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ACONITI CILIARE TUBER
초오, 토부자, Korean Aconite Root
Aconiti Ciliare Tuber is the tuber of Aconitum ciliare Decaisne (Ranunculaceae), and other species of the same
genus.
Description Aconiti Ciliare Tuber is spindle-shaped, irregular in size, 2 ~ 7 cm long, 6 ~ 18 mm in diameter,
and remained with scars of the stem or stems on the upper part. The outer surface is grayish brown ~ blackish
brown, and crumpled with longitudinal wrinkles. The cut surface is grayish white ~ dark gray with layers of
polygonal striations. The texture is hard.
It is odourless, and tastes very hot, paralyzing the tongue.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Aconiti Ciliare Tuber, add 10 mL of dilute acetic acid, heat in a
water bath with intermittently shakings, and filter off. To 5 mL of the filtrate, add one drop of the Meyer's
reagent; the yellowish white precipitation is produced.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 3.0 % of stems should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Grade Good Aconiti Ciliare Tuber of good grade is fully-dried with strongly paralyzing taste on the tongue,
and is of no stems and rootlets.
ACONITI KOREANI TUBER
백부자
Aconiti Koreani Tuber is the tuber of Acotinitum koreanum Raymond (Ranunculaceae).
Description Aconiti Koreani Tuber is conical shaped, left with scars of roots and buds, 2 ~ 4 cm long, and 1
~ 2 cm in diameter. The outer surface is pale brown, and the cut surface is pale grayish white.
It is odourless, and tastes bitter, paralyzing the tongue tip.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Aconiti Koreani Tuber, add 10 mL of dilute acetic acid, heat in a
water bath with shaking, and filter off. To 5 mL of the filtrate, add the Meyer's reagent; the white precipitation
forms.
Loss on drying Not more than 14.0 %.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Grade Good Aconiti Koreani Tuber of good grade is of the large, substantial tubers.
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ACONITI TUBER
천오, Aconite
Aconiti Tuber is the tuberous mother root of Aconitum carmichaeli Debeaux (Ranunculaceae).
Description Aconiti Tuber is spindle ~ fusiform, irregular in size, 2 ~ 6 cm long, and 1 ~ 3 cm in
diameter. The outer surface is grayish brown ~ blackish brown, observed with the shoot scars, the secondary root
scars, and the root scars at the top, and wrinkled with the transverse striations. The texture is hard, difficult to
snap off. The cross-section is farinaceous. The phloem is brown, and the xylem is milky white ~ grayish white.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly hot, paralyzing the tongue tip.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Aconiti Tuber, add 10 mL of 2 % acetic acid, heat in a water bath
for 3 minutes with intermittently shaking, and filter off. To 5 mL of the filtrate, add 3 drops of the Meyer's
reagent; the pale yellow precipitation is produced.
Loss on drying Not more than 11.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Grade Good Aconiti Tuber of good grade is large, regular, and substantial without rootlets and secondary
roots.
ACORI GRAMINERI RHIZOMA
석창포
Acori Gramineri Rhizoma is the rhizome of Acorus gramineus Solander (Araceae).
Description Acori Gramineri Rhizoma is cylindrical, slightly compressed, often branched, 10 ~ 20 cm long,
and 3 ~ 10 mm in diameter. The outer surface is yellowish brown ~ grayish brown with many internodes apart
by 3 ~ 8 mm. The upper part of the rhizome is left with scars of leaf stalks, and the lower part is remained with
scars of root hairs in a linear form. The texture is hard. The cross-sectional surface is pale yellow ~ white, and
coarse with the distinct endodermis that separates the stele and the cortex layer. Under a microscope, on the
cross-section, vascular bundles are scattered in the xylem and the cortex. In the stele, concentric vascular bundles
are scattered, and in the cortex, collateral ones. The schizogenous intercellular space is developed well in the
stele and the xylem. Starch particles are in the parenchyma cells.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly bitter.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 5.0 % of the leaf stalks, the root hairs, sand and soil, and others should
be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 13.0 %.
Ash Not more than 10.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 5.0 %.
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Grade Good Acori Gramineri Rhizoma of good grade is pale yellow on the outer surface and white on the
cross-section. It should have strong aroma
ACTINIDIAE FRUCTUS
목천료, 천료, 등천료, 천료목, 목천료자
Actinidiae Fructus is the branch, leaf, or wormy fruit of Actinidia polygama Miquel (Actinidiaceae).
Description Actinidiae Fructus is hairy in the young branches. The leaf is ovate with the alternative
arrangement, 10 cm long, acuminate at tips. The base has circular lamina, and is marginally serrate, and partly
white. The fruit is berry, and yellow when ripen. The outer surface of pericarp is flat, oblong, acuminate at tip,
and 3 cm long. The wormy fruit is elliptic, crumpled.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly hot.
Grade Good Actinidiae Fructus of good grade is of fulfilled endocarp of the branch with hot taste, and of
large wormy fruits with the crumpled surface.
ACTINOLITUM
양기석
Actinolitum is the mineral of monoclinic, actinolite, or actinolite asbestos.
Description Actinolitum is irregular in size, pillar-shaped, or lumpy. The external surface is grayish white or
dark gray ~ pale green with pale yellow patterns or with flower-like striations, and shiny. The texture is heavy
and brittle. The fractured surface is uneven, and revealed with thread-like forms when dissected longitudinally.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Identification The acetic acid solution of the drug reveals the qualitative reaction on calcium.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 30.0 % of foreign matters such as other minerals should be obtained.
Grade Good Actinolitum of good grade is of a needle-like bundle, easily breakable, milky white, and shiny.
ADENOPHORAE RADIX
사삼
Adenophorae Radix is the root of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara (Campanulaceae), and other species
of the same genus.
Description Adenophorae Radix's fusiform is long cylindrical, curved, and some has root branches. The
rhizome is marked with whorled lateral wrinkles in the upper part, 5 ~ 20 cm long, and 1 ~ 3 cm in diameter
above the root. The outer surface of the root is pale yellowish white ~ pale grayish brown with the distinct lateral
wrinkles in the upper part and both the longitudinal and lateral wrinkles in the lower part. The root is light and
easy to snap off. The snapped surface is milky white with many pores.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly sweet, and is mucous when chewed.
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Identification Take 0.2 g of the pulverized Adenophorae Radix, add 2 mL of anhydrous acetic acid, heat in a
water bath for 2 minutes, and filter off. To 1 mL of the filtrate, add 0.5 mL of sulfuric acid slowly; the red color
on the boundary is revealed.
Loss on drying Not more than 14.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 5.5 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 3.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
15.0 %.
Grade Good Adenophorae Radix of good grade is regular, longer than 2 cm in diameter, less on cork layers
of the outer surface, and grayish white.
AERUGO
동청, 동록, 녹청, Verdigris
Aerugo is the green copper rust, produced by the reactions with carbon dioxide or vinegar on the surface of
copper vessels. The major compound is alkaline copper carbonate (CuCO3 · Cu(OH)2).
Description Aerugo is jade-green, powdery, and soft.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly astringent.
Identification When Aerugo is burned, green flame is produced.
Grade Good Aerugo of good grade is fine-powdery, soft, and clear jade-green.
AGASTACHIS HERBA
곽향, 토곽향, 배초향
Agastachis Herba is the aerial part of Agastache rugosa (Fischer et Meyer) O. Kuntze (Labiatae).
Description Agastachis Herba is of stems with leaves and sometimes with inflorescence. The stem is squareshaped, dark brown, and about 5 mm in diameter with longitudinal patterns and nodes. The nodes are apart by 3
~ 10 cm. The flesh is soft, fibrous, rough on the snapped surface, and empty in the inside of the stem. The leaf is
often shriveled. The upper surface is dark green; the lower surface is grayish brown and ovate ~ triangular ovate
when opened.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of separated leaves, aged stems, and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 13.0 %.
Ash Not more than 13.0 %.
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Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Oil content More than 0.3 mL (50 g).
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 13.0 %.
Grade Good Agastachis Herba of good grade is of greenish stems with many leaves and strong aroma.
AGKISTRODON
백화사, 기사, 은환사
Agkistrodon is the body of cobra, Agkistrodon actus Gunther (Viperidae) and Bungarus multicinctus Blyth.
(Elapidae), without internal organs.
Description A. actus It is disc-shaped with the head in the center, 18 ~ 25 cm in diameter, and about 3 cm in
diameter of the body. The head is triangular and flat. The tip of the nose is pointing upward. The mouth is
relatively wide and large with poisonous teeth at the upper jaw. The dorsal surface is brown, covered with
angular scales. The venter is white, covered with large scales and several speckles. The tail is tapering to the end
with triangular horny tissues. The inside venter is yellowish white with a protruded vertebra and ribs at both
sides.
B. multicinctus It is disc-shaped with a head in the center and a tail in the mouth, about 35 cm in diameter,
and about 3 ~ 4 cm in diameter of the body. The dorsal surface is blackish brown, shiny with several circular
striations, and protruded with a distinct spinal ridge. The venter is yellowish white.
It smells slightly fleshy and tastes slightly salty.
Loss on drying Not more than 11.0 %.
Ash Not more than 2.5 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 23.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
12.0 %.
Grade Good Agastachis Herba of good grade is well dried, intact of the body shape, distinct with white
flowery spots like striations, and shiny.
Processing Dip in the oriental yellow liquor to make the body soft. Remove the skin and the skeleton, and
dry under the sun (snake 20 : liquor 5).
AGRIMONIAE HERBA
용아초, 선학초, 낭아
Agrimoniae Herba is the whole plant of Agrimonia pilosa Ledebour (Rosaceae), and other species of the same
genus.
Description Agrimoniae Herba consists of the densely pilose stem, the aerial part with inflorescence and
oddly pinnate leaves, rhizomes, and roots. The stem is pale brown ~ purplish red, 30 ~ 100 cm long, and 4 ~ 6
mm in diameter with the lignified base. The lobule is elliptic ~ obovate, 1 ~ 4 cm long, 5 ~ 25 mm wide, and
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pubescent on the upper and lower laminas. The stipule is half-moon-shaped, containing a large denticle on the
margin. The raceme is attached at the tip of the main stem and the branch, and 5 ~ 15 cm. The flower is yellow.
It is odourless, and tastes bitter and astringent.
Grade Good Agrimoniae Herba of good grade is of purplish red stems, slim and young branches, and intact
leaves.
AILANTHI RADICIS CORTEX
저백피, 저피
Ailanthi Radicis Cortex is the bark or the root bark of Ailanthus altissima Swingle (Simarubaceae).
Description Ailanthi Radicis Cortex is irregular and tubular ~ semi-tubular, 3 ~ 10 cm long, 1 ~ 5 cm wide,
and 2 ~ 5 thick. The outer surface is grayish white ~ pale brown, loose, and sometimes yellowish white with
scars of some cork layers. The inner surface is yellow ~ pale brown, and glabrous with small nodes in streaks
and some pores by the nodes. The cut surface is fibrous. The texture is slightly hard.
It smells strongly aromatic when snapped, and tastes very bitter.
Grade Good Ailanthi Radicis Cortex of good grade is fully-dried and yellowish white on the outer surface.
AKEBIAE FRUCTUS
예지자, 임하부인, 팔월례
Akebiae Fructus is the mature fruit of Akebiae quinata Decaisne (Lardizabalaceae), and other species of the
same genus.
Description Akebiae Fructus is long and elliptic, slightly curved, 3 ~ 5 cm long, and 25 ~ 35 mm in diameter.
The outer surface is grayish brown ~ dark brown. The pericarp is crumpled, containing irregular reticulate bulges,
observed the stigma scar at the end and scars of the fruit stalk at the base. The texture is hard. The cross-section
is pale yellow with numerous seeds.
It smells slightly aromatic and tastes astringent.
Grade Good Akebiae Fructus of good grade is large and crumpled on the pericarp.
ALBIZZIAE CORTEX
합환피, 야합피
Albizziae Cortex is the bark of Albizzia julibrissin Durazzini (Leguminosae).
Description Albizziae Cortex is slate-shaped and plane ~ half-tubular, 5 ~ 30 cm long, 1 ~ 3 cm in diameter,
and 1 ~ 5 mm thick. The outer surface is grayish brown ~ brown with many grayish brown transverse lenticels
and pale yellow striations. The cut surface is pale yellow and fibrous.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly sweet.
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Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Albizziae Cortex, add 5 mL of the anhydrous acetic acid solution,
mix with shaking for 5 minutes, and filter off. To 2 mL of the filtrate, add slowly 1 mL of sulfuric acid; the
reddish purple color is revealed on the boundary, and the green color in the upper layer is produced on standing.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 4.5 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 0.7 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 9.9 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
10.0 %.
Grade Good Albizziae Cortex of good grade is half-tubular, longer than 2 cm in diameter, and thicker than 3
mm in width.
ALLI TUBEROSI SEMEN
구자, 가구자
Alli Tuberosi Semen is the seed of Allium tuberosum Rottler (Liliaceae).
Description Alli Tuberosi Semen is compressed ovate or triangular, flat on one side, and slightly projected
on the other side. The bottom is round, but the upper part is sharp with the length of 3 ~ 4 mm and the width of 2
~ 3 mm. The outer surface is black with netted wrinkles under a microscope. The seed is hard.
It is odourless, and tastes sweet and hot .
Purity Foreign matter No more than 5.0 % of pericarp and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 15.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 6.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 4.0 %.
Grade Good Alli Tuberosi Semen of good grade is regular in size (longer than 3 mm), substantial, and dark
black.
ALLII BULBUS
대산, 택산, 천사호, 호산, Garlic
Allii Bulbus is the bulb of Allium sativum Linné (Liliaceae).
Description Allii Bulbus is slightly compressed and ovate, pinnacled in the upper part, 3 ~ 6 cm in diameter,
and 4 ~ 5 cm high. The outer surface is covered with a grayish white ~ pale brown skin. After peeling off the
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skin, several compartments of pieces surround the milky white flower stalk, covered with thin and transparent
skins.
Loss on drying Not more than 60.0 %.
Ash Not more than 1.3 %.
Grade Good Allii Bulbus of good grade is large, substantial, regular in size, and tastes strong and hot.
ALLII MACROSTEMI BULBUS
해백, 소근산, 해백두
Allii Macrostemi Bulbus is the bulb of Allium macrostemon Bunge, and Allium bakeri Regel (Liliaceae).
Description Allii Macrostemi Bulbus is ovate, spherical, irregular in size, 5 ~ 20 mm high, and 5 ~ 18 mm in
diameter. The outer surface is white ~ yellowish brown, translucent, crumpled with transverse and longitudinal
wrinkles, covered with white scale-like membrane, and remained with scars of leaves and stems at the upper part.
The base is bulged, marked with scars of roots. The texture is hard. The cut surface is yellowish white.
It smells garlic and tastes slightly pungent.
Grade Good Allii Macrostemi Bulbus of good grade is large, substantial, hard, yellowish white, and
translucent.
ALLII RADIX
총백, 파뿌리, Ciboule Root
Allii Radix is the fresh root of Allium fistulosum Linné (Liliaceae).
Description Allii Radix is long and cylindrical, attached with many fine roots at one end and the cut surface
at the other end, 3 ~ 10 cm long, and 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter. The outer surface is white with distinct longitudinal
veins.
It smells like green onion, and tastes slightly sweet and hot.
Grade Good Allii Radix of good grade is fresh with strong and hot taste.
ALOE
노회
Aloe is the dried juice-like fluid, obtained from leaves of Aloe ferox Miller, Aloe africana Miller and Aloe
spicata Baker (Liliaceae) and mixed-bred species.
Description Aloe is irregular and lumpy, blackish brown ~ dark brown, and some with the yellow powder on
the external surface. The fractured surface is slippery and glossy.
It smells characteristic and tastes strong bitter.
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Identification 1) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Aloe, add 50 mL of water, heat to dissolve, and cool off. Add
silica powder to this solution and filter off. The filtrate as a test sample is subjected to the following analysis:
To the test sample, add 0.2 g of borax, and heat in a water bath to dissolve. To 30 mL of water, add several drops
of the test solution; the green fluorescence occurs.
2) Take 0.2 g of the pulverized Aloe, add 10 mL of methanol, mix for 5 minutes, and filter off. The filtrate is
used for the test samples. Barbaloin (1 mg), dissolved in 1 mL of methanol, is used as a standard. The test
sample is applied to the thin-layer chromatography assay. Each 10 µL of the test sample and a standard is
separately spotted on a silica gel plate that contains the fluorescent dye. This plate is subjected to elution with a
mixture of ethyl acetate:aceton:water:acetic acid (100, 20:5:2:2) up to 10 cm high, and dried in the air. Under the
ultra-violet lamp (wave length, 365 nm), a spot of the test sample with the same R f value and the color as that of
the standard appears.
Purity 1) Resin Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Aloe, add 10 mL of ether, heat in a water bath, and filter through
a filter paper. The residue on the filter paper is washed with 3 mL of ether. Combine the washed ether solution
with the filtrate, and evaporate the ether; no more than 0.5 mg of the residue should remain.
2) Ethanol-insoluble Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Aloe, add 50 mL of ethanol, reflux in a water bath for 30
minutes, and filter through a pre-weighed filter (G4). The residue on the filter is washed with ethanol, along with
checking to prevent colorization from it, and is dried at 105 °C for 5 minutes. The weight of residue is less than
0.1 g.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 40.0 %.
Storage In a sealed vessel.
Grade Good Aloe of good grade is blackish brown with less yellow powder on the external surface, slippery,
and glossy.
ALPINIAE KATSUMADAII SEMEN
초두구, 두구
Alpiniae Katsumadaii Semen is the seed of Alpinia katsumadai Hayata (Zingiberaceae) without the pericarps.
Description Alpiniae Katsumadaii Semen is spherical, formed with several seeds, and 15 ~ 27 mm in
diameter. The outer surface is grayish brown, divided into chambers by the septa in which seeds are placed. The
seed is glabrous, polygonal and ovate, 3 ~ 5 mm long, about 3 mm in diameter, adhesive, difficult for falling,
and covered with the brown and membranous aril. The texture is hard.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly bitter and hot.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 2.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 3.0 %.
Grade Good Alpiniae Katsumadaii Semen of good grade is regular and even with strong aroma.
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ALPINIAE OFFICINARI RHIZOMA
고량강, 양강, Alpinia Rhizome
Alpiniae Officinari Rhizoma is the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum Hance (Zingiberaceae).
Description Alpiniae Officinari Rhizoma is bent cylindrical ~ conical, 2 ~ 7 cm long, and 1 ~ 2 cm in
diameter sometimes with several branch roots. The outer surface is reddish brown ~ dark brown, with grayish
white growth nodes at 5 ~ 10 mm apart and longitudinal wrinkles on internodes, and spotted with scars of root
hairs in the lower part. The flesh is hard and difficult to snap off. The snapped surface is yellowish ~ reddish
brown and fibrous with the distinct xylem and periderm.
Identification Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Alpiniae Officinari Rhizoma, add 10 mL of ether, mix for 10
minutes, and filter off. Add 2 mL of the phosphoric acid reagent to the residue, obtained from evaporating the
filtrate. When dissolve it under heat, the solution produces the yellow color. This solution becomes turbid with
adding water.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Oil content More than 0.2 mL (50 g).
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 15.0 %.
Grade Good Alpiniae Officinari Rhizoma of good grade is large with strong aroma and hot taste.
ALTHAEAE FLOS
촉규화, 백촉규화, Althaea Flower
Althaeae Flos is the flower of Althaea rosea Cavanil (Malvaceae).
Description Althaeae Flos is dried, yellow ~ pale brown, and mostly broken. The intact flower consists of
five petals with the disc-shaped calyx. The calyx is split into five sepals in triangular form, covered with stellate
hairs.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly sweet.
Loss on drying Not more than 15.0 %.
Ash Not more than 7.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.3 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 20.0 %; Ether-soluble extract: more than
2.0 %.
Grade Good Althaeae Flos of good grade is of few broken parts with short pedicels.
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ALUMEN
백반, 명반, Aluman, Potassium Aluminium Sulfate
Alumen is the purified crystal of Bauxite, containing the alum, [KAl(SO4)2 · 12H2O], more than 99.0 % as a
constituent.
Description Alumen is irregular, lumpy, or crystal ~ powdery. The external is clear ~ white or yellowish
white, and translucent ~ transparent. The solubility is soluble in water, least soluble in ethanol, and weak acidic
of the water solution (1 → 10).
