Akkalkot: a geo-environment study
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2
Adavitot S.C.
UGIT’s Governing Council
President
Dr. A.S. Rayamane, Professor, Department of Geography,
Bangalore University, Bangalore-56
Vice-President Dr. B. Eswarappa, Professor & Chairman, Department of
Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore-56
Vice-President Dr. A.K. Wodeyar, Professor, Department of Geography,
Bangalore University, Bangalore-56
Secretary Dr. Ashok Hanjagi, Associate Professor, Department of
Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore-56
Treasurer Sri. I. N. Patil, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Geography,
Bangalore University, Bangalore-56
Member Dr. Renuka Prasad, Professor, Department of Geology,
Bangalore University, Bangalore-56
Member Dr. Nandini N. Associate Professor, Department of
Environmental Science, Bangalore University, Bangalore
Chief Editor
Dr. Ashok D. Hanjagi
Associate Editor
Editorial Board
Dr. J. Krishnamurthy, Dr. Vasanthkumaran, Dr. Kamlakar Reddy, Dr.
Raghavaswamy, Dr. Krishnamurthy, Dr. A. Ganesh Dr. S.I. Biradar, Dr. C.T. Pawar,
Dr. M.G. Jadhav, Dr. N. Udayakumar, Dr. B. Hemamalini, Dr. N. Nagabhushanam,
Dr. Padmaja, Dr. Vijaya Bole,
(Phone or write a letter to the above the members and take their opinion)
Members
Dr. S.S. Sannasiddannannavar,
University of Mysore, Mysore
Dr. Chandrashekar,
University of Mysore, Mysore
Dr. Priya N.
Central University, Gulburga
Associate Professor, Dept. of Geography,
Associate Professor, Dept. of Geography,
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Geography,
Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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Akkalkot: a geo-environment study
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AKKALKOT: A GEO-ENVIRONMENT STUDY OF MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTE MATERIAL(SWM)
Adavitot S.C.
Associate prof & head, dept. Of geography, cbk college,akkalkot
Abstract
With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid
waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition is also changing. Akkalkot is located in
climatically drought prone region of the state. The present study aims to highlight the nature and
impact solid waste on human life. For this purpose secondary data has been used. The study
reveals that the level of income is positively correlated(0.69) with the generation of solid waste.
The study also highlights the impact of solid waste on environment and human life.
Key-words: Solid waste, drought, management
Introduction
Solid waste can be defined as any solid or semi-solid substance or object resulting from human
or animal activities, discarded as useless or unwanted. It is an extremely mixed mass of wastes,
which may originate from household, commercial, industrial or agricultural activities. Solid waste
is a broad term, which encompasses all kinds of waste such as Municipal Solid Waste (MSW),
Industrial Waste (IW), Hazardous Waste (HW), Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) and Electronic waste
(E-waste) depending on their source & composition. It consists of organic and inorganic
constituents which may or may not be biodegradable. On one hand, the recyclable components
of solid waste could be useful as secondary resource for production processes. On the other
hand, some of its toxic and harmful constituents may pose a danger if not handled properly.
Source reduction, recycling and composting, waste-to-energy conversion facilities, and land
filling are the four basic approaches to waste management. Therefore here an attempt has been
made to examine the impact of solid waste on environment and health of the population.
Objectives
To study the nature of solid waste in the town and its collection method. To analyze its
impact on Environment and Health of the population.
Methodlogy
The present study is based on secondary data. It was collected from Municipal
Corporation of Akkalkot town and various published sources. It was analyzed with the help of
cartographic and statistical method.
Study area
Akalkot once upon a time had a historic importance but now it has become merely a
religious place in Akalkot Taluka of Solapur District. Geographically, it lies at 17030’N. latitude
and 75015’ East longitude of 451 meters above the mean sea level 2. According to the 2011
Census the population of Akalkot is 37,745 persons. The climate of the destination is generally
dry. Akalkot falls in rain-shadow area and the range of temperature is 15 0C . The annual
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Adavitot S.C.
average rainfall in Akalkot is 584 MM. Bori, a seasonal sub-tributary of river Bhima flows at a
distance of 6 km. From the town. The entire town is divided into 20 wards. The total dust bin
installed in the town is not adequate. There is one dumping ground for the solid waste.
Discussion
With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal
solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition is also changing. With rapid
migration of rural masses to urban areas, MSW is being produced at an ever - increasing rate.
The increasing population directly influences the municipal solid waste generated in the
surrounding areas. Again industrialization affects level of urbanization and increases population
levels there by increasing the overall waste generated.
Municipal solid waste (MSW), also called Urban Solid Waste, and is a waste type that
includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of
commercial wastes, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from
streets collected by a municipality within a given area. They are in either solid or semisolid form
and generally exclude industrial hazardous wastes.
MSW can be broadly categorized into five broad categories asBiodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green waste (vegetables, flowers, leaves,
fruits), paper (can also be recycled).
Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals, certain plastics, etc.
Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris.
Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics such as toys.
Domestic hazardous waste (also called "household hazardous waste") & toxic waste:
medication, e-waste, paints, chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray cans,
fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
The study area is entirely located in drought prone area, throughout the year it is totally
dry. The town is divided into twenty wards. As per table no 01 the wards were grouped into
three major categories on the basis of their economic status and the quantity of waste
generated in each ward
Table 1. Akkalkot Town Ward and Household wise generation of SWM
Sr. No. WARD NO
ECONOMIC STATUS
Waste
Generated/Household
(kg)
01
01,03,05,10
High Income group
0.68
02
02,06,08,09,13,14,15
Middle Income group
0.49
03
04,07,11,12,16,17,18,19,20
Low income group
0.26
Source: Akkalkot Municipal Corporation(2010)
The study reveals that the level of income is positively correlated(0.69) with the
generation of solid waste.
Impact on Environmental and Health of SWM:
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Akkalkot: a geo-environment study
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The present study also analyze the direct impact of solid waste material on environment. The
observation was that waste material was put by residents on open road side and it creates bad
smell , and people not only from Akkalkot town but also those visiting the town.
Table 2. Akkalkot Town Sources and Impact of Solid Waste Generators
Source
Typical waste
Solid waste contents
generators
Residential Single and multifamily
Food wastes, paper, cardboard,
dwellings
plastics textiles, leather, yard
wastes, wood,
glass, metals, ashes, special
wastes (e.g.,
bulky items, consumer
electronics,
batteries, oil, tires), and
household
hazardous wastes.
Source: Akkalkot Municipal council-2010
Impact of SWM
Allergic Diseases
such as cough,
asthma, Eye and
respiratory
infections etc.
Direct handling of solid waste can result in various types of infectious and chronic
diseases, with the waste workers and the rag pickers, being the most vulnerable. There are
someoccupational hazards associated with waste handling like Skin and blood infections
resultingfrom direct contact with waste, and from infected wounds. Eye and respiratory
infectionsresulting from exposure to infected dust.
Method of collection of SWM
Collection is the component of waste management which comprises lifting and removal
/ passage of a waste material from the source of production to either the point of treatment or
final disposal. Collection of generated solid waste is the crucial part in MSW management.
Efficiency in collecting solid waste & segregating it decides how well solid waste is managed.
Collection includes not only the gathering of solid waste, but also the transport of these
materials, after collection, to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied. This location
may be a material processing facility, a transfer station or a landfill disposal site. Akklkot
Municipal town has adopted the three method of collection of SWM.
Stage I: Collection from Non point Source
This stage includes door-to-door collection of waste. Most collection is done by garbage
collectors who are employees or firms under contract to the government. Garbage collectors
employed by local governing bodies manually collect the waste generated at the household
level and dump it in the community bins at specified street corners. Municipality is not
responsible for door to door collection of waste from houses, offices, small shops and small
markets. Here people are required to deposit their wastes in communal containers/ community
bins (stationary or haul types), from which it is collected by municipal crew. The vehicle used in
this stage for collection, is small and simple & varies from place to place. It may be two-wheeled
cart pulled by an individual or bell ringing vehicles (ghanta gadi).In study area there are tow
Ghanta gadi in each ward and the collected waste is deposited at particular point of source.
Then it was lifted through tractor and disposed at dumping site.
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Adavitot S.C.
Stage II: Collection from Point Source
Waste collected from non point source is deposited to definite point sources namely communal
bins. Communal bins are placed near markets, in apartment complexes, and in other
appropriate locations. Shopping complex, hotels, public places like gardens, religious places are
other definite point sources. Vehicles collects large amount of waste from these point sources
and then transport it to transfer stations and disposal sites. Manually or mechanically loaded
compactors are often used in this stage. Placing communal bins at appropriate locations for
deposit and storage of waste is important to manage waste properly. For better MSW
management garbage should be lifted frequently from these point sources. Frequency in lifting
garbage from these points really matters otherwise garbage pile up & create other problems. In
this study it reveals that more than 26 communal bins were placed at wards and main bazaar
road side.
Stage III: Transportation to Disposal sites
Transfer refers to the movement of waste or materials from collection points to disposal sites.
Transportation of waste from collection point to disposal sites is carried out by using different
types of vehicles depending on the distances to be covered by them. Tractors were used for
lifting of SWM from various point source.
Sources and Impact of Solid Waste Generators
Source
Typical
waste Solid waste contents
Impact of SWM
generators
Residential Single and multifamily
Food wastes, paper, cardboard, Allergic Diseases
dwellings
plastics textiles, leather, yard such as cough,
wastes, wood,
asthma, Eye and
glass, metals, ashes, special respiratory
wastes (e.g.,
infections etc.
bulky
items,
consumer
electronics,
batteries,
oil,
tires),
and
household
hazardous wastes.
Source: Akkalkot Municipal council-2010
Conclusion
With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal
solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition is also changing. Akkalkot town is
one of the historical and religious place of national interest. Lakhs of pilgrims and tourist visit
this destination. Climatically town is located in drought prone region. There are twenty wards
and they were grouped into three economic levels. High income group were creating highest
amount of waste followed by middle and low level income households. Various Allergic
Diseases such as cough, asthma, Eye and respiratory infections.
Suggestions
Segregation of Municipal Solid Wastes
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In order to encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall organize awareness programmes
for segregation of wastes and shall promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials. The
municipal authority shall undertake phased programme to ensure community participation in
waste segregation. For this purpose, regular meetings at quarterly intervals shall be arranged by
the municipal authorities with representatives of local resident welfare associations and nongovernmental organizations. The lack of coordination and overlapping of responsibility among
agencies and different levels of local governing bodies involved in waste management also
contribute to the problem.
Managing Solid waste: Best practices
Due to current lavishing lifestyle trade, continuous waste generation is an obvious phenomenon.
For better management of solid waste, periodic review of each steps involved in waste
management like Generation, Collection, Disposal etc should be conducted & accordingly
implementation of “Best Practices” is necessary. Best practices for waste management can be
achieved by well known ‘3 Rs’ principle. ‘3 Rs’ principle (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) should be
used.
Better Technology Selection, trained Man-power, Public awareness, Strengthening
Institutional Mechanism, Enforcement of law provision, and Participation of all Stakeholders are
the key elements in Solid Waste Management.
References
http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/estdir/pub/msw/
http://www.cpcb.nic.in
http://www.mcgm.gov.in/
http://edugreen.teri.res.in/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management
Local bodies status- Maharashtra Pollution Control Board
Akkalkot Municipal Corporation Annual Report-2010
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Goudar M.B., Vagge M.C.
COASTAL KARNATAKA: DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Angadi P. Dasharatha*
Abstract
Coastal zones are areas of Intensive activity of interchange within and between
Physical, biological, social, Cultural and economic processes changes at any
Stage and in any part of the System, can generate chain reactions for beyond
their starting point and possibly in a totally different System whose environment
conditions will be Subsequently altered. It has now been recognized that
effective management of Coastal area should be based not only on an analysis
of Individual activities and their impacts, but also on the combined effects of
various activities on each other as well as on Coastal resources as a Whole.
There is a need to bring the Various activities together in order to achieve a
commonly acceptable Coastal Management frame work; the Integrated Coastal
Area Management (ICAM) represent a continuous Proactive and adaptive
process of resources management for Sustainable development and
Management in Coastal areas of Karnataka in India. At present, tourist who
came to Goa they use to come to visit Beaches in coastal Karnataka or
pilgrimage centres. This paper observes that the Coastal development and
Management is depends on the Socio-Economic Sectors. Based on this
objectives have been formulated. . “It is necessary to have resorts to attracts
people to these districts” and also stated, these districst administration intended
to promote water sports to attracts tourists. The Study area is located West
Coast of Karnataka; the total length of the Coast is 320 Kms. The Study is
based on Primary and Secondary data.
Key words: Coastal area, Development, Management, Sustainable, Ecology,
Coastal district.
Introduction
Globally the number of people living on the coast is increasing. It has been over a 35%
increases in the population of people living on the coast since 1995. The average density of
people in coastal regions is 3 times higher than the global average density. Historically city
development especially large cities were based on coast due to the economic benefits of the
ports. In 1950 there were only 2 mega cities (cities with greater than 8 million people) in the
coastal zone, London and New York. By the mid-nineties there were 13. Although coastal areas
globally have shown population growth and increase in density, very few in-depth quantitative
global studies of population have been carried out, especially in terms of distribution across
specific environs, like coasts. The spatial distribution of global data must be significantly
improved before realistic quantitative assessment of the global impacts of coastal hazards can
be made. As currently much of the data is collected and analyzed in this regards.
Coastal development is a broad category which includes an array of human activities
including beach front construction of homes, hotels, restaurants and roads often for tourism.
Also included are things like beach re-nourishment, seawall construction and near shore
dredging and oil platform construction. India has a coastline of about 7,500 kilometers (Km), of
Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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which about 6,100km surrounds the mainland. The remaining 1,400 km includes the shoreline
of the Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar islands. With nearly 250 million people, or
around 20% of the population, living within a distance of 50 km of the shoreline, the population
density of coastal areas (432/km2) is significantly higher than that of the country as a whole
(256 persons per km2). The majority of coastal communities derive a livelihood from fisheries,
agriculture or tourism and other related services. At the same time coastal areas support
significant industrial and commercial activities and many urban centers. These multiple
objectives and competing demands on the coastal zone require a coordinated management
strategy.
Coastal Development Authority is the main advisory body to the Government of Karnataka,
namely Dakshin Kannada, Udupi and Uttar Kannada. In the above context the present study
asses the Karnataka’s Coastal development and Management in India.
Study Area
The Coastal Karnataka is selected for the study which includes three districts; the area
is located at South Western part of India viz., Dakshin Kannada, Udupi and Uttar Kannada. The
sea board lies between 12° 27' to 15° 49' north latitude and 74°49' to 75° 10' east longitude. It is
about 320 km in length, about 80 kilometers as its widest part. The area is intersected by many
coastal parallel rivers and streams and presents varied and most picturesque scenery. The
length of the coastline which is almost straight but broken at numerous splits by rivers, rivulets,
creeks sandy ridges and bays (Map No.1).
Objectives
The study has set the following objectives:to know the development of coastal
Karnataka, to know the management of costal zones of the study area, to study the
recommended such works for inclusion in the state level planning and to take measures for
effective time bound supervision of implementation of projects for coastal development and
Management of the study area.
Data base and methodology
It is an analytical & qualitative study which investigated Coastal development of Dakshin
Kannada, Udupi and Uttara Kannada districts. The data are obtained from primary as well as
secondary sources. The secondary information is collected from the district statistical office
Govt. of Karnataka, Government of India & survey reports and other publications.
Discussion
The Development of Coastal Karnataka: Some Issues and Concerns
The study has highlights the development of coastal Karnataka comprising of three
districts, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Uttar Kannada has rich hinterland. Its demographic
features are unique; it has a population of 43.59 lakh; has high literacy rate; the percentage of
people living below the poverty line is lower than the state average. In terms of the
Human Development Index based on per capita GDP, Dakshina Kannada (combined district)
ranks 3rd and Uttar Kannada district stands 4th in the state. Industrialization has made modest
progress, with a few mega projects operating in the region. The service sector is growing at a
galloping rate. Infrastructure facilities are well-developed. Financial resources are adequate;
there are 681 branches of banks having a total resource of Rs. 9341 Crore and advances of
Rs.3061 Crore. Skilled manpower is available in plenty. One of the major problems is the
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Goudar M.B., Vagge M.C.
inadequacy of power. The Agenda for Development are Maintaining the ecological balance,
Developing the Industrial Sector, Fostering the Service Sector, Promoting Special Economic
Zone and Converging the Strategic Facilitators
Maintaining the ecological balance: The Economic development need not be achieved at the
cost of disturbing the ecological balance of the sensitive coastal region. Massive displacements
of human inhabitation and reckless de-forestation have to be avoided.
Developing the Industrial Sector: This sector has to be necessarily confined to the ecofriendly industries. Encouraging the development of Food industries under an umbrella brand
would be more appropriate. Encasing the excellence achieved in hotel and food sector, it is
possible to develop the UDUPI brand for the food articles. Concentrating on Consumer goods
like, garments, printing and packaging would be advisable. Manufacturing of fruit-based soft
drinks for export has to be explored, utilizing the technical know-how available with the Central
Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore. Tender coconut could be one possible choice.
