs in the “sandal” of the t-chart.
dormir = to sleep
pedir = to ask for
dormí
dormiste
durmió
dormimos
X
durmieron
pedí
pediste
pidió
pedimos
X
pidieron
5. Irregular Verbs: There are three groups of irregular verbs, plus the
verbs ser and ir.
• the “j” group:
decir = to say or tell→ dijj group endings
traer = to bring→ traj-e
-imos
conducir = to drive→conduj-iste
X
traducir = to translate→traduj-o
-eron
*any verb that ends in –ucir
•the “i” group
querer = to want, tried→ quishacer = to do, to make→ hic
(hizo in the él, ella, Ud. forms)
venir = to come→ vin
•the “u” group
andar = to walk, work, run→ anduv
estar = to be→ estuv
tener = to have, got→ tuv
poner = to put→ pus
poder = to be able to, can→ pud
saber = to know, found out→ sup
fui
fuiste
fue
3u and i group endings
-e
-iste
-o
-imos
X
-ieron
ser and ir
fuimos
X
fueron
Practice: Conjugate the following verbs in parenthesis.
1. Yo _______________________ en la cafetería. (comer)
2. Nosotros ____________________ la guitarra. (tocar)
3. Uds. __________________mucho en la clase de historia. (dormir)
4. Tú no__________________ novelas en la clase de inglés. (leer)
5. Ella__________________ de la bicicleta. (caerse)
6. Miguel_______________ Coca-Cola en la fiesta. (servir)
7. Yo_________________ fútbol el año pasado. (jugar)
8. Nosotros ___________________ al museo ayer. (ir)
9. Roberto y Juan___________________ cansados en clase. (estar)
10. El amigo __________________la tarea anoche. (hacer)
11. Yo _____________________ a escuela hoy. (conducir)
12. Tú ____________________ mucho para el examen. (estudiar)
13. Ud. _____________________ buenas notas. (sacar)
14. Yo____________________ con Juan. (almorzar)
15. Ellos___________________ un regalo a la fiesta. (traer)
II. Imperfect Tense: Know how to conjugate all verbs in the imperfect
tense.
To
conjugate in the
-aba
-ábamos imperfect
-ía
tense drop the ending
íamos
-abas
X
and add the
appropriate
-ías
X
-aba
-aban
ending.
-ía
-ían
-ar endings
era
eras
era
éramos
X
eran
-er/-ir endings
veía
veías
veía
veíamos
X
veian
iba
ibas
iba
íbamos
X
iban
Irregulars: There are three irregular verbs in the imperfect.
ser
ver
ir
Conjugate the following verbs in the imperfect tense.
1. cerrar (yo) _____________________ 4 decidir (Uds.) _______________
2. seguir (nosotros) __________________5 peinarse (tú)________________
3. preferir (ella) ___________________ 6 comer (ellos) _______________
III. Preterite Vs. Imperfect: Know when to use the preterite and when to
use the imperfect. Refer to the packet that was handed out in class.
Within the packet each use is outlined. After reviewing the packet
complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the
preterite or imperfect.
1. Todos los veranos mi familia y yo ________________ a la playa. (ir)
2. Anoche Ramón _________________ para el examen. (estudiar)
3. ___________ las dos en la mañana cuando mi amigo ___________ por
teléfono. (ser/llamar)
4. Tú _________________ cuando ________________ un accidente.
(conducir/ver)
5. Anita ______________ diez años cuando ________________ el brazo.
(tener/romperse)
6. Los domingos ellos _______________ la televisión después de la cena.
(mirar)
7. María y yo ________________ al tenis el sábado pasado. (jugar)
IV. Ser vs. Estar: Although ser and estar both mean to be, they both have very
distinct uses.
•Ser is used for possession, time, temperature, description
(physical/personality), nationality, origin, day, material make-up, profession,
and date.
•Estar is used for location, feelings, temporary conditions, and present
progressive.
Practice: Place the appropriate forms of ser or estar in the following
blanks.
1. Yo_________de Michigan.
5. Nosotros__________ cansados hoy.
2. Miguel___________ aburrido.
6. Tú___________ bailando en clase.
3. Ellos___________ altos y rubios.
4. Marta y yo ___________ cubanos.
7. __________ noventa grados.