It is odourless, and tastes slightly sweet and strongly astringent.
Identification The water solution of Alumen (1 → 10) reveals the following indications by the qualitative
analysis described in the General Analysis Tests: the aluminum salt, potassium salt by 1), 3) and 4), and sulfate
salt by 1) and 3).
Purity 1) Arsenic 0.6 g of the pulverized Alumen is analyzed by the procedure of 1) described in the General
Analysis Tests (below 3.3 ppm).
2) Heavy metal 1.0 g of the pulverized Alumen is analyzed by the procedure of 1) described in the General
Analysis Tests. For the reference, the standard lead solution is employed (below 20 ppm).
3) Iron To a mixture of 0.5 mg of the pulverized Alumen and 5 mL of the ammonium thiocyanide solution,
add 15 mL of n-butanol, and shake strongly. The color of the n-butanol layer should not be darker than the
following reference solution.
The reference solution: to 1.0 mL of the standard iron solution, add 6 mL of dilute nitric acid and 20 mL of
water. Proceed the same procedure as described in the above.
Assay Dissolve 4.5 g of the pulverized Alumen in water, making a volume of 200 mL. To 20 mL of this
solution, add 30 mL of ethylenediamine tetrasodium diacetate VS (0.05 mol/L) and 20 mL of acetic acid ·
ammonium acetate buffer solution (pH 4.8), heat for 5 minutes, and cool down. To this solution, add 55 mL of
ethanol, and titrate with zinc acetate solution VS (0.05 mol/L, the indicator of dithiazine solution 2 mL). The end
point for titration is the time when it turns from pale dark green to red. The blank test is performed by the same
method.
Ethylenediamine tetrasodium diacetate VS (0.05 M, 20 mL) = 23.719 mg KAl (SO 4)3 · 12H2O
Storage In a sealed container.
Processing Dried alum The drug on the evaporating dish is heated for dehydration, producing light and
porous powder. Caution: heating below 200 °C to avoid decomposition.
AMMONIUM CHLORATUM
노사, 북정사, 적사
Description Ammonium Chloratum is irregular in size of granules or lumpy, white ~ pale yellow, easily
breakable to powder, and consisting of glossy needle-typed bundles on the fractured surface.
Hardness: 1.5 ~ 2.0, Density: 1.52
Grade Good Ammonium Chloratum of good grade is regular in lump and white with gloss.
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AMOMI TSAO-KO FRUCTUS
초과, 초과자
Amomi Tsao-Ko Fructus is the fruit of Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemaire (Zingiberaceae).
Description Amomi Tsao-Ko Fructus is long and spherical, distinct with 3 protruded and blunt ridge-lines, 2
~ 4 cm long, and 10 ~ 25 mm in diameter. The outer surface is grayish brown ~ reddish brown with longitudinal
furrows and ridge-lines, remained with a round bulge of the calyx at the upper part, and the fruit stalk or the scar
of a fruit stalk at the base. The texture is hard, tenacious, and easily split longitudinally.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly bitter and hot.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Oil content More than 0.3 % (100 g).
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 21.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
5.0 %.
Grade Good Amomi Tsao-Ko Fructus of good grade is large, substantial, and red ~ brown.
AMPELOPSIS RADIX
백렴
Ampelopsis Radix is the root of Ampelopsis japonica Makino (Vitaceae).
Description Ampelopsis Radix is oblong ~ fusiform, pointed at both ends, curved, 3 ~ 12 cm long, and 1 ~ 3
cm in diameter. The outer surface is yellowish brown with longitudinal wrinkles, and easy to fall in tiers. The
inner surface is pale brown, light-weighed, and easy to snap off. The snapped surface is white ~ pale red and
farinaceous.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly sweet.
Grade Good Ampelopsis Radix of good grade is of the thick epidermis and the plenty of pinkish powder on
the snapped surface.
AMYDAE CARAPAX
별갑, 단어
Amydae Carapax is the dorsal shell of Amyda maakii Brandt (Trionychidae).
Description Amydae Carapax is elliptic ~ ovate, bulging on the dorsal side, 8 ~ 15 cm long, and 7 ~ 14 cm
wide. The external surface is blackish brown ~ blackish green, slightly shiny with thin wrinkles, and grayish
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yellow ~ grayish white spots. One ridge line runs in the middle; there are eight dented striations on both
sides. Serrate sutures are revealed, when the external shell is peeled off. The inner surface is milky white, and
curled by the protuberant spine in the middle inward with eight ribs in both sides. The texture is hard, difficult to
snap off, but easily broken at the sutures on the dorsal shell.
It smells fishy, and is tasteless.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 60.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 2.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
2.0 %; Ether-soluble extract: more than 1.5 %.
Grade Good Amydae Carapax of good grade has flesh attached on the inside of the dorsal shell, and is intact
in shape.
ANETHI FRUCTUS
시라자
Anethi Fructus is the fruit of Anethum graveolens Linné (Umbelliferae).
Description Anethi Fructus is ovate ~ ellipsoidal, 3 ~ 5 mm long, 2 ~ 3 mm wide, and some attached with
short fruits stalks. The outer surface is pale yellowish brown ~ greenish brown. The margin of each pericarp is
pale in color with three protruded rib-lines. The cross-section, under a magnifying glass, shows five rib-lines,
one oil duct between every two of them, and two oil ducts on the site of the pedicels.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly hot.
Purity No more than 2.0 % of the pedicels should be obtained.
No more than 2.0 % of other foreign matters, except the pedicels, should be obtained.
Ash Not more than 10.0 %.
Oil content More than 0.5 mL (30 g).
Grade Good Anethi Fructus of good grade is intact and stout of schizocarpium without foreign matters.
ANGELICAE DECURSIVAE RADIX
전호
Angelicae Decursivae Radix is the root of Angelica decursiva Franchet et Savatier (= Peucedanum decursivum
Maximowicz), and Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn (Umbelliferae).
Description The fusiform of Angelicae Decursivae Radix is 3 ~ 10 cm long, 7 ~ 15 mm in diameter, and
sometime remained with the stem and the leaf sheath at the root head. The outer surface is grayish black ~
blackish brown with transverse wrinkles and scars of roots at the upper part. The cut surface is grayish white,
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smooth, and some coarse inside.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly bitter.
Identification Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Angelicae Decursivae Radix, add 10 mL of ether, mix, and
extract; the solution reveals the bluish fluorescence under an ultraviolet lamp.
Loss on drying Not more than 13.0 %.
Ash Not more than 7.5 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Oil content More than 0.2 mL (50 g).
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 20.0 %.
Grade Good Angelicae Decursivae Radix of good grade is longer than 5 cm long and 10 mm in diameter,
blackish brown on the outer surface, and yellowish white on the inner surface.
ANGELICAE TENUISSIMAE RADIX
고본, 고발
Angelicae Tenuissimae Radix is the rootstock and root of Angelica tenuissima Nakai (Umbelliferae)
(=Ligusticum tenuissimum Kitagawa), Ligusticum sinense Oliv. or Ligusticum jeholense Nakai et Kitagawa.
Description Angelicae Tenuissimae Radix is irregular, long cylindrical with splits, 5 ~ 9 cm long, 7 ~ 20 mm
in diameter, and remained the tip marks on the root head. The outer surface is grayish brown and hard. The
snapped surface is yellowish white with rough surface, and sometimes empty in center.
It smells characteristic and tastes hot.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 8.0 % of root hairs and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 11.0 %.
Ash Not more than 9.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Oil content More than 0.3 mL (50 g).
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 18.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
21.0 %.
Grade Good Angelicae Tenuissimae Radix of good grade is light brown on the outer surface with yellow
spots on the center of the snapped surface.
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ANTELOPIS CORNU
영양각, 대비영, Gazelle Horn, Antelope
Antelopis Cornu is the horn of Gazella subgutturosa (Guldenstaedt), Saiga tatarica Linné (Bovidae), and other
species of the same genus.
Description Antelopis Cornu is conical, slightly curved, 10 ~ 30 cm long, and 2 ~ 5 cm in diameter of the
base. The external surface is grayish yellow ~ pale grayish black, protuberant, and containing 10 ~ 20 rings
evenly distributed over the horn excluding the pointed tip region. The texture is very hard and difficult to snap
off.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 20.2 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 0.7 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 1.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 0.4 %.
Grade Good Antelopis Cornu of good grade is milky white and smooth without striations, or cracked.
AQUILARIAE LIGNUM
침향, 침수향, Aloeo Wood
Aquilariae Lignum is the infiltrated wood with the resin of Aquilaria agallocha Roxburgh (Thymeleaceae).
Description Aquilariae Lignum is blackish brown, containing resin, and laterally fibrous. Fresh aroma
evolves at burning.
It smells characteristic and tastes bitter.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 18.0 %.
Grade Good Aquilariae Lignum of good grade is blackish brown, sweet, bitter, and sunk in water.
ARCAE CONCHA
와릉자, 와롱자, 괴합, 감
Arcae Concha is the shell of Tegillarca granosa Linné (Arcidae), and other species of the same genus.
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Description Arcae Concha is fan-shaped, 2 ~ 5 cm long, 2 ~ 3 cm wide, and 1 ~ 3 cm high. The external
surface is pale grayish brown with 17 ~ 18 furrows in radial form. The inner surface is glabrous and grayish
white. The texture is hard and white on the fractured surface.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly salty.
Identification The powder is dissolved with foaming at adding dilute hydrochloric acid.
Grade Good Arcae Concha of good grade is regular without the flesh and sand.
ARCTII RADIX
우방근, 악실근, 서점근
Arctii Radix is the root of Arctium lappa Linné (Compositae).
Description Arctii Radix is long and fusiform, 30 ~ 60 cm long, and 2 ~ 4 cm in diameter of the upper
part. The outer surface is blackish brown with wrinkled striations, and yellowish white inside.
It smells characteristic, tastes bitter, and is mucous.
Grade Good Arctii Radix of good grade is thick and black on the outer surface.
ARCTII SEMEN
우방자, 악실
Arctii Semen is the mature seed of Arctium lappa Linné (Compositae).
Description Arctii Semen is long and ovate, slightly curved, 4 ~ 7 mm long, and about 2 mm in
diameter. The outer surface is gray ~ blackish brown with the low ridge-line. A dent scar is located at the one
end. The texture is hard, and the inside of it is grayish white ~ pale brown.
It is odourless, tastes bitter, and is mucous.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Ash Not more than 7.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 14.0 %.
Grade Good Arctii Semen of good grade is fresh and blackish brown on the outer surface.
16
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ARECAE PERICARPIUM
대복피
Arecae Pericarpium is the pericarp of Areca catechu Linné (Palmae).
Description Arecae Pericarpium is dissected longitudinally on the fusiform ~ long elliptic fruit of empty
inside, 3 ~ 6 cm long, 25 ~ 40 mm in diameter, and 2 ~ 8 mm thick. The outer surface is loosely fibrous, and pale
brown ~ dark brown with longitudinal wrinkles. The inner surface of the epicarp is yellowish brown ~ dark
brown, and shiny with longitudinal wrinkles. The snapped surface is densely fibrous. The transverse surface is
pale yellow, and bundled with fibers as spots observable under a magnifying glass.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly astringent.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 10.0 % of seeds and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 7.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 5.0 %.
Grade Good Arecae Pericarpium of good grade is fully ripe, soft, and yellowish brown.
ARGENTUM
은박, 은박지, Silver Foil
Argentum is the silver film or foil, containing more than 99.0 % of silver.
Description Argentum is the thin paper-like silver film. The external surface is silvery white ~pale gray,
glittering, and opaque.
Hardness: 2.5 ~ 3, Specific gravity: 10.1 ~ 11.1
Identification Take 0.5 g of Argentum, and dissolve in 10 mL of nitric acid. Add water to make a volume of
50 mL. This solution reveals the qualitative reaction of silver salts.
Assay Dissolve 20 mg of the drug in 1 mL of nitric acid, and add 1 mL of ammonia TS and water to make a
volume of 100 mL. A portion of this solution (5 mL), add water to make a volume of 200 mL. This solution is
used for the test solution. To 5 mL of the standard silver solution (for atomic spectroscopy), add water to make a
final volume of 50 mL. To aliquots of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mL, add water to make volumes of 100 mL each. The atomic
absorption spectroscopy is performed, and the standard curve data with the standard solutions is plotted. The test
solution is assayed by using the atomic absorption spectroscopy. By plotting the data to the standard curve, the
concentration of the test sample can be calculated.
Gas: flammable: acetylene and hydrogen
non-flammable: air
Lamp: silver cathode lamp
Wave length: 328.1 mm
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ARISTOLOCHIAE FRUCTUS
마두령, 두령
Aristolochiae Fructus is the fruit of Aristolochia contorta Bunge (Aristolochiaceae).
Description Aristolochiae Fructus is ovate, 3 ~ 5 cm long, and 2 ~ 3 cm in diameter. The outer surface is
grayish yellow ~ grayish green. The texture is light and crumbly. The inner surface is pale yellowish brown, and
partitioned with the thin diaphragm membrane and flat-tiered seeds. The seed is triangular, flat, 8 ~ 15 mm long,
6 ~ 10 mm in diameter, and black ~ deep brown on one side.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter.
Loss on drying Not more than 11.0 %.
Ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 11.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
13.5 %.
Grade Good Aristolochiae Fructus of good grade is well dried, large, unbroken, yellowish green, and of no
fruit stalks.
ARISTOLOCHIAE RADIX
청목향, 마두령근
Aristolochiae Radix is the root of Aristolochia contorta Bunge (Aristolochiaceae).
Description Aristolochiae Radix is cylindrical, some curved, 5 ~ 10 cm long, and 5 ~ 10 mm in
diameter. The outer surface is grayish yellow, and spotted scattered lenticels and root scars. The cut surface is
uneven. The texture is hard and brittle. Under a magnifying glass on the cross-section, the cambium layer and
vascular vessels are arranged in the radial form, and the reddish brown secretory cells in the phloem are observed.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly hot.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of the stems and others should be obtained.
Grade Good Aristolochiae Radix of good grade is thick, hard, and white on the cross-section.
ARTEMISIAE ANNUAE HERBA
황화호, 취호
Artemisiae Annuae Herba is the whole plant of Artemisia annua Linné (Compositae).
Description Artemisiae Annuae Herba is cylindrical, 60 ~ 100 cm long, and 5 ~ 10 mm in diameter. The
outer surface is pale brown ~ grayish brown, and longitudinally angular. The texture is hard. The cut surface is
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coarse with the white pith in center. The young branch is attached with abundant leaves. The texture is soft and
brittle. The leaves of the branch with fruit stalks and flower stalks are mostly fallen. The texture is light and
brittle.
It smells characteristic, and tastes bitter and fresh.
Grade Good Artemisiae Annuae Herba of good grade is yellowish green with strong aroma and without
foreign matters.
ARTEMISIAE ANOMALAE HERBA
유기노, 김기노
Artemisiae Anomalae Herba is the whole plant of Artemisia anomala S. Moore (Compositae).
Description Artemisiae Anomalae Herba is the whole plant with a flower. The stem is curved, 60 ~ 90 cm
long, and 2 ~ 3 mm in diameter. The outer surface is yellowish brown ~ dark brown, covered with white hairs.
The texture is hard. The snapped surface is yellowish white and fibrous. The central part is white and soft. The
leaves are arranged alternatively, shriveled or fallen. The upper leaf is dark brown; the lower leaf is grayish
green with densely white hair pubescence. The texture is brittle. The pedicel at the apex of stem is yellow.
It smells aromatic, and is tasteless.
Grade Good Artemisiae Anomalae Herba of good grade is of green leaves with many yellow flower pedicels,
and not contaminated with fungi and foreign matters
ARTEMISIAE APIACEAE HERBA
청호, 초호
Artemisiae Apiaceae Herba is the aerial part of Artemisia apiacea Hance (Compositae).
Description Artemisiae Apiaceae Herba is mainly with the stems. The stem is 60 ~ 90 cm long, possessing
pedicels with not many leaves. The outer surface of stems is yellowish brown. The texture is hard. The cut
surface is fibrous. The leaf is greenish brown, curled, brittle, and crumpled with many fine wrinkles. The pedicel
is yellowish green.
It smells characteristic, and is tasteless.
Purity Foreign matter Artemisiae Apiaceae Herba should not be mixed with other plants' stems, leaves, and
pedicels.
Grade Good Artemisiae Apiaceae Herba of good grade is yellowish green with strong odour.
ARTEMISIAE ARGYI HERB
애엽, 애구초, Artemisia Herb
Artemisiae Argyi Herb is the leaf and short petiole of Artemisia argyi Lev. et Vant., Artemisia princeps Pamp.
var. orientlis Hara, and Artemisia montana Pampani (Compositae).
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Description Artemisiae Argyi Herb consists of crumple leaves and their pieces, often including the long
stems. The leaf is 4 ~ 10 cm long, 2 ~ 10 cm wide, and incised like the quill with the alternative
arrangement. The upper surface is green ~ dark greenish brown; the lower surface is covered densely with
grayish white tomentum.
It smells characteristic and tastes bitter.
Identification Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Artemisiae Argyi Herb, add 20 mL of methanol, heat in a water
bath for 5 minutes, and filter off. Evaporate the filtrate to obtain the residue, mix with 10 mL of water, and
filtered. 5 mL of the filtrate reveals the blue fluorescence under an ultraviolet lamp. Add 2 ~ 3 drops of ammonia
TS to the filtrate; the yellow color is produced.
Purity 1) No more than 3.0 % of the petioles that is longer than 3 mm in diameter should be obtained.
2) No more than 2.0 % of the roots and foreign matters, except the petioles, should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 12.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 2.5 %.
Oil content More than 0.1 mL (50 g).
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 13.0 %.
Grade Good Artemisiae Argyi Herb of good grade is attached with many leaves and green on the upper
surface. It should have strong aroma, and its petiole should be less than 3 mm in diameter.
ARTEMISIAE CAPILLARIS HERBA
인진호, 인진
Artemisiae Capillaris Herba is the aerial part of Artemisia capillaris Thunberg (Compositae).
Description Artemisiae Capillaris Herba is spherical, 2 mm in diameter of the Capitulum, consisting of
slender leaves, pieces of slim stems, and inflorescence axes. The texture is light, and greenish brown ~ dark
brown. Under a magnifying glass, the capitulum shows membranous involucel bracts, disc flowers, or achenes.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly bitter.
Identification Take 0.1 g of the pulverized Artemisiae Capillaris Herba on a filter paper, add 2 ~ 3 drops of
chloroform, and dry in the air. After removed the powder from the filter paper, illuminate it with the ultraviolet
lamp; the bluish white fluorescence is revealed.
Purity Foreign matter Artemisiae Capillaris Herba should not be mixed with the stems longer than 2 mm in
diameter.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 9.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 2.0 %.
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Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 15.0 %.
Grade Good Artemisiae Capillaris Herba of good grade is fresh and not mixed with the stems longer than 3
mm in diameter.
ARTEMISIAE IWAYOMOGII HERBA
한인진
Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba is the aerial part of Artemisia iwayomogi Kitamura (Compositae).
Description Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba is of the lignified base with branched stems and stem leaves at the
upper part. The stem leaf is double-split and pinnate. The lobe is lanceolate, sharp and pointed at the end, and
mostly serrate. The leaf stalk is 2 ~ 3 cm long. The upper surface is green, and covered with short hairs and dent
spots. The lower surface is yellowish green, and covered with short hairs and secretory spots.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly bitter.
Loss on drying Not more than 11.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Oil content More than 0.2 mL (100 g).
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 18.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
12.0 %.
Grade Good Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba of good grade is dark green with many leaves.
ASTERIS RADIX
자완, 백완
Asteris Radix is the rhizome of Aster tataricus Linné fil. (Compositae).
Description Asteris Radix is irregular in size, lumpy of rhizomes, and densely attached with numerous
roots. The rhizome is 1 ~ 3 cm long, 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter, and remained with the short stem and the leaf stalk on
the tip. The root is 5 ~ 15 cm long and 1 ~ 2 mm in diameter. The outer surface is pale brown ~ reddish brown
with fine longitudinal wrinkles. The texture is soft and easily snapped. The cut surface is fibrous.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly bitter and acrid.
Identification 1) Take 0.2 g of the pulverized Asteris Radix, add 10 mL of water, mix with shaking, and
filter off. To 2 mL of the filtrate, add 1 ~ 2 drops of ferric chloride TS; the blue color is revealed.
