Name:___________________________________ Date:_______________ Per: ___________
History of Marine Science - Unit 2
 Voyaging
Travelling for a specific purpose
First navigation was by __________________________________- finding one’s position in
reference to heavenly bodies.
 First Voyages
 4000 BC Egyptians organize commerce on Nile
 800 BC first cartographers make ocean charts
 Library at Alexandria in Egypt
 First university
 Housed scrolls copied by law off ships that harbored.
 Eratosthenes
 Librarian whom calculated circumference of Earth.
 Realized if the sun was directly over one place (shining straight down), and over another place
(shining at an angle) then the Earth must be curved
 Estimated Earth size within 8% of true value.
 ___________________________________________________________________
 ____________________________________________________________ was developed by
__________________ in 120 BC
 ____________________________
 Last librarian
 First woman recognized as mathematician, philosopher, and scientist
 Murdered
 library burned because of religious opposition to knowledge-Incalculable loss
 Research Vessels
 Submersibles - small underwater vehicles
 ROV - remotely operated vehicle lowered by a cable from a ship
 Explore he bathysphere  Drilling ships - take sediment cores
 Floating and Fixed platforms (FLIP – floating instrument platform) - gather data like temperature,
salinity, density, and weather patterns
 Other Research Instruments
 Airplanes
 Satellites
 SEASAT: 1st satellite dedicated to ocean studies
 Echo-sounding
 Underwater cameras
 Side scan sonar - great for sunken ships
 The Egyptians
 _____________________________________________________________ as early as 2300 B.C.
 ca 1938 - 1756 B.C. built the canal, the Isthmus of Suez, to navigate ships across land.
 It operated until 775 A.D.
 The Phoenicians (from the Middle East)
 ___________________________________________ in 590 B.C.
 The Greeks
 Herodotus published accurate map of Mediterranean region, ca 450 B.C.
 Alexander the Great, 336 B.C__________________________________________________ and
expanded their empire under Alexander the Great
 Eratosthenes, 200 B.C.
 mathematically calculated the circumference of the Earth to be 40,000 km.
 It actually is 40,032 km.
 2,200 years ago his math was good enough to be off only 32 km!
 The Arabs,ca 200 B.C
 Islamic and Arab Merchants
 Experienced sailors
 traded throughout the Mediterranean and Indian Oceans.
 They are believed to have _________________________________________
 triangular sail important in early navigation.
 Science Voyaging: Middle Ages
 The Vikings, 900 A.D.
 crossed the North Atlantic to ___________________________________________________
 using the North Star to determine latitude
 Science Voyaging: 15th Century
 Chinese
 Sailed to influence and impress their neighbors.
 Columbus , 1492
 Sailing for Spain, sailed the Atlantic and “discovered” the America’s.
 First documented person to discover North America
 Vasco de Gama, 1497
 Sailing for Portugal, sailed around Africa from Portugal to India to establish trade routes.
 Europeans searched for the Northwest passage through northern Canada to trade with Asia;
explored the Arctic.
 Science Voyaging: 16th Century
 Ferdinand Magellan, 1519 - Portuguese explorer
 the ______ European ________________________________________________________.
 237 men began the voyage; 18 returned.
 Magellan actually died before the journey was finished, but his crew returned in 1522.
 Science Voyaging 18th Century
 John Harrison, 1728
 _____________________________________________________
 This was a timepiece governed by a spring instead of a pendulum
 allowed longitude to be known
 4 are still located in Greenwich, England, which is the 0 meridian.
 If your noon is before Greenwich noon then you are to the east, if your noon is after
Greenwich then you are to the west.
 Latitude can be known by stars (angle between your eyes, horizon and north star).
 Ben Franklin , 1762 American
 ___________________________________________________________
 The Gulf Stream gives the US its warm climate, bringing warm water north from the
equator.
 James Cook, 1768 British Royal Navy
 ____________________________________________________
 ___________________ New Zealand, many islands, and the _________________________
of Australia sailing upon the HMS Endeavor.
