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161 IELTS Pilot Project
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Objective IELTS: Advanced
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Kuwait University, Faculty of Science, English Language Unit
2/1/2010
Dot MacKenzie
2
Table of Contents
Chapter
Topic
Table of contents
Page
2
Course data sheet
3
Links for CALL and Internet
4
1
Outlining and note taking
6
2
Advantages/disadvantages essay
Writing paragraphs
Supporting sentences
Examples
Graphs
18
32
5
Writing a description
paragraph
Process paragraph
6
Information in characteristics
74
7
Examples of opinion essays
75
8
Vocabulary lists
76
3
4
23
68
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
3
161 IELTS Pilot Project
COURSE DATA SHEET
Course Number
161 IELTS Pilot Project
Prerequisite
Placement Test or passing course 090
Course Description
This is a one semester, five-hour-a-week credit course in English for
Scientific and Academic Purposes at intermediate level. It develops
reading, writing, listening, speaking, vocabulary, note-taking, outlining,
graph and research skills.
Course Objectives
Students will develop their knowledge of:
Course Books
1.
Reading skills such as skimming, scanning, finding main ideas and
supporting details, note-taking, outlining, drawing conclusions and
identifying facts and opinions.
2.
Rhetorical functions such as classifying, comparing, defining,
cause/effect, experimenting, calculating, reporting and describing.
3.
Word roots, suffixes and prefixes.
4.
Scientific and academic vocabulary.
5.
Writing paragraphs and sentences using the above rhetorical functions.
6.
Note-taking and outlining skills while listening to mini-lectures and
reading articles.
7.
Using the Internet to find source material for reading and writing
exercises.
8.
Relevant grammatical points.
9.
Charts, maps and graphs
1.
Objective IELTS (Advanced) by Black and Capel. CUP.
Student’s book and workbook.
Workbook for writing.
2.
Absences
3 hours first warning
6 hours second warning
10 hours failure
Grading
Class work, attendance and homework
Midterm
Final
Quizzes
Speaking (5 for speech and 5 for presentation)
Total
Websites:
http://ielts161.pbworks.com
http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org
http://ielts090.pbworks.com
http://bb.kuniv.edu.kw
10%
30%
30%
20%
10%
100%
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
4
Chapter 1 - Links for CALL and Computing
#
1
Topic
Email
URL
The university’s email system, found on www.kuniv.edu.kw, is
KUMAIL. Login with your KU portal user ID &
portal password.
You must have an email account and check your emails every
day. You must also be able to read and send attachments.
Please make sure you send your email address, name and
section to your teacher.
Ms. Dot = dottuta@gmail.com
2
Blackboard
http://bb.kuniv.edu/
Handsacrosstheoceans
Log in with your student number and the password ‘test’ or
‘test 123”. You must also enroll for the 162 IELTS course or
the 161 IELTS course.
Some course documents will be displayed here.
Remember to change your password. 2009 – 2010 courses
begin with 091 and the course id.
http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org
4
Blogging
Check out 161 IELTS, 162 IELTS and webquests. Some of
your work will be displayed here. You may send essays,
photos, videos and art work.
www.blogger.com
5
Kuwait University
6
ELU Science
7
Mind mapping
3
Useful for online portfolios and advertising businesses.
http://kuniv.edu.kw
KU website
http://kuc02.kuniv.edu.kw/ dotmack/
http://kuc02.kuniv.edu.kw/ elu_sci/
http://kuc02.kuniv.edu.kw/~kuoll/
http://www.mind-mapping.co.uk/
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
5
#
8
Topic
KU online e-learning
URL
http://onlinetrain.kuniv.edu/elearning/user/login/
Computer, English and business courses. Others may be added.
It is possible to gain certificates if you complete the courses.
Login with your student id and the password “welcome”.
Remember to change your password.
9
CD-Rom
10
International project
At the back of your “Objective IELTS” (advanced) student’s
book. You may use the CD-Rom at home for further practice.
http://eflstudents.edublogs.org
You may post comments and add data to this site.
11
Voice threads
http://voicethread.com
You may transform media into collaborative spaces with video,
voice, and text commenting.
12
Presentations
www.slideshare.net/dottuta
13
Research
14
Plagiarism
15
Help Desk
16
17
Faculty of Science
Guide
Old CALL websites
for ELU science and
Language Centre
18
ELU Science Wiki
http://eluscience.pbworks.com/
19
IELTS
http://ielts090.pbworks.com/
Call work for Objective IELTS (intermediate). Black and
Sharp, CUP.
Some presentations are stored here.
You will be asked to carry out research using resources on the
Internet.
Make sure that any work or files that you want to display on the
Internet are your own work.
Extension 4444
Help desk for computing problems
http://sci-guide.kuniv.edu.kw/
http://kuc02.kuniv.edu.kw/¬kuoll/
Http://kuc02.kuniv.edu.kw/¬elu_sci/
http://kuc02.kuniv.edu.kw/¬dotmack/
Http://ielts161/pbworks.com/
Call work for Objective IELTS (advanced). Black and Sharp,
CUP.
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
6
Chapter 2 - 161 IELTS Pilot Project - Note-taking and Outlining
1 Example of Outline
Study the reading passage and outline, and then decide what the rules are when you make an outline.
Foreign exchange is a system of converting money from one currency to another. People in Kuwait
can use banks, exchange houses, or informal transfers using their friends or colleagues. Since 9/11, there
have been much closer checks carried out on transfers, to make sure that money is not being used for
illegal purposes, e.g. profits from drug dealing, smuggling, or terrorism. Even housemaids transfer
money, to the tune of millions of dollars a year.
Title:
I
Foreign Exchange
Definition:
A
II
Foreign exchange = system of converting money from 1 currency to another
Situation in Kuwait:
A
People use banks, exchange houses, or informal transfers using friends and colleagues
B
Housemaids transfer millions of dollars/year
III Situation since 9/11:
A
Closer checks carried out on transfers
1
To make sure money not being used for illegal purposes
a
Profits from drug dealing
b
Smuggling
c
Terrorism
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
7
2 Layout and Numbering System
Heading
Roman Numerals
I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X etc
Sub-point
Capital Letters
A, B, C, D, E, F etc
Sub-sub point
Arabic Numbers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 etc
Sub-sub-sub point
Small Letters
a, b, c, d, e, f etc
Sub-sub-sub-sub point
Small Roman Numerals i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, vii. viii, ix, x etc
_______________ general heading, title, or topic
I______________
heading
A_____________
sub-point
B______________
sub-point
1________
sub-sub-point
2________
sub-sub-point
II ______________
heading
A_____________
1________
sub-point
sub-sub point
a__________
sub-sub-sub-point
b__________
sub-sub-sub-point
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
8
3 Outlining and the 161 and 162 IELTS Pilot Projects
For your 162 course, you need to be able to design an outline based on the 3 sources you have to find
for the research for your presentation. For your 161 course, you must be able to make an outline
from one reading. If you find this easy, you may make up outlines using 2 or 3 sources.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Think of a topic.
Find 2 articles about it on the Internet.