Fostering the Service Sector: By inviting the IT companies, Indian and foreign, would be of
great help in developing the region, using the skilled manpower locally available. Taking
advantage of the large number of medical colleges located in the region, the health care sector
can be profitably developed. In the recent Union Budget, the Finance Minister has announced
the idea of developing India as an international destination for health care. He has offered quite
a few incentives like the reduction of excise duty on some of the important medical equipments.
Specialty health centers could be set up in the vicinity of the airport for the convenience of the
foreign patients. Gurupur area near the airport could be the ideal location for
this.
Promoting the Special Economic Zones: There is a proposal to set up three SEZs at
Mangalore-Baikampady, Padubidri and Tadri. The requirement of the land for the SEZ being
very large, about 1000 hectares, it is considered expedient to have 3 separate SEZ. Located
separately, they would be concentrating on different activities. Some impediments in the
establishment of these SEZs are; cost of the project, the willingness of the State Government to
make the investment required and also the preparedness of the private sector in making the
necessary investments. These aspects need to be examined in greater detail. The participation
of the foreign investors including the NRIs may also have to be explored. The
financial institutions in the region may not find it difficult to raise the resources, subject to the
support of the controlling authorities.
Converging the Strategic Facilitators: Some of the facilitators, which are of strategic
importance in developing the region are the railways, sea port, air port, highways as well as the
financial infrastructure.
Railways; The completion of the Hassan-Mangalore line is of crucial importance in enabling the
fuller utilization of the New Mangalore Port. Linking Ankola to Hubli by the broad gauge railway
line would be very useful in connecting the hinterland to the port of Karwar.
Delinking coastal railway from Palakkad Division is imperative for the development of the
railway facilities in this region. For nearly a century, Mangalore was the most neglected terminal
of the Southern Railways. While the city has grown very fast, its railway facilities have not
grown in the required manner. A look at the gross neglect of the basic facilities required by the
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travelers at the new railway station at Mangalore-Kankanadi would eloquently testify this.
Mangalore is still under the administrative control of Palakkad Divisional office. Carving out
Mangalore as Divisional Head Quarter would be essential to improve the railway facilities in this
region. It could be linked to Mysore Division.
Ports: Conservation of the Minor Ports in the state is of significance to
the development of coastal trade. Malpe and Karwar ports have to be assigned important
role in this regard. The expansion of the iron ore loading plant at the New Mangalore Port is
necessary for the development of the export of ore.
Airport: Upgrading Mangalore airport as international airport cannot be postponed, if the region
wants to develop the IT sector in and around Mangalore. The road from the airport to the city
needs to be re-aligned to facilitate the faster movement of traffic.
Highways: There was a proposal to build a four-lane express highway, up grading the NH 17
and also NH 48. Since along the NH 17, the towns have grown fast, encroaching upon the
highway, it is necessary to build the by-passes especially in places like Suratkal, Padubidri,
Brahmavar, and Bhatkal.
Power: Power shortage would be the most critical bottleneck, strangulating the development of
the region. This has to be tackled by setting up new plants, encouraging private sector to
participate.
Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project:
Some projects have been implemented in the study area the Coastal Environmental
Management Project: The Project will support the Government's priority investment in the urban
sector, based on an urban sector development strategy that focuses on improving the welfare of
the urban poor and the devolution of municipal management responsibility from states to urban
local bodies. This integrated urban development project will help meet basic human needs by
developing urban services for water supply and sanitation, solid waste and wastewater
management, and slum and environmental improvements. The Project will also support street
improvements and traffic management, and strengthen other municipal services required to
improve the quality of life in urban areas. The Project will provide assistance in capacity building
and community participation at the state and local levels and in Project implementation.
Project Area
The project is being implemented in the following selected urban centers in the three
coastal districts of Karnataka,
A. Dakshina Kannada district: 1. Mangalore 2. Ullal 3. Puttur
B. Udupi district: 1. Udupi 2. Kundapura
C. Uttara Kannada district: 1 . Karwar 2. Ankola 3. Bhatkal 4. Dandeli 5. Sirsi.
Proposed Projects:
Mangala Corniche Road (Mangala Ring Road)
Mangalore city is one of the fastest growing cities of Karnataka. Famously known as the
‘Gateway to Karnataka’, this city has enormous potential for tourism development. Gurupur and
Nethravathi rivers encircle this city on three sides and join the Arabian Sea at Tannirbhavi.
Major industries like Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd., Kudremukh Iron and Steel
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Goudar M.B., Vagge M.C.
Company, Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd., and BASF Ltd., as also New Mangalore
Port are established here. Hence, a large numbers of workers have made Mangalore as their
home town and transformed it into a city with dense traffic. Mangala Corniche Road envisages
the construction of a 100-foot wide four-lane road encircling Mangalore city. This road will serve
as a ring road connecting interior roads to all important centres of the city and reduce the traffic
density in the city roads by preventing all North-South traffic from entering the city through
utilising this ring road to reach National Highway – 17, National Highway – 48, National Highway
– 13 and National Highway – 234. This road will also facilitate Tourism and Fisheries
Development and foster the planned development of Mangalore city. According to expert
estimates, this project is likely to incur an expenditure of about Rs. 700 crores.
It will be implemented in five phases:
Phase 1: Construction of 12 kms. Stretch along the Gurupur river bank from Ullal bridge to
Kulur bridge
Phase 2: Kulur bridge to Maravur Bridge (5.8 kms.)
Phase 3: Ullal bridge to Kannur (6.5 kms.)
Phase 4: Maravur Bridge to Gurupur Bridge (including Gurupur river) (6.3 kms.)
Phase 5: Link road via inland between Gurupur bridge and Kannur (7.5 kms.)
Four-laning of Athradi State Highway -67 from Bajpe to Athradi (via Mangalore
- Belman – Udupi) (Direct road from Manipal to Bajpe Airport)
With Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts emerging as prominent commercial
centres, there is dense movement of heavy vehicles in this region and the heavy downpour
during the monsoons further damage the roads. Many mega projects including Special
Economic Zone are under implementation. These activities are increasing the pressure of traffic
density on the existing National Highways – 17 (Panjim – Mangalore), 48 (Mangalore –
Bangalore) and 13 (Mangalore - Sholapur). Hence there is an urgent need to develop alternate
routes by converting existing State Highways and important roads of the district into 4-lane
thoroughfares. Mangalore Airport at Bajpe now has an international terminal and the
educational township of Manipal attracts thousands of Indian and foreign students. Hence this
proposed road development will serve as an important link connecting Manipal with Mangalore
Airport. It will also foster the economic and industrial development of Udupi district, especially as
there is no scope for building a separate airport for Udupi. The cost of this project is estimated
to be about Rs. 200 crores.
Proposal for concretizing of parallel fisheries roads of Dakshina Kannada – Udupi–Uttara
Kannada along National Highway-17
Karnataka state has a coastline of about 325 kms stretching along Dakshina Kannada,
Udupi and Uttara Kannada districts. All along this stretch there are narrow fisheries roads
running parallel to National Highway 17. Every year due to the damage caused to these roads
during the monsoons, fishermen and villagers who depend on these roads are put to a great
deal of hardships. Hence concretizing these roads will be beneficial to them as it will facilitate
quick transport of fresh fish. Moreover this will help reduce the pressure on National Highway 17
and give scope for the development of beach tourism too. The roads will also be useful from the
point of view of national security and also in times of natural calamities which the coastal region
is prone to. The cost of this project is estimated at Rs. 900 crores.
Construction of Women’s Fish Market
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Coastal Development Authority has an ambitious project to develop a series of full
fledged fish markets exclusively for the use of women fish mongers and has already initiated the
process of developing 20 such fish markets in co-ordination with National Fisheries
Development Board(NFDB). In order to build the markets in a novel and innovative way, a
study group had been formed to evaluate the facilities required. After undertaking study tour in
various states, the study group has come up with a model fish market incorporating the
suggestions collected from various experts. The model fish market has provision for a variety of
facilities like toilets and washrooms, changing room, rest room, Tiffin room, and individual sales
cubicles for each fisherwoman with counter and chair, stainless steel trays for display of fish,
side space for keeping stock, drainage and waste disposal. Developing such markets will attract
more customers and provide a welcome relief to the traditional fisher folk whose business has
been badly affected due to the competition from malls and hypermarkets. This project is
estimated to incur an expenditure of Rs. 10 crore.
Solar Power Project
It is proposed to identify five village hamlets each which lack power supply in the three
coastal districts, and provide them with power supply by installing solar lighting system with the
help of MESCOM. Further discussions are in progress in this regard.
Soubhagya Sanjeevini
Soubhagya Sanjeevini, a project for harnessing the water resources of the region, is the
brainchild of the veteran experimental agriculturist and leader of this region Sri A. G. Kodgi. The
state government has shown keen interest in studying this concept and the Department of
Irrigation has expressed its willingness to undertake the study. However due to differing
opinions in this regard, there are several misconceptions concerning this project and it has been
variously labeled as ‘river diversion’, ‘river joining’, ‘river interlinking’ etc and concern has been
expressed too that this project may give rise to conflict with neighboring states. Hence Coastal
Development Authority plans to initiate discussion on this subject and study the practicality of
implementing the project.
Construction of Foot Bridges
Lack of foot bridges is one of the major problems faced by the people of the three
coastal districts, mainly Uttara Kannada. Uttara Kannada suffers many more problems during
natural calamities, due to lack of foot bridges. Hence a committee has been constituted to
undertake a village level study to identify places where such foot bridges are required. Coastal
Development Authority proposes to prevail upon the Ministry of Rural Development for further
action on the basis of their report.
Symposium
Being entrusted with the responsibility of spearheading development of the three
coastal districts of Karnataka, Coastal Development Authority proposes to stimulate progressive
thinking in this regard by organizing a symposium where and experts in various fields and
eminent speakers of regional, national and international stature will be invited to enlighten us on
various developmental issues. A book containing authoritative papers too will be brought out on
this occasion to help formulate a vision for the next 25/30 years on planning and development.
Hon’ble Chief Minister, Hon’ble Home Minister, Hon’ble Union Ministers and leading global level
industrialists will be invited to participate in this symposium to highlight the seriousness of our
endeavour and get the best response for development of the coastal region.
14
Goudar M.B., Vagge M.C.
Aqua marine Park and Golf Course
Measures are being taken to realise the proposed Tannibhavi Aquamarine Park and
Golf Course - a long standing demand of the people of Mangalore - which is bound to attract
tourism in this region.
Planning and Resource Mobilization
The plan for the development of the coastal region should be an integrated plan,
combining all the existing and proposed plans of the central, state and local or segmental plans.
The financial outlays required for implementing the plan have to be mobilized by providing
adequate incentives for the foreign institutional investors, Indian financial agencies as well as
the NRIs. Monitoring the plan implementation has to be done meticulously within the accepted
time frame.
Findings
The Karnataka government is planning a full-fledged clean-up of the coastline. Building
proper hotels along the coastline to attract tourists, both domestic and foreign, is also on the
agenda. The government's coastline development plan will see the up gradation of all beaches
along the state's 320-km coast, including Mangalore, Malpe, Maravanthe, Murdeshwar,
Gokarna and Karwar. Gokarna's Om beach will have the privilege of being the first beach to get
a facelift
under the proposed plan. The project is likely to find favour with the hoteliers. The government
is planning a tourism meet in November-December to showcase various projects under the
proposed plan. Despite these ambitious plans the state government may not be able to go
ahead with its plans unless the Central government relaxes coastal regulatory zone (CRZ)
regulations. However, the state government is confident of getting the relaxation as its
neighboring states, Kerala and Goa, have already been able to do it.
Conclusion
The Coastal Karnataka has witnessed the growth of informal sector also. The major
problems of the informal sector in this city are low productivity, lack of access to institutional
credit and the inadequate housing facilities. Now the state of development of Coastal area is
such that the question of shelter development for the informal sector is closely related to the
overall process of urban development planning. But development of tourism required lot of
investment. It was necessary to see that the tourist stay in these coastal districts for a day or
two. At present, tourist who came to Goa they use to come to visit Beaches in coastal
Karnataka or pilgrimage centers. “It is necessary to have resorts to attracts people to these
districts” and also stated, the district administration intended to promote water sports to attracts
tourist. Steps should be taken to promote sports in backwater of the districts concrete proposals
were being drawn to promote Malpe beach, Othinene and St. Mary’s Island and also for set up a
Permanent mechanism to keep the beaches cleans through the Malpe Development
Committee.
The Coastal cities are growing all these years and at a faster rate in the recent years.
The trend of growth of Mangalore and Udupi Cities are made it or placed it in the category of
developed pockets of the nation. It is with reference to Mangalore city is a genius city. On
account of urbanization, Mangalore, Udupi, Kundapur, and other cities are have be come a
substantial large market for food articles and the consumer goods. With urbanization, the
Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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15
demand for vegetables, fruits, milk, fish and mutton would tend to rise in the number of shops
faster than the rate of growth of population. A huge rise in the number of shop selling steel
furniture’s, expensive cutleries garments, electrical goods and all sundry fancy article is also an
also an infallible indicator of the growth of urban demand.
Reference
Aagaard T., and Greenwood B., 1994, Suspended sediment transport and the role of infra gravity waves in a barred
surf zone. Marine Geology 118: 23-48.
Allen J.R., Bauer B.O., Psuty, N.P., and Carter R.W.G., 1991, Process variation across a barred, tidal near shore.
Coastal sediments ‘91. ASCE, New York, 498-511.
Crowell M., Douglass B.C., and Leatherman S.P. 1997, On forecasting future U.S. shoreline positions: a test of
algorithems. Journal of coastal research 13:1245-1255.
Hoover C.1993.”Cultural Constraints to the Management of Coastal Biodiversity in Honduras”
Karnataka
Sl.
Town
Population
Population
Area in
Biodiversity Board
Report,
2007,
No.
Existing
Existing
Sq. Kms.)
“Biodiversity
2001
2026
Conservation
and
Management
in
1
Mangalore
415272
676788
132.82
Coastal Karnataka
Survey Report.
2
Ullal
49862
84864
11.00
Trist C., in press,
3
Puttur
48063
63967
34.00
1999,
”Recreating
4
Udupi
113039
170180
65.08
Ocean
Space
:
Recreational
5
Kundapura
28595
43049
15.00
Consumption
and
6
Karwar
62960
99564
27.15
Representation
of
7
Ankola
14306
26362
7.42
the
Caribbean
Marine
8
Bhatkal
58711
136420
12.48
Environment” in The
9
Dandeli
31785
74651
5.57
Professional
10
Sirsi
53287
102842
9.50
Geographer,
875880
Table 1. Town wise population
Figure 1. Study Area.
1478687
320.02
16
Goudar M.B., Vagge M.C.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT-A CASE STUDY
OF GADAG-BETAGERI.
Goudar M.B. *
Vagge . M.C. **
Dept. of Geographya K.S.S.Arts, Commerce And Science College, Gadag ( Karnataka)
Dept. of Commerce K.S.S.Arts, Commerce And Science College, Gadag ( Karnataka)
Abstract
With rapid urbanization, industrialization and population growth and increasing economy
syndrome, the municipal solid waste (MSW), which has been a problem in past has become a
serious threat in recent year and the situation is going to the worst in coming years if appropriate
measures are not taken immediately, keeping in view the seriousness of the issue and its
linkages with the economic growth. Environmental degradation and health hazards. Dumping the
waste as a waste has two fold negative implications. On the one hand it pollutes the air, water
and land resulting in diseases and destruction of human habitat, while on the hand, it deprives us
of a powerful resource material for producing energy, electricity and manure etc. Although the
entire country is affected by the urbanization and increase in population and their ecological
consequence, the impact has been much higher in the urban areas because urban population
and industrialization have expanded at much faster pace, because of urban migration. GadagBetageri is a popular place in northern part of Karnataka. It is famous for education, business,
and a place of art and culture. In the year 1873 Betageri has merged with Gadag city for local
administration, which is just one km. away from Gadag. The local administration named as
‘Gadag-Betageri Municipality’. Geographically, Gadag-Betageri is at the mid part of the
Karnataka. In particular it is situated on 15 º 30’ north latitude and 75 º 45’ east longitude. So the
twin city is 2143ft.above the sea level. The population is 1,84,849 as per 2011 census. The city
has a grade I CMC in Karnataka state located at city center.
Key words: Solid Waste, Environmental degradation and health hazards, powerful resource
materials. Technical Solutions for Processing.
Introduction
Solid waste management is one among the basic essential services provided by
municipal authorities in the country to keep urban centers clean. However, it is among the most
poorly rendered services in the basket. The systems applied are unscientific, out dated and
inefficient. Waste is littered all over leading to in sanitary living conditions. Municipal laws
governing the urban local bodies do not have adequate provisions to deal effectively with the
ever-growing problem of solid waste management. With rapid urbanization, the situation is
becoming critical. The urban population has grown five fold in the last six decades with 377.10
million people living in urban areas as per the 2011 Census.