2) Take 0.5 g of the powder, add 10 mL of water, boil in a water bath, and cool down. By shaking heavily, the
long lasting foam is produced.
3) To 0.2 g of the powder, add 2 mL of anhydrous acetic acid, heat in a water bath with shaking, and filter
off. To the filtrate, add 0.5 mL of sulfuric acid along the wall; the reddish brown color at the boundary is
revealed.
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Purity No more than 5.0 % of stems and other foreign matters should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 15.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 15.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 30.0 %.
Grade Good Asteris Radix of good grade is soft, pliant, purple, and of thick rhizomes and long roots without
foreign matters.
ASTRAGALI SEMEN
사원자, 동질려, 사원질려
Astragali Semen is the seed of Astragalus complanatus R. Br. (Leguminosae), and other species of the same
genus.
Description Astragali Semen is kidney-shaped, flat, 2 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, and about 1 mm thick. The
outer surface is grayish brown ~ greenish brown, glossy, and smooth. One side is dented into the other side, and
there is the distinct hilum on the dented side. The texture is hard and difficult to break.
It is odourless but of bean when chewed, and tasteless.
Identification 1) Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Astragali Semen, add 10 mL of ether, whirl in a warm water
bath for 10 minutes, and filter off. Evaporate ether in some extent. Mix the concentrated ether solution with 5
mL of methanol, reflux in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes, and filter off. Drop one drop of the filtrate on the
filter paper. Illuminate it under an ultraviolet lamp; the distinct fluorescence is revealed.
2) Add 3.0 g of the powder to water, leave for overnight, and filter off. Mix 1 mL of the filtrate with two drops
of ninhydrin TS, heat in a boiling water bath, and cool down; the purplish red color is produced.
Processing Roast seeds with salt (30:1).
Grade Good Astragali Semen of good grade is regular and substantial.
AUCKLANDIAE RADIX
목향
Aucklandiae Radix is the root of Aucklandia lappa Decne. (Compositae).
Description Aucklandiae Radix is cylindrical, some slightly curved, 5 ~ 20 cm long, 1 ~ 6 cm in diameter,
and sometime split longitudinally. The outer surface is yellowish brown ~ grayish brown with rough longitudinal
furrows, fine netted wrinkles, and root branches, and sometimes exhibited with the outer bark peeled and a
dented scar left by the stem on the head of root. The texture is hard and difficult to snap off. The cut surface is
yellowish brown ~ dark brown. The Xylem and the ray tissue form in the radial shapes. Several fissures and oil
cavities are scattered under a magnifying glass. Old roots have with piths in the center, and sometime empty
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inside.
It smells characteristic and tastes bitter.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Aucklandiae Radix, add 10 mL of ethanol, heat for 1 minute,
cool down, and filter off. To 1.0 mL of the filtrate, add 0.5 mL of hydrochloric acid; the purple color reveals.
Purity Foreign matter Add drops of the iodine reagent on the cut surface; no bluish purple color reveals.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 17.0 %.
Grade Good Aucklandiae Radix of good grade is thick in diameter with strong aroma.
AURANTII FRUCTUS IMMATURUS
지각
Aurantii Fructus Immaturus is the fruit of Citrus aurantum Linné, the fruit of Citrus natsudaidai Hayata
(Rutaceae), or the immature fruit of other cultivated sub-species.
Description Aurantii Fructus Immaturus is spherical or semi-spherical by dissection, and 3 ~ 5 cm in
diameter. The outer surface is greenish brown ~ reddish brown with granular bulges. The bulge has a dent spot
and scars of fruit stalks and pedicels. The pericarp is 6 ~ 13 mm thick and yellowish white. The texture is hard
and difficult to snap off. The cut surface is smooth with several bulges and seeds inside.
It smells characteristic, and tastes bitter and slightly sour.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Aurantii Fructus Immaturus, add 10 mL of methanol, heat slowly
for 2 minutes, and filter off. To the filtrate, add a small amount of magnesium and 3 ~ 4 drops of hydrochloric
acid; the solution reveals the reddish purple color.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Oil content More than 0.2 mL (50 g).
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 20.0 %.
Grade Good Aurantii Fructus Immaturus of good grade is thick and hard of the flesh, and greenish brown on
the outer surface with strong aroma.
AURANTII PERICARPIUM
등피
Aurantii Pericarpium is the dried pericarp of the ripe fruit of Citrus aurantium Linné subsp. amara Engler
(Rutaceae).
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Description The pericarp of Aurantii Pericarpium is contorted or flat, usually divided into 4 slices like the
shape of a dissected ball, 4 ~ 8 cm long, 25 ~ 45 mm wide, and 5 ~ 8 mm thick. The outer surface is dark reddish
brown ~ grayish yellow with numerous concave spots of the oil cavity. The inner surface is white ~ pale grayish
yellow and red with reticulate oil ducts. The texture is light and brittle.
It smells characteristic, tastes slightly stimulus and bitter, and is mucous.
Identification Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Aurantii Pericarpium, add 10 mL of ethanol, mix thoroughly,
stand for 30 minutes, and filter off. The filtrate is used as the test sample. 10 mg of the naringin is dissolved in
10 mL of ethanol, used as the standard solution. The test sample and the standard naringin solution are assayed
by applying the thin layer chromatography. Spot 10 µL each of the test sample and the standard solution on the
silica gel plate (the fluorescence dye, added). Elute the plate with a mixed solution of ethyl acetate:ethanol
(99.5 %):water (8:2:1) up to 10 cm high, and dry the plate in the air. Spray the diluted 2,6-difluoro-N-chloro-1,4benzoxynon monoimine reagent on the plate, and place the plate in the ammonia gas. There is at least one spot of
the test sample, corresponding with the same color and Rf value of a spot of the standard.
Loss on drying Not more than 14.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 5.5 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 0.5 %.
Oil content More than 0.2 mL (50.0 g, silicon resin 1 mL)
Grade Good Aurantii Pericarpium of good grade is reddish brown on the external surface and white on the
inner surface. It should not contain any debris.
AURUM
금박, 금박지
Aurum is the thin golden film, of more than 99.0 %, at the quantitative analysis.
Description Aurum is thin as a paper-like film, golden in color, dense and easily elastic to be expandable,
made by mechanically compressing the gold ingot, and 0.9 µm in thickness.
Melting point: 1,063 °C, Boiling point: 2,809 °C, Hardness: 2.5
Identification Aurum is not dissolved in nitric acid, and not decolorized when heated in an electric furnace
and dipped into water for cooling.
Assay Take 0.5 g of Aurum into 20 mL of nitric acid (1 → 5), heat below 50 °C for 10 minutes. 30 mL of the
aqua regina is added to decompose the gold sample. Add water to make a volume of 100 mL. With an aliquot of
3 mL of the filtrate, add water to make a volume of 200 mL. An aliquot of 5 mL is diluted with water to make a
final volume of 50 mL. Aliquots of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mL are diluted each with water to make volumes of 100 mL,
respectively. Each aliquot is applied to the atomic absorption spectroscopy. Each absorption density is plotted to
make a standard line. Test samples are measured by the atomic absorption spectroscopy, and compared data with
the standard line to obtain concentrations of test samples.
Gas: flammable gas, acetylene or hydrogen, delay gas, air
Lamp: gold cathode lamp
Wave length: 242.8 nm
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BAMBUSAE CAULIS IN LIQUAMEN
죽력
Bambusae Caulis In Liquamen is the juice, drained from the stems of Phllostachys nigra Munro var. henosis
Stapf (Gramineae), when burnt with fire.
Description Bambusae Caulis In Liquamen is Bluish yellow ~ yellowish brown, transparent with burning
smell.
Grade Good Bambusae Caulis In Liquamen of good grade is transparent.
BAMBUSAE CAULIS IN TAENIAM
죽여
Bambusae Caulis In Taeniam is the stringy strip derived from the stem with the peeled-off epidermis of
Phllostachys nigra Munro var. henosis Stapf, and Phllostachys bambusoides Siebold et Zuccarini (Gramineae).
Description Bambusae Caulis In Taeniam is irregular in size and shape, thin plane ~ strip-shaped, sometimes
powdery, and sometimes 1 ~ 3 mm thick. The outer surface is pale green ~ yellowish green, and sometimes
grayish white. The texture is light, elastic, and fibrous.
It smells slightly aromatic, and is tasteless.
Identification 1) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Bambusae Caulis In Taeniam, add 10 mL of acetone, mix in a
water bath for 2 minutes, and filter off. Evaporate the filtrate into dryness. Dissolve the residue in 0.5 mL of the
anhydrous acetic acid solution, and add one drop of sulfuric acid; the dark greenish brown ~ brown color is
revealed.
2) To 0.5 g of the pulverized Bambusae Caulis In Taeniam, add 10 mL of water, and heat in a water bath for 2
minutes, and filter off. To 1 mL of the filtrate, add the phenol solution (1 → 20), then add 2 mL of sulfuric acid;
the pale brown ~ reddish brown color is produced.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 % (6 hours).
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Grade Good Bambusae Caulis In Taeniam of good grade is soft, difficult to snap off, and pale green.
BAMBUSAE CONCRETIO SILICEA
천축황, 축황
Bambusae Concretio Silicea is the lumpy mass or granule formed in Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold et
Zuccarini (Gramineae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Bambusae Concretio Silicea is irregular in size, lumpy or granular, and 2 ~ 10 mm in
diameter. The external surface is pale yellow and glossy. The texture is soft and brittle. The fractured surface is
shiny and sticky.
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Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of other matters should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 3.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 9.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 3.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 2.0 %.
Grade Good Bambusae Concretio Silicea of good grade is pale yellow with ivory shines.
BELAMCANDAE RHIZOMA
사간, 자호접
Belamcandae Rhizoma is the rhizome of Belamcanda chinensis Leman. (Iridaceae).
Description Belamcandae Rhizoma is irregular, lumpy, split, 3 ~ 10 cm long, and 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter. The
outer surface is yellowish brown, shrunk, and marked with distinctly annular striations. At the upper part, it is
left with scars of some stems or with stems; at the lower part, there are marks of the roots or with thin roots. The
texture is hard; the snapped surface is yellow.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter and hot.
Loss on drying Not more than 9.0 %.
Ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 23.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
16.0 %.
Grade Good Belamcandae Rhizoma of good grade is intact, substantial, and of yellow inside without the thin
roots and stems.
BENINCASAE PERICARPIUM
동과피
Benincasae Pericarpium is the pericarp of Benincasa hispida Cogniaux. (Cucurbitaceae).
Description Benincasae Pericarpium is columnar ~ double columnar, curled from one end or from both ends,
and irregular in size. The external surface is smooth, glossy, pale yellow ~ yellowish green or dark green, tough
on skin, and covered with white powder. The inner surface is rough and consisting of oil duct bundles. The
texture is soft and easy to snap off.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Grade Good Benincasae Pericarpium of good grade is thin, farinaceous on the external surface, grayish green,
and of the clean and white inside.
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BENINCASAE SEMEN
동과자, 동과인, 백과자
Benincasae Semen is the seed of Benincasa hispida Cogniaux. (Cucurbitaceae).
Description Benincasae Semen is flat, ovate ~ scoop-shaped, about 1 cm long, and 6 mm wide. The outer
surface is yellowish white. One end is blunt, and the other end is pointed that is attached with two
protuberances. The margin is smooth with a protrudent rim. When the testa is peeled off, oily seeds inside can be
seen.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly sweet and oily.
Grade Good Benincasae Semen of good grade is large, even, and of white seeds.
BETULAE CORTEX
화피, 화목피
Betulae Cortex is the bark of Betula platyphylla Suk. var. japonica Hara (Betulaceae), and other species of the
same genus.
Description Betulae Cortex is tubular and curled inside-out. The outer surface is pale yellow brown with
dark-colored longitudinal wrinkles. The inner surface is grayish white ~ pale red with blackish brown branch
scars. The texture is soft and pliant. The cut surface is even, and easily peeled into small pieces.
It smells slightly aromatic and tastes bitter.
Loss on drying Not more than 7.0 %.
Ash Not more than 11.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 5.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 5.0 %.
Grade Good Betulae Cortex of good grade is even on the cut surface, soft, and aromatic.
BISTORTAE RHIZOMA
권삼, 자삼
Bistortae Rhizoma is the rhizome of Bistorta manshuriensis Komarov (Polygonaceae).
Description Bistortae Rhizoma is flat and bent cylindrical on both sides with sharp ends, gradually slimming
and curved of one side, 3 ~ 10 cm long, and 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter. The outer surface is purplish brown ~ purplish
black, rough with a protruded end in one side, and flat or wrinkled with dents on the other side. The entire
surface is covered with dense annual striations, and remained with some root hairs. Polygonal cork cells with
reddish brown stuff inside are visible under a microscope. Numerous calcium oxalate crystals are 15 ~ 65 µm in
diameter. Vascular bundles are 20 ~ 55 µm in diameter and reticulate, and sometimes spiral vascular ones are
noted. The fiber is fusiform, 10 ~ 20 µm in diameter with thick, woody wall. The starch particle is elliptic ~
ovate and round-shaped, and 5 ~ 12 µm in diameter.
It is odourless, and tastes bitter and astringent.
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Identification Take 2 drops of ethanol to 0.5 g of the powder, and mix with 1 drop of ferric chloride TS; the
dark bluish black color is produced.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Bistortae Rhizoma of good grade is large, hard, and purplish red on the cut surface.
BLETILLAE RHIZOMA
백급
Bletillae Rhizoma is the rhizome of Bletilla striata (Thunberg) Reichenbach fil. (Orchidaceae).
Description Bletillae Rhizoma is flat, triangular-shaped ovate, 2 ~ 3 cm long, and 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter. The
outer surface is yellowish white ~ yellowish brown, and left with scars of stems or ray-like scars of leaves on the
tip of the upper side. The texture is hard and horny.
It is odourless, tastes slightly bitter, and is mucous.
Identification To the water extract, add 20 % lead acetate reagent; the white cloudy precipitation forms.
Loss on drying Not more than 14.0 %.
Ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 0.5 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 21.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
7.0 %.
Grade Good Bletillae Rhizoma of good grade is white and stout. It should not contain any epidermis.
BOEHMERIAE RADIX
저마근, 저근, 저마
Boehmeriae Radix is the root of Boehmeria frutescens Thunberg (Urticaceae).
Description Boehmeriae Radix is irregular and cylindrical, slightly curved, 6 ~ 25 cm long, and 8 ~ 20 mm
in diameter. The outer surface is grayish brown, very coarse with longitudinal wrinkles and transverse lenticels,
and attached with the protruded scars of fine rootlets and small node-like bulges. When the epidermis is peeled
off, the grayish brown ~ yellowish brown fibrous tissues are revealed. The texture is hard, brittle, and light in
weight. The cross-section is fibrous and slightly farinaceous. The fresh root is fulfilled of the inner cavity, and
sometimes marked with several annual ring-like striations. The old root is empty inside.
It smells slightly aromatic, and is mucous when chewed.
Grade Good Boehmeriae Radix of good grade is hard with the stout cavity, and grayish brown on the outer
surface.
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BOMBINA
영와, 금와
Bombina is the body of Bombina orientalis Bouglenger (Discoglossidae).
Description Bombina is long and rhombic, 90 ~ 110 mm long, and 45 ~ 55 mm long of the trunk. The dorsal
surface is grayish green ~ dark green, rough, and containing scattered blackish speckles. The ventral surface is
formed with reddish yellow ~ black speckles as the irregular striations.
It smells decomposing-fleshy, and tastes slightly stimulus and hot.
Grade Good Bombina of good grade is fresh, well-dried, and of the grayish green ~ dark green dorsal surface.
BOMBYCIS CORPUS
백강잠, 강잠
Bombycis Corpus is the dead corpus of the larva of the silk moth, Bombyx mori Linné (Bombycidae), due to the
infection of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill.
Description Bombycis Corpus is cylindrical, slightly bent, 2 ~ 5 cm long, and 4 ~ 7 mm in diameter. The
external surface is grayish white ~ pale brown with powdery coating. The texture is hard and brittle. The cut
surface is flat and grayish brown.
It smells slightly rotten and tastes slightly salty.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Bombycis Corpus, add 10 mL of ethanol, heat in a water bath,
and evaporate the extracted solution for concentration. Add 2 mL of anhydrous acetic acid to dissolve. Flow
slowly one drop of sulfuric acid on the wall of the vessel; the color changes from firstly red ~ purple to dark
green on the boundary.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of others including starch should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 12.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 16.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
25.0 %; Chloroform extract: more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Bombycis Corpus of good grade is regular in size of longer than 4 cm, hard, and white and
bright on the cut surface.
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BOMBYCIS EXCREMENTUM
잠사, 잠분
Bombycis Excrementum is the feces of Bombyx mori Linné (Bombycidae) in the stages: the 2nd and the 3rd
sleeping period.
Description Bombycis Excrementum is short and cylindrical, granular, and 1.5 ~ 3 mm in diameter. The
external surface is slightly rough, and grayish black with six longitudinal wrinkles. The texture is hard and brittle.
It smells glassy and tastes bitter.
Grade Good Bombycis Excrementum of good grade is fully-dried, hard, black, and produces some sound
while rubbed.
BOMEOLUM
용뇌, 빙편, Borneol
Bomeolum is the resin excreted through the stem aperture of Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertner
(Dipterocarpaceae) or the white crystal derived from stems and branches by steam distillation. The drug contains
more than 94.1 % of Isoborneol and norborneol (C10H18O : 154.24).
Description Bomeolum is colorless and transparent or white translucent, loose-plate-crystalline or rodcrystalline, and sometimes powdery.
Identification 1) 0.5 g of the drug is dissolved in 300 mL of ether to be used as the test solution. 0.5 g of the
standard bomeolum is dissolved in 300 mL of ether to be used as the standard solution. Both are applied to the
thin layer chromatography. Compare their Rf values and colors as those of the standard solution.
Plate: silica gel plate
Elution solvent: ethylacetate:n-hexane (1:1)
Coloring agent: a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid (35:5)
2) The peak appears at the same retention time as of the standard solution by the quantitative assay method
below.
Assay Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Bomeolum is dissolved completely in chloroform by an ultrasonic
generator. Make it to 100 mL to be used as the test solution. 0.2 mg of the standard isoborneol and 0.3 g of the
standard norborneol are dissolved in chloroform to be used as the standard solution. The test and the standard
solution are applied to the gas chromatograph.
Column: 10 % PEG-20 M is packed into a stainless column
Detector: hydrogen flame ionization detector
Temperature: 140 °C to 180 °C (4 minutes retained, elevate 5 °C/min)
Carrier gas: nitrogen 50 mL/min
BRASSICAE SEMEN
운대자, 유채자
Brassicae Semen is the seed of Brassica chinensis Linné var. oleifera Makino (Cruciferae).
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Description Brassicae Semen is spherical, and 1 ~ 2 mm in diameter. The testa is black ~ dark reddish brown,
or yellow. Under a magnifying glass, the outer surface is remained with reticulate striations, and the hilum is
spot-shaped and expanded when dipped in water.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly oily.
Grade Good Brassicae Semen of good grade is regular, substantial, and shiny on the outer surface.
BROUSSONETIAE FRUCTUS
저실자
Broussonetiae Fructus is the mature fruit of Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold, and Broussonetia papyrifera Linné
(Moraceae).
Description Broussonetiae Fructus is spherical ~ semispherical of drupe, and 2 ~ 3 mm in diameter. The
outer surface is red ~ reddish brown, some with transverse hollows, protruded on the opposite side, and
possessing the exocarp with striations. The cut surface is oily. The texture is hard.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly sweet.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 15.0 %.
Grade Good Broussonetiae Fructus is regular and reddish brown. It should not contain any foreign matters.
BUDDLEJAE FLOS
밀몽화
Buddlejae Flos is the flower bud of Buddleja officinalis Maximowicz (Loganiaceae).
Description Buddlejae Flos is conical, irregular, and 15 ~ 30 mm long. The outer surface is yellow ~
yellowish brown, and covered with pubescent. The flower bud is club-shaped, 3 ~ 10 mm, and 1 ~ 2 mm in
diameter in the upper side. The texture is soft and smooth.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly bitter.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Buddlejae Flos, add 10 mL of ethanol, heat at 70 ~ 75 °C in a
water bath for 30 minutes, and filter off. To 2 mL of the filtrate, add the small amount of magnesium powder and
5 drops of hydrochloric acid; the pale reddish purple color reveals.