8. Ud. __________ alegre.
V. Direct Object Pronouns:
Direct Object Pronouns replace the direct object (the noun that directly
receives the action of the verb) in the sentence.
Determining: A direct object can be determined by asking who or what using
the verb.
For example: I bought a car. The questions would be who or what did you buy?
The question what determines the word car.
The direct object pronouns are: me, te, lo, la, nos, los, and las.
¿Invitas a Pablo a la fiesta?
Are you inviting Paul to the party?
Sí lo invito a la fiesta.
Yes, I am inviting him.
Placement: Direct object pronouns are placed in front of the conjugated verb.
If there is an infinitive or the present progressive, they may attach on to the
end of the infinitive or the present participle of the present progressive. If
attaching the pronoun to the present participle, the last a in ando or the e in
iendo must be accented.
Indirect Object Pronouns:
Indirect Object Pronouns replace an indirect object (a noun that is indirectly
affected by the action of the verb) in a sentence.
Determining: The indirect object can be determined by asking: To whom?
For whom?
Example: I am giving a car to Miguel. If you ask to whom are you are giving
the car, the answer would result in buying the car for Miguel.
Indirect Object Pronouns are: me, te, le, nos, and les.
Placement: The same rules apply for the placement of indirect object
pronouns as the direct object pronouns.
INDIRECT before DIRECT, REFLEXIVE first of all!
Examples: I am writing a letter to him.
Yo le escribo una carta a él
Remember there may be a clarifier or not, however there must be an
indirect object pronoun.
Double Object Prounouns:
Rules: When the direct and indirect object pronouns are in the same sentence,
the indirect will be placed directly in front of the direct object pronoun. They
can never be separated. They are placed in relation to the verb exactly the
same as direct or indirect object pronouns.
If le or les come before lo, la, los, or las the le or les must change to se.
“You can SAY (se) Lola, but you can’t LAY (le) Lola!”
Are you going to buy the car for me?
Yes I am going to buy it for you.
¿Vas a comprar el coche para mí?
Sí te lo voy a comprar.
Sí voy a comprártelo.
Is he giving the books to her?
No he is not giving them to her.
¿Le da él los libros a ella?
No, no se los da.
VII. Comparisons: To make comparisons the following construction is used…
Comparative word + noun/adjective/adverb + que (than)
más que = more than
menos que = less than
Examples:
Juan es más inteligente que Juanita.
Joan.
Yo tengo menos diner que mi amigo.
friend.
John is more intelligent than
I have more money than my
Translate the following sentences from Spanish to English.
1. Mi papá es peor cocinero que mi mamá.
2. Yo trabajo más que mi amigo.
VII. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
Remember- “This and These both have‘t’s, That and Those NO‘t’ goes!”
Demonstrative adjectives have no accents and pronouns have accents on the
first e.
Singular masculine singular feminine
feminine
plural masculine
plural
this – este (éste)
this – esta (ésta)
these – estos
(éstos)
these – estas
(éstas)
that – ese (ése)
that – esa (ésa)
those – esos (ésos) those – esas (ésas)
that over thereaquel (aquél)
that over there –
aquella (aquélla)
those over there –
aquellos
(aquéllos)
those over there –
aquellas
(aquéllas)
this car: este coche that girl: esa chica those cars over there: aquellos coches
Practice Questions: Translate the following questions from English to Spanish.
1. Do you want that hat or this one?
2. I have those magazines, but I don’t have those over there.
VIII. Negative Words: Negative words are used either before or after the verb.
If they are placed after the verb, a no is used before the verb.
ninguno (ningún before sing. masc. noun) = none, not any
neither
nadie = no one, not anyone
never
1. I am not eating anything.
tampoco =
nada = nothing, not anything
nunca =
2. We never study.
IX. Hace + time formula: To express how long something has been in progress
you use the following formula.
Hace + time + conjugated verb in the present tense + rest of the sentence.
To ask how long something has been going on you use either of the following
formulas:
¿Hace cuánto tiempo que (+ conjugated verb in present tense)?
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que (+ conjugated verb in present tense)?
*Remember when using this formula that the subject of the sentence would
be placed directly in front of the conjugated verb in a sentence. The
subject would directly follow the conjugated verb in a question.
To express how long ago something happened use the following formula.
Hace + time, verb in preterite + the rest of the sentence
Practice: Translate the following sentences.