. The waste generation rates in India are lower than the low-income countries in other
parts of the world and much lower compared to developed countries. However, life style
changes, especially in the larger cities, are leading to the use of more packaging material and
per capita waste generation is increasing by about 1.3 per cent per year. With the urban
population growing at 2.7 per cent to 3.5 per cent per annum, the yearly increase in the overall
quantity of solid waste in the cities will be more than 5 per cent. The Energy and Resources
Institute (TERI) has estimated that waste generation will exceed 260 million tones per year by
Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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Municipal solid wastes management
17
2047.i.e more than five times the present level. Physical and chemical characteristics of solid
waste in Indian cities vary depending on population size and geographical location. Though
composition of urban waste is changing with increasing use of packaging material and plastics,
yet, as compared to developed countries, Indian solid waste still comprises mostly, of large
proportions of organic matter as well as inert material.
Gadag-Betageri twin city is a popular place in northern part of Karnataka. It is famous
for education, business, and a place of art and culture. In the year 1873 Betageri has merged
with Gadag city for local administration, which is just one km. away from Gadag. The local
administration named as ‘Gadag-Betageri Municipality’. Geographically, Gadag-Betageri is at
the mid part of the Karnataka. In particular it is situated on 15 º 30’ North latitude and 75 º 45’
East longitude. The total area of 54.56 sq km which covers 35 wards. So the twin city is
2143ft.above the sea level. The population is 1,72,813 as per 2011 census. The city has a
grade I CMC in Karnataka state located at city center.
Materials and Methods
The solid waste from the different sector of society was collected, mixed and one Kg
sample was prepared by using quartering method. The waste was then characterized and the
percentage of each constituent was calculated .Secondary data regarding solid waste
generation, collection system and disposal methods were collected from Gadag-Betageri city
munciple Council . (Figure 1or map) shows the Gadag-Betageri twin city area which was
considered in our study.
Analysis and Discussions
Gadag-Betageri CMC is responsible for collection of solid waste which is produced day
by day from different areas of the city..The City administrationhas been decentralized in four
sectors. Each sector consists of number of blocks. Total numbers of blocks in the city are 35
Wards. According to Gadag-Betageri CMC around 74 TPD Solid waste is generated every day.
Major sources of solid waste is given in table-1
Table 1. Major sources of solid waste generation
Sl.No.
Sources of Waste generation
1
Domestic Buildings/ Houses
2
Hotels/Choultries
3
Market, vegetable shop/Meat Shops
4
Hospitals/clinics
5
factories
Total
Quantity (TPD)
33.8
11.4
22.7
2.3
3.8
74
Waste generation rates of out to be 0.42 kg per capita per day. Approximately 34 TPD
waste is generated from the residential sources. Hotels/Choultries and markets account for 34
TPD and the rest is from other sources.
System of Collection
The solid waste is collected from different sources by various methods. The solid waste
management activity in gadag-BetageriCMC consists of wastes generator throwing the waste
into the round RCC bins and masonry bins. The pourakarmika sweeps the road and drains and
transfer the waste into small heaps on the road or into the bins . The collection of waste from
18
Goudar M.B., Vagge M.C.
these dust bins is planned in accordance with frequency of container becoming full. The present
location of dust bins and the waste collection point have been classified into daily collection,
weekly twice collection and weekly once collection as part of Nirmal Nagara Programme. In
addition, there are 04 dumper placer containers used as primary collection containers in
commercial areas and bulk generator. The number of staff engaged in solid waste management
in the CMC is shown in table 2
Table 2. Distribution of staff for SWM
Sl.No.
Category Staff
1
Environmental engineer
2
Senior Health Inspector
3
Junior Health Inspector
4
Conservancy defedar
5
Pourakarmika ( Permenent)
6
Drivers
Numbers
01
01
02
12
225
10
Door to door collection
In the year 2007 door to door collection of waste was started in Javali plot and
Navanagar localities comprising of about 1200 households by engaging Self Help Groups. As
the residents did not pay user charges promptly those groups quit the work. Since 7-7-2011
door to door collection is being done in the same localities by engaging municipal labours with
push carts. Realizing the problem that the user charges are not usually paid promptly to SHGs
and to stream line the process of user charge collection, it has been resolved in the general
body meeting of 5-02-2011 to collect SWM Cess from buildings (including garbage waste from
medical establishments) coming under door to door collection areas along with property tax with
effective from 1-4-2011. The rates as per govt. order 06-01-2005 have been
Transportation of Waste
Transportation of solid waste is carried out partially by Gadag-Betageri CMC and
partially by private contractor. Out of 35 wards, CMC is responsible for transportation of about
80-85 % of solid waste generated, while private contractor are responsible for the rest 15-20 %
of the waste in the city. The solid waste is stored temporarily in the dust bins and then
transported to the disposal site. Types of vehicles used for transportation of solid waste are as
follows:
Table-3 Vehicles for Waste Transportation /Processing
Sl.No.
Vehicles
1
Tractor-trailers
2
Dumpur-placers
3
Tractor-mounted loader with backhoe
4
Auto-tipper
Numbers
08
04
01
05
The waste collected from the roads and bins is directly transported to the final dumping
site .The refuse vehicles have to travel about 2 Km distance through the city to carry waste up
to the dumping site. The tractors and dumpers carrying waste are not covered or Partially
covered during the journey and waste tends to spill on the roads. Most often workers are not
provided with protective hand gloves and shoes so they are directly expose to the waste.
Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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Municipal solid wastes management
19
Protective measures are necessary to avoid contracting skin allergies and respiratory diseases
.The loading and unloading of waste is done through mechanical system reducing direct contact
of worker with the wastes.
Disposal of Wastes
Normally the collected garbage is disposed in specific site and garbage is recycled
where it is possible. Considering quantity and composition of Municipal solid waste generation
in Gadag-Betageri twin city, The land fill site is located about 3.5Km from the Gadag city within
an areas of 4.27 Acres. The area is almost all covered with the black soil and agricultural fields
are around the land fill site.
Characteristics of Solid Waste
The quantity and characteristics of solid waste vary from place to place .factors that
influence the quantity and composition are the average income level, the sources, the
population, social behavior, climate, industrial production and the market for waste materials.
The waste generation and economics level of the society have been related by studying the
quantity of domestic solid waste generated from three socioeconomic groups’ i.e. Low income
group, middle income group and high income group and a positive correlation between the high
income and waste generation has been noted. The HIG people throw away more plastic,
metallic and glass waste and also hazardous waste. The study reveals that the composition of
solid waste in Gadg-Betageri CMC has 41.81 % Bio-degradable followed by 41.81 % earthen
materials and 11.73 % as miscellaneous materials. This shows that municipal solid waste of
Gadag-Betager twin city has a fair amount of biodegradable materials. The percentage of non
biodegradable waste like metals and plastics is not very high but substantial percentage of
concrete /pebbles/silts/sands etc was observed, which is indicative of medium/large scale
building construction and other development activities. The typical composition of municipal
solid waste of Gadag-Betageri twin city is given in table 3
Table-3 Typical composition of municipal solid waste
Sl.No.
components
1
Bio-degradebles
2
Plastics
3
Stones /pebbles/silts/ashes
4
Metals
5
Glass /ceramics
6
Miscellaneous
Approx. value in %
44.76
0.62
41.81
0.64
0.44
11.73
Conclusion
The solid waste management in Mysore city appears to be inadequate and needs up
gradation. The solid waste has to be disposed off scientifically through sanitary landfill and
recyclable portion of the waste should be salvaged. Segregation of recyclable material would
also leads to reduction in quantity of solid waste for final disposal. Higher priority needs to be
assigned to the management of municipal solid waste by the local authority and a system
approach needs to be adopted for optimizing the entire operation of SWM encompassing
segregation at source, timely and proper collection, transportation routes and types of vehicles
and development and proper operation of sanitary landfill site .Gadag-Betageri twin city might
need to look for better solution of waste disposal considering unavailability of landfill and
disposal site.
20
Goudar M.B., Vagge M.C.
References
Gadag-Betageri CMC Web
Indian standards Institution IS – 10158, 1992. Method of Analysis of solid waste.
Kreith, F., 1994, Handbook of Solid Waste Management. McGraw Hill, New York.
Mazumdar N.B., 1994 Municipal solid waste management the Indian perspectives.
Shivashankara G.P., Rekha H.B., 2005, Solid waste management in suburban areas of
Bangalore. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 4(4): 495-500.
Visvanathan C., Tränkler J. Municipal Solid Waste Management in Asia- A Comparative
Analysis, Workshop on SustainableLandfill Management
Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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Biodiversity and traditional knowledge
21
BIODIVERSITY AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
DOCUMENTATION – KARNATAKA BIODIVERSITY BOARD’s
EXPERIENCE
Naregal B.S.
SRJV Arts & Commerce College Shiggaon Haveri- Dist,Karnataka.India
Abstract
Traditional knowledge (TK) associated with biological resource is an intangible component of the
resource itself. For protection of traditional knowledge national biodiversity conservation regimes
are coming up in conformity with the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Biodiversity encompasses all species of plants, animals and micro-organisms and the variation
between them, and the eco-systems of which they form a part. Documentation of TK on
Medicinal plants in People’s Biodiversity Register’s(PBR’s) undertaken in Haveri district by
Karnataka Biodiversity Board through the NGO,NEEDS, Haveri, in the following Grama
Panchyaths. Traditional healers of Budapanahalli ,Hanumapura ,Andalogi and Kewlvar Koppa
reveals that about 51 plants are in common use .Apart from those plants used in cooking
(general) these are plants which are locally growing and more familiar with the following species.
Traditional knowledge in Hannumapura.Thirteen members of this area (using about 89 herbs)
were recorded in the list of people with Traditional knowledge and about 8 persons shared the
knowledge. TK of Andalagi,Shiggaon Tq.Yellow jaundice menstrual trouble ,leucoria , Dry
eczyma, wounds, Diabetes, Hairlessness, ulcer in stomach, tumor in stomach, bites, skin
diseases, tooth cavities, Eye troubles. India is one the Twelve Mega biodiversity country with
vast array of diversity of flora, fauna and Microorganisms, with 227 ethnic groups provides an
ample traditional knowledge on biological resources.The documentation of age old traditions and
biodiversity by the BMC in PBR redress the IPR issues and facilitate benefit sharing with
Knowledge holders.Karnataka Biodiversity Board is a pioneer in the Country in this regard.
Keywords :Biodiversity ,Traditional knowledge ,patents ,IPRS, TRIPS ,Species of plants
,convention on Biological diversity
Introduction
Traditional knowledge (TK) associated with biological resource is an intangible
component of the resource itself. TK has the potential of being translated into commercial
benefits by providing valuable leads for development of useful products and processes. The
valuable leads provided by traditional knowledge save time, money and investment of modern
biotech industry into any research and product development. Hence, a share of benefits must
accrue to creators and holders of TK.This is happening because of change in their life style as
well as misappropriation of their resources Due to globalisation of production systems,
increase in population, destruction of forests for agriculture and timber purposes, bio-diversity
is declining at a rapid pace. Bio-diversity and associated traditional knowledge is also
declining due to decreased motivation amongst the local communities to conserve and protect
them. and their knowledge. Mis appropriation of traditional knowledge not only violates the
rights of communities who conserved TK but also adversely affects the conservation and
sustainable use of the traditional knowledge and that of bio-diversity.
The global community has acknowledged the role and importance of traditional
knowledge and that for the traditional knowledge to be maintained, the social and economic
context in which it developed has to be maintained. In this regard, it is necessary to recognize
and respect the rights of holders of traditional knowledge. Misappropriation of TK and biopiracy erode the rights of the traditional knowledge holders and adversely affect conservation
and sustainable use of bio-diversity and associated TK. For protection of traditional knowledge
national biodiversity conservation regimes are coming up in conformity with the objectives of
the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). These regimes would provide legal protection
to biological resources and associated traditional knowledge at the national level.
Objectives
The following objectives are intended to attain in this paper, to glance over the CBD
Article 8(j), to know the concepts of biodiversity and TK documentations, to study the various
22
Naregal B.S.
levels of Biodiversity VIZ Genetic level , Species level, eco -system level, to highlight on the
benefits sharing in the Kani-TBGRI arrangement, to assess the experience of KBB in TK
documentation, to arrive at concrete conclusion
Methodology
This paper is purely based on secondary information and data. And it is procured
from (NBA) National biodiversity Authority ,(SBB) Sate Biodiversity Boards, (BMG)
Biodiversity management committees, Ministry of Environment & Forest (MOEF) , report
on the Ethno –Zoological investigations in India. UNEP,UNCTAD so and so forth.
moreover to give the comprehensive picture of Biodiversity, CBD Article 8(j) is taken into
account. This paper incorporates mainly 6 parts as it is shown in the beginning .No
mathematical treatment is given in this study since there will be no much statistical figures
and facts.
Analysis of the study
CBD Article 8 (j) provides that
“Each contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate, subject to its national
legislation respect and maintain knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and
local communities embodying traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity and promote the wider application with the approval and
involvement of the holders of such knowledge, innovations and practices and encourage
the equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of such knowledge, innovations
and practices.”
The most relevant issues regarding conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and associated TK are:1.Prevention of bio-piracy and misappropriation of
TK2.Systems of protection of TK and 3.Means for fair and equitable sharing of benefits
arising out of utilization of biological resources and associated TK.
Systems for protecting TK include customary law, IPRs such as patents, plant
variety rights, copyrights, etc. and concepts existing in civil and common law systems and
contracts such as licensing and material transfer agreements. Protection to TK is also
being provided through bio-diversity related regulations such as access and benefit sharing
regimes or a conservation framework legislation or a combination of all the above systems.
Indian Experience
In the recent past, there have been several cases of bio-piracy of Traditional Knowledge
from India. First it was the patent on wound healing properties of haldi (turmeric), now
patents have been obtained in other countries on hypoglyceimic properties of karela (bitter
gourd), brinjal etc. There is also the view that the TRIPS Agreement is aiding the
exploitation of biodiversity by privatizing biodiversity expressed in life forms and
knowledge.The documentation has one clear benefit. It would check patents based on
traditional knowledge in public domain that are today difficult to prevent due to lack of
availability of information with patent examiners.
In India an exercise has been initiated to prepare easily navigable computerized
database of documented TK relating to use of medicinal and other plants (which is already
under public domain) known as Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL). Such digital
database would enable Patent Offices all over the world to search and examine any
prevalent use/prior art, and thereby prevent grant of such patents and bio-piracy. As per
the provisions of Biological diversty Act,2002, the documentation biodiversity and
associated traditional knowledge in the form of community registers as People’s
Biodiversity Registers(PBR’s) by the Biodiversity Management Committees(BMC’s),
certainly addresses the issues concerned Intellectual Property Rights. Documentation of
traditional knowledge (TK) is one means of giving recognition to knowledge holders. In
India, enabling provisions have been made for protecting the traditional knowledge in the
Biodiversity Act, 2002. India, suggested under the aegis of CBD as well as WTO, that
applications for patents should disclose the source of knowledge and biological material;
Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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Biodiversity and traditional knowledge
23
and an undertaking that the prevalent laws and practices of the country of origin have been
fully respected.
Biodiversity encompasses all species of plants, animals and micro-organisms and
the variation between them, and the eco-systems of which they form a part. It occurs at
three levels, namely:1.Genetic level - refers to genetic variation within a population of
species and 2.Species level - refers to number and kinds of living organisms; 3.Eco-system
level - refers to the variety of habitats, biological communities and ecological processes that
occur in such habitats.
Only new knowledge can be patented.. Patents only apply to inventions, not to
existing knowledge, But if knowledge is held only in oral form, then many IPR regimes, do
not consider oral knowledge as proof of previous documentation and therefore such
knowledge is in danger of being patented. Hence, a share of benefits must accrue to
creators and holders of TK. People also follow ethics that often help them regulate
interactions with their natural environment.
In India these systems can be classified in several ways: Religious traditions:
temple forests, monastery forests, sanctified and deified trees, traditional tribal traditions:
sacred forests, sacred groves and sacred trees, royal traditions: royal hunting preserves,
elephant forests, royal gardens etc. livelihood traditions: forests and groves serving as
cultural and social space and source of livelihood products and services, the traditions are
also reflected in a variety of practices regarding the use and management of trees, forests
and water. These include:
National Biodiversity Authority (NBA): All matters relating to requests for access by
foreign individuals, institutions or companies, and all matters relating to transfer of results of
research to any foreigner will be dealt with by the National Biodiversity Authority.State
Biodiversity Boards (SBB): All matters relating to access by Indians for commercial
purposes will be under the purview of the State Biodiversity Boards (SBB).The Indian
industry will be required to provide prior intimation to the concerned SBB about the use of
biological resource.
Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs): Institutions of local self government
will be required to set up Biodiversity Management Committees in their respective areas for
conservation, sustainable use, documentation of biodiversity and chronicling of knowledge
relating to biodiversity and traditional knowledge.NBA and SBBs are required to consult the
concerned BMCs on matters related to use of biological resources and associated
knowledge within their jurisdiction.
Turmeric has been traditionally used in India for its many special properties in
wound-healing.For instance, it is used as a blood purifier, in treating the common cold, and
as an anti-parasitic for many skin infections. It is also used as an essential ingredient in
cooking many Indian dishes, how could someone obtain a patent - i.e., an exclusive right to
sell and distribute something that was so commonly known - was the disturbing question,
IPRs over products of biodiversity
In the field of pharmaceutical research, indigenous knowledge contributes towards
the identification of the material in developing the drug, and often provides information of its
precise uses in treating particular illnesses, its means of preparation and its dosage.