Print out the articles and save them on your flash drive.
Design an outline showing the information in article 1.
Add the information in article 2 to it.
Print out relevant pages from a book that has information about the same topic.
Add this information to the outline.
You will then use the outline to help you design your presentation and write your essay.
If you need extra practice, you may use any of the readings in your textbook and design
outlines.
Exercise 1
Study the following paragraph and make an outline showing the main ideas and supporting
details. Do not include irrelevant information.
It is used by kings and laborers. It is called the root of all evil. It has been used since the times
before historical records. Some people used shells, feathers, or beads as a form of exchange for goods.
The early American Indians exchanged corn, turkeys, or tobacco for weapons and nails. Stones have
been found in archaeological sites, and it seems they were transported for hundreds of miles as a form of
currency.
Exercise 2
Make an outline showing the main points and supporting details. Do not include irrelevant
information.
Gold is mined in many locations around the world, and sold to people who wish to decorate
themselves or have safer investments than dollars or pounds sterling. There is no real reason why gold
should have been picked as the element of choice for adornment or investment, except for its rarity. The
cost of buying it goes up and down, depending on political crises.
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
9
Exercise 3
Make an outline showing the information in the notes below:
Malls
Modern
Friday Market
Shopping in Kuwait
Marina Mall
Souq Sharq
Traditional
Modern
4 Conciseness
Now that you know how to arrange your notes according to the formal layout, you need to make sure
your notes are kept as concise as possible. One step in making notes concise is to reduce the amount of
language used. This can be done in two ways:
1 By using abbreviations, symbols and signs.
2 By omitting words that are not essential for understanding:
Articles
a, an, the
Auxiliary verbs
be, have, do, will, must, can, has, is, are, was, were
Impersonal forms
there is, there are
Personal pronouns
I, me, mine, myself, etc
Relative pronouns
who, which, that
Prepositions
in, at, to, from, etc.
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
10
5 Abbreviations, Symbols and Signs
A.1 Standard Abbreviations
Abbreviation
Meaning
Abbreviation
Meaning
i.e.
e.g.
c.f.
viz.
c
ca
circa
N.B.
C.19
1920s
Approx.
Dept.
Diff.
Excl.
Govt.
Impt.
Incl.
Info.
Lang.
Max.
vice versa
that is
for example
compare
namely
about, approx
about, approx
about, approx
note well
19th century
1920 - 1929
approximately
department
difficulty
excluding
government
important
including
information
language
maximum
the other
way round/
the opposite way
2nd
3rd
4th
G.B.
U.K.
Kt.
Eng.
Brit
Q
ans
no
p/pp
poss
probs
ref
tho
thro'
thru
v
min
vol
second
third
fourth
Great Britain
United Kingdom
Kuwait
English
British
question
answer
number
page(s)
possible
problems
reference/ refer
though /although
through
through
very
minimum
volume
A.2 Abbreviations for Units of Measurement
Abbreviation
Meaning
Abbreviation
Meaning
sec
second
m
meter
hr
hour
gm
gram
min
minute
km
kilometer
mo
month
kg
kilogram
yr
year
cc
cubic centimeter
ml
milliliter
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
11
A.3 Abbreviations for Chemicals, Compounds, Elements etc.
Abbreviation
Meaning
Abbreviation
Meaning
______________________________________________________________________________________
Na
sodium
NaNcl
sodium chloride
Co
cobalt
CO
carbon monoxide
Mg
magnesium
Hg
mercury
Cu
copper
Sn
tin
A.4 Standard Symbols
Symbol
Meaning
______________________________________________________________________________________

therefore

changes into/leads to/causes

related to
--/
does not change into/does not cause/does not lead to
/
this or that

per eg 3kms/hr (3 kilometers per hour)
?
question
x
statement is incorrect
" "
ditto marks (meaning the same as the words immediately above)
A.5 Grammatical Abbreviations
Symbol
Meaning
Symbol Meaning
Symbol Meaning
_____________________________________________________________________________________
n
noun
adj
adjective
adv
adverb
v/vb
verb

indent
pl
plural
sing
singular
conj
conjunction
pref
prefix
pp
past participle
prep
preposition
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
12
A.6 Math Symbols
Symbol
Meaning
Symbol
Meaning
______________________________________________________________________________________
+
plus
-
minus
=
equals/equal

proportional to

approx equal to
<
less than
>
greater than

plus or minus

infinity
/
per
%
percent
#
number
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
13
6 Examples of Outlines
Example 1 - Infinitesimal Atom
I
Elements = particles called molecules
A too tiny to be seen even with powerful microscope
B = smaller particles (atoms)
1 all world = atoms
C e.g. O, H, Ag, Al, S, Ca, Ch
II
Ancient World
A 400 BC Democritus theorized matter divided into smaller and smaller particles
until point reached where no more subdivision possible
1 indestructible particles = atomos (Gk / indivisible)
2 not universally accepted
B Aristotle
1 matter = 4 elems: earth, fire, air, water
III
Middle Ages in Europe
A concept of atoms considered too abstract
1
rejected
IV
1804
A Englishman John Dalton
1 formulated atomic theory based on experimentation
a all matter = atoms
b all atoms of same element = same shape, size, weight &
behavior
c atoms of each elem differ from those of any other elem
d atoms not created or destroyed
i form new combinations in chem reactions
e atoms not solid
V
1913
A Danish physicist Niels Bohr
1 proposed model of atom
a elecs revolved around nucleus c/f planets round sun
Today
A > million atoms = thickness of sheet of paper
B consist mainly of space
1 dense nucleus at center
a cf size of ant in football field
b contains
i protons (+ pos elec charge)
ii neutrons (no charge)
c surrounded by elecs (- neg elec charge)
d no of prots = no of elects  atom = no charge
e movement of atoms like bees around hive
f force of attract between + prots in nuc & - elecs keeps elecs in paths
VI
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
14
Example 2 - Modern Technology
I
II
Modern technology:
A
Most recent, significant discoveries to benefit humankind in modern times in TV & comp
tech
TV:
A
Popular form of instant communication all over world
1
Witnesses imp events:
a
2
III
Used in long-distance medical treatment
a
Patient & doctor conferences
b
Special equipment to monitor patient
Long-distance communication
Information superhighway
Global computer networks
a
Email
b
c
Blogging
Internet news
Medical tech;
A
Rural doctors & medical info
1
2
B
C
Less access in past
Immediate access today
Rural doctors & urban medical centers
1
Use of computer to prescribe treatment
X-ray pictures of body parts
1
2
V
Destruction of Berlin Wall
Launching of spacecraft
Last flight of Concorde
Computer tech:
A
In last few decades, made tremendous progress in world of
communications to benefit all mankind
1
2
3
IV
e.g.
i
ii
iii
Diagnose diseases & disorders
Provide necessary treatment
Conclusion:
A
Sci research & experiments opened doors to faster, more accurate info
1
B
Worldwide by TV & computer
Many of discoveries changed our lives for better
1
Brought people of world closer together/global village
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
15
Example 3 - Page 72 – Unit 11 Objective IELTS
Intermediate - Social Organisation among Animals
Instructions:
Read the passage and complete the following outline.