Loss on drying Not more than 9.0 %.
Ash Not more than 7.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 19.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
21.0 %.
Grade Good Buddlejae Flos of good grade is of yellow flower buds with much pubescent.
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BUFO
섬서, 섬, 하마
Bufo is the dried body, with and without internal organs at the collection of poisonous gland secretion, Bufo bufo
gargarizans Cantor (Bufonidae), and other species belonging to the same family.
Description The head of Bufo is relatively large. The body is short, wide, and about 12 cm long. The front
leg is thick and short. The rear is tough and long. The dorsal surface is irregular in color, greenish brown ~
blackish brown with small bulges, and lighter in color of female bufo than of male. The outer surface of the body
and four legs is marked with irregular blackish brown striations. The external surface of venter is milky yellow
with small and brown ~ black striations and without shiny.
Dried bufo The whole shape is shrunk and wrinkled. The four legs are irregularly contracted. The external
surface is grayish green ~ greenish brown. The inside of venter is of no internal organs and grayish yellow with
skeleton and skin.
It smells slightly fleshy and tastes slightly hot.
Grade Good Bufo of good grade is large, well-dried, and intact.
BULBUS FRITILLARIAE CIRRHOSAE
천패모
Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae is the bulb of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don, Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C.
Hsia, Fritillaria prezewalskii Maxim., and Fritillaria delavayi Franch, (Liliaceae). The former three are divided
into Songbei (the pine fritillaria bulb) and Qingbei (the blue fritillaria bulb) by the commercially-characterized
shapes. The latter is called as Lubei.
Description Pine fritillaria bulb Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae is spindle-shaped or spherical, 3 ~ 8 mm high,
3 ~ 8 mm in diameter, and white on the outer surface, occasionally remained with root hairs. Two large scales
are located on the outer surface; the outer scale is embracing the small one that is in the shape of the
crescent. The tip is closed with slightly tapering buds and 1 ~ 2 small scales inside. The apex is blunt or pointed.
The base is flat with the grayish brown dent disk at the center. The texture is hard and brittle. The cross-section
is white and farinaceous.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter.
Blue fritillaria bulb It is spherical, slightly flat, 4 ~ 14 mm high, and 4 ~ 16 mm in diameter. Two outer
scales in the similar sizes, embracing each other. The tip is spread with the buds, 2 ~ 3 small scales, and a
cylindrical root stalk inside.
Identification 1) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae, add 5 mL of anhydrous acetic
acid, mix with shaking for 5 minutes, and filter off. To 2 mL of the filtrate, add slowly 1 mL of sulfuric acid; the
red color is revealed on the boundary, and the green color is produced in the upper layer on standing.
2) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae, add 10 mL of anhydrous acetic acid, mix well,
and filter off. To 2 mL of the filtrate, add 1 ~ 2 drops of the Meyer's reagent; the suspension is formed, and the
white precipitation is produced on standing.
3) Take 2.0 g of the pulverized Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae, add 20 mL of methanol, heat in a water bath for 5
minutes with intermittently shaking, and filter off. Evaporate the filtrate to dryness. To the dried residue, add 3
mL of dilute hydrochloric acid, heat in a water bath for 2 minutes, cool, and filter off. Place a drop of the filtrate
on a filter paper, dry in the air, and spray with the Dragendorff's reagent; the yellowish red color is revealed.
Loss on drying Not more than 15.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
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Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 9.0 %.
CAESALPINIAE LIGNUM
소목, 소방목
Caesalpiniae Lignum is the pith of Caesalpina sappan Linné (Leguminosae).
Description Caesalpiniae Lignum is long-cylindrical or pieces of the xylems without the periderm part. The
outer surface is yellowish red ~ grayish brown, and some with pale brown ~ grayish white branches. The texture
is hard and brittle when longitudinally cut, and distinct with the clearly the annual rays on the cross-section.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly astringent.
Identification 1) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Caesalpiniae Lignum, add 10 mL of dilute ethanol, mix, and
filter off. To 5 mL of the filtrate, add 2 ~ 3 drops of the sodium hydroxide solution; the dark red color is revealed.
2) Take the pieces, and add the potassium hydroxide solution; no purplish blue color should not be revealed.
Purity No more than 3.0 % of branches and other parts, except xylem parts, should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 13.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 2.5 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 13.0 %.
Grade Good Caesalpiniae Lignum of good grade is intact and vivid yellowish red.
CALAMINA
노감석, 감석, 제감석
Calamina is the mineral of Smithsonite belonging to the Calcite group.
Description Calamina is lumpy, Irregular, white ~ pale red externally, porous, and uneven. The texture is
light and easily breakable. The fractured surface is grayish white ~ pale red, farinaceous, and hygroscopic.
Hardness: 5.0, Density: 4.3 ~ 4.45
It is odourless, and tastes slightly astringent.
Identification 1) Take 1.0 g of the coarse pulverized Calamina, add 10 ml of dilute hydrochloride, and
heat. Add this solution into 0.3 % calcium hydroxide TS; the white precipitate is produced.
2) Heat the coarse pulverized Calamina; a yellow color film of zinc oxide is produced while heating. The
yellow color turns white when cooled.
Ash Not more than 76.0 %.
Grade Good Calamina of good grade is large and lumpy, light-weighed, white ~ pale red externally, and
afloat on water.
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CALOMELAS
경분, 감홍, Calomel
Calomelas is 99.0 % of mercuric chloride (Hg2Cl2, 472.09), dried in a sulfuric acid desiccator.
Description Calomelas is heavy, fine-powdery, odourless, stable in the air, white and gradually turning to
gray under the exposure of light, and sublimed without vaporizing and melting under strong heating.
Identification 1) Take the hydroxyl calcium and sodium, or ammonia TS to the drug; it turns to black.
2) Heat a glass tube containing 0.5 g of the drug; mercury is solidified on the wall of the glass tube. The
remaining residue is dissolved in nitric acid TS. Add the silver nitrate reagent to the filtrate; the thread-like
precipitation occurs.
Purity 1) Ammonium salt Gas, generated from the boiling of the drug and the hydroxy sodium reagent,
should not make the red-Litmus paper blue.
2) Mercuric chloride Take 1.0 g of the Calomelas, add 10 mL of ethanol, and shake it thoroughly, then filter
off with a filter paper. To 5 mL of the filtrate, add 5 mL of water, 2 drops of sulfuric acid VS, and 1 drop of the
sodium sulfide TS. The density of color produced should not thicker than the controlled solution.
Controlled solution: dissolve 10 mg of mercuric chloride in 1.0 L of water, add 5 mL of ethanol, 2 drops of
HCl, and 1 drop of the sodium sulfide reagent (below 0.01 %).
Loss on drying Not more than 0.5 % in the sulfuric acid desiccator.
Assay Dry the drug in the sulfuric acid desiccator for 5 hours. Dissolve 250 mg of the dried drug into water in
a flask with a glass stopper, add 25 mL of the iodine solution (0.05 mol/L) and 10 mL of the iodized sodium
solution (grade 1 to 5), and then dissolve the mixture in the sealed flask. Titrate the excessive iodine with 0.1
mol/L of the sodium thiosulfate TS as an indicator of the starch solution.
0.05 mol/L iodine solution 1 mL = 23.60 mg of Hg2Cl2
CAMPHORUM
장뇌, 용뇌향
Camphorum is the cooling-extracted crystal, derived from the steam-distilled camphor oil after cutting off xylem
parts, branches, and leaves from Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees et Ebermair (Lauraceae).
Description Camphorum is colorless or white and translucent, some in crystalline particle or powdery lump,
and slowly vaporized at room temperature. The camphor crystal (1.0 g) is soluble in water (800 mL), ethanol (1
mL), chloroform (0.5 mL), and ether (1 mL).
Specific gravity: 0.99, Melting point: 179 ~ 184 °C
When a sublimate raw crystal of camphor oil is re-crystallized with ethanol, the hard and shiny crystal in the
form of cubic form is obtained.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly bitter and cool.
Purity 1) No more than 0.09 % of non-volatile residue should be obtained.
2) Take 1.0 g of the Camphorum, add 10 mL of carbon sulfide, and mix with shaking; the solution should not
be turbid.
Grade Good Camphorum of good grade is white crystal powdery, white and translucent, and of no oily
substances in the sulfur color.
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CAMPSITIS FLOS
능소화, 타태화
Campsitis Flos is the flower of Campsis grandiflora Schumann (Bignoniaceae).
Description Campsitis Flos is mostly shrunken and overlapped, and 6 ~ 7 cm long. The calyx tube is dark
brown, 2 ~ 3 cm long, campanulate, and consisting of five-lobed sepals with the cusp on the upper tip. The
corolla is funnel-shaped, yellowish brown, and bundled with five-lobed petals. The lobe is half-rounded, reddish
brown, and noted with fine striations and brown spots.
It smells slightly aromatic, and tastes bitter and sour.
Grade Good Campsitis Flos of good grade is large, intact, and yellowish brown. It should not contain any
flower stalks.
CANNABIS SEMEN
마인, 화마인
Cannabis Semen is the seed of Cannabis sativa Linné (Moraceae).
Description Cannabis Semen is flat and ovate, 4 ~ 5 mm long, and 3 ~ 4 mm in diameter. The external
surface is smooth, glossy, grayish green ~ grayish yellow with small white ~ brown or black spots, containing
marginal ridge lines on both sides, round and stumpy on one end, and left with scars by the fruit stalk on the
other end. Under a magnifying glass, the exocarp is extremely thin; the endosperm, grayish white and oily with
two cotyledons.
It smells characteristic, and is tasteless.
Grade Good Cannabis Semen of good grade is regular in size, unbroken, hard, and yellow.
CANTHARIDES
반묘
Cantharides is the dried insect body of Mylabris cichorii Linné, Mylabris phalerata Pallas (Melodiae) and
Epicauta gorhami Marseul (Meloidae). More than 0.6 % of cantharidine (C10H12O4 : 196.20) is contained in the
dried insects, when the quantitative assay is performed.
Description M. cichorii It is 12 ~ 20 mm long and 3 ~ 6 mm wide; M. phalerata: 15 ~ 30 mm long, 5 ~ 10
mm wide with two golden brown lateral stripes and speckles, and the antenna with 11 segments on the leathery
elytra. The head is cordiform and shiny grayish brown. The dorsum is ovate. The front legs and the middle legs
have 5 segments; the rear legs, 4 segments. The legs have nails at the end. The venter is shiny with 5 stripes on
the rear side and grayish yellow hairs around.
E. gorhami It is 15 ~ 18 mm long and 4 ~ 5 mm wide. When applying the powder of the drug on the soft and
mucous skin, itching and blisters occur.
It smells stimulant and unpleasant, and tastes slightly hot.
Purity 1) Ammonia odour This drug should not produce such odour.
2) Oil When the drug is placed in between two papers and pressed, no oily stains occur on the paper.
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Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Assay The powder of drug is dried in a desiccator for 24 hours. To 0.9 g of dried powder, add 15 mL of
chloroform and 1 mL of hydrochloric acid, and leave at room temperature for 24 hours with intermittent
shakings. Then, to this mixed solution, add 60 mL of ether, shake for 5 minutes, leave for 30 minutes, and filter
off. Transfer 50 mL of the filtrate in a flask (pre-weighed) with a stopper, and remove chloroform and ether. To
the collected residue, add 19 mL of the mixture of petroleum ether and 10 mL of anhydrous ethanol, leave for
overnight with intermittent shakings; crystals are precipitated out. The crystals are collected by filtration, and
washed with a mixture of petroleum ether and 5 mL of anhydrous ethanol for 4 times. When the washed mixture
solution becomes clear, add 5 mL of chloroform to dissolve the crystals in a flask. Remove completely the
chloroform by warming the flask, place the flask in a desiccator for 24 hours, and weigh. The weight is
considered to be the amount of cantharidin (C10H12O4).
Grade Good Cantharides of good grade is shiny and intact with strong stimulus odour
CARAGANAE RADIX
골담초근, 금작근
Caraganae Radix is the root of Caragana sinica (Buchoz) Rehder (Leguminosae), and other species of the same
genus.
Description Caraganae Radix is cylindrical, 12 ~ 20 cm long, and 10 ~25 mm in diameter. The outer surface
is brown with longitudinal wrinkles and protruded speckles scattered irregularly. Yellowish lateral scars are
scattered, when peeled off. The snapped surface is yellowish white. The flesh is hard and fibrous.
It tastes bitter.
Grade Good Caraganae Radix of good grade is large, hard, and brown.
CARPESII FRUCTUS
학슬, 천명정
Carpesii Fructus is the fruit of Carpesium abrotanoides Linné (Compositae).
Description Carpesii Fructus is cylindrical, 3 ~ 4 mm long, and 1 mm in diameter. The outer surface is
yellowish brown ~ dark brown with many longitudinal wrinkles. One end contracts to beak-shaped. The cross
section is almost circular. The cotyledon is yellowish white and oily.
It smells slightly aromatic and tastes slightly bitter.
Loss on drying Not more than 14.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 10.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
5.0 %.
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Grade Good Carpesii Fructus of good grade is regular, even, and substantial.
CASSIAE CORTEX INTERIOR
계심
Cassiae Cortex Interior is the bark, stripped off the thin cork layer, of Cinnamomum cassia Blume (Lauraceae),
and other species of the same genus.
Description Cassiae Cortex Interior is long, valve-like ~ tube-like, and 10 ~ 20 cm with irregular
thickness. The surface is reddish brown. The flesh is easy to snap off.
Identification Take 2.0 g of the pulverized Cassiae Cortex Interior, add 10 mL of ether, mix well, and filter
off. The filtrate is applied by the thin layer chromatography. Spot 10 µL of the filtrate on the silica gel plate
containing the fluorescence, develop with a mixture of the hexane-ethyl acetate solution (2:1) as mobile phases
up to 10 cm of each, and dry the plate in the air. A violet spot (Rf 0.4) can be observable under the ultra-violet
lamp (254 nm). The spot produces the yellowish brown color, when sprayed with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 5.0 % of the cork and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 13.0 %.
Ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 6.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 7.0 %.
Grade Good Cassiae Cortex Interior of good grade is reddish brown on the surface. It should have strong
sweet and hot taste.
CASTANEAE SEMEN
건율, 율자
Castaneae Semen is the seed fruit without the pericarp of Castanea crenata Siebold et Zuccarini (Fagaceae).
Description Castaneae Semen is dissect-shaped of fusiform ~ cylindrical forms, 2 ~ 3 cm long, and 1 ~ 2
wide. The outer surface is with distinct longitudinal wrinkles and hollow marks sometimes. The cut surface is
white and sometimes empty. The texture is hard and difficult to snap off.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly sweet.
Grade Good Castaneae Semen of good grade is hard and the complete removal of the pericarp shows no
decolorization.
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CATALPAE FRUCTUS
자실, Catalpa Fruit
Catalpae Fructus is the fruit of Catalpa ovata G. Don, and Catalpa bungei C. A. Meyer (Bignoniaceae).
Description Catalpae Fructus is cylindrical, long and slim, 30 ~ 40 cm long, and 5 mm in diameter. The
pericarp is dark brown, thin, and brittle with numerous seeds. The seed is flat or semi-tubular, 3 cm long, 3 mm
wide, and grayish brown with about 1 cm long and gray shiny hairs at both ends.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly astringent.
Identification Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Catalpae Fructus, add 20 mL of water, heat in a water bath for 5
minutes, and filter off. The filtrate in a separating funnel is extracted twice with 20 mL of n-butanol
(each). Evaporate n-butanol in a water bath; the residue dissolved in methanol is used as the test solution. The
test solution is applied to the thin layer chromatography. Spot an aliquot (5 µL) on the silica gel plate (addition
of mixed fluorescent dye). Elute up to 10 cm high in a mixture of chloroform:methanol:water (6:4:1), and dry the
plate in the air. Under an ultraviolet lamp (wide wave), several spots are revealed. Ones among them of near Rf
0.7 and Rf 0.6 values have the red color.
Purity No more than 5.0 % of fruit stalks should be obtained.
Ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 0.5 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 8.0 %.
CELOSIAE SEMEN
청상자, 계관현
Celosiae Semen is the seed of Celosia argentea Linné (Amaranthaceae).
Description Celosiae Semen is compressed and spherical ~ round and reniform, and 1 ~ 2 mm in
diameter. The outer surface is black ~ reddish black, shiny, slightly bulged in the middle part, grooved on the
margin, and possessing a hilum. The testa is thin and brittle.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 1.0 % of the pericarps and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 7.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 12.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
17.0 %; Ether-soluble extract: more than 15.0 %.
Grade Good Celosiae Semen of good grade is reddish brown ~ red and shiny. It should not contain any
foreign matters.
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CEPHALONOPLOSI HERBA
소계, 묘계
Cephalonoplosi Herba is the whole plant of Cephalonoplos segetum Kitamura (Compositae).
Description The leaf of Cephalonoplosi Herba is long and oblong, lanceolate, arranged in the alternative
order, 7 ~ 10 cm long, and 2 ~ 4 cm wide. The stem is slim, attached with some flowers and flower buds at the
end, and 25 ~ 50 cm long. The outer surface is grayish green with small stinging hairs.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly sweet.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Cephalonoplosi Herba, add 10 mL of water, heat, and filter off.
To the filtrate, add a small amount of magnesium powder and 3 mL of hydrochloric acid; the pale red color is
revealed.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 6.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 2.0 %.
Grade Good Cephalonoplosi Herba of good grade is grayish green with many attached leaves.
CERVI CORNU
녹각
Cervi Cornu is the ossified antler of Cervus nippon Temminck, Cervus elaphus Linné, and Cervus canadensis
Erxleben (Cervidae).
Description Cervi Cornu is cylindrical with branches like a tree, 60 ~ 100 cm long, and 4 ~ 6 cm in
diameter. The external surface is brown ~ pale brown, glossy, and some with scattered wens on surface and
raised lumps on the ridge line. The cut surface of the lower base part is coarse and remained with blood stains in
the bone marrow.
It smells like meat and tastes slightly salty.
Grade Good Cervi Cornu of good grade is thick in diameter, hard on surface, and glossy.
CERVI CORNUS COLLA
녹각교
Cervi Cornus Colla is Gluey lump, the boiled water concentrate of Cervi cornus of Cervus nippon Temminck,
Cervus elaphus Linné, and Cervus canadensis Erxleben (Cervidae).
Preparation Saw Cervi cornus into small pieces (each 10 ~ 15 cm long), and dip it into water by changing the
water 1 ~ 2 times every day until the water becomes clear. While washed pieces are boiled in a big vessel,
aliquots of gelatin-like substance are collected. Boil until the ossified ones become completely gelatin-like, a
state of liquid extract. This gelatin-like substance is further concentrated in mild heat with addition of traditional
rice liquor (Mak Gul Li, 3 %) and sugar (5 %). The concentrated substance like the glu is cooled in a vessel,
fractured into small pieces (about 6 g each), and dried in the air.
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Description Cervi Cornus Colla is squared in slice, 3 ~ 4 cm long, and 4 ~ 6 mm thick. The outer surface is
yellowish ~ brown, glossy, and translucent. The texture is soft, easily breakable, glossy on the broken surface,
expandable of volume in water, and meltable by heat.
It smells like gelatin and tastes slightly sweet.
Loss on drying Not more than 16.0 %.
Ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 0.5 %
Grade Good Cervi Cornus Colla of good grade is even on the slice surface, slippery, and translucent. It
should not have any rotten smell.
CERVI PARVUM CORNU
녹용
Cervi Parvum Cornu is the dried young tomentose antler, not ossified or slightly ossified, harvested from Cervus
nippon Temminck, Cervus elaphus Linné and Cervus canadensis Erxleben (Cervidae).
Description Antlers from C. Nippon It consists of the beam and the branched beams. The main beam is 17
~ 40 cm long, longer than 12 cm of the circumference. The length from the main beam to the first branched
beam is 5 ~ 10 cm; the length from the end of the main beam to the first branched beam, shorter than 15 cm. The
shape of the ends of the main beam and branched beams is round. The outer surface is yellowish brown ~ brown
on base covered by soft tomentum with the reddish yellow ~ brownish yellow color. The cut surface is more
distinctive sponge-like structure in the upper side. An antler comprises one main beam with 1 ~2 branched
beams.
