PSY 203 Exam 3
Form C
Full name: _____________________________________
Signature: _____________________________________
Instructions:
1.
Write your name and sign in the upper left-hand corner of this page
2.
Complete the exam on your own. You should not work with other students. Exams may be scanned for evidence of plagiarism. Cheating will not be tolerated!
3.
Choose the BEST answer to each question. If you think a question is ambiguous or want to challenge an answer, please follow the instructions in the Post Exam Procedures document.
Multiple Choice (40 points). Questions are worth 1 point each
1.
Terrell says “Me cookie” to mean “I want a cookie.” Terrell’s sentence is an example of a. semantic substitution b. telegraphic speech c. phonemic transitivity d. holophrasic contraction
2.
Which is the following is a requirement of facial averaging? a. sensory integration b. birth c. seriation ability d. experience with faces
3.
An “average,” or prototype face a. is perceived as unfamiliar b. is perceived as average, or moderate in attractiveness c. represents or approximates the mean value of a population of faces d. represents of approximates the mean values of certain facial features favored by
evolution
4. Even though the Mozart Effect press releases generalized the effects found in the original Rauscher et al. study to general intelligence, the original Mozart Effect study really only looked at a. linguistic intelligence b. temporal-logical intelligence c. spatial intelligence d. musical intelligence
5. According to the core knowledge perspective, a. children are genetically wired to comprehend crucial aspects of the environment b. private speech guides children’s thinking on complex problems c. all higher-order cognitive abilities develop out of social interaction d. the onset of language leads to profound changes in thinking

PSY 203 Exam 3
Form C
6. According to Vygotsky, which of the following would be within a child’s zone of proximal development? a. a task that a child cannot yet handle on her own, but can do with the help of an adult b. a task that a child has recently mastered independently following the assistance of an adult c. a task that a child cannot accomplish alone or with the help of an adult d. a task that a child accomplished through her own independent activity
7. Karen Wynn argues that her research shows that young infants can add and subtract.
Nevertheless, many researchers claim that there is a simpler, more parsimonious explanation for her results. They argue that her findings can be explained by a. core knowledge b. scaffolding c. object permanence d. familiarity preferences
8. You read an article online that suggests that research shows that a diet that consists of primarily red and green vegetables causes a reduction in the symptoms of ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Which of the following questions should you ask to evaluate this article and the research it presents? a. Was the sample size sufficiently large? b. If experimental, did the study include a control group? c. Did the author/s confuse correlation with causation? d. All of the above
9. Two-year-old Dominic see his first wolf at the zoo and calls out, “Doggie!” This is an example of a. assimilation b. accommodation c. equilibration d. organization
10. Between 8- and 12-months, when infants are shown a previously hidden object being hidden under a blanket, they would be most likely to a. make the invisible displacement error b. make a perseverance error c. act as if the object no longer existed d. conduct a visual search for the hidden object
11. One-year-old Sayid gets upset and cries every morning when his mother drops him off at child care. This demonstrates the concept of a. avoidant attachment b. an internal working model c. separation anxiety d. emotional deregulation

PSY 203 Exam 3
Form C
12. ____________ between an adult and child fosters language comprehension, word production, and vocabulary development a. joint attention b. referential communication c. telegraphic speech d. syntactic bootstrapping
13. Which of the following is NOT a significant component of human language? a. productivity b. displacement c. objectivity d. semanticity
14. On-year-old Maya is building a block tower. Maya’s father begins by pointing to where each block needs to go and then straightening each block as Maya piles them up. As
Maya’s competence with the task increases, her father gradually withdraws support. This is an example of a. transitive inference b. dual representation c. animistic thinking d. scaffolding
15. In the goodness-of-fit model, favorable outcomes result from an effective match between a. the temperaments of parent and child b. a child’s temperament and child-rearing conditions c. a child’s temperament and attachment style d. child-rearing conditions and economic stability
16. When determining attachment quality (type), attachment researchers evaluate the balance between ____________ and _____________. a. proximity/protection seeking; adaptability b. proximity/protection seeking; exploration c. affective sharing; adaptability d. affective sharing; exploration
17. Current research on baby sign language suggests that it a. speeds perceptual narrowing b. impairs language learning c. promotes cognitive development by increasing IQ d. is not likely to either advance development or to harm it

PSY 203 Exam 3
Form C
18. Attractive faces are preferred because they are perceived as ____________ and are
____________ processed. a. novel; incrementally b. familiar; incrementally c. novel; fluently d. familiar; fluently
19. Two-year-old Jonathan is a difficult child. What would be the most likely outcome if
Jonathan’s parents responded with angry and punitive discipline? a. His difficult behavior will be maintained and even increase over time b. His difficult behavior will decrease with age c. He will maintain his difficult behavior throughout childhood, but it will not increase d. His defiant and irritable behavior will be extinguished before he reaches school age
20. When an infant’s attachment pattern is linked to later development is largely determined by a. continuity of care giving b. the infant’s temperament c. when the infant has multiple attachments d. level of education of the parents
21. The physical and playful relationship between father and child may a. slow the child’s attachment with his or her mother b. make infant’s frightened of unfamiliar situations c. be used as a substitute for appropriate care giving d. teach children how to behave in novel and unfamiliar situations
22. 18-month-old Blanca has two brothers and a sister. When she is placed in childcare for the first time, she calls all of her male peers “brothers” and all of her female peers
“sisters.” Blanca’s use of these labels illustrates what common error observed in early language development? a. overregularization b. underregularization c. overextension d. underextension
23. Baby Tiffany usually has a negative response to new things, but adapts gradually over time. She also has a fairly regular schedule and sleep habits. Which temperament profile best describes Tiffany’s temperament? a. easy b. difficult c. slow-to-warm-up d. disorganized

