Murder under the Microscope 2015 text version of quizzes
Murder under the Microscope 2015 text version for quizzes
Secondary quiz 1 - Lichens
Lichens growing in the Mt Lofty Botanic Gardens. Photograph by David Alford (reporduced with permission)
Information about lichen
You may have seen rocks or tree trunks covered in a crusty growth and wondered what it was. This
growth is probably lichen. Lichens are classified by the growth form.
The grey ‘feathery’ one below is a fructiose lichen. The yellow one is crustose and the grey one on most
of the dead twig is foliose.
Lichen can change appearance after rain. The picture below shows the fruiting bodies that sprouted after
rain. Lichen frequently regenerate from broken pieces by asexual reproduction.
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Lichens are generally small but come in a variety of colours and growth forms. They are found growing on
substrates such as tree trunks in rainforests and many other terrestrial habitats, but they are also
important colonisers or pioneer species. They are one of the first organisms to inhabit substrates such as
bare rocks, road cuttings, sand, the margins of salt lakes and even volcanic ash. They can also grow as
epiphytes on tree trucks and branches. With often a slow but consistent growth rate, some species of
lichen have been used by archaeologists and historians to date when a particular rock was first exposed to
the air.
Lichens are combinations of a fungus and a photosynthesising alga and/or cyanobacterium that live
together and both benefit. They are considered to be symbionts. Their classification and scientific name is
based on the fungal part of the combination.
The main body of the lichen is called a thallus. The outer layer of the thallus is a mesh of the fungal fibres
called hyphae. It does not have roots or leaves, although the thallus of some species may resemble a small
leaf when wet. The cyanobacteria in some lichens are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen to forms can
be used by living things. Lichen and mosses trap dust and moisture and when they decompose they add to
the nutrient levels and build soil that enables other plant species to establish.
From time to time when conditions are suitable, lichens reproduce sexually, as in the example below.
Photograph of colourful fruiting bodies of lichens on dead twig in Austin, by Jim McCulloch CC BY SA 2.0
Broken pieces of lichen regenerate through asexual reproduction.
From the 1860’s it was recognised that many lichens were sensitive to air pollution because of the way
they absorb and concentrate atmospheric substances. They are still widely regarded as air pollution
indicators as some species are more sensitive than others.
Web links
A mini lecture on types of lichen and how the relationship between the fungus and algae works
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=youtube%20videos%20lichen&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=youtube%
20videos%20lichen&sc=0-18&sp=1&sk=#view=detail&mid=E49A29F559F21310D693E49A29F559F21310D693
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45 seconds time-lapse of water on lichen
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=youtube+videos+lichen&FORM=VIRE1#view=detail&mid=502D9A
8159D710EAD7CF502D9A8159D710EAD7CF
Photograph of lichen that tolerates sulphur dioxide air pollution
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/A_lichen_-_Cladonia_macilenta__geograph.org.uk_-_1103931.jpg
Photograph of colourful fruiting bodies of lichens on dead twig in Austin, by Jim McCulloch CC BY SA 2.0
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lichens_on_a_dead_twig.jpg
Photograph of foliose lichen by Gary Stolz but copyright free file lichens on tree bark, lichen on cortex
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lichens_on_tree_bark_lichens_on_cortex.jpg
Photograph of crustose lichens, attributed to Jason Hollinger CC SA BY 2.0
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alpine_Lichens_Emerging_(3599510891).jpg
Photograph of two species of fructiose reindeer lichen growing together. Entitled Alpine lichens emerging.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bitter_and_Gray_Reindeer_Lichens_(3816255668).jpg
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Murder under the Microscope 2015 text version of quizzes
Secondary quiz 1 - Lichens
Question 1
Use the key to identify the lichen in the next question.
Lichen key
Photograph of lichen
Photograph by Jason Hollinger, 2013 Creative Commons CC BY SA 2.0
Choices
Fructiose
Crustose
Foliose
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Question 2
Which of the following change is likely to occur in an area that becomes exposed to moderate air
pollution?
Choices
All forms of lichen die.
Some forms of lichen die.
All forms of lichen increase.
Lichen growth remains unchanged.
Question 3
Which best describes the relationship between the fungus and alga that form a lichen?
Choices
Mutually dependent
Parasite/host
Predator/ prey
Competitors
Question 4
What is the best description of a lichen?
Choices
A composite of at least two simple organisms.
A complex multicellular fungus.
A complex multicellular plant.
A complex multicellular animal.