Title: Social Organisation among Animals
I
Species that live alone:
A
Palalo
1 Worm that lives on rocks in sea
a
One of very few animals that never has contact
with other members of same species
B
Spiders:
1
Normally solitary
a
II
Meet only to mate (reproduce)
Species that form social links:
A
Live together while bringing up young
1
European robins:
a
Raise chicks in pairs/Away from
other members of species
B
Herring gulls:
a
Form larger groups (colonies)
i
Consist of many pairs living closely together
ai
Each pair raises chicks independently
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
16
Exercise 4 - Unit 2 - Stimulating the Brain
Read the passage on page 13 in the student’s book and make up an
outline based on the information in it.
Exercise 5 - Unit 2 - Only a Game
Read the information on pages 14 and 15 in the student’s book
and make up an outline based on the information in it.
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
17
6 The Internet and Outlining
If you go to http://www.english-zone.com/index.html, you will find information about outlines and
writing paragraphs.
You will find more information in http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/544/01/.
You will find more examples in http://bb.kuniv.edu in 091_9988162. Enroll using your student
number and the password “test123”.
Acknowledgement:
The ideas in the note-taking and outlining unit were adapted from an ELU Science course.
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
18
Chapter 2 - Advantages/Disadvantages Essay
Unit
WF1
Page
Student’s
Book
18/19
WF3
44/45
WF 5
70/71
Topic
Unit
Page
Workbook
Topic
WW 1
44/45
WW 4
50/51
WW 5
52/53
Structuring
an essay
Checking
for
accuracy
Using
appropriate
language
Planning an
essay
Reporting
ideas
Developing
an argument
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
19
161 IELTS Pilot Project - Writing Paragraphs
Remember these rules.
1
2
Indent (leave 5 spaces at the beginning of your paragraph).
Write a title in the centre. You may make up a short one.
E.g. Question: What is your favourite T.V. program?
Title: Lost
3 Use correct punctuation
4 Don’t make a dog’s breakfast. Use pencil and a RUBBER if you are really untidy, or
WHITEOUT.
5 You will not have enough time to rewrite your paragraph.
6 Plan your paragraph before you begin.
7 Use correct spelling and grammar.
8 Re-read your paragraph and correct any mistakes.
9 If you forget to write something, draw a ↑ and then add the missing information at
the bottom of the paragraph.
10 Leave a line between lines.
11 Remember to use connectors, e.g. first, moreover, in addition, also, in conclusion.
12 Introduction
A
B
Definition:
Thesis statement
(In this paragraph, I will discuss..................)
13 Body:
A 3 reasons with 2 supporting sentences for each reason.
14
Conclusion:
A
B
C
D
In conclusion, ...........................
I recommend......., I suggest......, I think......, As you can see,................
Don’t introduce new ideas
Like a summary of what you said before.
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
20
161 IELTS Pilot Project – Writing Practice – Supporting Sentences
Write supports for the each main idea.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
People are overloaded with too much information nowadays.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
The World Wide Web holds enormous amounts of information.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Football is more than a game.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
New software is being developed to watch and analyse football games.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
We should think about what is happening to the environment when we buy goods.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
How animals communicate with other animals.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Animals can communicate with humans.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Without satellites we would not be able to communicate.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
21
161 IELTS Pilot Project – Paragraph Practice for Midterm
Examples on pages 44 and 45 in Objective IELTS (intermediate)
A Example:
Communication in the World of Animals and Humans
By
Anfal Hussein 161/51 (8/11/2009)
Communication is a way to exchange information and feelings with others. In this paragraph, I will discuss
some of the ways that animals and humans communicate. First of all, we have to know that all the creatures in
the world communicate with others, whether by sound, signals, or by chemical reactions. For example, animals
communicate by sounds and signals. Everybody knows how a cat communicates its sound and by that you kind
of know whether it is happy, sad, or hungry, and even whether it is bored. We can also recognise its feelings by
the way it moves around.
On the other hand, people have different ways of communication, like language.
They use different languages to communicate and exchange feelings. By the time he/she is using it, we can know
if he/she is sad, happy, bored or excited about something. People also use hand signals to communicate. For
example, we use the handshake to express happiness and pleasure when we meet someone and many other
feelings. Furthermore, we wave our hand to say ‘goodbye’. In conclusion, these are some of the differences
between our communication and animals’ communication.
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
22
B Complete the following paragraph by including supports and examples. How else can you
improve it?
My Favourite City
My favourite city is Disneyland.______________________________________________________________
In this paragraph, I will discuss the reasons I like it. First, I can see many people of different nationalities.
Then, the weather there can be rainy and sunny at the same time.________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Third, there are many restaurants and beautiful gardens._______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
In conclusion, I enjoy being there and I hope to visit it again. I advise everyone to go there because it is very
interesting______________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
Http://handsacrosstheoceans.edublogs.org http://IELTS090.pbworks.com http://IELTS161.pbworks.com
23
Chapter 3 - Graphs
1 Useful pages in Objective IELTS (Advanced)
Unit
WF 2
Page Student’s
Book
(Advanced)
30/31
Topic
Unit
Page Workbook
Topic
WW 3
48/49
Comparing
and
contrasting
information
in graphs
Commenting
on graphs
2 Useful pages in Objective IELTS (Intermediate)
Unit
(St Book)
WF2
Pages
Topic
Exercises
30/31
1, 2, 3
WF10
30/31
70/71
92
111
119
134/135
Writing
Line graphs
Vocabulary
Bar and pie charts and tables
Listening
Vocabulary
Paragraph
Paragraph
Unit
(Workbook)
WW3
48/49
Graphs and Tables
1, 2, 3, 4
WF5
14
Revision
1, 2, 3
2
5
6
2
Task 1
Task 2
3 Links for Graphs, Pie Charts and Tables
You will find useful links for graphs in the writing folder (graphs) section of this wiki.
http://ielts090.pbworks.com.
4 You will find vocabulary for graphs in the vocabulary lists at the end of this booklet.
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24
Exercise 1 - Production of Crops
Study the following pie chart and then write a paragraph describing it.
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26
Exercise 2 - Vital Population Events by Nationality
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Exercise 3 - Population in Kuwait
Study the diagram and then write a paragraph about the information shown in it.
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Chapter 4 – Reporting/Describing
Unit
8
Page
Student’s
book
54/55
Topic
WF 3
44/45
Timeline/Description/
Reporting
Reporting ideas
9
62
Ur and Uruk
Exercise 1 - The Earth
Study the pictures and write a paragraph describing the Earth.
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32
Chapter 4 - Writing a Description Paragraph
I
A description paragraph is like an extended definition. You may write your paragraph
using notes from an outline or table. You must include all the information on the right
hand side of the outline, but it is not necessary to use all the words on the left (the part
beside the numbers and letters).
e.g.