PSY 203 Exam 3
Form C
24. According to Noam Chomsky, a. children make sense of their language environment by applying powerful cognitive strategies b. children’s language skill is etched into the structure of the human brain c. language is acquired through reinforcement and imitation d. children discover the regularities of language as they participate in conversations with others
25. Emotional attachments are a. universal b. relationships c. parsimonious d. displacements
26. Which of the following is most likely to be one of a toddler’s first words? a. “more” b. “tree” c. “lamp” d. “mad”
27. In the Strange Situation, Philip seeks closeness to his mother and fails to explore. When his mother leaves, Philip is distressed, and on her return he hits her. Philip is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment. a. avoidant b. secure c. disorganized/disoriented d. resistant
28. In the Strange Situation, Bernadette uses her mother as a secure base. When separated, Bernadette does not cry, but when her mother returns, Bernadette crawls to her. Bernadette is demonstrating __________ attachment. a. secure b. avoidant c. disorganized/disoriented d. resistant
29. Compared with securely attached infants, avoidant babies tend to receive
___________ care. a. disorganized/disoriented b. understimulating, inconsistent c. overstimulating, intrusive d. unresponsive
30. Harry Harlow’s research with baby monkeys underscored the importance of
____________ in attachment. a. scaffolding b. feeding c. temperament d. contact comfort

PSY 203 Exam 3
Form C
31. Generally, fathers ___________ than mothers do. a. interact and play differently with babies b. more often provide toys and talk to infants c. more often play conventional games like peekaboo d. devote more time to physical care
32. Four-year-old Erin is a picky eater. How can Erin’s parents encourage her to eat a new food? a. Reward her with dessert if she eats the new food. b. Repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it. c. Add salt or sugar to the new food to increase her willingness to eat it. d. Make her stay at the table until she takes a few bites of the new food.
33. In the United States, nearly ______ percent of childhood deaths and ______ percent of adolescent deaths result from injuries. a. 5; 10 b. 10; 20 c. 25; 40 d. 35; 50
34. While playing house, 3-year-old Lindsay uses a straw as a “bottle” to feed her doll.
Lindsay has begun to grasp a. egocentrism. b. animistic thinking. c. conservation. d. dual representation.
35. Three-year-old Will brings all of his action figures to preschool for show-and-tell because he does not want any of them to feel bad if they are left behind at home. Will is demonstrating a. centration. b. animistic thinking. c. conservation. d. irreversibility.
36. ______________ refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of object remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes. a. Centration b. Animistic thinking c. Conservation d. Magical thinking
37. Preoperational children have difficulty with ________________, which involves the organization of objects into groups based on similarities and differences. a. animistic thinking b. egocentrism c. hierarchical classification d. reversibility

PSY 203 Exam 3
Form C
38. After putting on a Halloween mask and looking at her reflection in a mirror, 3-year-old
Maggi is frightened. This is probably because Maggi a. associates Halloween with evil. b. thinks magically and believes she has superpowers. c. has a fragile understanding of the appearance–reality distinction. d. cannot yet regulate negative emotion.
39. When parents have an angry and punitive style, their children a. are often less equipped to show sympathy for others. b. are likely to show sensitive concern for their peers’ feelings. c. tend to seek out peers in distress and offer comfort. d. show sympathy, but not empathy, when confronted with an upset classmate.
40. Which of the following statements is an example of induction? a. “I’ll put you in time out if you don’t stop jumping on the couch.” b. “You sat there last time. It is your sister’s turn.” c. “You hit your brother. You know better than that.” d. “Your sister is crying because you won’t give back her truck.”
Short answer/essay. (60 points)
Choose 6 of the 10 questions to answer based on the instructions below.
SA Section #1. Choose 2 of the 4 questions to answer below (10 points each).
1.
Your friend Ben just read the Mozart Effect press releases and downloaded a bunch of
Mozart tracks for his baby Felicia. Then, he rushed to the store to buy her some headphones. You run into Ben at the store and he tells you about what he read and says that “Felicia is going to be a genius now!”
Describe four important points about the original Mozart Effect research and/or articles written in reply to the original Rauscher article that you would share with Ben before he spends his money.