Question 5
What is the main role of lichen in a food web?
Choice
Producer
Herbivore
Decomposer
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Carnivore
Question 6
Which one of the following is likely to be a threat to lichen?
Choices
Increased air pollution because of emissions.
Increased cyclones because of climate change.
Reduction of the size of the hole in the ozone layer.
Use of insecticides reducing the population of bees.
Question 7
A circular lichen increases its diameter at a rate of 0.5mm each year. If the lichen has a diameter of 10cm,
how long has the rock been exposed to the air?
Choices
200 years
50 years
100 years
500 years
Question 8
What is the most likely way that lichens bring about rock weathering?
Choices
Release of chemicals that dissolve minerals in rock.
Exposing the rock to more air.
Roots expanding cracks in the rock.
Weight of lichen breaks off rock fragments.
Question 9
What is an issue in the sexual reproduction of lichen?
Choices
Component organisms need to reproduce simultaneously.
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Competition for pollinators.
Broken off pieces of lichen cannot regenerate.
Inefficiency of wind pollination.
Question 10
Lichen cover about 6% of the Earth’s land surface. What is the likely key to their success across a range of
terrestrial environments?
Choices
The role of the fungus in protecting the alga/cyanobacterium.
The ability of the lichen to camouflage.
The role of the alga/cyanobacterium in photosynthesising.
The rapid growth rate of lichens.
Question 11
What is one environment where lichens reduce erosion?
Choices
Sand dunes
Bare rocks
Road cuttings
Tundra ice
Question 12
It was not until the 1860’s that a Swiss botanist proposed the idea that lichen was actually a composite
organism.
What technology is likely to have provided supporting evidence for his hypothesis?
Choices
Light microscope
Cloning
Electron microscope
X-ray crystallography
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Question 13
What is the role of lichen found growing on branches in a rainforest?
Choices
An epiphyte
A predator
A parasite
A decomposer
Question 14
What are two possible roles of alga/cyanobacterium in a growing lichen?
Choices
Provide sugar and oxygen.
Protect fungus from large herbivores.
Protect fungus from light and heat
Provision of some mineral nutrients.
Question 15
After reading the information in the Resources, what two things can you infer about lichens as colonisers?
Choices
They take over and control their new environment.
They build soil to make it possible for other plants to grow.
They migrate from their homeland to other countries.
They survive in harsh environments.
Question 16
Which two of the following are likely to limit the growth rate of lichen?
Choices
Amount of sunlight.
Its surface area.
Level of nitrogen in the atmosphere.
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Hardness of the surface on which it grows.
Question 17
What are two places where the accuracy of lichenometry (the use of lichen growth rates in dating) could
be tested?
Choices
Growth rate of lichens on grave headstones.
Growth rate of lichens on tree bark in a forest.
Growth rate of lichens on building surfaces.
Growth rate of lichens on sand dunes.
End of secondary quiz 1 - Lichens
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Murder under the Microscope 2015 text version of quizzes
Secondary quiz 2 – Animal recognition systems
Photograph of a cane toad (Bufo marinus) by David McClenaghan, CSIRO CC-By 3.0
Information about animal recognition systems
What is out there?
There are many reasons we want to identify a species without actually having an expert in the
field to observe and record it. It may be to identify an invasive pest, an endangered species or
even a farmed animal entering a watering pen. Sometimes technology has been able to help the
identification with little human intervention. In other cases, humans have used technology to
enhance the effectiveness of conservationists and experts and to manage data.
Cane Toad monitoring
The cane toad is one invasive pest whose distribution across Australia is being carefully
monitored. In the early 2000’s efforts were focused on their entry and progress through World
Heritage Areas such as Kakadu. Wireless sensor network technology has been used to detect
their presence by detecting the distinctive call of the cane toad. See:
Public awareness and action has also been used to identify and try to eradicate isolated
populations that probably originated from hitch-hiking toads in Port Macquarie and Sydney.
Animal recognition system
Another example of a research trial reported in 2008 into animal monitoring is shown in a video
about using a blue screen, camera, laptop, battery and solar panel and fences to control which
species has access to bore water on a farm.
This technology not only benefits the farmer, but also helps to manage native and introduced
species and so maintain the quality of the environment.
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Canberra Spider Orchid and the Canberra Nature Map
The Canberra Nature Map is an example of species monitoring that relies on combining people
and technology. Aaron Clausen was mountain biking through Canberra Nature Park when he