I name:
II date of birth:
III importance:
II
You must remember the following when you are writing your paragraph:
A
add articles
B
change notes to full sentences
C
add or change verbs
1
is/are
+ adjectives (is green, are large, is soluble, etc)
2
has/have
+ nouns (has large feet, have a boiling point of…)
3
is/are
+ past participle for simple present passive
4
was/were
+ past participle for simple past passive
D
add one or two connectors (first, moreover, furthermore, finally). Don’t add too
many.
E
join up short sentences
F
avoid unnecessary repetition
G
add correct punctuation (commas, full stops)
H
write a title
I
indent
L
study the use of verbs – if you are writing about someone who is dead, use past
tenses, but if you are writing about someone who is alive, use present tenses.
M
the definition should be the first sentence in the paragraph
N
write with ink, not pencil
O
leave a line between each line of writing
P
use whiteout if you are very untidy
R
spell correctly. When you are writing your paragraph, you might find
some useful words to use in the vocabulary section of the exam.
Example 4
– The Sun
The sun is a yellow, ball-shaped star which is located in the center of our solar and planetary
systems, approximately 93 million miles from the Earth, in the Milky Way. It is composed
of hot, flaming gases which consist mainly of hydrogen and small amounts of almost all
other known elements. Its surface temperature is 11,000 F, which is hot enough to turn
every known solid to vapor, but cool compared to the center. Its diameter is 109 times that
of the Earth, at 864,000 miles. Its mass is 330,000 times the Earth’s. Finally, it is
important because it is the source of the Earth’s heat and energy, and it sustains life on
Earth.
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33
Exercise 2 - Describing/Reporting - Machu Pichu
You will find an example of a description/reporting article in the reading passage
on page 34 in the student’s book. For the final you will write a paragraph
describing an invention or a historical place. You will be given notes about the
place.
No Question
1
Name of historical site
Answer
Machu Pichu
2
Other name
‘Lost City of Incas’
3
Location
4
Built by
80 km. North west of Cusco, Peru, South
America
Incas
5
Abandoned
1,530 AD
6
Date discovered
1911
7
Discovered by
Hiram Bingham
8
Type of buildings
Dry stone walls to resist earthquakes
9
Reasons for building
1 Control neighbouring people
10
Number of tourists per year
400,000 (2,003)
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35
Exercise 3 Describing/Reporting The Great Wall of China
Complete the table by finding information about the Great Wall of China on the
Internet. Then write a paragraph describing it. Do not cut and paste information
from the website.
No
1
Question
Location
Answer
Stretches from Shanhaiguan in the east to Lop
Nur in the west, China, Asia
2
Built by
Qin Shi Huang, first emperor of China, during
Ming Dynasty
3
Size
8,851.8 km. or 10,000 Li. long
4
Date of construction
5 B.C. to 1,500 A.D.
5
Reason for construction
To defend northern borders of Chinese Empire
6
Height
27.5 m. (25 ft.)
7
Made of
Earth, bricks, lime, stones and wood
8
Problems
Some sections covered with sand
9
Easiest access
Badaling, 50 miles north west of Beijing
10
Notes
Visible from moon
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37
Exercise 4 - Describing/Reporting - Tim Berners-Lee
Study the notes below and then write a paragraph describing Tim Berners-Lee.
No
Question
Answer
1
Name
Tim Berners-Lee
2
Born
June 8th 1955
3
Place of birth
London, U.K.
4
Important invention
5
Publication
Invented software programme known as
World Wide Web
‘Weaving the Web’, 1999
6
Occupation
Computer scientist
7
First computer
8
Website
Built from old TV, soldering iron and
M6800 processor
www.W3.org/People/Berners-Lee
9
Number of children
2
10
Nationality
British
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39
Exercise 5 - Describing/Reporting - Ibn Sina
Search the Internet to find information about Ibn Sina. Then complete the table
below and write a paragraph about him, based on your notes.
No
Question
Answer
1
Name
2
Born
3
Died
4
Important dates and discoveries
5
Publications
6
7
8
9
10
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41
Exercise 6 - Describing an Animal, Insect, Bird, or Fish
Choose an animal, bird, flower, or fish and complete the following table by writing
notes in the boxes. Then use the information to write a paragraph about it.
No Question
Answer
1
Name
2
Scientific name
3
Habitat
4
Range
5
Food
6
7
Length of time for gestation of
young
Body characteristics
8
Location
9
Function of
10
Uses to man
11
Average lifespan
12
Other information
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43
Exercise 7 - Describing – Country
Search the information to find out information about a country. Then write a
description of it.
No
Question
Answer
1
Country
2
Location
3
Origin of name
4
Nearest sea
5
Name of capital
6
Currency
7
8
Name of president,
king, queen or prime
minister
Population
9
Religion
10
Climate
11
Main exports
12
Notes
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45
Ex 8 - Description and Process - How the Human Brain Works
Study the information in http://www.newscientist.com/movie/brain-interactive/ and
then write a paragraph describing the human brain and how it works.
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46
Exercise 9 - The Martian Rovers
Study the information in the table and write a paragraph describing the rovers.
No
1
Question
Definition
Answer
Vehicles sent to Mars by NASA to study planet
2
Names
Spirit and Opportunity
3
Length of time on
planet
5 years
4
Function
To search for minerals formed in presence of water
5
Type of landscape
Basaltic plains formed by lava flows
6
Minerals discovered
7
8
Date of images
showing sulphates
Description of rovers
9
Discoveries
10
Theories about water
1 Iron hydroxide (forms in presence of water)
2 Sulphates (just beneath surface, formed in
steam vents)
April 7, 2009
1 6 wheels
2 Robotic arms
During Martian summer, gets warmer at poles/ice
moves to equator
1 Present in ancient volcanic times
2 On-going water cycles
3 May snow there
Source: Http://science.nasa/gov/headlines2009/02dec_troy.htm?list134324
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48
Exercise 10 – Correcting Mistakes
Instructions
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
1 Saddam Hussein he is the worst person the world. In my opinion.
_____________________________________________________________________
2 saddam Hussein was evil and has bad manners and habits. He no like anyone.
_____________________________________________________________________
3 He born in October 7th, 1921. He born in Russia and die in usa.
_____________________________________________________________________
4 Mr. Brown is famous to developing internets. He write many books. Eg “How the West was
Won”.
_____________________________________________________________________
5 What is wrong with this title? “the persons I likes most in world.
_____________________________________________________________________
6 What is wrong with the beginning of this paragraph?
Princess Diana was a very famous person in the world. I like her very much. She born in the U.K.
and died in France.
_____________________________________________________________________
7 Nelson Mandela was born in SOUTH AFRICA. Nelson Mandela was in prison for many years.
Nelson Mandela became the president of South Africa. Nelson Mandela is a very great man.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
8 this man always talking and never do things. He never respect people. He think only about
himself.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
9 He teached us to be brave and strong, how protect our country, he always gave us advices about
learning and reading.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
10 What is wrong with this conclusion? Finally, it is really that the bad person must be punished.
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49
Exercise 11 – Describing – The Grand Mosque, Kuwait
Use the following notes to write a paragraph describing the Grand Mosque.