Antlers from C. elaphus and C. canadensis It consists of the beam and the branched beams. The main beam
is 25 ~ 70 cm long, longer than 12 cm of the circumference. The length from the main beam to the first branched
beam is 10 ~ 25 cm; the length from the end of the main beam to the first branched beam, shorter than 25 cm.
The shape of the ends of the main beam and branched beams is round. The outer surface is yellowish brown ~
brown on base covered by soft tomentum with the reddish yellow, grayish black, or brownish yellow color. The
cut surface is more distinctive sponge-like structure in the upper side. An antler comprises 1 ~ 4 branched beams.
Identification Take 0.1 g of the pulverized Cervi Parvum Cornu, add 4 mL of water, heat in a water bath for
15 minutes, cool down, and filter off. The filtrate as a test sample is subjected the following analyses as follows:
1) Take 1 mL of the filtrate, add 3 drops of ninhydrin TS, mix, and heat for 5 minutes; the dark blue color
reveals.
2) To 1 mL of the filtrate, add 2 drops of sodium hydroxide TS (10 %), mix, and add several drops of cupric
sulfate TS (0.5 %); the dark blue color reveals.
Loss on drying Not more than 14.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 35.0 % (5 cm from the cut).
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CHAENOMELIS FRUCTUS
목과, 목과실
Chaenomelis Fructus is the mature fruit of Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne (Rosaceae).
Description Chaenomelis Fructus is a half shape of oblong dissected, 4 ~ 8 cm long, and 35 ~ 55 mm
wide. The outer surface is reddish brown ~ reddish purple and slightly shiny. The inner side is reddish brown,
flat, or sunken. The seed is mostly separated, fallen off, compressed long-triangular, and white with a single
germ inside.
It smells sourish, and tastes astringent and sour.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Chaenomelis Fructus, add 10 mL of water, mix, and filter off. To
the filtrate, add 3 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid and 20 mL of ether, mix, and evaporate ether. To the residue,
dissolve in 2 mL of water, add 2 ~ 3 drops of lead acetate; the white precipitate forms.
Loss on drying Not more than 14.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 32.0 %.
Grade Good Chaenomelis Fructus of good grade is large, regular, relatively small in the central part, reddish
purple, and sour.
CHALCOCITUM
청몽석, 녹니석, Chlorite · Muscovite Schist
Chalcocitum is the chlorite, derived from the decomposition of biotite, and its ore.
Description Chalcocitum is irregular in size and shape, and lumpy. The external surface is grayish green ~
blackish green, pearl-like glittering, rough, observed with scattered silvery white star-like dots, heavy, easily
breakable, and forming slate-like slices with overlapping layers.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Identification Chalcocitum is easily soluble in sulfuric acid. When the drug in a sealed tube is heated, water
is produced.
Grade Good Chalcocitum of good grade is blue with star-like dots.
CHELIDONII HERBA
백굴채
Chelidonii Herba is the aerial part of Chelidonium majus Linné (Papaveraceae).
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Description Chelidonii Herba is empty in the stem. The external surface is yellowish green with powdery
coating. The leaf is shrunken or broken. The upper side of a leaf is yellowish green and the lower side, grayish
green, and covered with white pubescent.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly bitter.
Identification 1) Take 10 g of the pulverized Chelidonii Herba, add 50 mL of chloroform, reflux in a water
bath for 20 minutes, and filter off. Evaporate the filtrate; the dried residue is dissolved in 10 mL of 1 % sulfuric
acid. Mix 1 mL of the solution with the Dragendorff’s reagent; the golden brown precipitation forms.
2) Drop one drop of the filtrate of 1) on the filter paper; the fluorescence is shown under an ultraviolet lamp.
Grade Good Chelidonii Herba of good grade is of the yellowish green leaves and stems.
CHRYSANTHEMI FLOS
감국, 국화
Chrysanthemi Flos is the dried capitulum of Chrysanthemum indicum Linné or Chrysanthemum
morifolium Ramatuelle (Compositae).
Description Chrysanthemi Flos is spherical, inflorescent, ligulate, whitish ~ pale brownish yellow, and 0.3 ~
3 cm long. The involucre is composed of 3 ~ 4 layers of bracts. The inner bract is oval-shaped. The outer bract is
greenish-brown ~ brown, and needle-shaped. The dried flesh is light and brittle.
It smells aromatic, and tastes slightly sweet and bitter.
Identification Take 1 g of the pulverized Chrysanthemi Flos, add 10 ml of ethanol, heat in a water bath, and
filter off. To the filtrate, add 300 mg of the magnesium powder and few drops of hydrochloric acid VS; the
reddish violet color is produced.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 3 % of stalks and leaves should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 10.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Extract content Ether-soluble extract: more than 5.0 %.
Grade Good Chrysanthemi Flos of good grade is ligulate and dried. It should have strong aroma and less
bitter taste.
CHRYSANTHEMI ZAWADSKII HERBA
구절초
Chrysanthemi Zawadskii Herba is the whole plant of Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herbich var. latilobum
(Maxim.) Kitamura (Compositae), and other species of the same genus.
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Description The stem of Chrysanthemi Zawadskii Herba is round and 20 ~ 40 cm long. The leaf is ovate,
grayish green ~ grayish brown, attached alternatively, 3 ~ 4 cm long, 2 ~ 3 cm wide, and deeply split. The leaf
stalk is 1 ~ 2 cm long. The capitulum is 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter with white ray flowers and yellow disk flowers.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly bitter.
Identification 1) Take 10 g of the pulverized Chrysanthemi Zawadskii Herba, add 10 mL of water, boil and
filter off. Add 1 ~ 2 drops of ferric chloride TS to the filtrate; the dark blue color is produced.
2) Take 2.0 g of the pulverized Chrysanthemi Zawadskii Herba, add 10 mL of ethanol, boil in a water bath for
10 minutes, and filter off. Add 0.1 g of the magnesium powder and 1 ~ 2 drops of hydrochloric acid VS to the
filtrate; the pale pink color is produced.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 5.0 % of other species, belonging to the family of Compositae, and
others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 6.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
12.0 %.
Grade Good Chrysanthemi Zawadskii Herba of good grade is yellowish green. It should have plenty of
leaves and fewer stems.
CIBOTII RHIZOMA
구척, 금모구척
Cibotii Rhizoma is the rhizome of Cibotium barometz J. Smith (Dicksoniaceae).
Description Cibotii Rhizoma is irregular, 10 ~ 20 cm long, and 2 ~ 4 cm in diameter. The outer surface is
dark brown with many golden hairs where several reddish brown petioles are located on the upper part, and
black hairs of thin roots, on the lower part. The flesh is hard and difficult to snap off.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter.
Loss on drying Not more than 11.0 %.
Ash Not more than 2.5 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 19.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
22.0 %.
Grade Good Cibotii Rhizoma of good grade is large, and covered with golden hairs.
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CICADIDAE PERIOSTRACUM
선퇴, 선세
Cicadidae Periostracum is the slough of Cryptotympana pustulata Fabricius (Cicadidae), and other species of the
same family.
Description Cicadidae Periostracum is slightly elliptic like the shape of cicada, about 3.5 cm long, and 2 cm
in diameter. The external surface is yellowish white ~ yellowish brown, translucent, and shiny. The head is of a
pair of filiform antennae and the protruded compound eyes. The front jaw is protruded. The mouth is hookshaped. The upper labrum is short. The lower labrum is long. The dorsal surface is split like crisscross, and
curled inward. The thorax is left with scars of two pairs of wings on both sides, attached with 3 pairs of legs. The
tail is pointed.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Loss on drying Not more than 7.0 %.
Ash Not more than 33.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 30.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 1.5 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 1.6 %.
Grade Good Cicadidae Periostracum of good grade is intact in form, and grayish brown.
CINCHONAE CORTEX
키나, Cinchona Bark
Cinchonae Cortex is the stem bark of Cinchona succirubra Pavon et Klotzsch (Rubiaceae).
The dried drug contains more than 4.0 % of total alkaloids [309.41 as the average molecular weight of quinine
(C20H24N2O2) and cinchonine (C19H22N2O)].
Description Cinchonae Cortex is tubular ~ half-tubular, and 2 ~ 9 mm thick. The outer surface is dark brown,
covered with periderm scales, exhibited transverse wrinkles or transverse cracked grooves, and attached with
white ~ gray bryophytes. The inner surface is yellowish red ~ grayish brown with longitudinal wrinkles. The cut
surface is particulate on the outer side, and fibrous on the inner side.
It smells slightly aromatic, and tastes bitter and astringent.
Identification When 0.5 g of the drug in a test tube is horizontally balanced and heated slowly, the purple ~
red color vapor is evolved, and the vapor is condensed to the reddish drops on the upper part of the test tube. The
red substance is soluble in dilute ethanol.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Assay Dry the pulverized Cinchonae Cortex at 60 °C for 6 hours. Take 0.3 g of the dried powder, add 2 mL of
hydrochloric acid and 10 mL of water, heat in a water bath for 10 minutes, and then cool off. To this solution,
add 30 mL of chloroform and 90 mL of ether, and mix in a sealed vessel. Add 30 mL of the sodium hydroxide
solution, mix with heavy shaking, and leave for 10 minutes on standing. Add 5.0 g of the tragacanth powder, mix
with heavy shaking, and leave for 5 minutes on standing. Collect the clearly separated layer of 80 mL of
chloroform-ether, and evaporate chloroform and ether to dryness. Dissolve the dried residue in 10 mL of ethanol
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in a water bath, and add 10 mL of water. Titrate with 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid VS (indicator:methyl red
reagent, 3 drops).
0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid VS 1 mL = 30.941 mg total alkaloids of cinchona bark
CINNABARIS
주사, 진사, Cinnabar
Cinnabaris is the vermillion mineral, hexagonal (mostly twinned), containing more than 96.0 % of mercury
sulfide (HgS : 232.65).
Description Cinnabaris is irregular in size, lumpy or plate-like granular or powdery, scarlet red ~ dark red,
glossy. The texture is hard and brittle.
Hardness: 2.5 ~ 3.5, Specific gravity: 8.0 ~ 8.2
It is odourless and tasteless.
Identification 1) Moisturize 0.1 g of the pulverized Cinnabaris with 2 mL of hydrochloric acid, and rub on
the clean surface of the copper plate. The surface reveals the silvery white gloss, which disappears instantly on
heating.
2) The powder on a platinum plate is heated with fire; sulfur dioxide gas is evolved with blue flame.
3) When the powder is dissolved in the aqua regina, reactions on mercury salts and sulfur are revealed.
Assay Take 0.4 g of the powder in a Kjeldahl flask, add 100 mL of sulfuric acid and 10 mL of nitric acid, heat
until no brown gas is evolved, and cool down. Add 50 mL of water and potassium permanganate TS, until the
red color is revealed. Then add the oxalic acid solution drop-wise, heat, and decolorize. After cooled down, add
3 mL of nitric acid, and titrate with the ammonium thiocyanate solution (indicator: ammonium ferric sulfate).
0.1 mol/L ammonium thiocyanate VS 1 mL = 11.63 mg HgS
Grade Good Cinnabaris of good grade is a large rectangular piece cut from the original ore, of no regular
thickness, dark red on the cut-section streaks, and glossy on the external surface.
CINNAMOMI CORTEX SPISSUS
육계, 모계
Cinnamomi Cortex Spissus is the stem bark of Cinnamomum cassia Blume (Lauraceae).
Description Cinnamomi Cortex Spissus is plate ~ tube-shaped, curled into the trough, 30 ~ 50 cm long, 5 ~
12 cm wide, and 4 ~ 9 mm thick. The outer surface is coarse, grayish brown with fine longitudinal wrinkles and
bulged lenticels, and possessing the scattered grayish white speckles. The inner surface is red ~ brown. The
snapped surface is granular, and observed with the ring layer of white stone cells. Under a microscope on the
cross-section, the red parenchyma layer, white stone cells, and the ringed layer of stone cells are observed. The
texture is hard.
It smells characteristic, and tastes hot and sweet.
Identification Take 2.0 g of the pulverized Cinnamomi Cortex Spissus, add 10 mL of ether, mix with
shaking for 3 minutes, and filter off. The filtrate is used as the test solution. This test solution is applied to the
thin layer chromatography. Spot drops of the test solution (10 µL) on a silica gel plate (added fluorescent
dye). Elute up to 10 cm high with the elution solution, and dry the plate. The purple spot with Rf value of 0.4 is
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revealed under an ultraviolet lamp (wave length, 254 nm). Spray 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine on the sport; the
yellowish brown color is produced.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 3.0 % of others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Oil content More than 0.5 mL (50 g).
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 13.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
15.0 %.
Grade Good Cinnamomi Cortex Spissus of good grade is thick, heavy, and oily with strong aroma and less
residue when chewed.
CINNAMOMI RAMULUS
계지, 유계
Cinnamomi Ramulus is the dried young branches of Cinnamomum cassia Blume (Lauraceae), and other species
of the same genus.
Description Cinnamomi Ramulus is long and cylindrical, 30 ~ 75 cm long, and 3 ~ 7 mm in diameter of the
large end. The outer surface is brown ~ reddish brown sometimes with angular portions, and spotted with slim
wrinkles and many attachment signs of the leaf and branch scars, and buds. The flesh is hard and brittle. The
snapped surface is reddish brown. The xylem is yellowish white ~ pale yellowish brown; the pith, rectangular.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly hot and richer at the surface.
Identification Take 2.0 g of the pulverized Cinnamomi Ramulus, add 10 mL of ether, mix well, and filter
off. The filtrate is applied by the thin layer chromatography. Spot 10 µL of the filtrate on the silica gel plate
containing the fluorescence, develop with a mixture of the hexane-ethyl acetate solution (2:1) as mobile phases
up to 10 cm of each, and dry the plate in the air. A violet spot (Rf 0.4) can be observable under the ultra-violet
lamp (254 nm). The spot produces the yellowish brown color, when sprayed with the 2,4-dinitrophenyl
hydrazine.
Purity Leaf and petiole No more than 3.0 % of leaves and petioles should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 11.0 %.
Ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Oil content More than 0.3 mL (50 g).
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 5.0 %.
Grade Good Cinnamomi Ramulus of good grade is shorter than 5 mm in diameter with strong aroma.
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CIRSII HERBA
대계
Cirsii Herba is the whole plant of Cirsium japonicum De Candole (Compositae), and other species of the same
genus.
Description The stem of Cirsii Herba is cylindrical, 50 ~ 100 cm long, and 5 ~ 10 mm in diameter. The root
head is covered with grayish white tomentum. The outer surface is reddish brown ~ brown with longitudinal
wrinkles. The cut surface is noted with the grayish white pith. The leaf is mostly fallen. The remaining leaves are
greenish brown ~ blackish brown, and crumpled with irregular spines on the edge of the lamina. The capitulum
is left on the tip of a flower stalk, shrunken of most florets, reddish purple, and attached with white feathery
pappi.
Grade Good Cirsii Herba of good grade is grayish green with the root head and without the root hairs.
CISTANCHIS HERBA
육종용, 육송용
Cistanchis Herba is the fleshy stem of Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma (Orobanchaceae), and other species of the
same genus.
Description Cistanchis Herba is cylindrical, slightly thicker at the bottom, slightly curved, 3 ~ 15 cm long,
and 3 ~ 6 cm in diameter. The outer surface is yellowish brown ~ dark brown, mostly cut longitudinally, and
covered with imbricate fleshy scales. The texture is slightly soft and difficult to snap off. The cut surface is pale
brown with the arrangement of dotted vascular bundles.
It smells characteristic, and tastes sweet initially and bitter later.
Loss on drying Not more than 9.0 %.
Ash Not more than 10.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 34.0 %.
Grade Good Cistanchis Herba of good grade is substantial, fleshy, soft, and brown.
CITRI UNSHIU SEMEN
귤핵, 귤자인, 귤인
Citri Unshiu Semen is the seed of Citrus unshiu Markovich (Rutaceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Citri Unshiu Semen is slightly ovate, 8 ~ 12 mm long, and 4 ~ 6 mm in diameter. The outer
surface is glossy, pale yellowish white ~ pale grayish white with a ridgeline on one side, and round on one end
and acuminated to the other end. The testa exocarp is thin, tenacious, and pale yellow. The endocarp is thin, and
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yellowish green with two cotyledons.
It smells odourless, and tastes oily and bitter.
Grade Good Citri Unshiu Semen of good grade is regular, substantial, and yellowish white.
CITRII UNSHIU IMMATURI PERICARPIUM
청피, 황귤피, 청감피
Citrii Unshiu Immaturi Pericarpium is the immature pericarp of Citrus unshiu Markovich (Rutaceae), and other
species of the same genus.
Description Citrii Unshiu Immaturi Pericarpium is spherical, and 5 ~ 20 mm in diameter. The outer surface
is grayish green ~ bluish green, loose, and shrunken. A pointed scar of the pedicel is observed at the upper part,
and a scar of the fruit stalk, at the bottom. The cross-section is yellowish white ~ pale yellowish brown, and 15 ~
40 mm thick with 1 ~ 2 layers of secretory parenchyma cells.
It smells aromatic with freshness, and tastes slightly hot and bitter.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Oil content More than 0.2 mL (50 g).
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 18.0 %.
Grade Good Citrii Unshiu Immaturi Pericarpium of good grade is bluish red and thick with strong aroma.
CLADONIAE HERBA
석예초, 석예, 석화
Cladoniae Herba is the whole plant of Cladonia angiferina Webb (Cladoniaceae), and other species of the same
genus.
Description Cladoniae Herba is empty inside, 3 ~ 10 cm high, and peculiar with always one bent split tip of
the ovary. The outer surface is coarse and grayish white with small pores. The ovary is semi-spherical, dark
brown ~ blackish brown, and attached at the end of the branch. Eight spores are in the sporangia. The texture is
hard, difficult to snap off, and soft with moisture.
It is odourless, and tastes bitter.
Identification Add drops of sodium hydroxide TS to the drug; the yellow color on the outer surface is
revealed. When added with 2 % benzidine ethanol solution, the reddish brown color is produced.
Grade Good Cladoniae Herba of good grade is large with many branches. It should not contain any broken
ones.
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CLEMATIDIS RADIX
위령선, 철선연
Clematidis Radix is the root of Clematis mandshurica Maximowicz (Ranunculaceae), and other species of the
same genus.
Description Numerous roots of Clematidis Radix are attached to a transversely growing root tuber that is
often lignified. Many long rootlets are also found. The root tuber is 1 ~ 4 cm long and 2 ~ 3 cm in diameter. The
outer surface is yellowish brown and fibrous. The root is 6 ~ 8 cm long and 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter. The outer
surface is brown ~ blackish brown with longitudinal wrinkles, and easy to snap off. The phloem is falling off
easily from the xylem.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter.
Identification 1) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Clematidis Radix, add 10 mL of water, mix with shaking, and
filter off. To 2 mL of the filtrate, add 1 ~ 2 drops of the ferric chloride solution; the purple color is produced.
2) Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Clematidis Radix, add 10 mL of ethanol, boil for 2 minutes carefully, and filter
off. To 5 mL of the filtrate, add a small amount of magnesium and 2 ~ 3 drops of hydrochloric acid; the red color
is revealed.
3) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Clematidis Radix, add 10 mL of water, boil for 2 ~ 3 minutes, cool down, and
shake; the small droplets of foam lasts long.
4) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Clematidis Radix, add 3 mL of anhydrous acetic acid, heat in a water bath for 2
minutes, and filter off; the brown color is revealed on the boundary at adding 1 mL of sulfuric acid.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 3.0 % of tubers, plant roots, and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.5 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 18.0 %.
Grade Good Clematidis Radix of good grade is of large root tubers, of long roots, hard, and substantial.
CNIDI FRUCTUS
사상자, 사미
Cnidi Fructus is the fruit of Cnidium monieri (L.) Cuss, or Torilis japonica Decandolle (Umbelliferae).
Description Cnidi Fructus is elliptic ~ spherical, schizocarpium. The schizocarp is flat, 2 ~ 4 mm long, and 1
mm in diameter. The outer surface of the schizocarp is grayish yellow ~ grayish brown that is attached with a
bulge on the end, and with a thin fruit stalk, on the lower part. The dorsal surface is of 3 suture lines along. The
sutured plane is flat with two brownish suture lines.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly hot and stimulus to the tongue.