stopped for a rest. He noticed a tiny but beautiful orchid flower which he promptly photographed.
It turned out to be the critically endangered Canberra Spider Orchid, Arachnorchis actensis. What
followed from his enthusiasm and expertise in communications technology is the website
Canberra Nature Map. People can participate in science by uploading their photographs of rare
and endangered plants in the ACT and get the help of experts for identification. Even though the
website started in December 2013 it has led to the discovery of three new species of orchids on
Mt Majura already. Many endangered species such as the Canberra Spider Orchid are not well
understood. Raising awareness has assisted in more accurate information about their population.
Aussie Backyard Bird Count
On a broader scale, the Aussie Backyard Bird Count is the largest citizen science project in
Australia. Held each in National Bird Week (19-25 October 2015) http://aussiebirdcount.org.au/
In this case people observe and record and the technology is useful to support accurate
identification and for results collation. Why not become an ornithologist for a day and add your
data to the database?
Web links
ABC Tracking Cane Toads from the sofa
http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s1410154.htm
4 min 2 sec video http://splash.abc.net.au/home#!/media/103990/animal-recognition-system
http://aussiebirdcount.org.au/
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Murder under the Microscope 2015 text version of quizzes
Secondary quiz 2 – Animal recognition systems
Question 1
What is the main message in the information about animal recognition systems in the resources?
Choices
Population monitoring provides very few benefits.
Population monitoring cannot occur without the on-going use of expert biologists.
Technology is vital to accurately monitor any population.
Technology can support population monitoring in a variety of ways.
Question 2
What do animal recognition systems determine?
Choices
Animal distribution
Animal abundance
Animal threats
Animal life expectancy
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Question 3
What is the most important message about animal recognition systems?
Choices
Species identification is only for experts.
Technology use is essential for ecological research.
Individuals can contribute to conservation.
All livestock farmers should install animal recognition systems.
Question 4
The Canberra Spider Orchid survives summer as an underground tuber. It sprouts in late autumn, flowers
by late winter and dies back to the underground tuber by mid spring.
What are three advantages of this life cycle?
Choices
It avoids hot dry summers.
It has tolerance to waterlogged soils.
Underground tubers are protected from heat and fire.
There is diversity from sexual reproduction.
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Question 5
Which features contribute to difficulties of studying the Canberra Spider Orchids in the wild? Select three
options.
Choices
Proximity to the national capital
Limited distribution
Difficult to locate when dormant
Small population
Question 6
Select two reasons for monitoring the spread of the population of cane toads in Australia to assist
conservation.
Choices
It helps identify the impact cane toads have on ecosystems.
It helps to teach other species to avoid cane toads.
It helps to find a biological control for the cane toad.
It helps to manage attempts to control the toads’ impact.
Question 7
What are two benefits of the Aussie Backyard Bird Count?
Choices
Raised public awareness of Australian backyard birds.
Data collection of bird population trends.
Accurate count of all Australian birds.
Computers help collate data.
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Question 8
What two things does the animal recognition system described on a sheep farm acknowledge about some
impacts of farming?
Choices
Increased food and water increases the populations of some native animals.
Increased food and water increases the populations of some bird species.
Increased food and water increases the populations of some weed species.
Increased food and water increases the population of some feral animals.
Question 9
What are two reasons why monitoring the spread of cane toads across Australia requires a variety of
strategies?
Choices
There are a number of ways that cane toads disperse.
Technology use can be expensive.
Cane toads live equally well in all environments.
Cane toads are very difficult to identify.
Question 10
Apart from the cost, what are two issues that restrict the use of technology in monitoring populations?
Choices
Time consuming nature of technology use.
The need to visit technology locations to collect data.
The need to power the equipment.
The need to protect equipment.
End of secondary quiz 2 – Animal recognition systems
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Murder under the Microscope 2015 text version of quizzes
Primary quiz 1 – Stick insects and praying mantis
Information about stick insects and praying mantis
Stick and leaf insects and praying mantis are insects that share the use of camouflage. There are some
important differences.
Differences between stick insects and praying mantises:

Stick/leaf insects belong to the insect order Phasmoitodea and so are often called phasmids;
praying mantis belongs to the Order Mantodea and is also commonly called mantids.

Stick/leaf insects are herbivores (eat plants); praying mantis eat insects and other small animals
(carnivores)

Female stick insects can clone themselves i.e. lay eggs that develop into female stick insects
without mating (parthenogenesis); there is no evidence that praying mantises do this (if they lay
eggs without mating, they do not hatch)

Stick/leaf insects lay individual eggs that often fall to the ground. Praying mantis females deposit
eggs in compartments within a case, called an ootheca that hardens to protect the eggs and is
secured to leaves or twigs.

Some female praying mantis in captivity have been observed to eat the males they mate with;
there is no records of female stick insects becoming cannibals!

Stick insects use camouflage to avoid predators; praying mantis use camouflage to help ambush
prey and avoid enemies

Farmers have used some praying mantis to control insect pests (though they may also eat
beneficial insects such as bees); farmers generally do not encourage stick insects
Similarities between stick insects and praying mantises:
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
Both have become popular pets

Both require temperate to tropical conditions

Both are insects – this means they have three main body parts- head, abdomen and thorax and six
legs. They breathe through tubes called trachea that open along their sides at spirals. This means
their blood does not carry oxygen or carbon dioxide.

Both use plant mimicry as camouflage, often looking like sticks or leaves. Sometimes they ‘freeze’
when threatened or can rock in synchrony with the breeze in their plant surroundings.

Both have a life cycle that involves eggs hatching into nymphs that are quite similar to adults
before moulting and growing into the adult form. This is called incomplete metamorphosis.