I
definition:
place of worship
II
location:
opposite Seif Palace, downtown Kuwait City
III
date opened:
October 22nd, 1979
IV
area:
45,000 cubic meters
V
parking:
big enough for 700 cars
VI
cost:
approximately 14 million KD
VII
height of minaret:
74 meters
VIII
Internet home page:
http://www.moc.kw.Users/mosque
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
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50
Exercise 12 Describing - Iceland
Study the following notes and write a description of Iceland. Include all the information.
I.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
definition:
country in northern hemisphere
location:
A 180 miles from Greenland
B between Norwegian Sea and Denmark Strait
C south of Arctic Circle
capital:
Reykjavik
total area:
103,000 square miles
land area:
A 1% cultivated
B 25% grassland and vegetation
C 11% glaciers
D 10% lava
E 53% other wasteland
climate:
cool, temperate & oceanic
annual rainfall:
80.5 cm
population in 1985:
247,024
present population density:
2.5 people per square km
language:
Icelandic
religion:
Christian
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
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51
Exercise 13 Describing - Volcanoes and Their Formation (advanced students)
Using the notes below, write an essay describing the structure of volcanoes and the process of their
formation. Include necessary articles and connectors, and a title. Use the present simple tense.
(Source – Unit Material)
I
Definition:
A
opening in earth’s crust from which molten lava, hot rocks, ash steam & other gases
erupt to produce geologic formations, such as hills cone-shaped mountains
B
main parts of structure:
1 parts above earth’s surface (volcanic cone)
2 parts below earth’s surface
II
Structure:
A
above earth’s surface (volcanic cone)
1 layers of ash, lave and rock
a
form body of cone through repeated eruptions
i
throughout cone’s structure
1
3
4
B
crater
a
opening through which lava and other materials escape
i
top of volcanic cone
lava plug dome
a
causes gases underneath to build up pressure and create explosions
during later eruptions
i
inside crater
conduits
a
passageways through which erupting materials escape
i
throughout volcanic cone
below earth’s surface
I
lava beds
a
directly below earth’s surface
sedimentary rocks
a
below lava beds
metamorphic rocks
a
below sedimentary rocks
igneous rocks
a
III
under rock layers
Process of Formation:
A
intense heat from magma in reservoir melts overlying layers of rock so conduit to
surface begins to be formed
B
gases from magma push up against melting roof of magma reservoir
C
extreme heat of gases leads to tremendous explosive pressure on surrounding
material
D
gases reach weaker places in earth’s outer crust
E
force of gases causes conduit to be blasted through earth’s surface
F
magma cools as it comes to top and forms lava
G
lava flows over outside of crater
H
lava cools and hardens
I
cooling magma blocks opening in crater
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52
Exercise 6 - Describing - Kuwait
Use the following notes to write a short paragraph describing Kuwait. Use the present simple tense,
and add necessary verbs, articles and connectors.
I
Definition:
A
small, rich country belonging to G.C.C.
II
Area:
A
17,818 sq miles
III
Location:
A
between Iraq and Saudi Arabia
B
beside Arabian Gulf
IV
Population:
A
approximately 2 ½ million people
B
600,000 Kuwaitis
V
Capital:
A
Kuwait City
VI
Head of State:
A
Emir, Sheik Jabor Al Sabah
VII
Official language:
A
Arabic
VIII
Currency:
A
Kuwaiti Dinar
IX
Date of independence:
A
19th June 1961
X
Temperature:
A
+40º C in summer
B
18º C in winter
XI
Landscape:
A
flat, stony desert
B
some sand dunes in south and north west
XII
Main export:
A
crude oil
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53
Exercise 14 – Describing – Saudi Arabian Leopard
Use the following notes to write a description of a Saudi Arabian leopard. Include a title and
necessary articles, join up short sentences and avoid unnecessary repetition.
I
definition:
large, feline (cat-like) mammal
II
species:
Panthera Pardus
III
natural habitat:
Middle East, from Turkey and Iran to Saudi Arabia
IV
present habitat:
natural reserve in Saudi Arabia, near
Jordanian border
V
number living today:
A unknown, but perhaps few dozen to
few hundred in Saudi Arabia
B no information about Iran
VI
physical characteristics:
A color:
B weight (male)
C average life-span:
yellowish-gray with black spots
about 40 kg.
15 years
VII
territory:
2
100 km.
IX
special problem:
faces extinction because of hunting by man
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
©Dot MacKenzie, ELU Science, Kuwait University
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54
Exercise 15 - Describing - Oil
Use the following notes to write a paragraph describing oil. Add necessary articles and a title. Join
up short sentences.
I
definition:
A
fossil fuel
B
used since approximately 400 B. C.
C
used on large scale since early 20th C.
II
composition:
A
mostly liquid hydrocarbons & some gaseous hydrocarbons
III
location of raw energy source:
A
below ground
IV
uses:
A
B
C
heat
electric power
gasoline for engines
1
approximately 20 – 40% of crude oil
V
production methods:
A
extracted from earth by drilling
VI
means of transportation:
A
in tankers and trucks
B
by pipe
VII
cost:
A
inexpensive
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
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55
Exercise 16 - Describing - Falaikha Island
Use the following notes to write an essay describing Falaikha Island.
I
definition:
A
uninhabited island off coast of Kuwait
B
in Arabian Gulf
C
called “Ikaros” by Greeks
D
contains archaeological ruins
1
first excavated in 1958
II
history:
A
first settled in Bronze Age
B
Greeks arrived in 4th century
1
covered in trees
2
populated with goats
3
attracted by fresh water
4
garrison placed by Nearchus, one of Alexander the Great’s admirals
C
occupied and destroyed in late 20th century
III
access:
A
boat leaves Ras al Salmiya every day
1
permit needed to allow access to island
2
journey takes 90 minutes each way
3
2.5 K.D. return
IV
sights:
A
ancient:
1
mud house
a
showed how islanders lived before discovery of oil
2
Tel Sa’ad
a
most ancient site
i
Bronze Age settlement
ii
location of fortifications
3
inn (hotel)
a
near small, metal look-out tower
4
old houses
a
dating from 330 to 150 B. C.
B
V
modern:
A
houses abandoned after Invasion
important discoveries:
A
27 tetradrachma coins
1
dating from Alexander’s time
a
buried circa 285 B. C.
B
45 lines of writing ordering general to establish colony of farmers, fishermen &
hunters
C
weights used for fishing
D
many fish bones
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56
Exercise 17 - Describing/Reporting - The Silk Road
Use the following notes to write a paragraph or essay describing the Silk Road. Add necessary verbs
and articles, join up short sentences, and avoid repetition.