1. I have been singing for ten years.
2. Three years ago, I bought a new car.
3. How long has María been speaking English?
X. Ir + infinitive in the Imperfect is used to state what someone was going to
do.
I was going to work, but I broke my leg. Iba a trabajar, pero me rompí la
pierna.
XI. Nosotros Commands: are formed by using the nosotros form of the present
subjunctive (see green sheet). The affirmative nosotros is irregular and is
conjugated vamos, but the negative is regular and is vayamos.
When using pronouns: Positive commands attach the pronouns to the end of
the verb. An accent is placed on the “a” of amos and the “e” of emos. If
attaching the pronoun nos, the “s” of amos or emos is dropped. Negative
commands place the pronoun in front of the verb.
Let’s eat. ¡Comamos!
Let’s dance. ¡Bailemos! Let’s go. ¡Vamos!
Let’s study it (homework). ¡Estudiémosla!
Let’s not do it. ¡No la
hagamos!
Practice:
1. Let’s listen
.
3. Let’s wash our hands.
2. Let’s not buy it (car).
4. Let’s not go to the party.
XII. Subjunctive: See your green sheet to review how to conjugate verbs in
the subjunctive. Pay attention to the verbs that are irregular.
To use the subjunctive one must be expressing a hope, wish, unknown,
nonexistent, expression of feelings, will, wish, denial, or negation about
someone or something else. Therefore there must be two different subjects
and a verb that expresses one of the listed expressions.
Formula: verb in the present indicative + que + verb in subjunctive + the
rest
Key verbs: esperar, preferir (e-ie), sugerir (e-ie), querer (e-ie), desear,
aconsejar, recomendar (e-ie), ¿conocer?, no es verdad, no es cierto, no hay,
buscar, necesitar, es bueno, es malo, me gusta, alegrarse de, me sorprende,
me molesta, me frustra, me preocupa, sentir, irritarse, no creer, negar (e-ie),
and no estar de acuerdo.
Practice: Decide if you need to conjugate the verb in the subjunctive or
indicative.
1. Es verdad que ella ____________________________ (tener) un coche.
2. No creemos que la profesora _____________________________(ser)
aburrida.
3. Roberto y Ana necesita una calculador que
______________________(funcionar)
4. Yo quiero
________________________(viajar)
XIII. Future Tense: Know how to conjugate regular and irregular verbs in
the future tense. Remember there are 10 irregular verbs.
To conjugate in the future you add the endings on to the end of the
infinitive.
Future endings
salir = saldrponer = pondrdecir = dirquerer = querr-
-é
-emos
-ás
- éis
-á
-án
Irregulars:
venir = vendrpoder = podrhacer = harcaber = cabr-
tener = tendrsaber = sabrhaber = habrvaler = valdr-
Translate the following sentences from English to Spanish.
1. I will travel to Spain next year.
2. He will go to work after school.
3. They will play soccer in the summer.
4. We will leave the party when it is eleven o’clock.
XIV. Conditional Tense: Know how to conjugate regular and irregular
verbs in the conditional tense. Remember the irregulars are the same as
the irregulars in the future tense. The conditional tense refers to what
would happen.
Conditional endings
-ía
-ías
-ía
-íamos
- íais
-ían
Conditional tense comjugates the same
way the
future tense is conjugated.
Translate the following sentences from English to Spanish.
1. I would like to travel to Italy this summer.
2. With twenty dollars they would buy a new CD.
3. Would you help the student with the math problem?
Study the “if statement” notes from class that relate to the conditional.
Yo que tú
En tu lugar
En esa situación
XV.
Si yo fuera
Si yo pudiera
Si yo tuviera
Si tú fueras
Si tú pudieras
Si tú tuvieras
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (ANDAR, ESTAR, and SEGUIR)
This is used to emphasize that something is happening now. The
present
progressive is formed by using a form of estar + present
participle(-ando
for ar verbs, -iendo for er/ir verbs, and –yendo for the verbs creer
and leer).
Seguir is used to express that actions continue to happen and Andar
is used to
express that actions continue to happen with a negative
connotation.
EX. I am studying for a test now.
Estoy estudiando para el exam.
He is continuously talking during the test. Él anda hablando durante
el examen.
The student keeps doing the homework.
La alumna siguen
haciendo la tarea.
XVI.
PRESENT PERFECT: refers to what has happened and is linked to
the present.