Purity No more than 2.0 % of the fruit stalks, the fruits of related species, and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
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Ash Not more than 17.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Oil content More than 0.5 mL (50 g).
Extract content Ether extract: more than 12.0 %.
Grade Good Cnidi Fructus of good grade is regular, large, and producing hot odour when rubbing with finger.
COCCULI RADIX
목방기
Cocculi Radix is the root of Cocculus trilobus De Candolle (Menispermaceae).
Description Cocculi Radix is cylindrical, 5 ~ 15 cm long, and 7 ~ 20 mm in diameter. The outer surface is
blackish brown with deep grooves of longitudinal wrinkles, and laterally long scars of lenticels and root branches.
The cut surface is pale yellow and unbreakable of the tenacious xylem.
It smells slight odour and tastes bitter.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Cocculi Radix, add 10 mL of dilute acetic acid, heat in a water
bath for 5 minutes, and filter off. To the filtrate, add 1 ~ 2 drops of the Meyer's reagent; the yellowish white
precipitate forms.
Purity No more than 5.0 % of stems should be obtained.
Grade Good Cocculi Radix of good grade is pale yellow on the cut surface with the distinct yellowish xylem.
CODONOPSIS PILOSULAE RADIX
당삼, 만삼
Codonopsis Pilosulae Radix is the root of Codonopsis pilosula Nannfeldt (Campanulaceae).
Description Codonopsis Pilosulae Radix is cylindrical ~ long fusiform, some with root branches, 10 ~ 35 cm
long, and 4 ~ 20 mm in diameter. The outer surface is yellowish ~ grayish brown, left with scars by stalks and
shoots on the head of the root, and irregular with lateral wrinkles below the root head gradually sparse toward
the lower part of the root. The texture is hard and flat with radial rings on the snapped surface. The cortex is pale
yellow ~ pale brown. The xylem is pale yellow.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly sweet.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Codonopsis Pilosulae Radix, add 10 mL of water, boil, cool, and
place to a test tube. By shaking the tube, a minute and last-long foam appears.
Loss on drying Not more than 13.0 %.
Ash Not more than 6.0 %.
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Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Oil content More than 0.2 mL (50 g).
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 35.0 %.
Grade Good Codonopsis Pilosulae Radix of good grade is larger than 15 cm long and 10 mm in diameter,
and yellowish brown.
CORDYCEPS
동충하초, 하초동충
Cordyceps is the stroma of fungus, Cordyceps sinensis Sacc (Hypocreaceae), as of a composite parasite in the
larva of some moths of Hepialidae or the dead larva.
Description The body of a larva is joined with the stroma of fungus, grown in the head of the larva. The
larva resembles a silk worm that is 3 ~ 5 cm long and 3 ~ 8 mm in diameter. The external is deep yellow ~
yellowish brown with 20 ~ 30 annulations. The transverse surface is flat and yellowish white. Annulation in the
part of head is narrow and thin. The head is reddish brown. The leg is of 8 pairs of legs with distinct 4 pairs on
the middle of body. The texture is brittle and easily breakable. The stromata is slim, cylindrical, 4 ~ 7 cm long, 3
mm in diameter, deep brown ~ blackish brown on the external of a stroma with fine longitudinal wrinkles, and
slightly swollen on the upper side. The texture is leathery; the cut surface is milky white.
It smells fleshy and tastes slightly bitter.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Grade Good Cordyceps of good grade is thick, regular, and yellowish white on the cut surface. It should have
short and small stromata.
CORIANDRI FRUCTUS
호유자, 향채
Coriandri Fructus is the fruit of Coriandrum sativum Linné (Umbelliferae).
Description Coriandri Fructus is spherical, consisting of two schizocarps, 3 ~ 5 mm in diameter, pale
yellowish brown ~ yellowish brown, marked with the scar of a stigma at the apex, and frequently split into two
parts with remained five sepals nearby. The outer surface is relatively coarse, and arranged crisscross with 10
corrugated ridge-lines and 12 longitudinal ones. The base is bluntly round, and remained with scars of pedicels
and fruit stalks. The texture is slightly hard.
It smells pleasant and characteristic on rubbing, and tastes slightly stimulus and some hot.
Grade Good Coriandri Fructus of good grade is round, substantial, and clean.
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CRASSIRHIZOMAE RHIZOMA
관중, 면마
Crassirhizomae Rhizoma is the rhizome and the leaf stalk of Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai (Aspidiaceae). The
drug contains more than 1.5 % of crude filicin.
Description Crassirhizomae Rhizoma is bow-like bent conical, slender gradually toward one side, 7 ~ 10 cm
long, 3 ~ 6 cm in diameter, and densely covered with root branches. The root branch is formed with a thin apex
tip, 2 ~ 4 cm long, and 5 ~ 12 mm in diameter with 6 ~ 10 vascular bundle sheaths. The outer surface is dark
brown and attached with scaly Leaf. The cut surface is polygonal. The pith is surrounded with 8 ~ 12 vascular
bundle sheaths. The basic structure of the rhizome has spongy porosities, and is green when fresh. The cut
surface is thin with the epidermal cell wall both in the rhizome and the root branch. The multi-layers of inner
epidermis is brown, thick, and fibrous under a microscope. The basic tissue structure consists of round-shaped
parenchyma cells, starch particles, and relatively distant middle lamella. Inner parenchyma cells have hair-like
organ cells with oily excreta. Each parenchyma sheath is surrounded with an internal membrane in a radial circle
form. The xylem has many vascular channels. The starch particles are round, ovate and oblong with the diameter
of 2 ~ 25 µm.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly sweet and bitter at first, and then astringent and hot.
Identification Dissolve 100 mg of the residue, obtained from the quantitative assay, into 5 mL of the pdimethylamino aldehyde reagent; the dark reddish brown color is produced, occurring the reddish brown
precipitation on long standing.
Purity Aged and improper drugs Crassirhizomae Rhizoma should be green on the cut surface without
peeling off the skin.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Assay Extract 40.0 g of the crude powder with 01.16 L of ether in cold for 72 hours, filter the total solution,
and repeat to extract the residue with 0.12 L of ether once. After the extraction, obtain residual ingredients by
compressing the wet, pool all extract solutions together, and filter off. Evaporate ether from the filtrate to make
the condensed extract under 50 °C. The condensed extract is subjected to fractionation with ether (40 mL) and
the Valium hydroxide reagent (70 mL) by shaking for 5 minutes and standing for 10 minutes. The water layer is
collected. Repeat the same fractionation with the Valium hydroxide reagent (25 mL) to obtain residual
substances, and filtration is proceeded. The filtrate, acidified with hydrochloride acid, is extracted with ether in
order of 30 mL, 20 mL, and 15 mL. The total extract is filtered off with a filter paper, and the filter paper is
rinsed with a small amount of ether. The total filtrate is subjected to evaporation to remove ether. The evaporated
residue is dried at 100 °C, and then weighed the content of crude filicin.
Storage In a sealed vessel without light exposure.
Grade Good Crassirhizomae Rhizoma of good grade is regular in size, not peeled of the outer skin, and green
on the cut surface of the root branch.
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CREMASTRAE TUBER
산자고, 모자고
Cremastrae Tuber is the tuber of Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino (Orchidaceae).
Description Cremastrae Tuber is complete ~ some compressed spherical, and 1 ~ 2 mm in diameter. The
outer surface is grayish brown ~ brown, possessing a round tip at the upper end, surrounded with protruding
wrinkles in the middle, and dent with hollows at the bottom to where the root hairs attached. The texture is hard.
The cross-section is white ~ yellowish white and farinaceous.
It is odourless, tasteless, and mucous.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Cremastrae Tuber of good grade is thick, hard, and substantial.
CUBEBAE FRUCTUS
필징가, 징가, Cubeba
Cubebae Fructus is the immature fruit of Piper cubeba Linné (Piperaceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Cubebae Fructus is spherical and 5 ~ 8 mm in diameter. The outer surface is blackish brown ~
black with coarse netted mesh-like wrinkles. The fruit head at the upper part is split into 4 parts. The lower part
is attached with a fruit stalk of 3 ~ 7 mm long.
It smells characteristic and tastes hot.
Identification At a drop of 80 % sulfuric acid on the powder, the red color is revealed.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 1.0 % of fruit stalks and others should be obtained.
Oil content More than 1.5 mL (50 g).
Grade Good Cubebae Fructus of good grade is regular, even, and blackish brown with strong aroma and taste.
CURCULIGINIS RHIZOMA
선모, 파라문삼
Curculiginis Rhizoma is the rhizome of Curculigo orchioides Gaertner (Amarylidaceae).
Description Curculiginis Rhizoma is cylindrical, slightly curved, 3 ~ 10 cm long, and 0.4 ~ 0.8 mm in
diameter. The outer surface is blackish brown ~ reddish brown, coarse, and left with scars of root hairs and
longitudinal transverse wrinkles. The snapped surface is uneven, pale brown ~ reddish brown, and dark in the
stele. The texture is hard and easy to snap off.
It smells slightly characteristic, and tastes bitter and slightly hot.
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Identification 1) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Curculiginis Rhizoma, add 5 mL of ether, mix with shaking
for 10 minutes, and filter off. Evaporate the filtrate, and dissolve the dried residue in 3 mL of ethanol, and add
one drop of ferric chloride; the purple color is revealed.
2) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Curculiginis Rhizoma, add 10 mL of water, mix with shaking in a warm water
bath for 5 minutes, and filter off. To the filtrate, add 2 ~ 3 drops of the gelatin reagent solution; the white
precipitation forms.
Purity No more than 1.0 % of root hairs and leaf stalks should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 7.0 %.
Grade Good Curculiginis Rhizoma of good grade is thick, long, hard, and easily snapped.
CURCUMAE LONGAE RHIZOMA
강황, 조강황
Curcumae Longae Rhizome is the rhizome of Curcuma longa Linné (Zingiberaceae).
Description Curcumae Longae Rhizome is irregular, ovate ~ cylindrical or fusiform, mostly bent with some
branched rhizomes, 2 ~ 3 cm long in length, and 1 ~ 3 cm in diameter. The exterior surface is rough and deep
brown with wrinkled striations, various marks of leaf stalks, tumorous branch roots and root hairs. The cut
surface is hard, heavy, and brownish yellow ~ golden yellow. The exocarp has distinct annual skin layers, and
the vascular bundles, appearing as specks.
It smells characteristic, and tastes bitter and hot.
Identification 1) Take each drop of sulfuric acid VS and ethanol to 0.5 g of the powder placed on glass
slide; the violet-red color is produced.
2) Take a small amount of the powder on a filter paper, add each drop of sulfuric acid VS and ethanol, and
leave until full-dryness. As the powder is removed, the filter paper appears yellow in color. Add one drop of
warm saturated boric acid to the stained filter paper; the orange color appears. The brown color is produced by
adding one drop of ammonia TS, and it turns orange in color again on long standing.
Ash Not more than 7.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Grade Good Curcumae Longae Rhizome of good grade is hard, heavy, and orange on the cut surface. It
should have strong aroma.
CUSCUTAE SEMEN
토사자, 금사초
Cuscutae Semen is the seed of Cuscuta chinensis Lamark (Convolvulaceae), and other species of the same genus.
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Description Cuscutae Semen is spherical ~ disc-shaped, granular, and 1 ~ 3 mm in diameter. 100 seeds
weigh about 100 mg. The outer surface is yellowish green ~ blackish brown, and pointed on one end with a
small groove. The texture is hard.
It is odourless, and tastes mild and oily.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of other plant seeds should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 10.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Cuscutae Semen of good grade is hard, longer than 2 mm in diameter, and almost yellow on the
outer surface.
CYMBOPOGONIS HERBA
운향초, 제갈초, 향모근골초
Cymbopogonis Herba is the whole plant of Cymbopogon distans A. Camus (Gramineae).
Description The stem of Cymbopogonis Herba is slim, and 40 ~ 110 cm long. The outer surface is grayish
green ~ yellowish brown, covered with sparse hairs, thick of nodes, soft, and easily snapped. The leaf sheath is
very short, mostly torn surrounding the stem base. The ligule is bluntly rounded and spherical, membranous, and
split at the edge. The lamina is linear, and 30 ~ 70 cm long with almost no hairs on the upper and the lower side.
It smells characteristic, stifling the breath by long inhalation, and tastes hot with paralyzing feeling when
chewed.
Grade Good Cymbopogonis Herba of good grade is intact, green, and strongly aromatic. It should not contain
any roots and other foreign matters.
CYNANCHI PANICULATI RADIX
서장경, 천죽
Cynanchi Paniculati Radix is the root and rootstock of Cynanchum paniculatum Kitagawa (Asclepiadaceae).
Description Cynanchi Paniculati Radix is expanded horizontally with densely grown thin roots, 5 ~ 35 mm
long, and about 1 mm in diameter. The outer surface of rhizome is yellowish brown. The texture is easy to snap
off, and farinaceous on the cut surface.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly hot and bitter.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Cynanchi Paniculati Radix, add ethanol, and filter off. To the
filtrate, add several drops of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (the Brady reagent); the golden yellow precipitation
(paeonol) is produced.
Grade Good Cynanchi Paniculati Radix of good grade is large and regular. It should have long roots and
strong aroma.
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CYNANCHI RADIX
백미, 망초
Cynanchi Radix is the root of Cynanchum atratum Bunge (Asclepiadaceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Cynanchi Radix is pale yellowish brown, attached with long and slender roots on the short and
small rhizome like the shape of the horse tail, 10 ~ 25 cm long, 1 ~ 2 mm in diameter, and brittle. The snapped
surface is yellowish white, and distinct in structures of the xylem and the phloem.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly hot.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 9.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 20.0 %.
Grade Good Cynanchi Radix of good grade is thick, hard, yellowish brown, and white on the snapped surface.
CYNANCHI STAUNTONII RHIZOMA
백전, 석람, 수약
Cynanchi Stauntonii Rhizoma is the rhizome and root of Cynanchum stauntoni (Decne) Schltr. ex Levl.
(Asclepiadaceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Cynanchi Stauntonii Rhizoma is cylindrical, thin and long, branched, slightly curved, 4 ~ 15 cm
long, and 1 ~ 4 mm in diameter. The outer surface is yellowish white ~ yellowish brown with distinct nodes, and
left with scars of a stem in the upper part. The node is separated by 15 ~ 45 mm apart among nodes. The texture
is soft and empty inside.
It is almost odourless, and tastes slightly sweet.
Identification Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Clynanchi Stauntonii Rhizoma, add 10 mL of methanol, heat for
1 hour and filter off. Evaporate the filtrate; the dried residue is dissolved in 1 mL of anhydrous acetic acid. To
this solution, add 1 drop of sulfuric acid. Initially the reddish purple color is produced; later, green (steroids).
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Cynanchi Stauntonii Rhizoma of good grade is large, farinaceous, and white on the cut surface.
CYNANCHI WILFORDII RADIX
백수오
Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix is the root of Cynanchum wilfordii Hemsley (Asclepiadaceae).
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Description Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix is conical, 5 ~ 10 cm long, and 15 ~ 35 mm in diameter. The outer
surface is grayish yellow ~ yellowish brown with many longitudinal wrinkles. The texture is hard. The
transverse surface is white, scattered with stone cells of 3 ~ 5 layers under the cork layer, and arranged like stairshapes in vessels and the tracheid. All oil cells have starch particles; some, bundles of calcium oxalate.
It is odourless, and tastes bitter, sweet, and astringent.
Purity Take the powder, add potassium hydroxide solution; the yellow color is produced.
Loss on drying Not more than 17.0 %.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 24.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
26.0 %.
Grade Good Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix of good grade is longer than 5 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, much
starchy, yellowish brown on the outer surface, and white on the transverse surface.
CYNOMORII HERBA
쇄양, Cynomorium Herb
Cynomorii Herba is the whole plant without pedicels of Cynomorium songaricum Ruprecht (Cynomoriaceae).
Description Cynomorii Herba is cylindrical ~ conical, 5 ~ 20 cm long, 2 ~ 5 cm in diameter, and tapering
toward to the lower part. The outer surface is reddish brown ~ deep brown, marked with irregular wrinkles, and
attached with small scales. The texture is hard and difficult to snap off. The snapped surface is reddish brown,
faded in color at the stele, soft, and farinaceous.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly bitter and astringent.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 5.0 % of the pedicels and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 25.0 %.
Grade Good Cynomorii Herba of good grade is large and deep reddish brown.
DALBERGIAE ODORIFERAE LIGNUM
강진향, 강향
Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum is the dried heart-wood part of the root of Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen
(Leguminosae) without the sapwood part.
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Description Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum is irregular slat-shaped or broken of chips. The external surface
is purplish red with longitudinally striations. The cut surface is oily and fibrous.
It smells aromatic and tastes slightly bitter.
Identification 1) Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum, add 10 ml of petroleum ether,
extract for 15 minutes with intermittent shaking and filter off. Evaporate the petroleum ether from the filtrate,
and add 1 ~ 2 drops of 5 % vanillin-sulfuric acid VS. The brownish red color is produced immediately, gradually
becoming purple-red on standing.
2) Take 3.0 g of the pulverized Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum, add 50 ml of water, heat for 20 minutes and
filter off. To the filtrate, add the residue derived from evaporating the ethyl acetate layer, dissolve in 10 ml of
ethanol, and then filter off. To 1 ml of the filtrate, add a small amount of the magnesium powder and 2 ~ 3 drops
of hydrochloric acid VS, and heat. The purplish red color is produced.
Grade Good Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum of good grade is hard and purplish red. It should not contain any
sapwoods or cortices, and should be precipitated in water without floating.
DATURAE FOLIUM
다투라, Datura Leaf
Daturae Folium is the leaf in inflorescence of Datura stramonium Linné, and Datura metel Nees (Solanaceae),
and other species of the same genus. The dried leaf contains more than 0.25 % of total alkaloids (hyoscyamine,
C17H23NO3, 289.38; and scopolamine, C17H21NO4, 303.35).
Description Daturae Folium is oblong, 10 ~ 25 cm long, 5 ~ 15 cm wide, cuspidal at apex, and wedgeformed at base with large serration on edge. The upper surface is dark yellowish green ~ grayish and yellowish
green with hairs; the lower surface, without hairs; the leave veins, with hairs. The petiole is 5 ~ 10 cm, rounded
on the cut surface, and noted with small oblong notch-formed at the upper part. Under a microscope, the thicken
leaf veins, multicellular cephalic hairs and fimbriae are observed in the outer part, and numerous stomata, in the
lower side of the leaf. The clusters of calcium oxalate crystals are located in the inner layer of the sponge tissue.
Identification 1) Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Daturae Folium, add ether (10 mL) and ammonia TS (0.5 mL),
mix for 30 minutes, and filter off. The residue in a funnel is washed with ether (10 mL). Add dilute sulfuric acid
VS (1 → 5, 20 mL) to the filtrate, combined with residue-washed ether, in a separating funnel, and mix
well. The acidic extract is collected with another separating funnel. Add the ammonia solution to the weak
alkaline solution, add ether (10 mL), and mix well; the ether layer is collected. The ether solution on a porcelain
dish in a water bath is evaporated. Add 5 drops of fuming nitric acid on the evaporated residue, evaporate into
dryness, dissolve the remained residue in 1 mL of dimethyl formamide, and add 5 ~ 6 drops of tetraethyl
ammonium hydroxide TS. The reddish purple ~ purple color is produced.
2) Take 2.0 g of the pulverized Daturae Folium, add 20 mL of methanol, reflux in a water bath for 30 minutes,
and filter off. Evaporate the filtrate, combined with 10 mL of residue-washed methanol, to remove
methanol. Add 25 mL of dilute sulfuric acid VS (1 → 5) to the remained residue. To 20 mL of a portion of the
filtrate, place in a separating funnel, add 10 mL of ether, and mix well. To the water layer, collected from the
separating funnel, add the ammonia TS to make an alkaline solution, add 30 mL of chloroform, mix well, leave
to a clear phase, and filter off. Evaporate 20 mL of the filtrate, and dissolve the remained residue with 1 mL of
ethanol, used as the test sample. Dissolve 20 mg of each atropine sulfate and 10 mg of scopolamine hydrogen
bromide separately in ethanol, used as the reference 1) and the reference 2), respectively. The test sample and the
references are applied to the thin layer chromatography assay as follows: spotting 5 µL each of the test sample
and references on a silica gel plate. Develop with an elute solution, aceton:water:concentrated ammonia solution
(90:7:3) as a mobile phase up to 10 cm. Dry the plate at 80 °C for 10 minutes. Spray the Dragendorff reagent on
the plate; the colors and Rf values of two main spots of the test sample correspond with those of references (1
and 2).