Adivasi with Phyllanthus, traditionally used for jaundice: there is a need for alternative
protection regimes for such knowledge,Composition of jamun, bitter-gourd, gur-mar and
eggplant for treatment in diabetes,Various products obtained from the neem tree. Varieties
of basmati which have the characteristics of growing in temperate climate in the absence of
sunlight,
Composition of methi as a tonic to bring down blood glucose levels,
Compositions comprising of kala jeera for increasing immune functions, and in the
treatment of diabetes, hepatitis, and asthma.It's a similar story with many other plant
products, e.g. Aloe Vera, used in shampoos, conditioners, sunscreens and lotions. This
commonly found plant has been used for centuries to moisturise skin, on the scalp and is
even eaten as a vegetable in many parts of India.
NGOs and institutions in India are attempting to document the knowledge, skills
and techniques of local communities related to biological resources through the Community
(or People's) Biodiversity Register, in the belief that such documentation would be a
deterrent to biopiracy ; as well as for installing a greater sense of pride among local
communities over the knowledge they possess.The Register processes documents of
24
Naregal B.S.
community and individual knowledge of occurrence, practices of propagation, sustainable
harvests and conservation, as well as economic uses of biodiversity resources.
Towards benefit sharing: the Kani-TBGRI arrangement
The Kani tribals in Thiruvannathapuram district, Kerala, claim that one can live for days
together without food, and still be able to perform rigorous physical work, by eating a few
fruits of a plant called Aarogyapaccha everyday.The term means the greener of health, the
one that gives very good health and vitality.Scientists from the Tropical Botanic Garden
Research Institute (TBGRI), learnt about the use of the plant from the Kanis and conducted
detailed investigations on the same. Study of the leaves of the plant revealed it had antistress, anti-hepatotoxic and immunorestorative properties.Eventually, the drug Jeevani
was formulated by TBGRI with Aarogyapaccha and three other medicinal plants as
ingredients. Thereafter, a license to manufacture Jeevani was given to Arya Vaidya
Pharmacy, Coimbatore (AVP) in 1995, for a period of seven years, for a fee of Rs. 10
lakhs.TBGRI decided that the Kani tribals would receive fifty per cent of the licence fee, as
well as 50 per cent of the royalty obtained by TBGRI on sale of the drug.
An Expriance of Karnataka Biodiversity Biodiversity Board in TK documentation
Documentation of TK on Medicinal plants in People’s Biodiversity Register’s(PBR’s)
undertaken in Haveri district by Karnataka Biodiversity Board through the NGO,NEEDS,
Haveri, in the following Grama Panchyaths. Traditional healers of Budapanahalli
,Hanumapura ,Andalogi and Kewlvar Koppa reveals that about 51 plants are in common
use .Apart from those plants used in cooking (general) these are plants which are locally
growing and more familiar with the following species,
Piper petrofactum
Piper nigrum
Coriander sativum
Carthamus tinctorious
Allium cepa
Myristica fragrans
Zingiber officinale
Plumbago zaylanica
Trigonella foeniculum
Allium sativum
Syzigium arometicum
Local Vaidyas have knowledge on the Treatment of Following Diseases in
Budappanahalli Fractures, jaundice, white and red discharges of women infertility,
diabetes, Treating animals for windy stomach spine injury (Pakshi roga), Mumps,
poisoning and scorpion bite,Treatment of Cancer (to be confirmed),Wounds asthma, snake
bite ,swelling of leg ,tooth pain and Treating animals for Nerve diseases.
They have TK on the treatment of
different
diseases including Animal
husbandry..About 51 plants have been listed as used by local herbal treating community.
Oldest among the person treating recorded about 77 year. Out of 16 male healers about 8
are treating the animals. Important plants other than those used in day to day life involve
,Aloe vera , Datura metal, Feronia elephatum, Butea frondosa.
Traditional knowledge in Hannumapura
Thirteen members of this area (using about 89 herbs) were recorded in the list of
people with Traditional knowledge and about 8 persons shared the knowledge. Names of
plants and their scientific names have been listed: Tinospora cordifolia, Phyllanthus
urinaria, Achyranthus aspera, Adathoda vasica, Feronia elephatum, Calotropis gigantean
are the commonly used herbs among 13 members.Treatment to cancer has been claimed
by Rudrayaga, Virupakshayga Sutturumath certainly needs special attention.
TK of Andalagi,Shiggaon Tq.
Yellow jaundice menstrual trouble ,leucoria , Dry eczyma, wounds, Diabetes,
Hairlessness, ulcer in stomach, tumor in stomach, bites, skin diseases, tooth cavities, Eye
troubles.
Traditional Knowledge vaidyas of Kelwarakoppa
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Dog bite, enzyma,children and pregnant women, asthma, jaundice,Delivery
complications, worms herpis, Bites of snake and scorpion.
Findings
The global community has acknowledged the role and importance of traditional knowledge.
Misappropriation of TK and bio-piracy erode the rights of the traditional knowledge holders
and adversely affect conservation and sustainable use of bio-diversity and associated TK.
The most relevant issues regarding conservation and sustainable use of bio-diversity and
associated TK are:a.Prevention of bio-piracy and misappropriation of TK.b.Systems of
protection of TK and.c. Means for fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of
utilization of biological resources and associated TK. There is also the view that the TRIPS
Agreement is aiding the exploitation of biodiversity by privatizing biodiversity expressed in
life forms and knowledge. In India an exercise has been initiated to prepare easily
navigable computerized database of documented TK relating to use of medicinal and other
plants (which is already under public domain) known as Traditional Knowledge Digital
Library (TKDL). Biodiversity encompasses all species of plants, animals and microorganisms and the variation between them, and the eco-systems of which they form a part.
It occurs at three levels, namely:1.Genetic level - refers to genetic variation within a
population of species and.2. Species level - refers to number and kinds of living organisms;
3.Eco-system level - refers to the variety of habitats, biological communities and ecological
processes that occur in such habitats. National Biodiversity Authority (NBA): All matters
relating to requests for access by foreign individuals, institutions or companies, and all
matters relating to transfer of results of research to any foreigner will be dealt with by the
National Biodiversity Authority. State Biodiversity Boards (SBB): All matters relating to
access by Indians for commercial purposes will be under the purview of the State
Biodiversity Boards (SBB).The Indian industry will be required to provide prior intimation to
the concerned SBB about the use of biological resource. Biodiversity Management
Committees (BMCs): Institutions of local self government will be required to set up
Biodiversity Management Committees in their respective areas for conservation,
sustainable use, documentation of biodiversity. NGOs and institutions in India are
attempting to document the knowledge, skills and techniques of local communities related
to biological resources through the Community (or People's) Biodiversity Register. The
Kani tribals in Thiruvannathapuram district, Kerala, claim that one can live for days together
without food, and still be able to perform rigorous physical work, by eating a few fruits of a
plant called Aarogyapaccha everyday. Documentation of TK on Medicinal plants in
People’s Biodiversity Register’s(PBR’s) undertaken in Haveri district by Karnataka
Biodiversity Board through the NGO,NEEDS, Haveri. Traditional healers of Budapanahalli
,Hanumapura ,Andalogi and Kewlvar Koppa reveals that about 51 plants are in common
use .Apart from those plants used in cooking (general) these are plants which are locally
growing and more familiar with species. They have TK on the treatment of
different
diseases including Animal husbandry. About 51 plants have been listed as used by local
herbal treating community. Oldest among the person treating recorded about 77 year. Out
of 16 male healers about 8 are treating the animals. Important plants other than those used
in day to day life involve ,Aloe vera , Datura metal, Feronia elephatum, Butea frondosa.
Thirteen members of this area (using about 89 herbs) were recorded in the list of people
with Traditional knowledge and about 8 persons shared the knowledge.
Conclusion
India is one the Twelve Mega biodiversity country with vast array of diversity of
flora, fauna and Microorganisms, with 227 ethnic groups provides an ample
traditional knowledge on biological resources.The documentation of age old traditions
and biodiversity by the BMC in PBR redress the IPR issues and facilitate benefit sharing
with Knowledge holders.Karnataka Biodiversity Board is a pioneer in the Country in this
regard.
References
Ghosh A. K., 2008, A Comprehensive Handbook on Biodiversity, TERI,New Delhi.
26
Naregal B.S.
Maity P.K., Ghosh A.K., 1992, a report on the Ethno-zoological investigatios in India, ( Mexico : III
International congress of Ethnobiology).
MOEF( Ministry of Environment and Forests),1994 Ethnobiology in India: a status report New Delhi
.MOEF, Govt. of India.
NBA (National Biodiversity Authority) 2004 The Biological diversity act,2002 & Biological diversity
rules,2004,NBA, Govt. of India,Chennai.
UNCTAD- Govt. of India 2002 Protecting Traditional Knowledge- International Dimension,
Department of Commerce, Govt. of India, New Delhi.UNEP (United Nations Environment Program)
1995 Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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APPLICATION OF GIS IN LAND USE AND LAND COVER
TO DEVELOP A “SENSE OF PLACE”.
Patil Abhay M.*
Chitragar S. L.**
Asst. Professor and Head, Dept of Geography, R.P.D. College of Arts & Com, Tilakwadi Belgaum 590006*
Dept. of Geography, M.E.S. Arts & Com. College, Mudalgi, Balgaum**
Abstract
In the present-day world, Land Use and Land Cover mapping is of great significance in scientific,
scholarly research, planning and management. To understand how land use and land cover
(LULC) change affects and interacts with global earth systems information is needed on what
changes occur, where and when they occur, the rates at which they occur and the social and
physical forces that drive those changes (Lambin, 1997). Remote sensing has an important
contribution to make in documenting the actual change in land use/land cover on regional and
global scales from the mid-1970s (Lambin et al., 2003). Remotely sensed satellite images
provide a synoptic overview of the whole area in a very short time span. This leads to quick and
truthful representation of the real world in the best possible manner. Mapping of land use/land
cover (LULC) and change detection using remote sensing and GIS techniques is an area of
interest that has been attracting increasing attention. For an easy and successful implementation
of the project the authorities are anticipating the requirement of environmental clearance within
which lies the objective of mapping a 10 km radius area from the point of interest, such an
approach will help in delineating different land use and land forms lying within the region. In this
present study, an attempt has been made here to generate land use and land cover map for a
portion of the Ghataprabha river basin and also efforts have been made to highlight the important
topographical features of the region captured within the 10 km radius covering settlements,
streams, roads, river and canal. This research paper is also an attempt to gain a “sense of
place”, which is an essential component for instilling in citizens a sense of environmental
stewardship.
Keywords: River Basin, Satellite imagery, GIS, LULC, and Dem Model.
Introduction
In the present-day world, Land Use and Land Cover mapping is of great significance in
scientific, scholarly research, planning and management. Regional land use pattern reflects the
character of interaction between man and environment, and the influence of distance and
resources based on mankind’s basic economic activities. It is a key driver of global change
(Vitousek, 1992) and has significant implications for many international policy issues (Nunes
and Auge, 1999). Changes in land cover and the way in which people use the land have
become recognized over the last 15 years as important global environmental changes in their
own right (Turner, 2002). To understand how land use and land cover (LULC) change affects
and interacts with global earth systems information is needed on what changes occur, where
and when they occur, the rates at which they occur, and the social and physical forces that
drive those changes (Lambin, 1997). The information needs for such a synthesis are diverse.
Remote sensing has an important contribution to make in documenting the actual change in
land use/land cover on regional and global scales from the mid-1970s (Lambin et al., 2003).
Remotely sensed satellite images provide a synoptic overview of the whole area in a very short
time span. This leads to quick and truthful representation of the real world in the best possible
manner. It provides an insight to coordinate relationship among transportation, residential,
industrial and recreational land uses, besides providing broad-scale inventories of natural
resources and monitoring environmental issues, including land reclamation, mangrove
restoration, disaster relief, water quality and planning economic development.
Mapping of land use/land cover (LULC) and change detection using remote sensing
and GIS techniques is an area of interest that has been attracting increasing attention. Land
Use/ Land Cover features have been precisely captured digitally and through on-screen visual
interpretation on fused very high resolution (0.60 m, Quick Bird) and medium-to-coarse
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Patil Abhay M., Chitragar S.L.
resolution (LISS IV, LISS III) satellite imagery. Provision of such maps helps town planners in
effective and best possible utilization of its resources besides providing a comprehensive view
of the total area.
Objectives
For an easy and successful implementation of the project, the authorities are
anticipating the requirement of environmental clearance within which lies the objective of
mapping a 10 km radius area from the point of interest. Such an approach will help in
delineating different land use and land forms lying within the region. In this present study, an
attempt has been made to generate land use and land cover map for a portion of the
Ghataprabha river basin and also efforts have been made to highlight the important
topographical features of the region captured within the 10 km radius covering settlements,
streams, roads, river and canal. This paper is also an attempt to gain a “sense of place”, which
is an essential component for instilling in citizens a sense of environmental stewardship.
The work has been carried out by keeping into consideration the following objectives:
Preparation of DEM Model of Ghataprabha River Basin. Representing all the natural & cultural
features present in the study region. Preparation of land use and land cover map of the study
region. Generation of DEM Models
Data base and Methodology
Land Use/Land Cover data refers to the data that is a result of classifying raw satellite
data into "Land Use and Land Cover" (LULC) categories based on the return value of the
satellite image. There are not very many LULC datasets, firstly because satellite data
acquisition is usually very expensive, and secondly the classification process is very labor
intensive. Most LULC data products are released several years after the satellite images were
taken and thus out-of-date to a certain extent. Nonetheless, LULC provides a very valuable
method for determining the extents of various land uses and cover types, such as urban,
forested, shrub land, agriculture, etc. In the present study, IRS P-6 Resource-Sat, with an on
board LISS IV digital camera was used to obtain the satellite image of the area. The image has
a spatial resolution of 5.8 m with four multispectral bands. This satellite image was used for the
generation of Land Use and Land Cover map for the area. Apart from this, topographic feature
of the region were captured within 10 km radius covering villages, streams, roads, river and
canal in the topographic map. GIS is the technology which has been used to view and analyze
data from a geographic perspective.
Study Region
The Ghataprabha River Basin is a natural region and is a part of Krishna Basin situated
in the western part of peninsular India. The basin extends between 15 0 45’ N and 16 0 31’ N
latitude and 740 0’ east and 76 00’ east longitude, covering an area of about 8829 sq.km, which
is roughly 3.4 per cent of Krishna basin and 0.27 per cent of the total geographical area of the
country. Ghataprabha River Basin extends in the states of Karnataka and Maharastra,
however; baring a small area (i.e. about 22%) in Maharastra state, rest of the basin area (i.e.
about 78%) lies in Karnataka state (Fig. No. 1). The basin is drained by River Ghataprabha and
its tributaries Hiranykeshi, Tamarapani, Doddahalla, Markandeya and other. The present study
area represents a part of Hiranyakeshi River, situated in Ajra taluka of Kolhapur district,
Maharastra (Fig. No. 1).
Analysis of land use and land cover
The present study area has undulating topographic structure. The toposheet of the
present study reveals the fact about the presence of both the natural and cultural features well
distributed all over the region (Figure 2). It also shows the important topographic features such
as drainage pattern, road network, settlement pattern and forest area imposed on the
toposheet. In this study five land use classes have been identified such as vegetation,
settlements, transport networking, drainage and physiography. GIS is the technology which has
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been used to view and analyze data from a geographic perspective. The analysis of these
features is as follows
Vegetation The present study-area has well distributed vegetation pattern, at the same time
thick vegetation (Fig. No. 2 B) can be noticed in the form of protected forests & open / dense
scrubs. Such protected forest can be seen in the South eastern part along with open scrubs &
dense scrubs of the region. One patch of the protected forest is also found in the western part
of the region. Apart from dense & open scrub, the protected forests and plantations can also be
noticed in the western part of the study area. Random distribution of trees can also be noticed
in the study region.
Settlements
The settlements are also one of the vital features of the urbanization. The map of the
study-area shows the taluka headquarters Ajra with many small and big villages scattered over
the study area (Fig. No. 2 B, 4 B & 5)
Transport Network
Transportation network is the key factor for any infrastructural development of any
region. It is considered as a nervous system of the nations. The economic development of the
region largely depends upon the transport network of the region. The project site map shows a
well-connected transport network, connecting the study area with each and every village of the
site. (Fig. No. 2 A , 4 B & 5)
Drainage
As far as the drainage pattern of the study region is concerned, it has dentritic drainage
pattern with one perennial river called the Hiranyakeshi River. This drains from North-East to
West direction along with its large & tiny tributaries, hence the area is well irrigated by this
drainage facility. The agricultural field or cultivated land in particular is well flourished with this
drainage pattern along with small water tanks & lakes (Fig. No. 2 B, 4 A & 5)
Physiography
Physiography reflects the relief pattern of the area. The contour map for the present
study is prepared and the same is used to prepare DEM map with the elevation ranging
between 600 to 900 meters & above (Fig. No. 5). A separate slope map is also prepared in
which the slope values are represented in the form of degrees from 0° to > 45° (Fig. No. 2 C, D
and 3 A)
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Patil Abhay M., Chitragar S.L.
