PSY 504 – Dr. V
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PSY 504 – Lecture Notes
Historical Antecedents of Modern Testing
Classification of those who are Cognitively Challenged
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1800s – ________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
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Movement towards proper care resulted in the need for identification and classification
Needed to differentiate between “insane” and “mentally retarded” individuals
Especially for social institutions in the U.S. and Europe
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__________: Advocated for children who failed in normal schooling to be examined to see if
still educable for special classes
The First Experimental Psychologists
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Early experimental psychologists were not concerned with the measurement of individual differences
________________________________________________________________________
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Many had backgrounds in physiology and physics
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
Interest in sensory phenomena was reflected in many of the first psychological tests
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Also influenced the need for rigorous control of the conditions of which observations are made
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English biologist – given much credit for launching the testing movement
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Much interest in human heredity, including intelligence
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
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One of the first to use rating-scale and questionnaire methods (and free association)
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Significant contributions to statistical methods for analysis of individual differences
_________________________________________________________________
Karl Pearson was one of his students (‘Pearson’s r’)
_________________________
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Established laboratories for experimental psychology and active in the testing movement
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Coined the term ________________ (1890)
Initially administered to college students to determine intellectual level
Focused on ____________________________________________ (similar to Galton)
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e.g., speed of movement, sensitivity to pain, keenness of vision and
hearing, reaction time, memory
Binet and others (1895) criticized many of the current tests for ____________________
________________________________________________________________________
PSY 504 – Dr. V
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Binet and Intelligence Tests
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Binet was appointed with the responsibility to study procedures for the education of “retarded children”
____________________________________________
30 problems/tests arranged in ascending order of difficulty
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Later came the ______________________________________
By L. M. Terman and colleagues at Stanford University
____________________________________ first used
Ratio between mental age and chronological age
Group Testing
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Largely initially developed when ____________________________________________________
A significant need for rapid classification of 1.5+ million recruits with regard to intellectual level
Robert M. _______________ – appointed by the APA
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Multiple-choice questions introduced
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______________________________________________________________________________
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Released for civilian use after World War I
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Resulted in simplified instructions and administration procedures
Aptitude Testing
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______________________________________________________________________________
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Initially developed for use in ________________________ and in the selection and classification
of ______________________________________________
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Factor Analysis (a statistical technique) played a significant role in the development of multiple
aptitude batteries
Allows for making a intra-individual analysis (i.e., comparison)
e.g., verbal comprehension, numerical aptitude, spatial visualization, arithmetic reasoning,
perceptual speed
Standardized Achievement Tests
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______________________________________________________________________________
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Gained movement in the early 1900s with the help of E. L. Thorndike
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Stanford Achievement Test (1923)
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Establishment of statewide, regional, and national testing programs – College Entrance
Examination Board (CEEB)
Eventually evolved into the _________________________________________________
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Not only used for educational purposes, but also in the selection of applications for industrial
and government jobs
Assessment of Personality
PSY 504 – Dr. V
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In psychological testing, “personality test” refers to ____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Early precursor by Kraepelin’s use of the free association test
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Individuals are required to respond to the first word that comes to mind when they hear the
stimulus word
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First self-report inventory is the _________________________________________ during World War I
Used as a screening device for _________________________________ men who would be
disqualified for military service (i.e., psychopathology)
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Performance or situational tests
Individual performs a task whose purpose is often disguised
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_________________________________
(similar to Kraeplin’s free association test)
Individual is given a relatively unstructured task that allows for broad interpretation
The assumption is that the individual will project his/her characteristic modes of response into the
task
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Rorschach inkblots technique developed in 1921
Thematic Apperception Test in 1935
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Structured/Objective techniques
________________________________________________________________________
Developed in the early 1940s by Hathaway and McKinley
Included validity scales
Potpourri
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Development of vocational counseling instruments
____________________________________________
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Use of standardized checklists/behavior/affect symptom scales, rating scales
The Symptom Checklist-90 – Revised (SCL-90-R)
Beck Depression Inventory – II (BDI-II)
Conners’ Rating Scales – Revised
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Cultural sensitivity major focus
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____________________: Internet, computers