FORMULA: haber (present) + past participle (-ado/-ido)
he
hemos
has
habéis
ha
han
PAST PARTICIPLE RULES:
-ar: dropping the –ar from an infinitive and adding –ado
-er/ir: dropping the –er/-ir from an infinitive and adding –ido
* Verbs ending in –eer, -aer, -uir, and the verb oír all drop the –er/-ir and add –
ido, however an accent must be placed on the “i” in -ido. This is done for
pronunciation purposes.
Example: caercaído
construirconstruído
leerleído
Irregular participles:
abrir = abierto
escribir = escrito
morir = muerto
poner = puesto
descubrir = descubierto
cubrir = cubierto
decir = dicho
volver = vuelto
ver = visto
romper = roto
Examples of present perfect indicative:
He visto la película y es magnífica.
I have seen the movie and it is magnificent.
¿Has participado en los proyetos de servicio?
Have you participated in the service projects?
hacer = hecho
XVII. AL + INFINITIVE or EN CUANTO + INFINITIVE
This expression is used to indicate that while one action was in
progress,
another action occurred.
Ex. Al conducir, Juan chocó con un coche. While driving, Juan bumped into a
car.
XVIII. SE + INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN + VERB: indicates unintentional
action
 The verb may conjugate in the 3rd person singular or plural.
 The indirect object pronoun agrees with the person it
happened to and the verb agrees with the object(s) involved.
FORMULA: se + (me, te, le, nos,os or les) + verb (agrees with
object or objects)
A mí se me olvidó la tarea en casa.
home.
A Juana se le quemaron los bistecs.
steaks.
I forgot the homework at
Joan burnt the
Common verbs: quemar, quedar, perder, olvidar, caer, romper, and
acabar
XIX.
PAST PROGRESSIVE: uses the same formula as the present
progressive, except the verb estar is conjugated in the imperfect.
This indicates that an action was occurring in the past. This often
introduces an interrupting action (preterite verb).
Formula: estar (imperfect) + present participle
estaba
estábamos
estabas
estabais
estaba
estaban
Example: Yo estaba mirando la televisión cuando el teléfono sonó.
I was watching TV when the phone rang.
Mis amigos estaban comiendo pizza cuando el mesero se le cayó
las bebidas.
My friends were eating pizza when the waiter dropped the drinks.
XX.
COMPARISONS (TAN COMO/ MÁS or MENOS/ -ÍSIMO)
Tan + adjective + como = as … as (the second half may be
followed by an article + an adjective or a pronoun.
Los dramas son tan interesantes como las comedias. (article +
adjective)
Esta clase es tan difícil como ésa. (pronoun)
el/la/los/las + más/menos + adjective + de = the most … or the
least …
Este verano es el más corto de todos los veranos.
Esta clase es la menos interesante de todas las clases.
ísimo (a, os, as) placed on the end of an adjective intensifies the
adjective.
Las clases de la universidad son grandísimas. The university classes
are huge.
XXI.
PASSIVE VOICE WITH AND WITHOUT SER
1) Passive voice is used to express that something has happened to
someone or something without mentioning the agent (person
performing the action). The verb will be conjugated in the third
person singular or plural agreeing with the recipient of the action.
Se venden pizzas en la cafetería.
Se corta pelo en la peluquería.
Pizzas are sold in the cafeteria.
Hair is cut in the salon.
2) Passive Voice with ser is used to introduce the agent.
FORMULA: Ser (in preterite) + past participle (agrees with item) +
agent
Este retrato fue pintado por Picasso.
painted by Picasso.
Los papeles fueron coleccionados por Juan.
collected by Juan.
This portrait was
The papers were
3) Impersonal se is used to express what a group of people do. The
verb is always conjugated in the third person singular.
Se habla francés en Québec.
Quebec.
Se ofrece comida en la cafetería.
cafeteria.
One speaks French in
One offers food in the
XXII. SUBJUNCTIVE: Expresses an opinion, indirect commands, emotion,
doubt, and adverbial clauses about someone or something else.
There must be two different subjects. (Review key verbs from
notes)
Conjugation reminders:
1. start with “yo”, drop the o, and add opposite ending
-car→que
-zar→ce
-gar→gue
2. Stem changes take place in the boot with an additional change
for –ir stemchanging verbs in the nosotros (e→i and o→u)
3. Irregulars do not end in o in the “yo” form (DISHES)
FORMULA: verb in the present indicative + que + verb in
subjunctive
Examples: Espero que los exámenes finales estén cancelados.