Figure 1. Location & DEM map
Figure 2. Physiography
Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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Figure 3. DEM
Figure 4. Drainage pattern with settlement and road network
Figure 5: DEM- Study region
Conclusion
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Patil Abhay M., Chitragar S.L.
As per the present study, land-use and land-cover pattern of a region is an outcome of
natural and socio-economic factors and their utilization by man in time and space. Urban
expansion has increased the exploitation of natural resources and has changed land use and
land cover patterns. Rapid urbanization no doubt has brought opportunities for new urban
developments, however; it also has brought serious losses of arable land, forest land and water
bodies. Land cover change is a major concern of global environment change. The modeling
and projecting of land cover change is essential to the assessment of consequent
environmental impacts. The present study shows the representation of places with their cultural
and physical features with the help of GIS techniques and tries to establish a “sense of place”,
which is an essential component for instilling in citizens a sense of environmental stewardship.
References
Alaguraja P., Durairaju S., 2010., “Land Use and Land Cover Mapping – Madurai District, Tamilnadu,
India Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques”, International Journal Of Civil And Structural
Engineering Volume 1, No 1, 2010
Daniel Ayalew Mengistu., Ayobami T. Salami .,2007., “Application of remote sensing and GIS inland
use/land cover mapping and change detection in a part of south western Nigeria”, African Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 1 (5), pp. 099-109.
Lambin EF., 1997.. “Modelling and monitoring land-cover change processes in tropical regions”,
Progress in Physical Geograph. 21: 375–393.
Lambin EF, Geist H, Lepers E., 2003., “Dynamics of land use and cover change in tropical regions”,
Annual Rev. Environ. Resour. 28: 205– 241.
Nunes C, Auge JI (1999). “Land-Use and Land-Cover Implementation Strategy” (Stockholm: IGBP).
Oyinloye RO., Agbo BF., Aliyu ZO., 2004., “Land Use/Land Cover Mapping in Osun State using
NigeriaSat-1 Data”, http://www.nasrda.gov.ng/docs/gueye.pdf (accessed 13 April 2005).
Vitousek PM., 1992., “Global environmental change: An Introduction”, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23: 1–14.
Turner BL II., 2002., “Toward integrated land-change science: Advances in 1.5 decades of sustained
international research on land-use and land cover change”, Challenges of a Changing Earth. Berlin:
Springer. pp. 21–26.
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GIS BASED CRIME MAPPING AND ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY
OF MUDUGIRI TOWN POLICE STATION JURISDICTION,
TUMKUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA
Pramod Kumar, G.R.*, Nagabhushan**, .Ravikumar P***.,. Nagaraja
B.C.****, Somashekar, R.K.*****.
Scholar, Department of Environmental Science, Bangalore University*,
Scholar, Department of Geography, Bangalore University**,
Scholar, Department of Environmental Science, Bangalore University***,
Lecturer, Department of Environmental Science, Bangalore University****,
Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Bangalore University*****.
Abstract
Madhugiri, also known as Maddagiri is a Taluk headquarter in Tumkur district in the Indian state
of Karnataka, geographically located at 13.66°N and 77.21°E, with an average elevation of 787
m (2582 ft), located at ~43 km north of Tumkur town and 107 km north-west of Bangalore city.
The present study aimed to analyze the crime scenario in Madugiri town police station
jurisdiction by using Hot Spot and Buffer Analysis. Based on Madugiri police station records, the
crime data were classified under various group of offence such as Murder, Robbery, Cheating,
House theft, Motor-vehicles theft, Missing, Mobile theft, Pick pocketing, Burglary, Chain
snatching, Quarreling and House breaking (day), House breaking (Night), etc. The distribution of
crime incidence showed that KHB and PWD colony, Madugiri old and new bus-stand around
Madugiri fort, Gowribidanur road, Koratgere road, Sira road and Madugiri market areas were
affected by notorious activities. Crime maps generated were able to identify and differentiate hot
spot of crime and their displacement, illustrate the relationship between the mapped crimes
patterns and socio-economic characteristics of Madugiri town. It was concluded that in Madugiri
police jurisdiction, crime rates were not so high, but still occurrences of crimes like house theft,
material theft, etc., were of a great concern. The crime patterns change over space and time in
an area and hence the data so generated will be of immense help to Indian Police Department to
utilize GIS tools and techniques instead of traditional pin and dot maps to determine spatiotemporal crime pattern as well as to capture crime series and forecast future crime occurrences.
The public can also be educated with the visual information obtained through GIS analysis to
clarify crime concerns and enlist community action and finally to arrive at reducing overall crime
disorders.
Keywords: GIS, GPS, Hot spot analysis, Buffer analysis, Crime analysis, Crime mapping,
Introduction
In India, the police agency of Hyderabad, Goa, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai,
Trivandrum and Bangalore use customised GIS for crime mapping (ref) with the help of private
organisations. Still, the application of GIS in crime mapping is in a rudimentary stage in rural
India (Jaishankar et al., 2004). The traditional and age-old system of intelligence and criminal
record maintenance has failed to live up to the requirements of the existing crime scenario.
Manual processes neither provide accurate, reliable and comprehensive data round the clock
nor does it help in trend prediction and decision support (Johnson 2000). Police departments
are on the duty of defending the citizen’s safety and taking precautions to minimize the risk of
crime. It’s long been common practice for the police to identify locations and times that are
more liable to criminal activity (Vijay and Chandrasekhar, 2011). It also results in lower
productivity and ineffective utilisation of manpower. The solution to this ever-increasing problem
lies in the effective use of information Technology. There is a felt need for the fullest application
of this potent technology in Indian policing.
Geographic Information System (GIS) uses geography and computer-generated maps
as an interface for integrating and accessing massive amounts of location-based information.
GIS allows police personnel to plan effectively for emergency response, determine mitigation
priorities, analyse historical events, and predict future events. GIS can also be used to get
34
Pramod Kumar G.R. & all
critical information to emergency responders upon dispatch or while en route to an incident to
assist in tactical planning and response. GIS helps identify potential suspects to increase
investigators suspect base when no leads are evident (Johnson 2000). GIS software helps coordinate vast amounts of location-based data from multiple sources. It enables the user to layer
the data and view the data most critical to the particular issue or mission. It is used world over
by police departments, both large and small, to provide mapping solutions for crime analysis,
criminal tracking, traffic safety, community policing, Intranet/Internet mapping, and numerous
other tasks.
The aim of this study is to analyse the crime scenario of Madugiri town using GIS
technology. The present study is a base level logical model for the implementation of GIS in the
Indian policing. This study also outlines obstacles, opportunities and actual steps relevant to
the application of GIS technology and tries to build some strategies for its implementation in
Indian police department. GIS software helps co-ordinate vast amounts of location-based data
from multiple sources. It enables the user to layer the data and view the data most critical to the
particular issue or mission. It is used world over by police departments, both large and small, to
provide mapping solutions for crime analysis, criminal tracking, traffic safety, community
policing, Intranet/Internet mapping, and numerous other tasks. This study will be helpful in
charting out frame work for the police patrol planning and preventive measures (Jaishankar et
al., 2004).
Many published work addresses crime mapping applications in theory and practical
applicationthe first step of crime avoidance is to analyze the current status of incidents such as
determining the density or pattern of the events (Vijay and Chandrshekar 2011).The utilization
of high end technologies such as GIS and GPS in Indian policing is catching up and the use of
GIS based data analysis can be useful to the police across the major cities to tackle the
increasing crime scenario (Jaishankaret al., 2004).Temporal analysis already takes place at a
number of different resolutions. Both the growth in the demand for information from the risk
society (Ericson and Haggerty, 1997) and the new public management of police services
through financial audit (Crawford, 1997) have generated an abundance of statistical data
relating to recorded crime. An introduction into theories, methods and selected software
systems used to document, monitor and analyse crime data is given by Chainey and Ratcliffe
(2005). An eminent task in crime mapping is to detect and map so-called hotspots of certain
offences. According to Ratcliffe (2004), cited in Boba (2005), a hotspot is defined as an “area
with high crime intensity”. In addition to Chainey and Ratcliffe (2005), an introduction into the
different approaches of detecting and mapping hotspots can be found in McCullagh (2006).
Virtually every operational activity in the police department includes spatial
relationships. Traditionally, these activities have been supported by paper maps and pins.
Police officers now have the ability to immediately generate maps directly relevant to the
situation at hand. Police agencies collect vast amounts of data from many sources including
called-for-services, arrests, first information reports and daily report. Data in this form, however,
can be difficult to visualise. The same information displayed graphically provides a powerful
decision making tool for investigators, supervisors, and administrators. The visual format shows
relationships and patterns that are buried in the data. GIS could also be used to explore the
relationship between crime and the environment. The main objectives of study are to map the
crime occurrences, identify hot-spots and analyse spatio-temporal patterns of crime in Madugiri
town and to suggest futures spatial patrol position (distribution).
Study Area
Madugiri is a Taluk headquarters in Tumkur district in the Indian state of Karnataka and
border taluk of Andrapradesh (AP). The town derives its name from a hillock, Madhugiri (honeyhill) which is to the north of the place. At 3,930 ft. (1,200 m) elevation, Madugiri is a single hill. It
is the second largest monolith in Asia (fig-1). Madugiri, or also known as Maddagiri, is located
around 43 km north of Tumkur town, and 107 km north-west of Bangalore city. Geographically
located at 13.40°N and 77.21°E, with an average elevation of 787 m (2582 ft.), Madugiri had a
population of 26,351. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Madugiri has
an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5% male literacy is
77%, and female literacy is 67 (Census of India-2001). According to 2011 the city population is
29,152. The prime crops that are grown in Madugiri are Groundnut, Ragi and Mango,
Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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Sericulture, Coconut and Kakada (flower). It is known for Pomegranate fruit. Madugiri police
station is bounded by Midigeshi police station in the North side, Koratagere police station in
South, Badavanahalli police station in the Western side and Kodagihalli police station in the
Eastern side. it covers an area of about 18km 2. Normally every year the rate of crime
occurrence would be around an average 1000 and above in Madugiri town alone. However the
recent crime graph (2011) has shown a historic downfall compare to yesteryear.
A Review of Madugiri Police Station
Madugiri police station was established in 1987. Now present police station is located
south-western part of the Madugiri taluk near Madugiri hillock. According to their designations
total strength of Madugiri police station in the year 2012 in hierarchical order 38 among which
number of Inspector- 1, Sub Inspector- 2, Head constables- 8, and Constables- 28 ( men- 23
and women- 5). In 2012 vehicles using by the police, Jeep-1, Cheetha (Bike)-2,the Madugiri
police station possesses 23 arms among which 1 Revolver, 7 are Pistol with 210 rounds and 18
are Rifles (303) with 1800 rounds. It has three types of modern facilities which include 10
Wacky Talky, 10 E - beet and 2 computers.
Materials and Methods
Data Used In the Study
The present study mainly relied on data obtained from the crime records (FIR) of
Madugiri police station. Data pertaining to the property offence were taken June-2011 to May2012.The incident data are classified as murder, burglary, Docoity Robbery Chain Snatching
Mobile Theft House Theft, with their detail information as incident location address, occurrence
time. The other data that include the land use types were obtained by digitizing the Madugiri
density Maps that were acquired in 2010. The Survey of India (SOI) toposheets pertaining to
the study area were mosaiced and subsetted to aid in further analysis such as extraction of
administrative boundaries such as district, taluk, villages and The land use/land cover, Forest,
settlement location, transportation network (roads and rails). GOOGLE maps for using greater
degree of details and latest information of landmarks, residential and commercial areas. The
socioeconomic data which were provided by State Institution of Statistics include population,
income level, employed-unemployed rate, literacy and the size of households.
Methodology
The study of crime pattern in Madugiri Police Station Limit includes the collection of
specific data from respective offices concerning the requirements of materials. The availability
of crime records from Madugiri police station is of much help for the completion of the study.
The conversion of information into geographical point of view like indicating the crime incidents
on map with the proper technique and tools, the making of diagrams for proper understanding
of crime incidents in the study area. The collection of socio-economic data of Madugiri from
concerning office is important in determining the influence for crime rise. Finding information in
the number of crime incidents from internets and questioning (interaction). Flow chart-1 shows
the present methodology of Crime mapping involves the following steps.
Results and Discussion
All types of crimes taken for this study are arranged together to get a picture of the
annual crime of the town, for the year's 2011(June-December) and 2012 (January to June)
(Figure-2), the distribution of crime incidents shows that almost all parts of the town, are
Affected by nefarious activities. Except for a few pockets the whole of the Madugiri town is
witnessing crime incidents, The distribution cannot be Label abled as uniform throughout as the
level of concentration varies from place to place, area to area, and from crime to crime, though
there are variations over the time, these remain less significant when the picture of annual
crime for the two years were taken for visual interpretation.
Crime Mapping
In the present study, past one year data had been collected to analyse the pattern
followed by crime and clusters of concentration in which more number of offences had took
place and where the concentration of different crime spots have been captured using hand held
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GPS and are brought into GIS platform, as stated in the objectives the crime occurrences within
the limits of Madugiri police station was located. According to the department norms, crime has
been classed in to nine categories (flow chart-2) according to City Crime Branch (CCB),
Bangalore. The crime data were classified under the group of property offence as Robbery,
House theft (day), House theft (night), Chain snatching, Murder, Mobile theft, Motor Vehicle
theft, two wheeler theft, Cattle theft, Cheating and Criminal breach of trust. To know the spatial
pattern followed by crime and its concentration and to analyse the “Hot spot” in the selected
area in each crime spots have been located using GPS while locating the points where the
crime has occurred, the time, date and address have also been included to the corresponding
points. Maps display the locations where concentration of crimes have occurred can be use to
helps to direct patrols to places they are most needed and maps may prove invaluable in
solving criminal cases (Figure-2). This kind of visualised representation will help in
understanding of where and why crimes occur and can improves the attempts to fight crime
and can help police protect citizens more effectively. Visualising all the crimes records, offender
profile, socio-economic condition of the area and cultural aspects can possible with GIS
technology.
Crime analysis
Crime Analysis is defined as a set of systematic, analytical processes directed at
providing timely
and pertinent information relative to crime patterns and trend correlations to
assist the operational and administrative personnel in planning the deployment of resources for
the prevention and suppression of criminal activities, aiding the investigative process, and
increasing apprehensions and the clearance of cases. It supports a number of department
functions including patrol deployment, special operations, and tactical units, investigations,
planning and research, crime prevention, and administrative services. Crime analysis can be
divided into three categories (Jhonson-2000).
Hot spot analysis
Hot spots are clusters of geographical areas that contain an unusually high
concentration of crime vents. However, not All clusters are hotspots because the environments
that help Generate crime-the places where people are-also tend to be clusters, Therefore, any
definition of hot spots has to be qualified (Harries1999).defined hot spots “as small places in
which the occurrence of crime is so frequent that it is highly predictable, at least over one year
period of when the hot spot analysis was done on few crimes individually to find the change
over a period, the change seemed to be significant (Jaishankar 2004).
The results of temporal analysis made on the hotspots of crimes (Figure 2) revealed
that not only the Locations of the hot spots had changed in two years, but also their numbers of
occurrences have also changed. Areas such As Madugiri town, sira circle, Tumkur gate, PWD
layout KHB Colony, near Thavakada halli and near Siddapura are the Hot Spots of crimes. The
hot spots of night time crimes (figure-3) have displaced their distribution towards the PWD and
KHB colony, east, southern parts and southwestern part of the town from their original position
in the year 2011. In addition, their number of occurrences has decreased in 2012. The reason
for the displacement and decrease of hot spots may be the intensive police patrolling in those
areas. However, there is evidence that police officers patrol high and low crime areas
differently, responding to their own perceptions of the crime rate in an area (Klinger1997). An
alternative method of visualizing high volume Clime hot spot is the use of continuous surfaces.
Continuous surfaces allow the distribution of crime across a whole area to be visualized and
easily understood. There are a number of different ways to do this, and a map was created with
Spatial Analyst, an add-on program of ERDAS and Arc-map GIS, using the same data.
Buffer analyses using GIS
Buffers are the zones of interest around the selected entity (Harries1999). The extent
of these zones depends up on the Requirement of the study. Buffer zones were prepared for
the Police station location. The two rings in the map were drawn at an interval of one km. The
inner ring covers the first one km from the station and the outer one encloses two km from the
point of station. It is a general perception that crimes will occur well away from the police
station. However, when the data is plotted a different picture was obtained; crimes occur
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anywhere in the town irrespective of whether a police Station is present or not in that locality. It
is to be noted that Policing needs mobility, and the police officers of a particular Police station
will always be away from their own area. Therefore, those station are as become vulnerable
targets for The criminals, this necessitates the police to ensure that sufficient protection is given
to the people, as the criminals Seem to take advantage of any loopholes in the scene of the
security. Madugiri town, sira gate, Tumkur gate, Siddapura colony near KSRTC and civil bus
stand area have a higher concentration of crimes in both year (Figure 2), within a km radius
from their location, in the Northeastern and northwestern part of the town.