3) Take 3.0 g of the pulverized Daturae Folium, add 10 mL of chloroform, mix well, and filter off. To 5 mL of
the filtrate, add 5 mL of the ammonia TS, and leave on standing. The bluish green fluorescence appears in the
ammonia layer.
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Purity 1) Stem No more than 3.0 % of stems that are thicker than 8 mm in diameter should be obtained.
2) Foreign matter No more than 1.0 % of other foreign matters, excluding stems mentioned at 1), should be
obtained.
Ash Not more than 20.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Assay Place 0.7 g of the pulverized Daturae Folium (previously dried 60 °C for 8 hours) in a centrifugal tube
with a stopper, and moisten with 15 mL of the ammonia solution. Add 25 mL of ether, mix well for 15 minutes,
centrifuge, and collect the ether layer. Wash the precipitate with 25 mL of ether twice. Evaporate all ether
extracts including washed ones in a water bath. Dissolve the residue, evaporated in 5 mL of the mobile phase
solution, add 3 mL of the internal standard solution, and make to a total volume of 25 mL by adding the extra
mobile phase solution. Filter this solution through a filter paper (less than 0.8 µm of the pore size), used for the
test samples. Dissolve 25 mg of atropine sulfate (previously measured the weight loss on dryness) in the mobile
phase solution to a volume of 25 mL, used for the standard solution A. Dissolve 25 mg of scopolamine hydrogen
bromide (previously measured the weight loss on dryness) in the mobile phase solution, used for the standard
solution B. To the standard solutions, 5 mL of A and 1 mL of B, 3 mL of the internal standard is accurately
measured. Add the mobile phase solution to make a final volume of 25 mL as used for the final standard
solution. The test samples and the final standard solution, 10 µL each, are applied to the liquid chromatography
assay. Qta = ratios of the peak areas of the test sample versus the peak area of hyoscyamine (atropine), Qsa =
ratios of peak areas of the final standard solution versus the peak area of hyoscyamine (atropine). Qts = ratios of
the peak areas of the test samples versus the peak area of scopolamine, Q ss = the peak areas of the final standard
solution versus the peak area of scopolamine. The contents of total alkaloids can be obtained from the following
equations:
Contents (mg) of hyoscyamine (C17H23NO3) = contents of dried atropine sulfate x Qta/Qsa x 1/5 x 0.855
Contents (mg) of scopolamine (C17H21NO4) = contents of dried scopolamine hydrogen bromide x Qts/Qss x
1/25 x 0.789
Internal standard solution: mobile phase solution of brucine (1 → 2500)
Operating conditions
Detector: an UV detector (wave length, 210 nm)
Column: 4 ~ 6 mm in diameter inside the column with a 15 ~ 25 cm long stainless steel, packed with octadecyl
silylated silica gel (5 ~ 10 µm)
Temperature: at room temperature
Mobile phase: dissolve 6.8 g of potassium phosphate diabasic in 900 mL of water, add 10 mL of triethylamine,
adjust pH with phosphoric acid, and add water to make a final volume of 1 L. Combine this solution with
acetonitrile (9:1).
Flow rate: maintain the retention time (8 min) of scopolamine.
Selection of column: assay the standard solution (10 µL) by the liquid chromatography of the above; the elution
occurs in the order of scopolamine, atropine, and the internal standard; the peaks should appear separately
without overlapping.
DENDROBII HERBA
석곡, 두란
Dendrobii Herba is the aerial part of Dendrobium nobile Lindley (Orchidaceae), and other species of the same
genus.
Description Dendrobii Herba is cylindrical, 20 ~ 40 cm long, and 4 ~ 6 mm in diameter; the inter-node, 25 ~
30 mm long. The outer surface is golden yellow ~ yellowish green with longitudinal deep grooves. The texture is
hard and brittle.
It is almost odourless, and tastes slightly bitter.
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Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 16.0 %; Ether-soluble extract: more than
4.0 %.
Grade Good Dendrobii Herba of good grade is regular, soft, golden, and shiny. It should have many flowers.
DIANTHI HERBA
구맥, 거구맥
Dianthi Herba is the aerial part of Dianthus chinensis Linné or Dianthus superbus Linné (Caryophyllaceae).
Description Dianthi Herba is linear of stems with protruded nodes at which lanceolate leaves are arranged
oppositely and where branches are attached. A whole plant is 30 ~ 50 cm long. The outer surface is yellowish
green ~ green without hairs. The flower or capsules are attached at apices of stems and branches. The calyx is
cylindrical, yellowish green, 1 ~ 2 cm long with 5 sepals, and attached with a fruit on atop. The seed is brown
and about 2 mm in diameter.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly biting.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 0.5 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 6.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
12.0 %.
Grade Good Dianthi Herba of good grade is with plenty of leaves of the aerial parts, yellowish green, and
pure without roots and other foreign matters.
DICHROAE RADIX
상산, 황상산
Dichroae Radix is the root of Dichroa febrifuga Lour. (Saxifragaceae).
Description Dichroae Radix is cylindrical, curved, tortuous, branched, 9 ~ 15 cm long, and 5 ~ 20 mm in
diameter. The outer surface is marked with brown longitudinal striations, and containing the easily falling
epidermis with the pale yellowish exposed xylem. The texture is hard, difficult to snap off, and powdery when
snapped. The cross-section is yellowish white with radial striations.
It is odourless, and tastes bitter.
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Identification Take 2.0 g of the pulverized Dichroae Radix, add 10 mL of ethanol, reflux in a water bath for
15 minutes, cool down, and filter off. Evaporate the filtrate, dissolve the residue in 2 mL of hydrochloric acid,
and filter off. To the filtrate, add 2 drops of the Dragendorff's reagent; the reddish brown precipitation forms.
Grade Good Dichroae Radix of good grade is hard, and pale yellow on the cross-section.
DICTAMNI RADICIS CORTEX
백선피, 북선피
Dictamni Radicis Cortex is the cortex of root of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. (Rutaceae).
Description Dictamni Radicis Cortex is cylindrical, 5 ~ 12 cm long, 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter, and 1 ~ 3 mm
thick with root branches. The outer surface is yellowish white ~ pale brown, and smooth. The inner surface is
pale yellow; the texture, soft and easy to snap off. The snapped surface is milky white ~ pale yellow with tiers of
layers.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly bitter.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Dictamni Radicis Cortex, add 10 mL of dilute acetic acid, heat in
a water bath for 3 minutes, and filter off. To 5 mL of the filtrate, add 1 ~ 2 drops of the Meyer's reagent; the
yellow precipitation forms.
Purity No more than 5.0 % of xylem parts and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 20.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
14.0 %.
Grade Good Dictamni Radicis Cortex of good grade is cylindrical and thicker than 2 mm. It should not
contain any xylem parts.
DIGENEA
해인초, Digenea
Digenea is the dried alga of Digenea simplex C. Agardh (Rhodomelaceae).
Description Digenea is cylindrical, hempen-cord-like, branched out, 2 ~ 3 mm in diameter, and covered with
short hairs. The outer surface is dark reddish purple ~ dark grayish red or grayish brown, and attached with small
algae and lime particles.
It smells like algae, and tastes slightly salty and unpleasant.
Identification Take 5.0 g of the pulverized Digenea, add 50 mL of water, extract at 50 ~ 60 °C for 1 hour,
and filter off at warm temperature. To the residue, add 50 mL of water , extract at 50 ~ 60 °C for 1 hour, and
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filter off at warm temperature. Combine two extractants, and evaporate in a water bath to make a volume of 25
mL, use as the test solution. Separately, 50 mg of the standard kainic acid is dissolved in 10 mL of water, and
used as the standard solution. The test and standard solutions are applied to the thin layer chromatography
assay. Spot 20 µL each of the solutions on a plate (silica gel), elute in a mixture of water:n-butanol:glacial acetic
acid solution (5:4:1) up to 10 cm high, and then dry the plate in the air. Spray unsaturated ninhydrin dissolved in
n-butanol (1 → 500) on the plate thoroughly, and heat at 90 °C for 10 minutes; the pale yellow spots with the
same Rf values are revealed as those of the test and standard solutions.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 20.0 % of other algae should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 22.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 8.0 %.
DIPSACI RADIX
속단
Dipsaci Radix is the root of Dipsacus asperoides C. Y. Cheng et T. M. Ai (Dipsacaceae).
Description Dipsaci Radix is cylindrical, slightly flattened, some slightly curved, 5 ~ 15 cm long, and 0.5 ~ 2
cm in diameter. The outer surface is grayish brown or yellowish brown, furrowy distinctly with longitudinal
wrinkles and transverse lenticels, and left with scars of root hairs. The texture is soft, hard after long storage, and
easy to snap off. The cross-section is rough. The epidermis is blackish green or brown. The cortex is brown. The
xylem is yellowish brown. The vascular bundle is arranged in the radial array form.
It smells slightly aromatic and tastes bitter, sweet, astringent.
DOLICHORIS SEMEN
백편두
Dolichoris Semen is the seed of Dolichos lablab Linné (Leguminosae).
Description Dolichoris Semen is elliptic ~ ovate, flat, 8 ~ 12 mm long, 6 ~ 9 mm wide, and 4 ~ 7 mm
thick. The outer surface is yellowish white, smooth, glossy, and attached by a white and half-moon-like bulge
firmly where a small black hilum on the tip of the bulge. The endocarp is hard and horny. The cotyledon is of
two cotyledons, stout, and yellowish white.
It smells like beans and tastes slightly sweet.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 14.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
5.0 %; Ether-soluble extract: more than 2.0 %.
Grade Good Dolichoris Semen of good grade is substantial, regular, and white.
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DRABAE SEMEN
정력자, 정력
Drabae Semen is the seed of Draba nenorosa L. var. hebecarpa Ledebour, and Lepidium apetalum Willdenow
(Cruciferae).
Description Drabae Semen is of small seeds, D. menorosa L. var. hebecarpa, that are brown ~ yellowish
brown. Seeds, L. apetalum, are slightly flat, long elliptic, and reddish brown. Under a magnifying glass, both
seeds have the nipple-like bulges.
It is odourless, and tastes hot and bitter.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Ash Not more than 9.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Grade Good Drabae Semen of good grade is substantial and dark-colored. It should not contain any foreign
matters.
DRACONIS SANGUIS
혈갈, 기린혈
Draconis Sanguis is the lumpy mass, heated and depressed resin exudate from the fruit of Daemonorops draco
Blume (Palmae).
Description Draconis Sanguis is irregular, uneven, and lumpy. The external surface is reddish brown ~ dark
brown, and shiny. The texture is hard and brittle. The external surface of a small broken particle is red, opaque.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly sweet and salty.
Identification 1) Take 10.0 g of the pulverized Daturae Folium, add 50 mL of ether, heat, and filter
off. Evaporate the filtrate to make a volume of 30 mL, and add 50 mL of ethanol to the residue; the white
precipitation is produced.
2) Insoluble in water, soften in hot water, and easily soluble in the ethanol and alkaline solution. When burnt,
flame is produced with resin smell.
Purity Foreign matter Draconis Sanguis should not be mixed with the debris of plant tissues and others.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Draconis Sanguis of good grade is red on the fractured surface; blue flame and resin smell are
evolved when burnt.
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DRYNARIAE RHIZOMA
골쇄보, 모강
Drynariae Rhizoma is the rhizome of Drynaria fortunei Smith (Polypodiaceae).
Description Drynariae Rhizoma is flat cylindrical, 10 ~ 20 cm long, and 10 ~15 mm in diameter. The outer
surface is brown ~ reddish brown with scars of leaf stalks. The flesh is soft and difficult to snap off. The snapped
surface is yellowish brown. Many ventricular bundles are scattered in a circular manner on the cut surface under
a microscope.
It is odourless, and tastes dull and slightly bitter.
Grade Good Drynariae Rhizoma of good grade is brown without hairs.
ECHINOPSIS RADIX
누로
Echinops Radix is the root of Echinops setifer Linné and Echinops lactifolius Tausch (Compositae).
Description Echinops Radix is conical ~ expanded conical, 10 ~ 30 cm long, 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter, and some
with branched roots. The upper root tip is 2 ~4 cm, grayish white, remained with scars of the leaf and stem stalks,
and attached with thread-like hairs. The outer surface is grayish brown ~ dark brown, rough, and irregular with
longitudinal wrinkles and net-like torn striations. The cut surface is lobate, distinct epidermis and xylem, and
arranged with yellow vascular vessels in the radial form. Aged roots epidermis is separated from
endodermis. The texture is light and fragile.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 8.0 % of leave stalks, rotten roots, and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 7.0 %.
Ash Not more than 10.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 22.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
19.0 %.
Grade Good Echinops Radix of good grade is grayish brown on the external surface and hard. It should not
contain any upper root tips.
ECLIPTAE HERBA
한련초, 묵한련
Ecliptae Herba is the whole plant of Eclipta prostrata Linné (Compositae).
Description The stem of Ecliptae Herba is cylindrical. The branch is positioned between leaves. The leaf is 3
~ 10 cm long, 5 ~ 25 mm wide, oppositely arrayed, almost sessile, lanceolate, and pubescent on entire leaves.
The margin of leaves is dentate. The capitulum is pale brown, and located at the end of each branch. The outer
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surface is yellowish green ~ grayish green.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly sweet and sour.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 1.0 % of others should be obtained.
Grade Good Ecliptae Herba of good grade is yellowish green and with more than 50 % of leaves.
ELSHOLTZIAE HERBA
향유, 향여
Elsholtziae Herba is the whole plant of Elsholtzia ciliata Hylander (Labiatae), and other species of the same
genus.
Description The stem of Elsholtziae Herba is slim, rectangular, and 20 ~ 50 cm long with a flower stalk at
the end. The leaf is oblong ~ ovate, 3 ~ 10 cm long, 1 ~ 3 cm wide, arrayed oppositely, pointed at the apex, and
serrate on the margin. The flower is reddish purple ~ reddish brown, 3 ~ 10 cm long, and 5 ~ 10 mm in
diameter. The outer surface is grayish green ~ yellowish green with white short hairs.
It smells characteristic, and tastes fresh and hot.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 3.0 % of others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 13.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 0.9 %.
Oil content More than 0.3 mL (50 g).
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 8.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
15.0 %.
Grade Good Elsholtziae Herba of good grade is grayish green. It should have strong aroma and more than
50 % of leaves and flowers.
EMBELIAE RADIX
호미초, 당귀등
Embeliae Radix is the root of Embelia parviflora Wall. (Myrsinaceae).
Description Embeliae Radix is cylindrical, long, and curved. The outer surface is grayish brown. The
endodermis is blackish brown. The cross-section is appeared with the chrysanthemum-like striations.
It tastes slightly bitter and astringent.
Grade Good Embeliae Radix of good grade is grayish brown on the outer surface. It should not contain any
soil.
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EQUISETI HERBA
목적, 목적초
Equiseti Herba is the aerial part of Equisetum hyemale Linné (Equisetaceae).
Description Equiseti Herba is cylindrical, 30 ~ 60 cm long, and 3 ~ 5 mm in diameter. The nodes are
scattered on the surface in 3 ~ 6 cm intervals. The leaf sheath is small, cylindrical but not branched out, and
empty inside. The outer surface is grayish green ~ yellowish green with 8 ~ 30 longitudinal grooves. The texture
is soft and light.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter and astringent.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 11.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 10.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
12.0 %.
Grade Good Equiseti Herba of good grade is long, green, and thick of the flesh. It should have the leaf sheath
on the nodes.
ERETMOCHELYDIS CARAPAX
대모, 독모, 문갑
Eretmochelydis Carapax is the dorsal carapace of Eretmochelys imbricata Linné (Chelonidae), processed with
vinegar or hot water.
Description Eretmochelydis Carapax is elliptic, 10 ~ 25 cm long, 5 ~ 20 cm wide, 1 ~ 4 mm thick, thin on
margin, and gradually thicker toward the center. The external surface is yellowish brown, shiny, and translucent
with yellowish brown ~ dark brown cloud-like striations. The inner surface is intermixed with white strip
striations or spots. The texture is hard, difficult to snap off, horny, expanded and soften in boiling water, and
separated into more than 10 slices of the carapace.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly fishy.
Grade Good Eretmochelydis Carapax of good grade is thick and translucent. It should have many cloud-like
striations.
ERGOTA PREPARATA
탈지맥각, Absorbent Ergot
Ergota Preparata is the defatted and dried cut mass or powder of the sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea Tulsane
(Hypocreaceae), parasitized at the flower base of Secale cereale L. (Gramineae). The dried drug contains more
than 0.2 % of total alkaloids and 0.03 % of water-soluble alkaloids [ergometrinine (C19H23N3O2) : 325.18].
Description Ergota Preparata is powdery, gray ~ pale brown, consisting of the round and clear cells that
refract light widely, the thin and long polygonal cells that are reddish purple, and the thin hyphae, and containing
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a small amount of fat oil or none.
It smells characteristic, and is tasteless.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Ergota Preparata, add 2 mL of the tartaric acid solution (1 →
100), and extract in a water bath for 5 ~ 10 minutes. Transfer the clear extract solution into another test tube, add
2 mL of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde-ferric chloride, and heat in a water bath at 45 °C for 5 ~ 10 minutes; the
blue color is revealed on the boundary between two layers.
Purity 100 g of the drug is extracted with petroleum ether for 3 hours in the soxhlet extractor. Evaporate
petroleum ether in a water bath. When the residue is dried at 105 °C for 3 hours, it weights less than 0.5 g.
Assay The ether used in this assay is distilled just before use. Each 10 % of the first eluting portion and the last
remaining portion are discarded.
1) Total alkaloids The pulverized Ergota Preparata is dried in a desiccator (silica gel) for 48 hours and
accurately weighed as 10 g. 10 g of the powder is extracted with petroleum ether in a soxhlet extractor for 5
hours. Then the content in the filter paper cup is moved to a motar. Evaporate petroleum ether at room
temperature, add 5 mL of ether, grind the content (extracted powder) in a motar, and add 8 mL of the ammonia
solution. Transfer this solution to the filter paper cup in the soxhlet extractor, and re-extract with ether for 5
hours. The extract in a separating funnel is washed with ether. Combine the washed ether and the extract to make
a volume of 110 mL with additional ether. Add 20 mL of acetone, then extract with tartaric acid (1 → 100), 40
mL, 30 mL, 20 mL and 10 mL in order. Combine all tartaric acid-extracts, evaporate ether under reduced
pressure, add a small amount of water to make a volume of 100 mL, and filter off. The filtrate is used for the test
solution. To 100 mL of the test solution, add tartaric acid solution (1 → 100) to make a volume of 100 mL. The
standard ergometrinine malate is dried in a desiccator for 48 hours. 10 mg of the dried standard is dissolved in
the tartaric acid solution (1 → 100) to make a volume of 100 mL for the standard solution. To 2.0 mL of the test
solution and 2.0 mL of the standard solution, add 4.0 mL of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde-ferric chloride
solution, and leave on standing for 30 minutes while avoiding the exposure of the direct sunlight. Separately, 2
mL of tartaric acid is treated by the same procedures as the standard solution, and used as the control
solution. Then measure absorbance AT and AS, respectively. If difference of AS to AT is 50 % or higher, the
standard solution is properly diluted for adjustment. Repeat this for 50 % or less. When AT and AS are higher
than 0.8, both solutions are diluted also.