I
definition:
A
Silk Road = ancient route joining China to West
B
goods, trade, technology, and new ideas spread in and out of
China and rest of Eurasia
C
Middle East = very important link between East and West
II
background:
A
no direct sea route between East and West
III
B
inhospitable land, including Takla Makan Desert, Himalayas and Gobi
Desert, between East and West
C
no single route between East and West
D
Silk Road consisted of trails across deserts & mountains
1
people traveled from oasis to oasis in caravans
a
attacked by gangs & bandits
E
caravanserais and towns developed along route
history of name:
A
name ‘Silk Road’ used first in 1800s
B
IV
V
first used by Baron Fercinand von Richnofen
I
German scholar
goods traded:
A
paper & paper-making technology
1
invented in China circa 300 B. C.
B
silk & silk-making technology
1
first produced in China circa 3,000 B. C.
2
secret of production traveled to West circa 500 A. D.
a
closely guarded secret for millennia
3
Romans loved silk
a
traveled to obtain silk from East
C
gunpowder & gunpowder technology
1
developed in China
method of trading:
A
goods passed from one merchant to next
B
few, if any, of goods traveled along whole route
C
goods moved very slowly
D
cost of goods went up along route
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57
Exercise 18 – Describing - Salukis
I
II
Definition:
A
Saluki = breed of dog found in Arabian Peninsula
B
part of traditional desert eco-system
Origin of name:
A
III
named after ancient city of Saluki in Middle East
History:
A
used by Ancient Egyptians
1
IV
Other names:
A
B
V
VI
pictures appear in Ancient Egyptian tombs dating from 2,100 B. C.
Gazelle Hound
Arabian Hound
C
Persian Greyhound
D
El Hor (noble one)
Physical Characteristics:
A
slim, greyhound-like body
B
long silky feathering on ears, limbs & tail, or short silky hair over whole body
C
black & tan, fawn, white, cream, gold & red coat, or combinations of these colors
D
narrow head, tapering towards nose
E
able to withstand harsh, desert environment
F
eyes can see for 1 mile
Temperament:
A
even-tempered & sensitive
B
very loyal
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C
VII
VIII
Height & weight:
A
23 – 28 inches (58 – 71 cm.)
B
29 - 66 pounds (13 - 30kg.)
Health problems:
A
IX
XII
10 – 12 years
Origin:
A
XI
prone to genetic eye disease & cancer
Life expectancy:
A
X
good with children
eastern Turkmenistan to Turkey
Uses:
A
hunting foxes, jackals, gazelles, jerboas, foxes, birds & hares
B
racing, pets & show dogs
More information:
A
dbsaluqi@hotmail.com
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Exercise 19 - Describing/Reporting - My Curriculum Vitae
Complete the following form with information about yourself:
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Question
Surname
Father’s name
First name
Date of birth
Place of birth
Religion
Sex
Major
Last school
Address
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Faculty
Mobile number
Email address
Section
Nationality
Occupation
Reason for learning English
Homepage address
Answer
Moslem
Sociology, psychology
Now use the information in the above form to write a paragraph about yourself.
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60
Exercise 21- Reporting/Describing – A History of the World
Study the following table and write a complete description of the world’s climates through the ages.
Use the simple past, active or passive. Join up short sentences, and provide necessary articles and
connectors. Give your paragraph a title. Change some of the nouns into past participles.
#
Date
(years ago)
Weather
What Happened?
1
18,000
Cool
Last glacial maximum in North America.
Sea levels 200 feet lower than present.
Movement of Amerindians to America.
2
12,000
Cool winters
& hot
summers
Last deglaciation.
Extinction of many large mammal species in North America.
Earth farther from sun in January, but closer in June than now.
Lakes in Sahara Desert.
3
10,000
Temperatures
like today
Coming of Inuits to America.
Completion of settlement of Amerinds throughout Americas.
Beginning of agriculture by some Amerinds.
4
7,000
Cool &
pleasant
Melting of northern ice sheets.
Spreading of hardwood forests into Canada after postglacial
period.
5
5,000
Cool to warm
Warmest postglacial time.
Deserts moister.
6
4,000
Receding of forests in northern Canada.
Replacement of pine trees with oak trees.
7
900
Cool
Getting
colder in
north
No rain
8
Cool & cold
Beginning of ice ages in America.
Advancement of glaciers.
9
450, 150
(1,550 AD,
1850 – 1990
AD)
100
Warmer
Commencement of industrial age.
Usage of fossil fuel 60 times greater than in preceding century.
Starting of droughts in Great Plains during 1890s and 1930s.
10
Now
Global
warming
Using of more fossil fuels.
Increase in greenhouse effect.
Expectation that global temperatures will rise by 3° C by 2090
as presence of atmospheric carbon dioxide doubles.
Long drought in American planes and prairies.
Taking place of collapse of agriculture.
Movement of many Indians south.
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Exercise 22 - Reporting/Passive/Describing – Historical Narrative
Write a historical narrative using the following notes. Include all the dates and information. Do not
write in………… in ……….. in ……………. Vary your writing by saying: after 2 years, later, when,
ultimately, finally and so on. Introduce the scientist, write an account of his life, and finish with a
short conclusion.
Albert Einstein (one of greatest scientists of all time)
1879
1880
1889
1893
1894
1895
1896
1900
1901
1902
1910
born in Ulm, Germany
moved to suburb of Munich
sent to Leopold Gymnasium
studied natural science books
parents moved to Milan, Italy
left Munich for Milan
admitted to famous Zurich Polytechnic Institute,
Zurich, Switzerland
graduated from Polytechnic
began to publish theories
obtained job in Swiss Patent Office in Berne
A published theories
B recognized as genius
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62
Exercise 23 – Reporting/Passives
Study the following table and write sentences describing each inventor.
Name
Nationality
Dates
Date
1742 – 1824
1781 – 1848
Invention/
Discovery
Phonograph
Electric lamp
Polio vaccine
Magnetic
Recorder
Submarine
Steam locomotive
Thomas Edison
American
1847 – 1931
Jonas Salk
Valdemar Poulsen
American
Danish
1914
1869 – 1942
David Bushnell
George
Stephenson
Henry Bessemer
American
British
French
1813 – 1898
Steel plant
1856
Joseph Niepce
French
1765 – 1833
Photographic
Camera
1826
1877
1879
1954
1898
1775
1814
E.G.
An American, Thomas Edison, who was born in 1847 and died in 1931, invented the
phonograph in 1877 and the electric lamp in 1879.
or
Thomas Edison, who was born in 1847 and died in 1931, was an American who
invented the phonograph in 1877 and the electric lamp in 1879.
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63
Exercise 24 – Reporting – Historical Narrative/Describing – Ibn Battuta
Write a historical narrative using the following notes. Include all the dates and information. Do not
write in………… in ……….. in ……………. Vary your writing by saying: after 2 years, later, when,
ultimately, finally and so on. Introduce the scientist, write an account of his life, and finish with a
short conclusion.
Ibn Battuta (one of history’s greatest travelers)
First name:
Father’s name:
Family name:
Date of birth:
Nationality:
Occupation:
Date left Morocco:
Countries visited:
Major work:
Number of km traveled:
Date of death:
Place of death:
Early 1800s:
Abu Abdullah
Mohamed
Ibn Battuta
25th February 1304
Moroccan
1 legal scholar,
2 judge in Delhi
3 ambassador from India to China
1325
left home to go on Haj to Mecca
central regions of Dar Al Islam, India, Indonesia,
Central Asia, East Africa, etc.
compiled book of travel called “Rihla”
117,000 km
1377
Marrakesh, Morocco
Rihla translated into Western languages.