Problems and Implementations in Crime Mapping
The present study of crime mapping and analysis will be highly helpful if further in
depth study is carried out in charting out frame work for police planning and preventive
measures will help to increase their awareness of hotspots of crime. The present study will be a
model for the implementation of GIS technology in Tumkur and Bangalore city policing. Some
of the suggestions were listed as below.
Data output
In India, the individual police departments, both rural and urban, collect crime data,
Most of the data are collected from the complaints from victims or informants in the form of First
Information Report (FIR), Later they are sent to the district Crime records bureau and later sent
to State crime records bureau, State Crime records bureau compile the data and send to the
National crime records bureau, With the data, the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)
publish a report called "Crime in India" every year, This publication have graphical And map
representations but no significant spatial analysis Output is presented, State Crime records
bureaus produce only Graphical representation on crime scenario and they have never thought
of serious analysis, Moreover, the conversion of data To information is in sufficient. State crime
records bureaus are Data rich, but they are information poor, On the other hand,
Computerization of records in those bureaus have been done Long back and NCRB has its
own software (Crime and Criminal Information System (CCIS)) and it gives training in this
software For the personnel of all State crime records bureau, Unfortunately, hot technologies
like GIS and GPS are not given Enough priority, GIS technology is still beyond the limits of
Crime records bureaus, due to lack of awareness and ignorance Of its importance.
Data distribution and Data confidentiality
Indian police does data dissemination of crime efficiently; a Network to the state
headquarters connects most of the districts. This makes the police to collect the data from all
the districts, never the less; the problem here is the lack of trained officers to take care of the
Network. In India, always crime data are maintained secretly. Even after the growth of Internet
technologies, crime data is not published in the Internet. The reason is that, Indian police feel
that showing the crime data publicly will create fear among the public. If even the crime data is
not published in the Internet, then the difficulty in publishing crime maps needs to be
understood. It is high time now that the Indian police understand the need for the creation of
awareness of Crime among the public, by publishing crime data, and maps in the Internet.
Money and time constraints
GIS is a technical science, which takes much time and energy to learn. The cost and
time needed to train police officers to Utilize and query a GIS are usually not available. Police
Departments have limited resources to purchase computer hardware, and GIS software’s.
Building a comprehensive Crime data base that can be implemented, shared, and updated
among the different units in a police department costs additional time and money. Presently,
police departments get more money under the Police modernization scheme. Yet, the budget
under the scheme to buy computers and software is very less when compared to the money
used to develop other infrastructure.
Lack of training in GIS
Police officers lack training in these new technologies and they might even be
computer illiterates. For this reason any GIS software product developed for police departments
needs to be easy to use, preferably with a point and click interface. The cost of training is also
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Pramod Kumar G.R. & all
very high. The major problem in Training is that the trained officer is frequently transferred to
some other unit and the industry, which gave training, is not ready to impart training again.
Therefore, state government should look in to this issue and should not transfer personnel who
are working in the police computer unit at least for a Period of three years.
Attitudinal problems
One of the serious difficulties that have been faced in the Police computerization
programme pertains to attitudinal problems. It has been found that most of the investigating
officer’s do not show much faith or interest in collection of information using computers for
investigation of crime. There has been lack of communication between investigating officers
and computer experts. The systems and equipment’s can always be improved, but changing
the attitude is along drawn process. The Bureau of Police Research and Development
(BPR&D) And National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) should take Necessary steps to solve
this problem.
Contemporary Advantages
Pin mapping was always an integral part of Indian policing. However, computerized
Crime mapping has started recently, Due to the growth of technologies like GIS and GPS. Now,
computerized mapping has gained significance in Indian law enforcement agencies. Following
are some of the initiatives taken in the implementation of GIS in policing.
Sun Microsystems has produced eCOPS software for the Andhra Pradesh State Police
Department. It is a significant step towards integration of state-of-the-art IT infrastructure.
Software systems were developed with GIS and GPS capabilities. Government agencies such
as the prisons, the judiciary, hospitals, internal revenues, and immigration will also be
connected to the central eCOPS database. However, this is not a pure GIS/GPS solution
providing software.
A New Delhi based company CE Info Systems has Developed Mappls Suraksha, an
integrated GIS based Crime control and analysis software tool. This software is a complete
Information management solution for the Police that manage their cording of information that
comes in to the police control room, dispatch of patrol vehicles, traffic management and crime
records. The Spatial image of a city that the system maintains down to the locality level enables
the police to a faster and better decision making a tall level of the hierarchy. The Government
of Maharashtra has sanctioned the Proposal of Mumbai Police to implement GIS/GPS in
Mumbai city police and the project is likely to be implemented very soon.
Hyderabad Police will soon be using the Global Positioning System (GPS) as part of a
series of measures to modernize the city police and improve efficiency in controlling Clime.
Automotive Vehicle Location Systems (AVLS) will be installed in police vehicles deployed at
strategic points in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. Bangalore police is on the
same way in the implementation of GPS.
Still various developments have been done in the area of GIS and GPS
implementation. This gives more hope for the development of holistic GIS systems for all the
police departments in Karnataka and India.
Conclusion
This paper describes a new approach developed to test a specific question of spatial
distribution from a city-wide police crackdown, or generally the movement of crime patterns
within single areas. City-wide police operations take place around the world but are often
subjected to a number of stock criticisms. These include the notion that crime will be
geographically displaced, that the problem will return once the police crackdown ends, or that
the crackdown is merely a political gesture. This technique specifically addresses one of these
criticisms, that of spatial displacement. This is a common concern, even though there is scant
evidence that displacement is a significant problem (Barr and Pease, 1990; Hesseling, 1994).
Eck, in his chapter on prevention of crime at places, notes that where evidence can be found
for displacement; ‘‘displacement seldom overwhelms prevention effects’’ (Sherman et al.,
1998).
The findings of this study showed that using GIS is a much more compatible means of
Crime pattern analysis than current Processes because of its geographic referencing
capabilities. The present work has provided valuable information concerning all types of crimes
Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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in Madugiri town, including data on the social and physical characteristics of these areas that
Contribute to localized criminal activity. The study has shown the benefits of using GIS as a
crime prevention tool. Hence, it is proposed that, a National Crime Mapping Research Center
(NCMRC) under the lines of US CMRC (presently MAPS), Should be created under the
Ministry of Home Affairs in the Capital (New Delhi). All the states should have a State Crime
Mapping Research Center (SCMRC) and it should be connected through a network with the
NCMRC. Follow some Strategies for the GIS implementation, creation of crime analysis units,
collaborating with academic and non-profit institutions and Industry collaboration.
Acknowledgement
Authors would like to thank Mr. Jyothi Prakash Mirji and Mrs. V. Nirmala, Madugiri Police
station, Madugiri for extending co-operation by providing crime data.
Reference
Barr R., Pease K., 1990, Crime placement, displacement and deflection, In Tonry M., and Morris,
N,Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, Vol. 12. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Boba R.L., 2005, Crime Analysis and Crime Mapping. Thousand Oaks, California, Sage Publications.
Chainey S, Ratcliffe J., 2005, GIS and Crime Mapping, Chichester, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Crawford A., 1997, The Local Governance of Crime: Appeals to Community and Partnerships, Clarendon
Press, Oxford.
Ericson R. V., Haggerty K. D. 1997, Policing the Risk Society, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Harries K.,1999, Mapping Crime-principle and practice. Washington DC, Crime Mapping Research
Center, National Institute of Justice, U.S Department of Justice.
Hesseling R., 1994, Displacement: A review of the empirical literature. In Clarke, R. (ed.), Crime
Prevention Studies, Vol. 3, Criminal Justice Press, New York.
Jaishankar K, Shanmugapriya S, and Balamurugan V., 2004, Crime mapping in India: A GIS
implementation in Chennai City Policing, Geographic Information Science, 10(1), 20-34.
Johnson C.P., 2000, Crime Mapping and Analysis Using GIS, Geomatics 2000: Conference on
Geomatics in Electronic Governance, 1-5.
Klinger D., 1997, Negotiating order in patrol work: An ecological Theory of police response to deviance,
Criminology, 35(2):277-306.
Cullagh Mc M.J, 2006, Detecting Hotspots in Time and Space. ISG06.de Smith MJ,
Ratcliffe J.H., 2004, The Hotspot Matrix: A Framework for the Spatio-Temporal Targeting of Crime
Reduction, Routledge, 5–23.
Sherman L.W., 1999, Hotspot definition In: Harries, K., Mapping Crime-principle and practice, Crime
Mapping Research Center, National Institute of Justice, U.S Department Of Justice, Washington DC.
Figure 1. Location map of Madugiri police Limits and crime map.
40
Pramod Kumar G.R. & all
ure 1. Study Area.
Figure 2. Crime map, Hot spots analysis and Buffer analysis of Madugiri police Limits-
June-2011 to June-2012.
Figure 3. Day and Night Crime map of Madugiri police Limits- June-2011 to June-2012 Buffer
analyses using GIS
Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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Features of oil seeds cultivation in tumkur district
41
FEATURES OF OIL SEEDS CULTIVATION IN TUMKUR
DISTRICT: A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
Prasannakumar K.R.*
Eswarappa, B**
Assistant Professor, Govt. Arts & Science college Bangalore.
Professor, Dept. of Geography, Bangalore University Bangalore.
Abstract
District like Tumkur in South Eastern Karnataka state, South India have unique place in certain
Oil seeds production particularly in coconut and ground nuts. In fact these oil crops have given a
strong base for the development of agro based industries. In fact Tiptur taluk has carved a niche
in the export coconuts, kernels and its products to different parts of India. Present study has
shown that between 1985 and 2005 in about 20 years, there is a remarkable growth in the oil
seeds cultivated area.’ It has grown from 31.5 to 49 of net sown area in the district. There are
several non-physical factors, which have played role particularly in the remarkable rise of
coconut growing area in many parts of the district. There are visible socio-economic and
demographic factors behind those shifts towards cultivation of oil seeds particularly coconut in
western taluks of the district. Declining ground water levels, non-availability of farm labourers
with growth in nuclear families have their implications on this kind of agricultural land use.
Remarkable rise on coconut production often creates glut in the market with low prices. Contrary
to this groundnut production has influence of erratic monsoons and its growing dependency on
ground water which is declining rapidly. Production of these dry crops would have been much
more had there been dependable irrigation with electricity for increasing number of tube wells. In
this brief study, an effort has been done to see the trends of the oil seeds cultivation in Tumkur
district, Taluk wise data has been analyzed with minimum but comprehendable quantification.
Study also has the vast experiences of researchers on the ground realities about some of these
oil seeds crops in this rain shadow/drought prone area.
Introduction
In India, cultivation of oil seeds occupies an important position, as it is a major producer
and consumer of oil seeds. Their cultivation can be seen both in khariff and Rabi seasons
groundnut and mustard respectively with a host of others are also cultivated. Groundnut and
coconut are cultivated in south India in both the seasons where the later is an annual crop.
Traditional geographical factors like growing in Red soils and their cultivation under rainfed
conditions still dominates in case of groundnut cultivation. Off late, the rapid growth of tube
wells has enhanced its cultivation in non khariff period and in newer areas. Technology
Mission on Oil seeds (TMO) initiated in 1986 has also influenced the cultivation oil seeds
particularly sunflower and groundnut in assured irrigated areas. But considerable groundnut
and other oil seeds cultivation is still under the grip of monsoon rains affecting both yields and
total production. However, in specific regions the one which is under investigation has on one
hand dominant groundnut cultivation as rainfed crop. It is also seeing extension in its
cultivation due to tube wells. At the same reason due to both traditional and recent socioeconomic factors. Coconut cultivation is seeing expansion. Other minor oil seeds are often
have seen negative trends in their cultivation due to dominance of these two crops. Due to
small holdings and unafordability of technology developments (TMO) have not reached most of
the oil seed producers hence yields and some of these crops are still lowest in the study area
compared to others in the world.
Study area
Tumkur district in southeast part of Karnataka state extends from 12-45 North to 1420 north and 76-20 to 77-31 East. It has a geographical area of 10,788 km 2 with a total
population of 25,84,711 (2001). Table-1 show the broad details of ten taluks of this district.
Being a part of Deccan peninsular of South Karnataka it has predominately crystalline rocks
like Genesis and granites and resultant red soils. The whole district forms a part of rain
shadow region of peninsular India and some its eastern taluks are closer to drought prone
region of central southeastern India
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Prasanna Kumar K.R. & Eshwarappa B
Methodology
Present study on trends in oil seeds cultivation in Tumkur District is both spatial and
temporal analysis. Talukwise trends in the cultivation of oil seeds for a period of 20 years
(1985-86, 1995-96 and 2005-06) has been systematically studied. In this direction talukwise
secondary data on agricultural land use with special reference to oil seeds has been colleted
and put into simple statistical analysis. Other related aspects which have influenced the
cultivation like number of tube wells in the study area has been co-related. Since both the
authors hail from the study area their field observation particularly recent socio-economic
factors related to oil seeds cultivation find place in the study. Appropriate maps and diagrams
have been drawn as cartographic inputs to get clarity in the study.
Trends in oil seeds cultivation in 1985-86, 1995-96 and 2005-06:
In its ten taluks about seven different types fo oil seeds are cultivated in Tumkur
District. A glance at Table-2 denotes that district as a whole has about 5,04,287 hectares of
net sown area (45.5% of G.A.) in 1985-86 which has increased in the study period
progressively to 53.3% in 1995-96 and to 58.2% by 2005-06. Further study reveals that, in
1985-86 district as a whole had 1,58,997 hectares of total area of oil seeds cultivation which
accounted for 31.5% of netsown area. In the study period of twenty years this too has seen
remarkable growth by 1995-96 it has reached 44.4% of total net sown, area under oil seeds in
the district and to 49.1% by 2005-06. This continuous growth in the cultivated area of oil seeds
may be the fall out general effects of rise in the consumption of vegetable oils touching roughly
12.4 kg /head /year in the country. District has oil pressing industries in almost all taluk head
quarters, particularly the larger ones including solvent plants at Tumkur, Gubbi and Tiptur are
on NH’s and railway lines providing access in the edible oil trade to Mumbai, Bangalore and
Chennai markets. To some extent farming community has benefits from the Technology
Mission on Oil Seeds (TMO-1986). There is a phenomenal rise in the tube wells which are
popularly known as Borewells. Their number has increased from 619 in 1985 to 30,596 199596 and then to 75,209 in 2005-06. Correlation computed between number of borewells and
area under three major oil seeds show positive correlation for 2005-06 (See Table-3) and also
Table-4. Another important factor which too has enhanced the area under oil seeds production
of general, is attractive incentives to farmers in terms minimum support prices offered to
farmers. District is though having much oil seeds cultivation under dry lands the extension of
Hemavathi irrigation to its S.W. taluks and new area under Borewells has extended the oil
seeds cultivation. However, from the Table-2 it is further evident that these three viz., coconut,
groundnut and sunflower are the major oil seeds cultivated in the district. They together
accounted for 95.4% in 1985-86, 97.0% in 1995-96 and 98.0% of area under oil seeds in 200506.
Coconut Cultivation
Tumkur district particularly in its western taluks like, Tiptur, Gubbi, Turuvekere,
Chikkanaykanahalli form the core areas of its cultivation. These are traditional areas of
coconut cultivation and also have Tiptur as a nationally known copra (dry coconut Kernel)
market. Added to this, since 1980’s there is a gradual shortage of agricultural labourers in
general. Migration of rural youth both educated and semi-educated to big cities like Bangalore
and to others along with nuelearising families too have contributed to the remarkable rise in
coconut growing area in the district. In the study period it’s area has been doubled from 51,054
hectares i.e., 32.1% of total oil seed cultivation of the district in 1985-86 to 28.1% and further to
40.3% 2005-06. In most cases if is a garden commercial crop in western taluks. Often coconut
and mango orchards are common sight. In the recent years even other taluks too have picked
up its in kind of orchard type coconut cultivation. One common affect seen in its cultivation in
the district is people raise coconut palms on the edges of their fields while land is still put to
cereals and other crops cultivation. It is also not uncommon to see thousands of coconut
palms with as small number as even two in most of the households adding to surplus
production of coconut and making district as a leader in coconut and copra production.
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Groundnut Cultivation
Groundnut is a major oil seed cultivated in the northern and north eastern parts of
Tumkur district. This is mostly a droughtprone area of southeast in Karnataka, where annual
average rainfall hovers around 660 mm. The red soils which poor to moderate in fertility have
been put to its cultivation from time immemorial. It is a cash crop along with providing
considerable fooder for draft animals. But unfortunately its cultivation is still under the grip of
S.W. monsoons where it is a khariff crop. In these two decades, there is an increased
utilization of limited ground water by rising number to tubewells and it has augmented the area
under groundnut cultivation. It is increasing non Khariff season in the study area.
Sunflower
This is a cash crop under oil seeds which has got the benefit of Technology Mission in
oil seeds. Farmers once who had some assured irrigation either by tanks or tubewells in the
district have gone for the cultivation of sunflower. Infact this has brought relatively better
returns compared to other two oil seeds in short time for smaller holdings.
