Chapter 13: The Bureaucracy
I. Development of the Bureaucratic state
A. Bureaucracies: large, complex organizations in which
employees have very specific job
responsibilities and work within a
hierarchy of authority.
1. U.S. government- Departments, agencies,
bureaus and offices
2. Employees are known as bureaucrats
B. Why has government grown?
1. Science and technology
2. Business regulation
3. Social Welfare
4. Ambitious administrators
C. In recent years we have witnessed a movement toward
reducing the size of the bureaucracy.
(Reagan & 1996)
1. difficult to do because different segments of the
population work hard to protect the programs that
serve them.
2. National government has reduced the number of
bureaucrats it employs without reducing government
programs. This is accomplished by contracting these
functions out to private employers.
3. Tension between Majoritarianism and pluralism
The broader public wants government reduced.
Those who benefit organize and mobilize to protect
programs and agencies they value.
II. Bureaus and Bureaucrats
A. Departments are the largest units of the executive branch
a. secretaries lead these departments
b. there are currently a total of 15 departments
Minority appointments
1) 1st woman – Frances Perkins Secretary of Labor
1935-1945 appointed by FDR
2) 1st African American- Robert C. Weaver
Secretary of HUD 1966
Appointed by LBJ
3) first president to appoint a woman and African American
Appointed by Ford -1975
B. Independent Agencies are not a part of the cabinet.
a. some are controlled by the White House ex. CIA
b. some are structured as regulatory commissions
(ex. FCC) and were formed to guard against unfair
business practices.
c. The president influences them through the
appointment of new commissioners.
C. Government Corporations (ex. Postal Service, Amtrax)
a. created because Congress felt the public would be
better served if the government runs them.
D. Bureaucrats are hired under the requirements of the
civil service.
a. civil service created due to the assassination of
President Garfield
b. created to reduce patronage in the awarding of
federal jobs
c. jobs are filled on the basis of merit, and workers can
not be fired due to political reasons
d. 2.9 million civilians are employed That’s 2% of the U.S.
workforce
e. most civil servants work outside of Washington D.C.
E. Presidents appoint about 7,000 people to jobs in his
administration.
a. That’s less than 1% of all executive branch employees
b. Some appointments are campaign workers, but most
are drawn from business, universities, and
government itself.
c. about 700 of his appointments require senate
confirmation. (majority)
d. presidents would like to fill a larger number of positions
in government, especially Republicans because they
feel government workers have a liberal bias.
THE PRESIDENT’S CABINET
*The President’s cabinet is NOT mentioned in the Constitution
*It is a product of Custom and Usage
The first Cabinet was created by President Washington in 1789
It contained 4 Departments
1)
2)
3)
4)
State- Secretary Thomas Jefferson
Treasury- Secretary Alexander Hamilton
War (today it’s called Defense)- Secretary Henry Knox
Justice- Attorney General Randolph
Today the cabinet has 15 Departments
The Cabinet Secretaries are appointed by the President and
confirmed by a majority of the Senate.
Of the more than 600 appointments only 12 have been turned down
Qualifications of Cabinet members:
(Nothing is written but the following are usually followed)
*someone who played a part in the president’s campaign
*professional qualifications and practical experience in the
department they are to be secretary
*sectional balance
*Gender and race
*management abilities and experience
Roles played by the Cabinet Members
1) administrative head of a department
2) advisor to the president
Administrative Policymaking: The Formal Processes
The freedom that Congress gives agencies to make policy in the spirit of their
legislative mandate is called: Administrative Discretion
For example: When Congress created The Department of Homeland Security
They knew there were problems with security in the U.S., but the
Department heads would decide how best to implement new policies
to safeguard Americans from terrorism.
Often a problem is clear cut, but a solution is not.
Citizens complain these agencies have too much power and others complain these
agencies can’t get anything accomplished because of “Red Tape”
Congress usually gives vague directives instead of setting guidelines for these
agencies.
So…… How does Congress rein in Agencies with too much power?
1. Create more laws to limit their powers
2. Reduce the amount of money the agency gets
“Power of the Purse”
3. Informal meetings between legislators and administrators
What is Rule Making?
First the agencies create proposals so all interested parties
(Congress, business owners etc.) can take a look at the proposals.
The creation of regulations are controversial because they often force people and
business to act in certain prescribed ways, often against their own self interest.
Agency rules are supposed to follow laws passed by Congress.
These regulations have the effect of law!!!
“Muddling Through”
1) Consider all possible solutions to a problem
2) In the real world, do you always have time to do this????? NO
3) Therefore, the solutions are not always thought through thoroughly.
(say that 10 times!)
4) What problems are faced when creating policy?
a.
b.
c.
d.
It’s hard to define values and goals
selecting the most effective means to a desired end is not usually possible
Problems are often too pressing to wait for a complete study
Policymaking tends to be incremental
(changed bit by bit with trial & error)—Affordable Care Act
“BY THE BOOK”
Bureaucrats must go by the book(follow laws), or they can be held liable in court.
You also leave yourself open to favoritism if you don’t go by the book.
If bureaucrats made their own rules we would have chaos and no one on the same
page.
IMPLEMENTATION
Putting policies into action! Converting policies from words on paper into action.
Many factors influence the implementation of policies:
a. Vague Directives create a source of difficulty
b. The complexity of some policies is problematic
c. Faulty coordination occurs when Jurisdiction overlaps
Example: The Federal Building was bombed in Oklahoma
Who has jurisdiction???
Trial and Error usually lead to policies that work!