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64
Exercise 25 - Reporting
Use the following notes to write complete sentences in either the simple past, active or passive.
What happened?
arrival of explorer
Person/People
Leif Ericson
Date
1000AD
Place
on American
mainland
Nationality
Viking
discovery of Bahamas
Christopher Columbus
inauguration of first
president, George
Washington
American people
12th
October
1492
30th April
1789
Washington
DC
American
fighting of first war of
independence
Soldiers
1812-1814
in US
British & American
sending of first
telegraph message
Samuel Morse
1844
American
introduction of low cost
cars
Henry Ford
early 20th
century
From
Washington
DC to
Baltimore
in USA
ending of Second World
War
People
7th May
1945
in Europe
German
landing of unmanned
spacecraft
Scientists
20th July
1976
on Mars
American
Italian
American
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65
Exercise 26 - Describing a Camel
Use the information in the following table to write a description of a camel.
No Question
1
Definition
Answer
Animal that lives in deserts
2
Family
Camelidae
3
Species
4
Food
1 Dromedary or Arabian (one hump)
2 Bactrian (two humps)
Afraj (desert plant)
5
Date first domesticated
2,000 years ago
6
Body characteristics
7
Habitat
1 Hump to store fat and be source of
energy
2 Oval red blood cells
Dry deserts of west, central and east Asia
8
Uses to man
Food, transportation, milk, leather, wool
9
Average lifespan
40 to 50 years
10
Other information
Called “ship of desert”
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Exercise 27 - Describing - Costa Rica
Use the following notes to write a description of Costa Rica.
No
1
Question
Definition
Answer
Small, independent country in Central America
2
Location
3
Meaning of name
Between Panama, Caribbean Sea, Pacific Ocean
and Nicaragua
“Rich Coast”
4
Area
51,000 square kilometres
5
Currency
Costa Rican colon
6
Date of independence
15th September 1821 (from Spain)
7
Population
4,509,290 (2,003)
8
Government
Democratic republic
9
# of visitors per year
2 million (2008)
10
Notes
1
2
Happiest country in world
No army
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Exercise 27 - Describing Hyperthermophiles
Use the following notes to write a description of Hyperthermophiles.
No
1
Topic
Definition
Answer
Organism that thrives in extremely hot environments
2
Domain
Archaea
3
Location
1
2
Hot springs in Yellowstone National Park,
Wyoming, USA
Deep thermal vents in Pacific Ocean
4
Characteristics
1
Microbe
5
Habitat
1
2
Live in extremely hot or acidic water
Some withstand high radiation levels
6
Temperature of habitat
From 140° F. to over 235° F.
7
Implications
Microbial life may live elsewhere in universe
8
Examples
9
No of species
1
2
Strain 121
Methanopyrus kandleri
More than 50
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Chapter 5 - Process
Unit
WF 4
Page
Student’s
Book
56/57
Topic
Unit
Page
Workbook
Topic
WW 2
47
The process
of making
twice baked
potatoes
Describing a
process/Labeling
a diagram
Chapter 5 - Process - Based on Chemistry 111 - Writing Booklet Page 5
Study the following experiments and change the imperative forms of the verbs into the simple present active. The
paragraphs are based on the experiments in the Chemistry 111 manual.
1
2
3
4
Remember to include articles when you change the notes into sentences and paragraphs.
Remember to include a few connectors: first, then, after that, in addition, finally, at the same time.
Join up some of the sentences.
Change the imperative form of the verb into the present simple passive:
Imperative (Order
Form of Verb)
Prepare
Put
Add
Shake
Leave
Filter
Titrate
Present Simple
Passive
Are prepared
Are put
Is added
Is shaken
Are left
Is filtered
Are titrated
Notes: Make sure you use ‘is’ for singular nouns and ‘are’ for plural ones.
5
6
7
8
Make sure that you have the correct word order.
Remember to include a title.
Leave a line between your lines of writing.
Use pencil if you are really untidy.
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1 Solubility Product of Calcium Hydroxides
Procedure:
1
Prepare 100 ml. of 0.05 M NaOH solution
2
Put 100 ml. distilled water, 0.10 M NaOH and 0.05 M in 3 different bottles
3
Add half spatula of Ca(OH)2 to each bottle
4
Shake well
5
Leave solutions for at least 20 minutes to reach equilibrium
6
Filter each bottle
7
Titrate 10.0 ml. of each liquid against 0.10 M HCl solution
Key: The Process of Preparing the Solubility Product of Calcium Hydroxides
The process of preparing the solubility product of calcium hydroxides is a simple one involving some simple
steps. First, about 100 ml. of 0.05 M of NaOH solution are prepared and 100 ml. of distilled water, 0.10 M NaOH
and 0.05 M are put in three different bottles. After that, a half spatula of Ca(OH)2 is added to each bottle, each
one is shaken well and each of these solutions is left for at least 20 minutes to reach equilibrium. Finally, each
bottle is filtered and 10.0 ml. of each liquid are titrated against the 0.10 HCl solution.
2 Buffer Solutions: Solubility Product of Calcium Hydroxides
Procedure:
1 Place about 30 ml. buffer solution (E) in beaker
2
Measure pH
3
Place about 30 ml. distilled water in beaker and measure pH
4
Add 5 ml. NaOH solution (A) to each beaker
5
Shake and measure pH of each solution
6
Repeat above steps using HCl solution (B) instead of NaOH solution
7
Calculate pH change in each case
8
Comment on results
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Key: How to Prepare Buffer Solutions
A buffer solution shows the solubility product of calcium hydroxides. The process of preparing it is a
simple one involving a few steps. First, about 30 ml. of buffer solution (E) are placed in a beaker, the PH is
measured, about 30 ml. of distilled water are placed in the beaker, and the PH is measured. Then 5 ml. of
NaOH solution (A) are added to each beaker, each solution is shaken and the PH is measured. Next, each of
the above steps is repeated using HCl solution (B) instead of the NaOH solution. Finally, the PH change is
calculated in each case and the results are commented on.
3
pH Measurements with Indicators
Procedure:
1
2
3
4
5
6
Place 5 ml. NaOH solution (F) in 5 lean test tubes
Add 2 drops of one of provided indicators to each
Shake
Estimate colours of different indicators in solutions
Estimate pH of NAOH solution
Repeat using HCl solution
4
pH Measurements with pH Meter
Procedure:
1
Put about 30 ml. test solution in 50 ml. beaker
2
Rinse electrode with distilled water
3
Place electrode in solution
4
Wait for stable reading of pH
5
Perform calculations
6
Obtain required values
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5 Potentiometric Titration
Procedure:
6
1
Plot titration curve (pH vs volume of base)
2
Obtain volume needed for completing reaction from curve
3
Plot second derivation curve (ΔpH / Δ V vs. V)
4
Pinpoint volume needed for complete reaction
Calibration Curve
Procedure:
7
1
Prepare solutions in 50.0 ml. volumetric flasks
2
Adjust absorbance to zero
3
Measure absorbance of other solutions
4
Plot absorbance vs. FeSCN₂
5
Obtain calibration curve
Molecular Mass from Freezing Point Depression
Procedure:
1
Transfer 20 ml cyclohexane into clean, dry tube
2
Construct equipment according to directions
3
Start cooling and keep stirring solution as long as possible
4
Start stopwatch when temperature reaches 15⁰ C.