This is evident from the permutation and combination of its percentages and it absolute
area in top four taluks for the study period With the growth of tank irrigation (filling up of tanks
by Hemavathi canal extension) and tube wells Sira taluk has given the crop the top position in
its cultivation. Mere rise in tube well irrigated area after 2000’s in Pavagada taluk gave second
position by 2005-06. Madhugiri with its mixed tank and tube well irrigation maintains third
position. While all these three taluks account for almost 92% of sunflower cultivation with 3% of
its area Koratagere acquired fourth place by 2005-06 in sunflower oil seed production.
Other Oil Seeds
As the taluks to Tumkur district have Red soils which are not so suitable for other oil
seeds, they have been cultivated in highly insignificant area. Except caster oil seeds, areas of
others occupy less than one percent of oil seeds cultivated area. Including caster oil seeds,
they are cultivated as inter tilled crops other than exclusively cultivated areas in the region.
While all these nutritional and health value, agro products of oil seeds unfortunately people are
neglecting their cultivation. Data analyzed shows decling trend in their cultivated area, it is
particularly true in the case to caster oil seed. Infact there is a need to restore and encourage
their cultivation from the point of view of keeping crop biodiversity and nutrition aspects in the
region.
Conclusion and strategies for oil seeds cultivation
There is a rising trend in all the major oil seeds like coconut, groundnut and sunflower
in the study area in the twenty years of study. As their cultivation is still under the grip of s.w.
monsoons, there is a need to extend canal irrigation particularly under the method of filling up
of existing tanks. In fact it has proved successful in Sira taluk, this must be extended to very
dry belts of Pavagada, Madhugiri and Korategere taluks which have such potential. Technology
Mission in oil seeds is yet to be fully utilized by these major oil seeds. Medium and marginal
farm’s are dominated Tumkur district which is unable to utilize the benefits as assured irrigation
and land holding sizes are worrying factors. There must be insulation by policy measures to
help these farmers thereby commercial crops like these will be grown adding to other side of
food security of India. There is a considerable agro-industrial base in the study region for any
additional crop production. Particularly solvent plants and also handling of by products (oil
cakes and the like) have right industrial base. This potential must be fully tapped for the benefit
of both oil seed growing and keeping agricultural bio-diversity in the region.
References
Hegde D.M., 2002, “Oil Seeds – Measures to turn Self Reliant”, Hindu Survey of Indian
Agriculture, Chennai, Pp.71-74.
Hegde D.M., 2004, “Oil Seeds- Becoming Self-Reliant”, Hindu Survey of Indian Agriculture,
Chennai, Pp.45-48.
Hegde D.M., 2005, “Oil Seeds – Striving for Self-Sufficiency”, Hindu Survey of Indian
Agriculture, Chennai, Pp.58-62.
Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
Volume-1
Number-1
July 2012
ISSN-
44
Prasanna Kumar K.R. & Eshwarappa B
Lakhmana C.M., 1998, “Population Change and Socio-Economic Development of Tumkur
District”, Unpublished Ph.D., Thesis submitted to Bangalore University, Bangalore.
Radhakrishna, B.P. (2006), ‘Antharjaha’ Geological Society of India, Hanumanthanagar,
Bangalore (Kannada Book).
Tumkur District Gazetteer, Government Book Depot, Vidhana Veedhi, Bangalore.
Table 1. Scenario of Major Oil Seeds Cultivation in Tumkur District- 1985-86, 1995-96 and
2005-06 (Area in Hectares)
Major Oil
seeds
1985-86
1995-96
2005-06
Area
%
GR
Area
%
GR
Area
%
GR
A.
Coconut
51,054
32.1
-
73,006
28.1
+4.3
1,22,690
40.3
+6.8
B.
Groundnut
1,00,369
63.1
-
1,71,641
66.1
+7.1
1,62,114
53.2
-0.5
C.
Til
491
0.3
-
667
0.3
+3.6
392
0.1
-4.1
D.
Mustered
162
0.1
-
805
0.3
+39.7
733
0.2
-0.9
E.
Niger Seeds
1,912
1.2
-
2,207
0.8
+1.5
1,362
0.4
-3.8
F
Sunflower
365
0.2
-
7,180
2.8
+186.7
14,103
4.6
+9.6
G
Caster
4,644
2.9
-
4,328
1.7
-0.8
3,140
1.0
-2.7
Total Oil
Seeds
1,58,997
H.
2,54,762
-
3,04,524
+6.0
+1.9
(31.50)
(44.40)
(49.10)
Net Sown
Area
5,04,287
5,73,244
6,19,654
% of
Geographical
Area
(43.30)
(53.80)
(58.20)
I.
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore.
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Features of oil seeds cultivation in tumkur district
45
Table 1. Taluk wise Scenario of broad Geo-Socio-Economic Features Tumkur District, 2005-06.
Sl
.
N
o.
Taluks
1.
C.N. Halli
2.
Gubbi
3.
Koratagere
4.
Kunigal
5.
Madugiri
6.
Pavagada
7.
Sira
8.
Tiptur
9.
Tumkur
10. Turuvekere
District
Total
Geographi
cal Area
(000 hac)
Populati
on in
‘000
(2001)
113.0
(10.6)
122.1
(11.4)
70.9
(6.6)
99.1
(9.3)
112.1
(10.5)
135.8
(12.8)
15.4
(14.6)
76.5
(7.3)
103.8
(9.7)
76.0
(7.2)
209.6
(8.1)
256.4
(9.9)
160.9
(6.2)
236.0
(9.1)
265.9
(10.3)
246.2
(9.5)
301.5
(11.7)
217.1
(8.4)
516.7
(20.0)
174.3
(6.7)
1064.7
2584.6
Major irrigated
Area (%)
Literacy (%)
Male
Femal
e
Avera
ge
79.5
60.8
70.2
76.7
58.2
67.5
73.3
51.8
62.7
72.0
51.0
61.3
72.7
49.4
61.2
68.6
44.0
56.5
73.1
51.4
62.4
83.7
66.2
75.0
82.3
67.1
75.0
81.7
61.1
71.0
76.8
56.9
67.0
Net Sown
Area
(in hac)*
57865
(9.3)
73039
(11.8)
37592
(6.1)
57145
(9.2)
54727
(8.8)
86955
(14.0)
87883
(14.3)
50258
(8.1)
60702
(9.8)
53488
(8.6)
619654
%
Wells
Tanks
51.
2
59.
8
53.
0
58.
0
49.
0
64.
0
56.
5
66.
0
58.
5
70.
4
58.
2
9913
(9.7)
25806
(96.0)
7080
(98.3)
5288
(30.0)
12801
(99.7)
11330
(7.8)
17087
(91.6)
9381
(65.3)
22051
(97.9)
7855
(51.5)
128592
(82.0)
28
(0.3)
1076
(4.0)
122
(1.7)
7730
(43.8)
39
(0.3)
258
(2.2)
1567
(8.4)
4981
(34.7)
464
(2.1)
7387
(48.5)
23652
(15.1)
Net
Irrigated
Area
(In hac)
%
**I.A.
in
N.S.A.
***R.F.
(2005)
9941
6.3
17.2
496.2
26882
17.
1
36.8
551.3
7202
4.6
19.1
753.4
17651
11.
2
30.9
848.0
12840
8.2
23.5
582.4
11588
7.4
13.3
415.5
18654
12.
0
21.2
591.2
14362
9.2
28.6
647.4
22515
14.
3
37.1
796.4
15242
9.7
28.5
671.7
156877
14.
7
25.3
635.4
* In the Geographical Area of Taluk. **Percentage of Irrigated area in Net Sown Area. ***Average Annual Rainfall in mm.
Source : Tumkur District at a Glance, 2007-08, Government of Karnataka
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Shivakumar S.P., Hanjagi D Ashok
Identification /Mapping of Slum Environment using Satellite
Data: A Case Study of Mysore city. Karnataka, India.
Shiva Kumar S.P*
Hanjagi D Ashok**
Research Scholar, Dept of Geogrpahy, Bangalore University, Bangalore-56.
Associate Professor, Dept of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore-56
Abstract
This paper focuses on the physical conditions in slums in the Mysore City. Fieldwork was
conducted in the slums of Mysore, India during May 2010 and analyzes in particular the urban
development programmes in the city. The aim of the study was to locate slums and identify the
physical characteristics of the slum areas that could be interpreted through satellite imagery. To
present a comprehensive picture of the slums, two aspects, i.e. spatial distribution and growth,
and physical infrastructural services related to Slums had been taken in to account, High
resolution satellite data used to detect, delineate the slums in Mysore city to detect the change
that has taken place in terms of slum development and to map condition of slum environment.
GIS was used to analyze the spatial location of slums. In present study 1000 households have
been selected in 40 slums, to study physical, locational and socio-economic conditions of these
family-respondents. Housing status, Drinking water facility, sanitation conditions, Electricity
facility, Street lighting, availability of Health facility are effectively analyzed with case study of
slums. To study Slum Environment in the study areas has been analyzed and mapped based on
the following parameters.
Key words: Location, Social welfare, Infrastructure, Demography.
Introduction
The slum population in urban India is around 62 million. The urban poor in cities live in
appalling conditions. Slums are not at all fit for human settlements and are a danger for both
the residents and the population living near by. Slums by and large are the creation of
urbanization process. Growth of slums in India is primarily and improvement programmes is
one of the biggest challenges that communities and municipalities in developing countries are
facing. Problem of slum formation is found not only in the big cities but also in medium and
small cities and towns. Due to rapid urbanization and consequent haphazard growth, most of
these cities have become congested and unhygienic. It is clear that rapid processes of accretion
as a result of incessant flows of immigrants caused the present changes in aerial size of slum.
In most of the municipal bodies proper up-to-date maps of slums along with proper database
and genesis of its growth are not available which create problem in developmental process.
Thus, it is important to analyze the slum formation, slum morphology and impact on
surroundings to improve quality of life of slum dwellers. Under these circumstances, remote
sensing plays a leading role by virtue of its repetitive and synoptic coverage that may become a
base map for many government and semi government organization in a very rapidly growing
urban area.
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Identification /Mapping of slum
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Objectives of the study
The aim of the study was to locate slums and identify the physical characteristics of the
slum areas that could be interpreted through satellite imagery. To present a comprehensive
picture of the slums, two aspects, i.e. spatial distribution and growth, and physical infrastructural
services related to Slums had been taken in to account, High resolution satellite data used to
detect, delineate the slums in Mysore city to detect the change that has taken place in terms of
slum development and to map condition of slum environment. GIS was used to analyze the
spatial location of slums.
Methodology
For the study of slums, Cartosat data was used and ancillary data like SOI Toposheet
and SOI Guide Map were used. All the slum pockets identified were transferred to one base
map, so as to get an overall spatial distribution and location of the slum area. In order to detect
the slum areas, the following factors considered were: Small sized structures with high density:
tone difference to get the idea of Kachcha or semi-kachcha houses that were obvious in the
slum areas: irregular internal street pattern having unmetalled and mostly unpaved: Areas of
wastelands, such as one banks of Rivers or Canal, along railway line and road margin were
taken as association for identification. GPS data was collected for all slum pockets in the city.
Limitations of the study
Due to time constraint only 40 slums out of 82 were taken for intensive study. While
updating the slum areas, it was not possible to make detailed map of all the slums. Lack of
updated and relevant secondary data on slums was also a constraint.
Analysis
There are 82 slums in Mysore of which 63 are officially recognized (Up to 2010) Of the
63 recognized slums, some demographic data was available for 50 slums that were declared up
to 2006. As per the Census of India 2001, the number of persons living “Below Poverty Line”
(BPL) in Mysore was estimated to be around 0.16 million or 19% of the 0.79 million total
population In 2006, In 2006, the population of Mysore was estimated to be around 0.9 million of
which about 81000 (9.5) people are residing in the 50 declared slum, thus indicating that not all
BPL families in Mysore are slum dwellers.
The total number of households as per one of the official records is 6,463 (KSCBMysore2004), whereas another document puts the number at 18,404 (iDeck 2005). The KSCB
list dated 2004 includes only those slums where housing or upgrading of existing houses either
in situ or relocated areas was being undertaken. The KSCB document of dated 2004 includes
larger slums that were former inner city areas where house upgrading was not a priority as for
e.g. in the case of Ghousianagar, Shanthinagar and Bademakhan which together account for
more than 8000 households. Excluding these large slums, the average number of households
per slum in Mysore is in the range of 130 to 150 with an average household size of five
members. In present study 1000 households have been selected in 40 slums, to study physical,
locational and socio-economic conditions of these family-respondents. Housing status, Drinking
water facility, sanitation conditions, Electricity facility, Street lighting, availability of Health facility
are effectively analyzed with case study of slums.
To study Slum Environment in the study areas has been analyzed and mapped based
on the following parameters.
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Shivakumar S.P., Hanjagi D Ashok
Table 1. Decadal Growths of Slums in Mysore City
Sl. No
Time Period
Slum Notified
Non-Notified
01
Before 1980
03
02
02
1980-1990
10
03
03
1990-2000
19
06
05
2000-2010
31
08
Total
63
19
Source: City Development Plan of Mysore for JNNURM 2011.
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Identification /Mapping of slum
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Map shows the ward wise location of slums in Mysore city. There are 65 wards in
Mysore City and 63 declared and 19 non-declared slums in the city. Ward number 9, 11, 34, 42
and 45 are having some 5 to 10 slums. Most of the slums are concentrated in ward number 30
to 65. Because in north of Mysore is industrial area , so in surrounding areas of industrial there
will be slum areas, the people who live there work in that industries as a daily labourers. In
other wards there is no slum areas concentrated because that is far from the centre of the city
and in these areas there will be no slum areas.
Table 2. Distribution of Slums by Ownership of Land
Land ownership
No of slums
% slums
Private
15
18.3
Government
11
13.4
MUDA
16
19.5
MCC
37
45.2
Others
Total
03
82
3.6
100.0
The largest proportions of slums are still on corporation land (Table 2). When the study
area was restricted to the Municipal Corporation boundary (in 2010) 45% of the slums were fund
on corporation land. About 18 % of the slums are found to be on private land. 13 percent of the
slums were found on Government land. Since the study area covers rural tracts interspersed
with urban areas, 19 percent of slums are also found on Mysore Urban Development Authority.
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Shivakumar S.P., Hanjagi D Ashok
Housing Structure of the Slums in the City
The term house include the dwelling, ranging from native huts to massive city
mansions: as well as other human structures where people congregate and goods are stored.
The spatial pattern of housing in cities is a result of several factors, among which the
socioeconomic forces at work in the city, its geographical location, availability of physical space
and accessibility are considered to be most significant. Housing pattern of the city can be
analyzed on the basis of various characteristics of the houses, such as a. roof, b. ground plan,
c. size and shape, d. building materials e. function.
Table 3. Distribution of Slums by City Zones and Population Size
Rating of Housing quality
Very poor
Poor
Medium
Good
Core
02
01
-
-
Intermediary
22
19
08
03
Fringe
07
13
05
02
All Slum
31
33
13
05
Table-4: Distribution of Slums by City Zones and Environmental Quality
Environmental quality
Very poor
Poor
Medium
Good
Core
01
01
01
-
Intermediary
28
12
08
04
Fringe
14
08
04
01
All Slum
43
21
13
05
Table 5. Distribution of Slums by Housing and Environmental Quality
Housing
Quality rating
1 (Very Poor)
2
3
4
5
6
Environment
No of slums
%
No of slums
%
23
12
10
12
10
11
27.7
14.4
12.1
14.4
12.1
13.2
16
14
17
11
12
10
19.2
16.2
20.4
13.2
14.3
12.1
Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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Identification /Mapping of slum
7(Very good)
05
6.1
03
51
3.6
Table 6. Distribution of Slums by Slum Age and Slum Population
Slum Age
(years)
Population size of Slums
500-1000
1000-2000
11
4
7
6
5
5
6
1
1
1
30
17
<500
14
5
4
8
1
32
< 10
10-19
20-29
30-39
40+
All Slums
3000+
1
1
1
03
Table-4 generates data on the dwelling condition of households in slums. It deals with
9 categories covering various divisions of dwelling units.
It shows dwelling patterns
differentiation.
Composition of Wall materials
Data under first category deals with the type of house. Out of 1000 households 401
households (40%) live in huts belonging to wage earning class of daily, weekly and monthly
group earning low income. They represent the poorest of poor living in huts built of structurally
unsound materials which crumble during rainy season. 175 households (18%) live in shed
made of tin, sheets, and rags and scrap cardboard and tin. They live without proper protection
and shelter with dirty and highly unhygienic conditions. 329households (33%) live in kutcha
houses built of mud and bricks. 95 household (9%) live in pacca houses built of bricks, sand
and cement. The housing crisis has aggravated with enormous cost of construction. Due to the
exorbitant rates, a large number of people stay in one room tenements. The low income groups
face the maximum trouble due to the enormous land value. Data under second category deals
with the access to dwelling unit of households in slums. Out of 1000 households, all the
households have access inside the dwelling unit through single door either made of wood or tin.
Data under fourth category deals with the number of windows of households in slums.
Out of 1000 households, 707 households of hut and shed have single window and 293
households of kutcha and pucca households have windows ranging between 2 to 3.Data under
fifth category deals with the flooring pattern of households in Slums. Out of 1000 households,
803 households have mud flooring. An overwhelming majority of hut dwellers have mud flooring
and 197 households with cement flooring. It includes few huts, kutcha and pucca house.