 Recorded and successfully interpreted natural history, anthropology, and oceanography
with accuracy and thoroughness.
 Insisted on cleanliness and made his men eat limes to ward off scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency)
 Science Voyaging: 19th Century

Charles Darwin: 1831
 ____________________
 ____________________________________
 led to the origin of species and the modern theories of evolution.
 Lt. Charles Wilkes (unpopular individual), 1838
 ______________________________________________________
 Expedition was to gain knowledge and disprove theory that Earth was hollow and there
were holes in the poles.
 Information obtained made up 19 volumes of maps, text, and illustrations.
 Matthew Maury, 1840 US Navy
 Father of Oceanography
 used sounding with a weighted line to __________________________________, a hidden
range of underwater mountains
 Made charts and sailing directions
 1855 published the Physical Geography of the Sea
 Monument in Richmond, VA
 Charles Wyville Thomson and John Murray (who coined the term oceanography), 1872-1876
 set out on famous __________________________________________ for British
 Took samples and disproved theory that there were no organisms below 1,800 feet due to
pressure and lack of light.
 Discovered 4,727 new species, tested water, made soundings, 151 trawls, currents,
meteorology, sediments, and charted reefs.
 The ________________________________________________ that ___________________
_______________________________________________________
 Complied a __________________________ set of information ________________________
 gathered more data in its time than all other data to date.
 Expedition is also still ongoing today and is considered the first “only for science expedition”
 this is the voyage that discovered the world’s deepest ocean trench, the Marianas Trench,
now sometimes called the Challenger Deep.
 expedition lasted 1,000 days
 covered more than 68,000 nautical miles.
 Fridtjof Nansen, 1895
 ___________________________________________, a ship built to withstand crushing ice
 confirmed the relationship between whales and plankton- from a whaling stand point
 Science Voyaging: 20th Century
 John Holland, 1898
 _________________________________________/battery powered ___________________
 bought by US government in 1900.
 The world wars were the catalyst for US oceanographic research
 Development of technology including electronic equipment, deep sea drilling programs, (1916)
SONAR, use of GPS (global positioning system) and satellites.
 Sir Ernest Shackelton, 1914 British explorer
 __________________________________________________
 pursues a dream of crossing Antarctica on foot by way of the South Pole.
 Germans, 1925
 ______________________Expedition
 the __________________________ (depth and contour) to discover that the ocean was rugged,
not flat as thought.
 Jacque Cousteau and Emil Gagnan, 1943
 __________________________________________________
 Jacque Piccard and Don Walsch, 1960
 in the US _____________________ bathyscaphe (small submarine)
 ____________________35,801 ft. into the deepest part of the ocean
__________________________________
 NO ONE HAS BEEN BACK SINCE!
 Alvin, 1962
 Designed by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
 First deep sea submersible to carry passengers
 has traveled around the world completing 4,162 dives.
 has mechanical arms and in 1966 helped to locate a H-bomb that was lost in the Mediterranean
Sea.
 Alvin, 1979
 ______________________________________________________________
 “Black Smokers" are named for the soot-like appearance of the ejected material billowing
out of the "chimneys".
 Super-heated water from the Earth’s crust with very high concentrations of dissolved
minerals.
 As the super-heated water meets the very cold ocean-bottom water, the dissolved minerals
precipitate out and settle onto the rock around them.
 This causes the chimneys to grow in height over time.
 Glomar Challenger , 1968
 __________________________________________________ and plate tectonics from core
drilling samples.
 JASON (a satellite), 1985
 __________________________________________________________
 JJ attached to Alvin to go inside the ship
 1989 - Japan launched the Shinkai 6500
 ______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
 Science Voyaging, 21st Century
 Chinese mineral company (COMRA), 2006
 designed a craft to reach 23,000 ft

Conclusion
 The ocean represents the Earth’s last frontier for exploration and the key to understanding the
future of our planet.
 The human race depends on the life and sustainability of the ocean for economic, biological, and
environmental stability.
 The world of Aquatic science is ever reaching for new discoveries in this blue realm.