Both generally have females that are larger than the males, with reduced wings so may lack or
have restricted ability to fly
Web links
Video - a 2 ½ min video from David Attenborough on how ants help one stick insect at
http://splash.abc.net.au/home#!/media/1456052/ants-helping-stick-insectsLink to Australian Museum Science festival http://splash.abc.net.au/digibook/-/c/1607159/the-australianmuseum-science-festival
Experts in Camouflage Animal Time about the Goliath Stick Insect by Martyn Robinson at bottom contains
a link to care of stick insects with a lot more information on their biology. Phasmids http://australianmuseum.net.au/care-of-stick-insects
Photograph close-up of praying mantis head from wiki commons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Close-up_of_preying_mantis_head.jpg Attribute to Charles Lam
CC SA BY 2.0
Photograph of a stick insect at
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Macleays.spectre.stick.insect.arp.jpg
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Murder under the Microscope 2015 text version of quizzes
Primary quiz 1 – Stick insects and praying mantis
Question 1
If you have phasmids and mantids as pets what is one important difference in how you care for them?
Choices
The amount of air circulation you provide for them.
The temperature you provide for them.
Where you keep them.
What you give them to eat.
Question 2
Some mantis and stick insect nymphs resemble ants. How could this be an advantage?
Choices
They learn about ant behaviour before they become adults.
The ants and other predators are tricked into not attacking.
They can survive floods in an ant nest.
They work together with the ants to collect food.
Question 3
Why is the size and position of the eyes of plasmids (stick insects) very different from mantids (praying
mantis)?
Choices
Good eyesight is more important for phasmids so they can find plants.
Phasmids are insects but mantids are not.
Good eyesight is more important for mantids so they capture prey.
Phasmids need to be able to see plants so the mimic they correctly.
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Question 4
Why are mantids often called praying mantis?
Choices
They prey on insects and small animals.
They rest on their back knees before attacking prey.
Their front legs give the appearance of praying.
They position their wings so that they look like they are praying.
Question 5
What is one disadvantage of incomplete metamorphosis in the life cycle?
Choices
They do not put energy into egg-laying.
The young nymphs compete with adults for food.
The young do not become vulnerable caterpillars.
They are protected by their exoskeleton.
Question 6
Some Australian and African stick insects change colour to black when they moult after a bushfire. How
might this help the insects?
Choices
Being black will help them to move around.
Being black will help them hide from predators.
Being black will help them find a mate.
Being black will help them find food.
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Question 7
Many adult stick/leaf insects are mottled or have stripes. What is the advantage of this?
Choices
It breaks up their outline so they are more difficult to see.
It helps the young recognise their parents.
It helps them to attract a mate.
It warns predators not to attack them.
Question 8
What three things would you need to ensure their survival if you want to keep either phasmids or mantids
as pets?
Choices
Air
Moisture
Food
Soft bedding
Question 9
What are two differences between mantids and phasmids relating to their method of obtaining food?
Choices
Mantids can rotate their heads but phasmids cannot.
Phasmids can rotate their heads but mantids cannot.
Mantids have spikes on their grasping forelimbs but phasmids do not.
Phasmids have spikes on their forelimbs but mantids do not.
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Question 10
What is one advantage and one disadvantage of parthenogenesis (cloning) for stick insects?
Choices
Cloning is against the rules of nature.
If the males cannot reach the females they still can reproduce.
They may overpopulate a tree.
The female would get confused because she could not tell the babies apart.
End of primary quiz 1 - Stick insects and praying mantis
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Murder under the Microscope 2015 text version of quizzes
Primary quiz 2 – Northern hairy-nosed wombat
Photograph of the northern hairy-nosed wombat. CC BY SA by Eva Hedja
Information about the northern hairy-nosed wombat
The northern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasioorhinus kreffti is critically endangered. Approximately
200 are alive. They live in two small locations in central and southern Queensland. The northern
hairy-nosed wombat is restricted to deep sandy soils in open eucalypt woodlands and grassland.
Heavy clay soils support some of the native grasses upon which the wombats graze but are
unsuitable for burrows.
An adult wombat weighs about 32kg and is over 1 metre in length. It is the largest wombat
species and largest burrowing herbivore. It has soft, grey fur over its stout body and a broad
hairy snout.
Northern hairy-nosed wombats were believed to be extinct until a small population was
discovered in 1937 in an area that has become the Epping Forest National Park (Scientific) in
central Queensland. This is designated as a scientific national park so that access is restricted for
research and well-being of the wombats.
Major efforts have been placed on the recovery program including the removing of cattle,
building of predator-proof fences and the establishment of a second location for the population.
Numbers fell below 100 after wild dog predation prompting the first predator-proof fence at
Epping Forest National Park.
Conservationists were delighted with the resulting increase of population. A captive breeding
program was considered, but their shy disposition and slow reproductive rate put that on hold.
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The risk of losing all in a fire, flood, disease or drought prompted major efforts to establish
another population in their natural habitat. This occurred in 2009 when a small group was
transferred to the Richard Underwood Nature Reserve in southern Queensland. The progress of