I hope that final exams are canceled.
Es dudoso que mis padres me compren un coche.
It is doubtful that my parents are buying me a car.
XXIII. PAST PERFECT: refers to what had happened. This is used to
indicate that an action occurred before another action occurred.
FORMULA: haber (in imperfect) + past participle
Key words: todavía no, ya, aún no, and cuando
había
habías
había
habíamos
habíais
habían
Example: Cuando llegué al museo, aún no había encontrado a Pepita.
When I arrived at the museum, I still hadn’t found Pepita.
XXIV. PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: refers to what has happened and
is used in situations in which the subjunctive is necessary (hopes,
wishes, emotions, opinions, indirect commands, adverbial clauses,
and doubt).
FORMULA: haber (in present subjunctive) + past participle
haya
hayas
haya
hayamos
X
hayan
Example: Espero que los profesores hayan enseñado toda la información para
los exámenes.
I hope that the teachers have taught all of the information for the
exams.
Es importante que los trabajadores hayan terminado la tarea.
It is important that the workers have finished the work.
XXV. HABER
When used alone in
are)
When used alone in
When used alone in
an event
When used alone in
a circumstance
When used alone in
are)
the present indicative = hay (there is/there
the future = habrá (there will be)
the preterite = hubo (there was/there were)
the imperfect = había (there was/there were)
the present subjunctive = haya (there is/there
Examples:
Hubo una lucha de comida en la cafetería ayer.
There was a food fight in the cafetería yesterday. (event)
Habrá un partido de fútbol mañana.
There will be a soccer game tomorrow.
Había muchas personas que participaron.
There were many people that participated. (circumstances)
Hay más profesores en la cafetería hoy para prevenir más luchas.
There are more teachers in the cafeteria today in order to prevent
more fights.
Espero que no haya más problemas.
I hope that there aren’t more problems.
XXVI. AFFIRMATIVE and NEGATIVE WORDS
alguien = someone
nadie = no one/not anyone
algo = something/anything
nada = nothing/not anything
algún(a,os,as) = some/any
ningún(a,os,as) = none/not any
alguno(used alone) = some/any
ninguno(used alone) =
none/not any
también=also/too
tampoco= neither/nor do I
siempre=always
nunca=never
o=or
ni=neither
Negative words may only be used when preceding a verb or
following a verb that has no in front of it.
XXVII. GENDER
Usual Feminine endings: d, ión, ción, za, dad, umbre, is, ie, and a
Usual Masculine endings: l, o, n, e, r, s, és, ma, al, ín, and aje
Nouns that end in l, m, or r may be masculine or feminine.
Compound nouns tend to be masculine such as el lavaplatos or el
tocadiscos.
Review the nouns that change meaning based on gender (see pg.
252).
Nouns that begin with a or ha will be masculine in the singular
form and feminine in the plural form. (el arte-las artes OR el agualas aguas)
XXVIII. VARIOUS MEANINGS DEPENDING ON THE PRETERITE OR
IMPERFECT (see pg. 282 in the text for the chart)
Imperfect: repeated action, used to…, description of the scene, or
ongoing action that has been interrupted, and unspecified amount
of time
Preterite: single action, set number of times action, interrupting
action, and completed action
Él estuvo enfermo por dos días.
days.
Ellos estaban enfermos de niños.
kids.
He was sick for two
They were sick as
XXIX. REFLEXIVES: There are several types of reflexive verbs. There
are daily habits, personal care, becoming (certain emotions),
reciprocal actions, and verbs that just are grammatical reflexives
due to a process or a change in state (see page 286 for a listing of
verbs). Reflexive verbs with the exception of grammatical
reflexives indicate that the subject is performing an action for or
on himself.
1. You can recognize a reflexive verb because the infinitive will end in –se.
2. When conjugating a reflexive verb the pronoun must represent the
subject and be placed in front of the conjugated verb or attached to the
end of the infinitive.
3. After reflexive verbs definite articles are used with body parts and
articles of clothing.
Reflexive Pronouns
me
nos
te
os
se
se
XXX. LO and LO QUE
Lo + adjective = the ________ thing
Lo que + verb = what _____ or the thing that _____
Examples:
Lo bueno es que no tenemos escuela en julio.