Reforming the Bureaucracy
1. making government smaller or less intrusive
2. Fighting waste in government
Four basic approaches
1. Deregulation: reduce the government’s role and let the
natural market forces of supply and demand take over
1970’s and 80’s airlines, trucking, telecommunication industries
and financial services
2. Competition & Outsourcing
Allow non-profits(tax exempt) to be created thus reducing social services
the government is providing
Outsource government jobs to the private sector through biddings
3. TQM- Total Quality Managementtreat citizen’s like “customers"
4. Government Performance and Results Act*****
“making the managers manage”
holding the agencies accountable for their performance!!!!!!!
Chapter 13: The Bureaucracy
I. Development of the Bureaucratic state
A. Bureaucracies:
1. U.S. government- ________________________, agencies,
bureaus and offices
2. Employees are known as_____________________
B. Why has government grown?
1.
2.
3.
4.
C. In recent years we have witnessed a movement toward
____________________ the size of the bureaucracy.
1.
2. National government has _____________________the
number of ______________________it employs
without reducing government programs.
This is accomplished by _____________________ these
functions out to _______________________ employers.
3. Tension between Majoritarianism and pluralism
II. Bureaus and Bureaucrats
A. Departments are the ___________________________of the
executive branch
a. _________________________ lead these departments
b. there are currently a total of _______ departments
THE PRESIDENT’S CABINET
*The President’s ____________________________________________
*It is a product of _____________________________________
The first Cabinet was created by President Washington in 1789
It contained _____ Departments
1) _____________- Secretary Thomas
_________________
2) _____________- Secretary Alexander
____________________
3) ____________ (Today it’s called Defense)Secretary Henry Knox
4) _____________- Attorney General Randolph
Today the cabinet has 15 Departments
The Cabinet Secretaries are Appointed by the President and
Confirmed by a ________________of the ____________.
Of the more than _________ appointments only ____ have been
turned down
Qualifications of Cabinet members:
(nothing is written but the following are usually followed)
*someone who played a part in the president’s
________________
*______________________________ and practical
experience in the department they are to be secretary
*___________________ balance
*_____________________________ *management abilities
and experience
Roles played by the Cabinet Members
1) Administrative head of a department
2) ________________ to the president
Minority appointments
1) 1st woman –________________________
Secretary of Labor 1935-1945 appointed by FDR
2) 1st African American- Robert C. Weaver
Secretary of HUD 1966----Appointed by LBJ
3) First president to appoint a woman and African American
Appointed by ____________ -1975
B. ______________________ are not a part of the cabinet.
a. some are controlled by the White House
ex. ______________
b. some are structured as __________________
commissions (ex. FCC) and were formed to guard
against unfair business practices.
c. The president influences them through the appointment
of new_________________.
C. ________________________(ex. Postal service, Amtrax)
a.
D. Bureaucrats are hired under the requirements of the ________________________.
a. civil service created due to the assassination of President
____________________
b. created to reduce patronage in the awarding of federal jobs
c. jobs are filled on the basis of ______________, and workers can
not be fired due to political reasons
d. __________ million civilians are employed That’s ____% of
the U.S. workforce
e.
E. Presidents appoint about ________________________ people to jobs in his
administration.
a. That’s less than _______% of all executive branch employees
b. Some appointments are campaign workers, but most are drawn
from ______________________________________________
c. about ________ of his appointments require_____________________.
d. presidents would like to fill a larger number of positions in government,
especially Republicans because they feel government workers
have a liberal bias.
Administrative Policymaking: The Formal Processes
The freedom that Congress gives agencies to make policy in the spirit of their
legislative mandate is called: ________________________
For example: When Congress created The Department of Homeland Security
They knew there were problems with security in the U.S., but the
Department heads would decide how best to implement new policies
to safeguard Americans from terrorism.
Often __________________________________________________________
Citizens complain these agencies have too much power and others complain these
agencies can’t get anything accomplished because of “___________”
Congress usually gives ______________________________________________ for
these agencies.
So…… How does Congress rein in Agencies with too much power?
1. __________________________to limit their powers
2. Reduce the amount of money the agency gets
“_______________________________”
3. ________________________between legislators and administrators
What is Rule Making?
First the agencies _________________________so all interested parties
(Congress, business owners etc.) can take a look at the proposals.
The creation of regulations are controversial because they often force people and
business to act in certain prescribed ways, often against their own self interest.
Agency rules are supposed to follow laws passed by Congress.
These____________________________________________!!!
“__________________________________”
1) ___________________________________________to a problem
2) In the real world, do you always have time to do this????? NO
3) Therefore, the solutions are not always thought through thoroughly.
(say that 10 times!)
4) What problems are faced when creating policy?
a. It’s hard to define values and goals
b. selecting the most effective means to a desired end is not usually possible
c. _________________________________________________________
d. Policymaking tends to be _______________________________
(changed bit by bit with trial & error)
“________________________________”
*Bureaucrats must go by the book(follow laws), or they can be held liable in court.
*You also leave yourself open to favoritism if you don’t go by the book.
*If bureaucrats made their own rules we would have chaos and no one on
the same page.
___________________________________
Putting policies into action! Converting policies from words on paper into action.
Many factors influence the implementation of policies:
a. _____________________________create a source of difficulty
b. The complexity of some policies is problematic
c. Faulty coordination occurs when ______________________ overlaps
Example: The Federal Building was bombed in Oklahoma
Who has jurisdiction???
__________________________________usually lead to policies that work!
Reforming the Bureaucracy
1. making government smaller or less intrusive
2. Fighting waste in government
Four basic approaches
1. ____________________: reduce the government’s role and let the
natural market forces of supply and demand
take over
1970’s and 80’s airlines, trucking, telecommunication industries
and financial services
2. _______________________________________
Allow ____________________ (tax exempt) to be created thus reducing
social services the government is providing
________________government jobs to the private sector through biddings
3. TQM- _________________________________________treat citizen’s like “________________________"
4. _____________________________________________
“making the managers manage”
holding the agencies accountable for their performance