Composition of roof materials
Data under sixth category deals with roofing pattern of households in slums. Out of
1000 households, 411 households in slums live in huts with thatched roofing mostly made of
dried coconut leaves, palm leaves and canvas. It includes the hut and shed dwellers. 310
households live in AB sheets, followed by 143 households with Mangalore tiles, 90 plain tiles,
46 households with mud backed plain tiles and 46 households with RCC roofing respectively.
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Shivakumar S.P., Hanjagi D Ashok
Data under the seventh category deals with households’ expenditure section. Out of 1000
households, 179 households in 40 slum areas residing in hut, kutcha and pucca house pay rent.
Data covers rent payment made by hut dwellers in 15 slum areas in which, 9 households in
RMC yard slum and coffee board slum, 8 households in Raja soap factory, Ashokpuram,
Devaraj Urs colony, and 7 household in PK sanatorium slum make monthly rental payment in
the range between 100- 250 to the brokers residing in the suburbs of the Mysore City area.
Street lighting
Slum behind Gousia nagar, Vanivilas mohalla, Siddappaji cross where in, 33
households make monthly rent payment in the range between Rs 250 to 500 to the owner of the
land residing in the same locality. Regarding street electrification 28 slums are electrified and
12 slums lack street electricity facility within the slums. They are Gousia Nagar, Bamboo
bazaar, nachanahalli playa, Metagalli, Yashwanthnagar, Kesare 2 nd stage, Yellamma slum.
Electric supply condition
Data Under tenth category deals with expenditure incurred on power supply of
households in slums. Out of 1000 households, 649 households are electricity facility and 351
households are not having electric facility they depend on kerosene and other sources. Among
649 households few households are electrified under Bhagya Jyothi Scheme, a scheme of free
electricity supply of City Corporation. Under the first category, out of 40 slums, only 5 slums are
beneficiaries of Bhagya jyothi Scheme wherein 10 households of Bamboo Bazaar slum and 12
household of Chikkaveeranna slum get free power supply followed by 8 households in D.
Devaraja Urs slum, 15 households each of Madhuvana slum and P.K. Sanatorium get free
power supply.
Table- 5 reveals data on domestic fuel consumption of households in slum. It covers 2
broad classifications namely, type of domestic fuel and expenditure incurred on domestic fuel
consumption. Under the first classification, 3 categories namely firewood, kerosene stove and
LIG are dealt in details. Under firewood category, data covers information on domestic fuel
consumption, out of 1000 households, 748 households use firewood. It covers the dwellers in
hut, shed and few kutcha houses. While 252 households don’t use this facility due to the
availability of other quicker and easier means of domestic fuel. Under kerosene stove category,
out of 1000 households, 629 households use pump stoves and wick stoves. It covers the
dwellers in kutcha, pacca house and some hut dwellers. 381 households not using the facility
include those households unable to pay the price for stoves. Under LPG category, out of 1000
households only 19 households living in pucca house use this facility while a vast majority
unable to meet the price of the stove and gas, fail to avail this facility. The second classification
of data reveals information on expenditure incurred on domestic fuel consumption. Out of 1000
households, 751 spend amount in the range between Rs.0 to 250 on domestic fuel while 249
household spend amount in the range between Rs. 250 to 500 on domestic fuel. It is clear from
the above data analysis that vast majority of slum households use fuel wood as a basic
domestic fuel.
Water Facility
Under the section of ground water supply, out of 40 slums, 17 slums are installed with
hand pumps in the range between 0to 2 and 5 slums are installed with hand pumps in the range
between 2 to 4, 11 slums lack this facility. Hand pump are operated in slums through manual
labour. Under the section of mini water supply, out of 40 slums surveyed, 14 slums are supplied
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with mini water tanks, only one slum is supplied with 10 mini water tank and 16 slums lack this
facility. Mini water tank supply provides hard water operated through energized pump. There is
unequal distribution in mini water supply to slum dwellers.
Sanitation Condition
Under the second category of sanitation facility, out of 1000 households, 336
households have individual toilet either provided by civic body directly or assisted by Asian
Development Bank. 252 households use public toilets, poorly maintained, and 412 households
use public ground for the human and animal excreta disposal. A vast majority lack general
awareness on personal hygiene for better maintenance of health status.
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Shivakumar S.P., Hanjagi D Ashok
Conclusion
Slums in Mysore City have their own peculiarities. They certainly differed from each other in
terms of location, size of population and background. But they also held something in common.
All of them represented a culture of poverty and were noticeable for their lack of civic amentias.
This stood out against the backdrop of the progressive character of the Mysore City. The study
indicate the scope of slum clearance should be enlarged to embrace slum improvement by
providing them minimum amenities like sanitary-latrines, drainage, uncontaminated water
supply, approach roads, paved streets and lighting, in order to prevent them from spoiling both
the physical and social environment and also uplifting them from a degrading quality of life.
Slum dwellers are more prone to disease because of the sub-human conditions, which prevail
due to unawareness and neglect.
Reference
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Bhalla, Manju, 1995, “Slums in Metropolis: A Case Study of Delhi.” Jawaharlal Lal Nehru University.
Chainey S. “The Search for Accuracy in Crime Hotspots.” UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science.
Clinard, Marshall B., 1990 “Theories of Slum in A.R Desai and Deveadas Pillai Slums and Urbanization”
Girish, T.G.K., 1998, Planning for Urban Infrastructure under Decentralized Governance: A Case study of
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Hindu, 1984, “India Struggle against slums”, December 7, 1984.
Taxman F. S., McEwen T., 1997, “Using Geographical Tools with Interagency Work Groups to Develop
and Implement Crime Control Strategies”, Crime Prevention Studies. Vol.8: Willow Tree Press, Inc.
Ujjwal sur,Sadhana Jain., Sokhi B.S., Identification / Mapping of Slum Environment using IKONOS
Satellite Data: A Case Study of Dehradun, India
Weisburd D., McEwen T., 1997, “Crime Mapping and Crime Prevention” Crime Prevention Studies. Vol.8:
Willow Tree Press, Inc.
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Vol.25(2) Sage Publications.
Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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DEM FOR SURFACE ANALYSIS OF THE CATCHMENT AREA
OF ARAKERE LAKE
Vishwanath B.C.*
Hanjagi D Ashok**
Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore.
Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore.
Abstract
Water is one of the most essential & scare natural resource in the terrestrial ecosystem of the
world. To meet the increasing demands of water, efficient management of surface and ground
water is needed. Bangalore lakes occupy about 4.8% of city’s geographical area covering both
urban & rural areas. With the increasing the industrialization & urbanization in the city fresh water
has been polluted. Out of which Arakere Lake also polluted because of the unchecked urban
water discharged by into it. Hence, the Arakere Lake has been selected for piece of research
work. Arakere Lake situated about 11 km south from center of the Bangalore city. Arakere lake
situated between 120 52’ to 120 53’ North latitude and 770 35’ to 770 36’ east longitude and at the
elevation of 900 meters above mean sea level. The research paper analyses the DEM of the
catchment area of the Arakere Lake for watershed management. Topomap & GPS points are
used as data and Arc GIS, Erdas & GPS are used for achieving of the set aim. In this way we
completely focus on the Arakere lake catchment area.
Key words: DEM, Surface Analysis, Catchment Area.
Introduction
A lake is a terrain feature, a body of liquid on the surface of the earth. It is a body of
fresh or salt water of considerable size that is surrounded by land. The earth is called “The
water planet because it has approximately 14.108 cubic Km of water of which 97.5% exists in
the seas and oceans 1.5% locked up in the Antarctic or Arctic ice caps, ground water.
Therefore, we can
freely access lake water only (0.007%). Hence lakes are the best
freshwater sources available on the earth’s surface “Lakes are valued as fresh water sources
not only for that and also for fishing, water transport, recreation and tourism.
Every one lives within a catchment area. Catchment area is a geographical region
where all the water that falls within it arrives to a common point, such as a lake. A catchment
area is an extent or an area of land where surface water from rain & melting snow or ice
converges to a single point. Other terms that are used to describe a catchment area are
drainage basin, catchment basin, drainage area, water basin, and watershed. Each catchment
area is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a geographical barrier such as a
ridge, hill or mountain. The limits of a catchment area are the heights of land. The amount of
water reaching the lake from its catchment area depends on the size of the area, the amount of
precipitation, & the loss through evaporation & through absorption by the earth or by the
vegetation. The health of the upland area of a watershed affects the quality & quantity of the
water downstream. We have to think of the watershed as a whole connected unit, with the
upland conditions affecting the quality of water, air etc. what happens upstream will influence
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everyone who lives downstream. The catchment area is one of the primary considerations in the
planning of lakes for water supply purposes.
Surface represents phenomena that have values at every point across their extent. The
values at the infinite number of points across the surface are derived from a limited set of
sample values. These may be based on direct measurement, such as height values for an
elevation surface, measured locations values are assigned to the surface by interpolation.
Surfaces can also be mathematically derived from other data, such as slope and aspect
surfaces derived from an elevation surface.
Objectives of the study
To demarcating the catchment area boundary of Arakere lake. To know the Stream
ordering. To know the Flow Direction.
Methodology
Topomap, GPS data, personal observation are used for demarcate the catchment area.
DEM, Topomap and personal observation are used for identify the streams in the catchment
area. To create DEM GPS data are used. To know the stream ordering Strahelr’s stream order
method is used. To know the flow direction DEM, Arc GIS, personal observation is used.
Techniques of research
Arc GIS used for mapping. GPS and ERDAS used for modeling.
Importance of the study
In the catchment area of Arakere Lake available land and water resources are not
utilized effectively to improve the livelihood & socioeconomic conditions of the inhabitants.
Rapid growth of Population, Human settlements, Industrialization & Public sewage sources are
the chief factors for the degradation of lakes. Now a days Arakere Lake catchment area sees
flooding immediately after rains. The flooding causes lot of suffering & damage. It is important in
all such area to build storm water drains & divert rain water through these drains. The storage
capacity of lakes should also be improved to hold as much water as possible. It is very
expensive and difficult to visit each point of the study area to collect data regarding surface like
height and flow direction. Hence the research work has been taken for Arakere lake watershed
management.
DEM
Digital elevation models are rapidly available data sets that represent the elevation of
the earths surface at discrete points in a regular, rectangular grid. DEM has a Z values at
regularly spaced intervals in x & y. Digital elevation models are data files that contain the
elevation of the terrain over a specified area, usually at a fixed grid interval over the Bare Earth.
The intervals between each of the grid points will always be referenced to some geographical
coordinate system.
The principal components of a drainage basin are its topographic form & the topologic
structure of its Drainage network. Knowledge of the drainage divides of the drainage network
can be used to provide better estimates of slopes & aspects. A raster DEM contains sufficient
information to determine general patterns of drainage & watersheds. A DEM is a raster
representation of a continuous surface, usually referencing the surface of the earth. The most
common digital data of the shape of the earth's surface is cell-based digital elevation models
(DEMs). This data is used as input to quantify the characteristics of the land surface. In this
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research paper streams are generated and flow direction was identified with using DEM and Arc
Map GIS software.
Study area
Arakere Lake situated about 11 km south from center of the Bangalore city. Arakere
lake situated between 120 52’ to 120 53’ North latitude and 770 35’ to 770 36’ east longitude and
at the elevation of 910 meters above mean sea level.
LOCATION MAP OF ARAKERRE LAKE
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Figure 1. Study Area
Figure 2. DEM for study area
Stream ordering
In the drainage basin analysis the first step is to determine the stream orders. In the
present study, the channel segment of the drainage basin has been ranked according to
Strahler’s stream ordering system. Stream ordering refers to the determination of the
hierarchical position of a stream within a drainage basin. A drainage basin consists of its several
branches having different positions in the basin area and they have their own morphometric
characteristics and therefore, it becomes necessary to locate the relative position of a segment
in the basin, so that the hierarchical organization of stream segments is visualized thus stream
order is defined as a measure of the position of a stream in the hierarchy of tributaries. The
smallest un branched stream segment was designated as the first order stream. The one
formed by the merging of two such first order segments was designated as the second order
stream & so on.
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Figure 2. Stream ordering
In this map Blue lines shows the Fist order streams, Red lines shows the Second order
streams, green lines.
Table 1. Stream order, stream number & stream length
Stream Order
NO of Streams
First Order Streams.
53
Second Order Streams.
17
Third Order Streams.
4
Fourth Order Streams.
1
Total Length of streams
8.8 KM
6.5 KM
2.1 KM
0.2 KM
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The characteristic of the study area it exhibits is a 4 th order drainage basin (Figure-2). In
this catchment area there are 53 first order streams, 17 second order streams, 4 third order
streams and 1 fourth order stream are identified. In the selected watershed number of stream
will decrease when the stream order is increasing. Drainage patterns of stream network from
the basin have been observed as mainly dendritic type which indicates the homogeneity in
texture and lack of structural control.
Flow direction
Study of the flow direction also one of the important analysis to know the morphometric
status of the drainage basin. One of the keys to deriving hydrologic characteristics about a
surface is the ability to determine the direction of flow from every cell in the raster. This is done
with the Flow Direction function. This function takes a surface as input and outputs a raster
showing the direction of flow out of each cell. If the output drop raster option is chosen, an
output raster is created showing a ratio of the maximum change in elevation from each cell
along the direction of flow to the path length between centers of cells.
There are eight valid output directions relating to the eight adjacent cells into which flow
could travel. This approach is commonly referred to as an eight direction (D8) flow model and
follows an approach presented in Jensen and Domingue (1988). The direction of flow is
determined by finding the direction of
maximum drop from each cell. This is
calculated as Maximum drop = change
in z-value / distance
Figure 3. Flow Direction
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Findings & Conclusion
The drainage basin is being frequently selected as an ideal geomorphologic unit.
Watershed as a basic unit of surface analysis has gained importance because of its topographic
and hydrological unity. GIS techniques characterized by very high accuracy of mapping and
measurement prove to be a competent tool in surface analysis. Stream ordering, Flow direction
are the most use full measure for the surface analysis of drainage basin which certainly control
the runoff pattern, sediment yield and other hydrological parameters of the drainage basin.
Selecte ddriainage network has dendtrict drainage pattern hence the watershed has flow in all
direction.
The characteristic of the study area it exhibits is a 4 th order drainage basin . Drainage
patterns of stream network from the basin have been observed as mainly dendritic type which
indicates the homogeneity in texture and lack of structural control.
Reference
Arc GIS Desktop Help 9.2.
Badar Md. 2005, HydroGeomorphology, New India Publishing
Bolstad Paul, 2005, GIS Fundamentals, (2nd Edition), Edier Press.
Chorley & Kennedy, 1971Physical Geography A Systematic Approach, The Pitman Press
England.
Downs, 1988, The Geographic Eye: Seeing through GIS, Transaction in GIS.
Malik Imran M., 2011, Watershed Based Drainage Morphometric Analysis Of Lidder Catchment
In Kashmir Valley Using Geographical Information System, Recent Research in Science and
Technology.
Rao K Nageswara., 2010, Morphometric Analysis of Gostani River Basin in Andhra Pradesh
State, India Using Spatial Information Technology, International Journal of Geomatics And
Geosciences Volume 1, No 2.
Singh Savindra, 2006, Geomorphology, Prayag Pustak Bhavan.
Singh Savindra, 2007 Fundamental of Physical Geography, (Third Edition), Rawath
Publication,
Strahler & Arthur N. Strahler 1988, Modern Physical Geography, (Fourth Edition), Von
Hoffman Publication.
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Geographical Eye
of the Union Geographic Information Technologists (UGIT)
Volume 1
Number 1
July 2012
Authors Name
Adavitot S.C.
Title of the article
AKKALKOT: A GEO-ENVIRONMENT STUDY OF MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTE MATERIAL(SWM)
Angadi P.
Dasharatha*
COASTAL KARNATAKA: DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Goudar M.B.
Vagge . M.C.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT”-A CASE STUDY OF
GADAG-BETAGERI.
Naregal B.S.
BIODIVERSITY AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
DOCUMENTATION – KARNATAKA BIODIVERSITY BOARD’s
EXPERIENCE
Patil Abhay M.
Chitragar S. L.**
APPLICATION OF GIS IN LAND USE AND LAND COVER
TO DEVELOP A “SENSE OF PLACE”.
Pramod Kumar, G.R.
& all
GIS BASED CRIME MAPPING AND ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY OF
MUDUGIRI TOWN POLICE STATION JURISDICTION, TUMKUR
DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA
Prasannakumar K .R.
Eswarappa, B**
FEATURES OF OIL SEEDS CULTIVATION IN TUMKUR DISTRICT:
A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
Shiva Kumar S.P.
Hanjagi D Ashok
IDENTIFICATION /MAPPING OF SLUM ENVIRONMENT USING
SATELLITE DATA: A CASE STUDY OF MYSORE CITY.
KARNATAKA, INDIA.
Vishwanath BC
Hanjagi D Ashok
DEM FOR SURFACE ANALYSIS OF THE CATCHMENT AREA OF
ARAKERE LAKE
Authors are responsible for the views presented in their research articles
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Geographical Eye of Union Geographic Information Technologists. Department of Geography, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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