The good thing is that we don’t have school in July.
Ahora lo que necesitamos hacer es estudiar para el examen final.
Now what we need to do is study for the final exam.
Esta información no es lo que estudiamos.
This information is not what we studied.
XXXI. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES: The subjunctive is always used following
these expressions, called adverbial conjunctions: a menos (de)
que (unless), antes de que (before), con tal (de) que (provided
that), en caso de que (in case), para que (in order), and sin que
(without).
*the verb that follows the adverbial clause will be conjugated in the
subjunctive*
Examples:
En caso de que los estudiantes no hayan entendido la gramática, les doy
mucha práctica.
In case the students haven’t understood the grammar, I give them a lot of
practice.
Llegaremos al cine temprano antes de que la película empiece.
We’ll arrive to the movie theater early before the movie begins.
Con tal de que Tomás tenga tiempo, él va a estudiar para el examen.
Provided that Tom has time, he is going to study for the test.

Certain adverbial conjunctions express time. Adverbial conjunctions
join a dependent clause and an independent clause in the same
sentence.
cuando = time
hasta que = until
después de que = after
tan pronto como = as
soon as
en cuanto = as soon as

The subjunctive is used with conjunctions that express time when the
verb refers to an action that hasn’t happened yet.
Voy a comprar un coche tan pronto como tenga bastante dinero.
I am going to buy a car as soon as I have enough money.
La profesora va a dar tarea hasta que el año termine.
The teacher is going to give homework until the year ends.
Después de que Miguel termine la tarea, iremos al restaurante para la
cena.
After Mike finishes the homework, we will go to the restaurant for dinner.
XXXII. INDICATIVE AND ADVERBIAL CONJUNCTIONS
1) The indicative is used with en cuanto, cuando, después de que, hasta
que, and tan pronto como when the verb refers to a habitual action.
Examples:
Cuando visitábamos a mis parientes siempre jugaba naipes con mis
primos.
When we used to visit my relatives I always played cards with my cousins.
Tan pronto como termine un examen, me gusta leer una revista.
As soon as I finish an exam, I like to read a magazine.
2) The indicative is also used when describing completed actions in the
past.
Examples:
En cuanto llegamos a la clase, el examen empezó.
As soon as we arrived to class, the test started.
No me gustaba brócoli hasta que lo probé.
I didn’t like broccoli until I tried it.
XXXIII.
ra
ras
ra
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
RA Endings
‘ramos
rais
ran
SE Ending
se
ses
se
‘semos
seis
sen
1) To form the Past subjunctive- Put the verb into the 3rd person plural of
the Preterite tense. Take off the “RON” ending and add the appropriate
ending.
2) The past subjunctive is used after “si” (if) in hypothetical sentences that
are contrary to fact or unlikely to happen. The conditional tense is used
in the other clause.
Examples:
Si yo pudiera, trabajaría en un banco.
If I could, I World work in a bank.
Viajaríamos a Europa si tuviéramos más tiempo.
We World travel to Europe if we had more time.
3) When the verb in the main clause of the sentence requiring the past
tense, the past subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.
Examples:
Mis padres preferían que estudiara medicina.
My parents preferred that I study medicine.
Yo insistí en que Rita fuera conmigo a la entrevista.
I insisted that Rita go with me to the interview.
XXXIV. PARA vs. POR
1) The prepositions Para and Por have different uses and meanings,
although sometimes they both mean “for” in English.
2) Uses of Por:
a. Through or by b. by, by means of c. A period of time d. A time of day
e. In exchange for
f. Per
g. The agent of action, by
h. for ( because of or due to something)
** IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS**
Por ahora, por cierto, por consiguiente, por favor, por fin, por lo tanto, por
supuesto, por todas partes
Example:
Después de pasar por el banco, dimos una vuelta por el mercado.
After passing by the bank; we took a walk by the Market.
¡Gracias por la comida!
Thank you for the food.
3) Uses of Para:
a. purpose or intention b. a recipient
c. destination
d. employment
e. a deadline
f. an opinion
g. to/towards a place
indicate a goal or purpose
i. to or for a person or thing
** IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS**
Para nada, para siempre
Examples:
¿Necesitas ropa para la fiesta?
Do you need clothes for the party?
Los regalos son para los niños.
The gifts are for the children.
h.