this group has been carefully monitored. Trials are also being conducted see if it is feasible to
have southern hairy-nosed mothers ‘foster’ northern hairy-nosed wombat young to increase
birth rates.
The reclusive temperament of the northern hairy-nosed wombat has led to an innovation in
technology used for monitoring the population. The traditional method of capture/tag and
release/ recapture proved disturbing for the wombats and was not that accurate.
One study using radio tracking in the 1980’s was useful in helping to confirm the feeding range
and movements of these nocturnal animals. Nowadays double sided sticky tape is the technology
of choice for a census. Wombats traversing a gateway to a burrow brush against the tape so that
their hair becomes attached. Analysis of the DNA (inherited material) from the hair helps to
identify and so count the population.
Remote cameras are also placed strategically to monitor wombats and particularly to identify
females carrying a young in the pouch. They are infra-red sensitive and so are particularly useful
for recording the night activities of wombats. Mapping of tunnels and burrows occurred by the
insertion of cameras through portholes at the entrance and then along the length of the burrows.
Some burrows range up to 3m deep and 90m long. They are mainly found in dry creek beds
where tree roots hold the sandy soil together sufficiently to stabilise tunnels. The wombats use a
combination of digging with front paws and then using both front and then rear paws to scrape
back the sand to finally reverse out, bulldozing out the excavated sand with their rumps. The
burrows, along with nocturnal activity help the wombat survive dry, hot conditions and conserve
energy.
Web links
View video Can you help this wombat please? http://splash.abc.net.au/home#!/media/155058/savingthe-northern-hairy-nosed-wombat
Article at http://theconversation.com/australian-endangered-species-northern-hairy-nosed-wombat13148
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Murder under the Microscope 2015 text version of quizzes
Primary quiz 2 – Northern hairy-nosed wombat
Question 1
Why are northern hairy-nosed wombats classified as marsupials?
Choices
They eat grass and other plants.
They have soft fur and feed their young milk.
They are mammals that raise their young in a pouch.
They are nocturnal burrowers.
Question 2
Where can a member of the public see a live northern hairy-nosed wombat?
Choices
No where
A zoo
Epping Forest National Park
Currumbin Sanctuary
Question 3
What is the best description of the daytime conditions where northern hairy-nosed wombats live?
Choices
Hot and dry
Hot and wet
Cold and dry
Cold and wet
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Question 4
What is the likely main benefit of strong front legs and claws for the northern hairy-nosed wombats?
Choices
Assists digging burrows.
Assists scratching skin irritations.
Assists defending against predators.
Assists eating plants.
Question 5
What is likely to be associated with drought for the northern hairy-nosed wombat?
Choices
Increased competition for food.
Decreased feeding range.
Increased breeding activity.
Decreased chances of fire.
Question 6
What is the main reason bush fires are damaging to northern hairy-nosed wombats?
Choices
Destroys grasses that are food.
Destroys burrows that are shelter.
Destroys shelter trees.
Destroys weeds that compete with grasses.
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Question 7
What land use is compatible with the northern hairy-nosed wombat populations?
Choices
Crop growing
Wildlife refuge
Open cut mining
Cattle grazing
Question 8
What is a benefit of the fact that northern hairy-nosed wombat teeth continue to grow throughout their
lives?
Choices
Old wombats can continue to digest grass.
Young wombats can continue to digest grass.
All wombats can use teeth to defend against predators.
All wombats can use their teeth to scare away competitors.
Question 9
What is a benefit of the rear-facing pouch in the northern hairy-nosed wombat?
Choice
It prevents the young from sticking their heads out.
It allows two young in the pouch at the same time.
It prevents young falling out when climbing up embankments.
It prevents dirt entering when digging burrows.
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Question 10
What are three reasons why so little is known about the northern hairy-nosed wombat?
Choices
Their small population.
They are difficult to observe.
They are not important animals to understand.
They are shy and avoid humans.
Question 11
Which two animals are likely to compete with the wombat for food?
Choice
rabbit
koala
kangaroo
dingo
Question 12
What are two benefits of burrowing for the northern hairy-nosed wombat?
Choices
Shelter from bush fires.
Shelter from high daytime temperatures.
Shelter from wild dogs.
Shelter from kangaroos.
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Question 13
What are two benefits of building fences around northern hairy-nosed wombat habitat?
Choices
prevention of kangaroo escape
restriction of cattle
prevention of wombat escape
restrict of predators
Question 14
What are two benefits of digging burrows in deep sandy dry creek beds?
Choices
easy to dig
good drainage
prevents collapses
keeps out rabbits
Question 15
Why does the predator-proof fence at Richard Underwood Nature Reserve have a saggy top?
Choices
To stop rabbits digging in.
To stop kangaroos jumping in.
To stop cats from climbing in.
To stop eagles flying in.
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Question 16
When the population is so low, why was having a much higher proportion of males to females considered
to be a problem?
Choices
Population growth depends on the number of females having young.
Population growth depends on the males caring for young.
Population growth depends on the females to dig burrows.
Population growth depends on males fighting for territory.
Question 17
What are the two main reasons that northern hairy-nosed wombats graze for up to six hours a night in
winter and only two in summer?
Choices
They need more fuel to keep warm in winter.
It is too hot to eat in summer.
They have less food available in winter.
They need to spend their time breeding in summer.
End of primary quiz 2 - Northern hairy-nosed wombat
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