5
Record temperature every minute until it reaches 4⁰ C.
6
Weigh about 0.2g. of unknown solute
7
Dissolve solute in 20 ml. cyclohexane
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8
Repeat steps 3 and 4
8 Procedure for Calorimetry
Procedure:
9
1
Transfer 50.0 ml. of 1 M NaOH into clean, dry calorimeter (Styrofoam coffee cup)
2
Record temperature of 1 M NaOH (T₁)
3
Add 50.0 ml. 1.1 M HCI (acid) to NaOH (base)
4
Quickly cover cup
5
Record T₁
6
Determine ΔT = T₁ - T₁
7
Repeat above steps with 1.1 M HNO₃ instead of 1.1 M HCI
Redox Reactions
Procedure:
1
Fill burette with 0.1 M KMnO₄ solution
2
Pipette 10.0 ml. of unknown H₂O₂ solution to 250 ml. conical flask
3
Add about 20 ml. 3 M H₂SO₄
4
Titrate with KMnO₄ solution until permanent faint colour observed
5
Record volume
6
Repeat titration until difference between readings does not exceed ± 0.2
7
Calculate weight percentage of H₂ O₂ in sample
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10 Finding the Limiting Reactant in a Salt Mixture
Procedure:
1
Weigh about 1 g. of salt mixture
2
Record exact mass
3
Place 200 ml. water in beaker
4
Add salt to water
5
Stir for 1 min. with stirring rod
6
Leave stirring rod in beaker
7
Mark beaker
8
Cover with watch glass
9
Put beaker over water bath for 30 min.
10
Digest ppt.
11
Filter solution as instructed
12
Make test for limiting reactant
13
Dry ppt. overnight in oven
14
Weigh filter paper and ppt.
11 Empirical Formula of Compound
Procedure:
1
Weigh clean crucible without lid
2
Weigh sample of Mg. Ribbon
3
Place crucible containing Mg. ribbon and lid on clay triangle
4
Heat slowly
5
Occasionally lift lid carefully to allow to reach Mg. ribbon for 5 – 10 min.
6
Continue heating crucible until no visible change apparent in Mg. at bottom of crucible
7
Continue heating
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74
8
Open crucible for 30 sec.
Chapter 6 - The Information in Characteristics
The type of information we give in definitions depends on the term that is being classified. There are five important
classes of information:
No
Type
1
Use or
Function
2
Composition
Example
Verbs
A scalpel is a sharp cutting
instrument which is used
by surgeons in operations.
A computer is used for
storing information.
A pen is used for writing.
Water is a liquid which
consists of two atoms of
Is/are used for +
ing
hydrogen and one atom of
oxygen.
3
4
5
Origin
Physical
characteristics
Properties
Aluminium is a metal
which is produced from
bauxite.
Oil is a liquid which comes
from dead plants and
animals.
Pepsi is a drink which
originally came from the
USA.
Shoes are items which are
made in Syria and
Lebanon.
A bird is a warm blooded
vertebrate which has
wings.
A fish is a living being that
has scales, gills and fins.
A kangaroo is an
Australian marsupial
which has a pouch.
Aluminium is a metal
which is light, weak, and
non-corrosive.
Glass is a substance which
is brittle, transparent and
rigid.
Adjectives/Nouns
Is/Are made of
Consist/consists of
Is/are composed
of
Plastic, glass, metal, leather,
cells, tissues, gold, silver,
rubber, wood, paper, plastic,
china, concrete, stone,
marble, silk, wool, cotton.
come/comes from
Countries, cities, villages,
towns, paper (trees), oil,
(dead plants and animals),
leather (animals).
is/are produced
is/are made in
l
Is/are
Has/have
Is/are
Colours: Green, white, blueblack, greenish-blue, purple
Parts of body: Fins, scales,
feather, gills, humps, eyes,
legs, noses, tails, wings,
antennae, pouches.
Adjectives: Combustible,
flexible, soluble, hard,
transparent, brittle, rough,
reactive, salty, safe,
magnetic, strong, malleable,
ductile, solid, liquid,
gaseous, heavy, viscous.
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CHAPTER 7 - EXAMPLES OF OPINION ESSAYS
My Favorite Color
There are millions of colors around the world, with different shades and different hues. However, each person has a
certain color that they favor. Some people like green, whereas others like blue. My favorite color is red because it is a
strong attractive color, and because it evokes deep emotions.
The color red is a bright, strong color that catches the eye, and attracts attention. For example, a person wearing red
attracts more attention than a person wearing any other color. Also, a red apple is more appealing and attractive than a
green or a yellow one. Furthermore, because red is a strong color, it stands out. For instance, amongst a crowd of people,
or flowers, or cars, it is usually the ones in red that stand out the most. It is usually the first color that pops out.
The color red evokes strong, deep emotions of love and excitement in various situations. A person who receives a
bouquet of red roses feels emotions of love. Also, it brings excitement and happiness because of its brightness. In addition,
red evokes feelings of energy and power. Red stirs up peoples' energy in sports, wars, and competitions. Red is also a
powerful color that brings strength and power into the mind. For example, a red Ferrari gives the meaning of speed and
power.
In conclusion, people are entitled to their own choices. Some might like certain colors, while others don't. My
favorite color is red. Most of my clothes are red, my car is red, and even my room is red. I like it because it's attractive and
emotionally appealing.
Sport is More Than a Game by Saba Tifooni
Sport is a game involving strength and physical abilities that either results in winning or losing. There are different
kinds of sports and sport activities that are either played for competition or simply for fun. However, sport is more than
just a game where it is a great form of healthy physical and psychological exercise, as well as improving one’s ethics.
Sport is not only an athletic game, but it also a great way for one to exercise both the body and the mind. People need
to exercise to stay in good health and maintain their well- being. Also, people exercise to keep their body in good physical
condition. Furthermore, sport releases endorphins in the mind, which creates feelings of happiness. Sports also battle
stress and depression.
Sport is a great way to encourage sportsmanship, which improves one’s ethics by learning respect and courtesy.
Athletes learn to respect the judges, their teammates, and their opponents. They also learn how to be courteous by playing
fairly and congratulating the winner. Sportsmanship also encourages trust and cooperation. Athletes learn to trust their
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76
teammates, as well as their coaches. Furthermore, they learn cooperation by playing together and taking part in the sport
as a team instead of an individual.
In conclusion, sport might be an enjoyable game involving competition. However, winning is not everything in this
game, because as an athlete one improves, not only physically and emotionally, but ethically as well.
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