Chapter 9 (Lipids)
1) Lipids are compounds that are soluble in non-polar organic solvents, but insoluble
in water.
2) Know structural properties of 2 major classes of lipids (Acyl-lipids and
isoprenoids)
3) Know the functions of the major classes of acyl-lipids (phospholipids,
triacylglycerols, sphingolipids)
4) Know the functions of the major classes of isoprenoids (steroids,
carotenoids/chlorophyll, lipid vitamins, ubiquinone/plastoquinone)
5) Know general structure of fatty acids. Be able to name a fatty acid by the IUPAC
nomenclature if given a structure (know delta and omega nomenclature for
unsaturated fatty acids). Know the common name and structure of the 16 and 18
carbon saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
6) Understand the relationship between the degree of fatty acid saturation and
melting temperature. Understand how this relates to membrane fluidity at
different temperatures.
7) Phospholipids: Know the general structure of a phospholipid. Know the specific
structures for phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyethanolamine, phosphatidyserine,
phosphatidyinositol, and phosphatidate.
8) Know where phospholipase A1, A2, C and D cleave a phospholipid molecule.
9) Know the general structure of triacylglycerols. Understand why Olestra works as
a calorie free fat substitute.
10) Know that isoprenoids are derived from 5 carbon isoprene units that can condense
in a head to head or head to tail manner to make a large array of isoprenoid
compounds. Know the general ring structure of a steroid molecule. Know the
general functions of common steroids (Cholesterol, steroid hormones)
11) Know general functions of membranes
12) Know properties and components of the fluid mosaic model for biological
membranes.
13) Know that proteins and lipids have free lateral movement in membranes.
Movement of lipids between the two sides of a lipid bilayer is not energetically
favorable and requires the facilitation of protein translocator (Flippase).
14) Membranes are asymmetric in relation to the lipid composition of the two
monolayers and the proteins associated with the two surfaces the membrane.
15) Know what phase transitions are and how they are related to temperature.
16) Know the properties of intrinsic, peripheral, and lipid anchored membrane
associated proteins. (know the type of linkages and types of lipids involved in
lipid anchored proteins)
17) Know the properties of the different classes of membrane transporters (pores and
channels, Passive (facilitative) transporters, active transporters)
18) Know the kinetic properties of pores/channels and active and passive transporters.
19) Know the difference between primary and secondary active transport systems.
20) Know the properties of uniports, symports and antiports.
21) Know the different classes signal transduction pathway components (First
messenger, receptor, transducer, effecter enzyme, second messengers,
cytoplasmic/nuclear effecter). Given the examples from class, be able to identify
the First messenger, receptor, transducer, effecter enzyme, second messengers and
cytoplasmic/nuclear effecter (e.g. G-protein is a transducer, adenyl cyclase is an
effecter enzyme, cAMP is a second messenger)