PSY 203 Exam 3
Form C
2.
Your friend Lisa is the Assistant Director of a new program designed to promote abstinence to teenagers in several middle and high schools in Columbia. She has had a difficult time designing a plan to encourage teens to delay sex, but one day she tells you she found a perfect way to encourage abstinence: an abstinence pledge.
When you ask Lisa where she got this idea, she says that she read an article in The State newspaper: “Study: Pledging abstinence delays sex” that talked about research on abstinence pledges conducted by some well known researchers at Columbia University.
If teens sign a pledge to delay sex, then they will!”
Based on the class presentation and what you know about evaluating research presented in the media, how would you respond to Lisa? Provide a brief response below and be sure to identify at least two potential problems with the newspaper article or research. And, be sure to explain why the article may not be a good basis for Lisa’s plan.

PSY 203 Exam 3
Form C
3.
Your friend Lisa was formally the Assistant Director of a program designed to promote abstinence to teenagers, but she was fired because she didn’t heed your advice—her plan to use abstinence pledges to get teens to delay sex failed.
Now Lisa has a job working on a project to reduce the use of illegal drugs by students in
Columbia. She came to you to discuss some ideas. She says: “I have a great way to get kids to stop using drugs. All I have to do is focus on getting them to stop using marijuana! I found all these newspaper articles that say that marijuana is a “gateway” drug (see article below) What do you think?”
Based on your knowledge of research methods and evaluation of research presented in the media, how would you respond? Provide a response to Lisa below. Be sure to identify at least two potential problems with the newspaper article or research and explain why this should not be the basis of Lisa’s new plan.
HEADLINE: STUDY INDICATES EARLY POT USE LEADS TO HEAVIER DRUGS
Children who use marijuana early in adolescence are up to five times more likely than non pot smokers to use heavier drugs, regardless of genetic and environmental factors, a new study of Australian twins indicates.
The new study shores up the notion that marijuana may act as a gateway drug to heavier drug use. Conflicting results from previous research have fueled controversy over whether pot smoking causes teenagers to abuse drugs and alcohol later.
Scientists from Washington University and Queensland Institute for Medical Research in
Brisbane, Australia, conducted a telephone survey of 311 pairs of twins in Australia to determine whether genetic and environmental differences could account for marijuana’s gateway effect.
Previous studies of early marijuana use has failed to account adequately for those factors, said Michael T. Lynsky, a visiting professor of psychiatry at Washington
University and lead author of the study, which appears today in the Journal of the
American Medical Association.
The researchers studied pairs of twins in which one twin had used marijuana before age
17 and the other twin had not. In telephone interviews, the twins, who are now 24 to 36 years old, recalled their drug experiences. About 46 percent of the twins who smoked marijuana reported that they later abused or became dependent on marijuana, and 43 percent were alcoholics.
The marijuana users also took other drugs at higher rates than their nontoking twins.

PSY 203 Exam 3
Form C
4.
Karen Wynn’s research findings regarding infant addition and subtraction ability have been interpreted as evidence for a sophisticated understanding of number in early infancy. Briefly describe Wynn’s research study and findings (you may draw a picture to better illustrate your answer) and describe a simple alternative explanation that other researchers give for these findings.
SA Section #2. Choose 2of the 4 questions to answer below (10 points each)
1.
Provide and briefly explain one example of a domain interaction in child development.
2.
Jada is sitting on the floor in her preschool classroom holding the laces of her shoes and saying: “one loop with blue…now another loop…and pull it under…you have a bow!” clearly speaking only to herself.
Briefly describe the views of Vygotsky on the role of these early, nonsocial utterances on a child’s development and skill learning (i.e., how does private self-talk aid learning?)

PSY 203 Exam 3
Form C
3.
Compare and contrast the nativist, behaviorist, and interactionist perspectives on language development and provide one piece of evidence that is cited to support each of the theories.
4.
Based on your knowledge and reading of the text, explain how representation ability makes deferred imitation or make-believe play possible.
SA Section #3. Choose 2 of the 4 questions to answer below (10 points each).
1.
List five characteristics of developmentally appropriate child care and give a specific example of each.

PSY 203 Exam 3
Form C
2.
Describe the impact of fathers on children’s social development (infancy/toddlerhood) and peer sociability (early childhood). Include at least two specific examples.
3.
What is the most successful child-rearing style? Describe the characteristics of the approach and explain why it is effective.
4.
In addition to the cerebral cortex, which other parts of the brain make strides during early childhood? Identify the applicable brain structures, and discuss their impact on development.

PSY 203 Exam 3
Form C
BONUS QUESTIONS.
BONUS. (1 point each) Added to your Exam 3 score
1.
What do you like most about this class?
2.
What is the most important thing that you have learned in this course so far?
3. If you could change one thing about this class, what would it be?
4. Compared to single-grade classrooms, multigrade classrooms a. produce students who perform better academically. b. promote competition between students. c. tend to undermine students’ self-esteem. d. tend to promote negative attitudes toward school.
5.
Preschoolers distinguish ___________, which protect people’s rights and welfare, from ___________, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual. a. social conventions; moral imperatives b. matters of personal choice; social conventions c. moral imperatives; matters of personal choice d. moral imperatives; social conventions