Total alkaloids (mg) = the standard ergometrinine malate (mg) x AT/AS
2) Water-soluble alkaloids Place a volume of 50 mL of the test solution of 1) above into a separating funnel
(250 mL size, called "the first funnel" in this assay). Add water and the strong ammonia solution to make the test
solution weak alkaline (indicator:phenolphthalein, 2 drops). This solution is extracted with 40 mL of carbon
tetrachloride (each) for 3 times. Each extraction takes longer than 15 minutes. The emulsified layer on the
boundary is mixed with 20 mL of water (added) and transferred to a separating funnel (the 2nd funnel), mix with
shaking, and collect the water layer. Combine this water layer and the water layer in the first funnel, add 40 mL
of ether together with 21 g of sodium chloride, and mix with heavy shaking. The water layer is separated and
transferred to the 2nd funnel, left on standing while water drops on the wall of the first funnel are collected, and
combined with the water layer of the 2nd funnel. The ether layer in the 2nd funnel is filtered through a glass
filter, and collected to the 3rd separating funnel (25 mL size). The water layer in the 2nd funnel is extracted with
30 mL of ether (each) for 3 times, and filtered through the glass filter, previously used, and combined. Then
extract with 10 mL of 0.2 mol/L sulfuric acid (each) for 4 times. All extracts obtained from the sulfuric acid
extraction are filtered through a glass filter, and collected in a flask (50 mL size). Add 50 mL of water, and mix
well to be used as the test solution. Separately, 4.0 g of the ergometrinine standard that dried in a desiccator
(silica gel) for 48 hours is dissolved in the tartaric acid solution (1 → 10) in a volume of 100 mL to be used as
the standard solution. To 5 mL of the test solution and 5 mL of the standard solution, add 10 mL of pdimethylaminobenzaldehyde-ferric chloride solution (each), mix well, and leave on standing for 30 minutes
without the exposure of the direct sunlight. Separately, a volume of 5 mL of water is treated by the same
procedures aforementioned, and used as the control. Absorbance of the test and the standard solution are
measured at 550 nm. When difference of AS to AT is 50 % or higher, the standard solution is diluted to obtain
lower absorbance difference.
Water-soluble alkaloids (mg) = the standard ergometrinine malate (mg) x A T/AS x 0.737
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ERIOBOTRYAE FOLIUM
비파엽, 무우선
Eriobotryae Folium is the leaf of Eriobotrya japonica Lindley (Rosaceae).
Description Eriobotryae Folium is oblong ~ obovate, 12 ~ 30 cm long, 4 ~ 9 cm wide, pointed at tip, rough
and serrate on edge margins, and possessing the entire lamina at the base. The texture is leathery. The upper
surface is green ~ greenish brown, and glossy. The lower surface is pale, situated with dark brown tomentose
sparsely. The leave veins are pale yellowish brown, and protruded. Under a microscope on the cross-section,
thickness of the cuticle and the epidermis and the palisade tissue of 4 ~ 5 rows that contains the large and
scattered cells without chlorophyll are observed. The central vascular bundle is formed an interrupted ring shape
by the lateral resin ducts penetrating into xylem parts; the fiber bundle, attached to the phloem, is observed. The
cuticle is located in the upper side of small resin ducts, surrounded with many clusters of calcium oxalate
crystals. The leaf is mesophyll with the prisms and the clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. The tomentose is on
the lamina, as a single cell, curved, 25 µm in diameter, and 1.5 mm long.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Eriobotryae Folium, add 10 mL of water, mix, shake for 2 ~ 3
minutes, and filter off. To 2 mL of the filtrate, add 0.5 mL of the lead acetate solution; the pale yellow brown
precipitation forms.
Loss on drying Not more than 15.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 10.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 15.0 %.
Grade Good Eriobotryae Folium of good grade is green on the upper surface, shiny, well-dried, and removed
of hairs on the lower side.
ERIOCAULI HERBA
곡정초
Eriocauli Herba is the whole plant including flowers and leaves of Eriocaulon sieboldianum Siebold et Zuccarini
(Eriocaulaceae).
Description Eriocauli Herba is semicircular of the capitulum, 4 ~ 5 mm in diameter, glossy, densely arranged
with yellowish green and glabrous sepals, and attached with white and tiny dense hairs on the upper part. Many
black anthers and small yellowish green immature fruits can be visible, when breaking flowers. The pedicel is
irregular, yellowish green, and shorter than 1 mm in diameter; the leaf, yellowish green, 2 ~ 8 cm long, and 1 ~ 2
mm wide with a sharp tip.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Grade Good Eriocauli Herba of good grade is of the large and grayish white inflorescence with short and pale
yellow pedicels.
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ERYCIBAE CAULIS
정공등, 포공등
Erycibae Caulis is the climbing stem of Erycibe obtusifolia Bentham (Convolvulaceae).
Description Erycibae Caulis is cylindrical, irregular in length, and 1 ~ 4 cm in diameter. The outer surface is
grayish yellow, grayish brown ~ pale brown, coarse with longitudinal wrinkles, and sometimes with small dotlike pores. The texture is hard. The cut surface is elliptic and yellowish ~ pale yellowish brown; the xylem, wide
with irregular flower-like striations and small pores. The stele is with the undistinguishable pith.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Grade Good Erycibae Caulis of good grade is black on the outer surface or grayish brown without the cork
layer.
EUMECES
석룡자, 석척, 수궁
Eumeces is the body of Eumeces chinensis Gray, and Eumeces coreensis Doi et Kamida (Scincidae).
Description Eumeces consists of a body, a head, four legs, and a tail. The body is long, flat, cylindrical, and
13 ~ 20 cm long. The head is triangular. The leg is with hook-like nails. The tail is long and thin. The external
surface is gray ~ dark greenish brown with three green and longitudinal stripes, and covered with horny scales in
the array of the roof-tile-likes. The scale is glossy and smooth with 24 ~ 26 stripes. The mouth is pointed.
It smells fleshy and tastes slightly salty.
Grade Good Eumeces of good grade is regular with even scales, glossy, and intact in structure.
EUONYMI LIGNUM SUBERALATUM
귀전우, 위모, 귀전
Euonymi Lignum Suberalatum is the wing-shaped cork, protruded on the stem of Euonymus alatus Siebold
(Celastraceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Euonymi Lignum Suberalatum is flat of thin slats, light, easy to snap off, irregular in size, about
4 cm long, 4 ~ 10 mm wide, and irregular in thickness of both ridges. The ridge, attached to a branch, is about 2
mm in thickness, and becomes gradually thinner outward like a blade shape. The outer surface is grayish brown,
and slightly glossy with dense longitudinal striations. The snapped surface is rough and grayish brown.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Grade Good Euonymi Lignum Suberalatum of good grade is without leaves and branches.
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EUPHORBIAE FISCHERIANAE RADIX
낭독, 낭독대극
Euphorbiae Fischerianae Radix is the root of Euphorbia fischeriana Steudel (Euphorbiaceae).
Description Euphorbiae Fischerianae Radix is long conical ~ fusiform, removed of the cork layer (sometimes
remained with a thin cork layer), 5 ~ 10 cm long, and 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter. The cut piece is circular disk-shaped,
5 ~ 30 mm thick. The cut surface is farinaceous and pale yellow with marble-like striations. The flesh is light
and brittle.
It is odourless, and tastes sweet initially and stimulating hot later.
Identification Take 5.0 g of the pulverized Euphorbiae Fischerianae Radix to 50 mL of ethanol, reflux for 1
hour, add 1 mL of 3 % sodium carbonate TS, heat in a water bath for 3 minutes, and cool off; the red color
reveals when adding 2 drops of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine.
Loss on drying Not more than 13.0 %.
Ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 13.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
14.0 %.
Grade Good Euphorbiae Fischerianae Radix of good grade is regular in size, large, and farinaceous on the
snapped surface.
EUPHORBIAE KANSUI RADIX
감수, 감택
Euphorbiae Kansui Radix is the root of Euphorbia kansui Liou ex Wang (Euphorbiaceae) without the cork layer.
Description Euphorbiae Kansui Radix is slightly curved, long conical or spindle-shaped, 3 ~ 9 cm long, and
6 ~ 15 mm in diameter. The root skin is whitish ~ pale yellow sometimes with yellow branched root scars and
the brown cork layer remained. The flesh is soft, easily cut, and farinaceous. The water passage is radiated and
visible with a lens.
It smells slightly characteristic, and tastes slightly sweet and biting.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of the root hairs and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 7.0 %.
Ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: not less than 40.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: not less than
21.0 %.
Grade Good Euphorbiae Kansui Radix of good grade is farinaceous on the sliced section, and white on the
external surface.
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EUPHORBIAE LATHYRIDIS SEMEN
속수자, 천금자, Caper-Spurge
Euphorbiae Lathyridis Semen is the seed of Euphorbia lathyris Linné (Euphorbiaceae).
Description Euphorbiae Lathyridis Semen is elliptic ~ oblate, 5 ~ 6 mm long, and 3 ~ 4 mm in diameter. The
outer surface is rough with grayish brown striations. The dorsal surface is marked with the raphe and a dented
scar at the edge. The ventral surface is flattened.
It is odourless, and tastes mild oily initially and hot later.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 35.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
22.0 %.
Grade Good Euphorbiae Lathyridis Semen of good grade is large, substantial, and oily.
EUPHORBIAE PEKINENSIS RADIX
대극, 경대극
Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix is the root of Euphorbia pekinensis Ruprecht (Euphorbiaceae).
Description Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix is irregular, long conical, slightly curved, some with the root
branches, 10 ~ 20 cm long, and 1 ~ 4 cm in diameter. The root head is thick, and left with round-shaped scars by
the stem stalk. The outer surface is grayish yellow ~ grayish brown, and loose with longitudinal wrinkles and
lateral lenticels. The cut surface is fibrous, and milky white ~ pale yellow. The texture is hard and difficult to
snap off.
It smells slightly aromatic, and tastes bitter and astringent.
Identification Take a slice of the Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix, add 1 drop each of acetic acid and sulfuric
acid; under a microscope, the red color is produced at the vascular tubes of the phloem, disappearing gradually
within 5 minutes. To another slice, add the sodium hydroxide reagent; the yellowish brown color is produced.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Grade Good Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix of good grade is large without root hairs.
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EUPOLYPHAGA
자충, 지별, 토별
Eupolyphaga is the female body of Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker (Blattidae), and other species of the same
genus.
Description Eupolyphaga is oval, flat, 2 ~ 3 cm long, and 1 ~ 2 cm wide. The head is narrow at the end. The
tail is wide. The dorsal plate is purplish black, and crustaceous with 9 transverse segments in the imbricate
form. The ventral side is dark brown, shiny, attached with small and blackish brown head and two antennae, and
mostly fallen of attachments. The thorax bears 3 pairs of curved legs. The abdomen is slightly bulged with
curved segments. The tail segment is slightly wide and pointed. The texture is soft and brittle. The inside
abdomen contains the grayish black stuff.
It smells fleshy and tastes slightly salty.
Grade Good Eupolyphaga of good grade is regular and even, oily, and shiny. It should not contain any soil.
EURYALES SEMEN
검인, 계두
Euryales Semen is the dry seed of Eurylae ferox Salisbury (Nymphaeaceae).
Description Euryales Semen is spherical, mostly split and brittle, and 5~ 8 mm in diameter. The inner
surface of the pericarp is reddish green with one side tip, and occupied with the 1/3 yellowish white
portion. The cut surface is white and farinaceous.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of the pericarp and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 14.0 %.
Ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Grade Good Euryales Semen of good grade is stout, substantial, and even. It should not contain any debris.
FARFARAE FLOS
관동화, 관동
Farfarae Flos is the inflorescence of Tussilago farfara Linné (Compositae).
Description Farfarae Flos is attached with a pedicel, irregular rod-shaped with pinky scaly bracts, and
formed with about 20 bracts. The bract is ovate with a sharp apex. The inner layer is covered densely with white
flocky hairs. The typical capitulum is formed by the florets. Thread-like tiny hairs are appeared on the surface of
the pedicel, when cut.
It smells characteristic and tastes bitter.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of pedicels and others should be obtained.
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Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 21.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
18.0 %.
Grade Good Farfarae Flos of good grade is shaped like a writing brush with short grayish pink ~ bluish green
pedicels of the flower base.
FEL TAURI
우담
Fel Tauri is the gall bladder of Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin and Bubalus bubalis Linné (Bovidae).
Description The gall bladder of Fel Tauri is fleshy, reniform, 18 ~ 20 cm long, and 5 ~ 6 cm long of the
bulbous region. The dried gall bladder is sac-shaped with wrinkles. The fresh bile is greenish brown ~ dark
brown, slightly transparent, and mucous. The dried bile is mucous and viscous, greenish brown and solid when
fully dried, and pulverized when rubbed.
It smells meat-fleshy and tastes very bitter.
Identification A portion (200 mg) of the drug (1.0 g) is extracted three times with 30 mL of methanol (each)
for every one hour during three hour period, and filtered. The filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure at
80 °C. The residue is extracted three times with 20 mL of petroleum ether (each) for every one hour during three
hour period, and filtered. The filtrate is discarded. To the residue, add 10 mL of the sodium hydroxide solution,
and seal it. The sealed container is placed in the vacuum sterilizer (120 °C, pressure 1 kg/cm 2). Heat to hydrolyze
the residue for 4 hours, leave at room temperature, and filter off. To the filtrate, add dilute hydrochloric acid in
order to adjust the pH of 1, and extract three times with 20 mL of ethyl acetate (each), and concentrate under
reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in 5 mL of methanol to be used as the test sample. Separately, the
standards of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxy cholic acid, and lithocholic acid (5.0 mg each), are
dissolved in methanol (25 mL each) to be used as the standard solutions. The test and standard solutions are
applied to the high-pressure liquid chromatography under the experimental conditions below.
Experimental conditions
Column: Radialpak C18 (C18/corasil)
Mobile phase: 40 % acetonitrile · acetic acid (100:1)
Detector: differential refractometer
Flow rate: 0.7 mL/min to 1.7 mL/min (26 minutes later)
Sensitivity: 8 X
Injection: 50 µL
Grade Good Fel Tauri of good grade is greenish brown and not wormy.
FEL URSI
웅담
Fel Ursi is the dried bile of Ursus arctos Linné (Ursidae), and other species of the same genus.
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Description Fel Ursi is uneven and lumpy, and stored in a gall bladder or by itself. The outer surface is
yellowish brown ~ dark yellowish brown, brittle, glossy like glass on the fractured surface, and not damp. The
gall bladder is 9 ~ 15 cm long, 7 ~ 9 cm wide, fibrous and membranous, dark brown, and translucent on the outer
surface.
It smells characteristic and tastes very bitter.
Identification Take 0.3 g of the pulverized Fel Ursi, add 50 mL of petroleum ether, reflux in a water bath for
one hour, and filter off. To 20 mg of the residue, add 0.5 mL of hydrochloric acid, 2 mL of anhydrous acetic acid,
and 2 mL of chloroform, mix with shaking for 2 minutes, and filter off. When adding 0.5 mL of sulfuric acid
slowly to the filtrate, the red color is revealed on the boundary. When this solution is stirred and left on standing,
the brown color is produced and sustained long.
Grade Good Fel Ursi of good grade is large, golden yellow, and very bitter and sweet later.
FERULAE RESINA
아위, 훈거
Ferulae Resina is the resin exudate from the stem cut of Ferula assafoetida Linné (Umbelliferae).
Description Ferulae Resina is irregular, lumpy ~ pasty with a variety of the color densities, and yellow ~
brownish yellow on the external surface. The texture is light, and similar to that of clay. The fractured surface is
porous. The fresh one is white ~ pale brownish yellow. It turns to reddish brown when exposed to air during long
storage. The garlic odour is produced at strong heating. The golden yellow emulsion is formed when dipped into
water.
It smells characteristic and tastes hot.
Identification 1) Take the pulverized Ferulae Resina, add 3 ~ 5 drops of hydrochloric acid; the reddish
brown color is produced. Add ammonia TS to make the alkaline state; the bluish purple fluorescence is produced.
2) To the pulverized Ferulae Resina, add a small amount of hydrochloric acid, and heat; the red color is
produced. Add a small amount of phloroglucinol; the color is disappeared immediately. By continuous heating, it
turns reddish purple.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 5.0 % of the root barks, sand and soil, and others should be obtained.
Ash Not more than 7.0 %.
Oil content More than 10.0 %.
Grade Good Ferulae Resina of good grade is large, glossy on the fractured surface, and mucous. It should
have the garlic-like hot taste when chewed.
FLUORITUM
자석영, 형석, Fluorite
Fluorite belongs to the cubic crystal group.
Description Fluoritum is irregular and lumpy, rhombic, and various in dimension. The outer surface is green
~ purple or violet, translucent ~ transparent, glossy. It has linear striations. The texture is hard, heave, and
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unbreakable.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Identification 1) When illuminated with the cathode rays, the green ~ purple fluorescence is revealed.
2) Insoluble in water When dissolved in sulfuric acid, the hydrogen fluoride is evolved.
Grade Good Fluoritum of good grade is transparent and hard without sand and soil.
FOSSILIA SPIRIFERIS
석연, 석연자, 연자석
Fossilia Spiriferis is the fossil of Cyrtiospirifera sinensis Graban (Spiriferidae), and other related species.
Description Fossilia Spiriferis is kidney-shaped, slightly flat, 2 ~ 3 cm long, and 15 ~ 40 mm wide. The
external surface is grayish blue ~ yellowish brown, projected on both sides, and marked with gingko leaf-like
striations. The texture is hard like stone, and difficult to break off. The broken surface is grayish blue ~ brown,
and some with white and granular stones.
It is odourless and tasteless.
The thin film is formed on the external surface, when burnt with strong fire; the film is torn off immediately,
becoming scarlet red ~ brown.
Grade Good Fossilia Spiriferis of good grade is small-shellfish-like, blackish blue, and hard of the texture. It
should not contain any foreign matters.
FRAXINI CORTEX
진피
Fraxini Cortex is the branch bark and stem bark of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance (Oleaceae).
Description Fraxini Cortex is tubular, irregular in length, 1 ~ 3 mm thick. The outer surface is grayish white
~ blackish brown, alternating the colors of speckles, loose, and grayish white ~ brown on the inner surface. The
texture is hard. The cut surface is fibrous and yellowish white.
It is odourless, and tastes bitter.
Identification 1) The filtrate, obtained from a hot water extract of the powder, reveals the blue fluorescence.
2) Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Fraxini Cortex, add 10 mL of ethanol, boil in a water bath for 10 minutes, and
filter off. To 1 mL of the filtrate, add 2 ~ 3 drops of ferric chloride TS; the dark green color is revealed, and the
dark red color is produced under the fluorescent lamp when adding 3 drops of the ammonia solution and 6 mL of
water.
Grade Good Fraxini Cortex of good grade is long and hard of the texture. It should have thin and smooth
barks.
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GALLI STOMACHICHUM CORIUM
계내금, 계순피
Galli Stomachichum Corium is the internal membrane of the gizzard from Gallus domesticus Brisson
(Phasianidae).
Description Galli Stomachichum Corium is irregular-shaped of broken spherical pieces with waive-like
wrinkles. The outer surface is golden yellow ~ yellowish brown, 3 ~ 5 cm wide, and 2 ~ 3 mm thick. The
snapped surface is glossy glu-shaped. The flesh is hard and easily breakable.
Grade Good Galli Stomachichum Corium of good grade is large, thin, and golden yellow. It should have
many whorled protrusions, but no holes.
GANODERMA
영지, 적지, 흑지, 청지, 백지, 황지, 자지
Ganoderma is the carpophore of Ganoderma lucidum Karsten (Polyporaceae), and other species of the same
genus.
Description Ganoderma is semi-spherical ~ reniform, lignified, and hard. The outer surface is various in
colors such as red, black, blue, white, yellow, and purple, depending on the kind of species, and glary like the
lacquer painting. The inner surface is porous, and white or pale brown. The stalk is 6 ~ 10 cm long, gloss, and
black.
It is almost odourless, and tastes slightly bitter.
Identification 1) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Ganoderma, add 5 mL of anhydrous acetic acid, heat in a
water bath for 5 minutes, and filter off. To 2 mL of the filtrate, add 2 mL of sulfuric acid slowly; the pale red
color on the boundary is revealed. Then, it turns to dark green on standing.
2) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Ganoderma, add 10 mL of 7 % acetic acid, heat in water bath for 5 minutes,
and filter off. To 3 mL of the filtrate, add 3 drops of the Meyer's reagent solution; the yellowish white
precipitation is formed.
Ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Grade Good Ganoderma of good grade is hard, regular, and red.
GASTRODIAE HERBA
적전, 적전지
Gastrodiae Herba is the aerial part of Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae).
Description Gastrodiae Herba is cylindrical, reddish brown ~ brown, 60 ~ 100 cm long, and 7 ~ 15 mm in
diameter. The leaf is degenerated, scale-shaped, 1 ~ 2 cm long, and revealed with the fine veins. The flower is of
raceme and 10 ~ 30 cm long with the 2 ~ 3 mm long pedicel. The capsule is elliptic ~ obovate with numerous
powdery seeds.
It is odourless and tasteless.
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Grade Good Gastrodiae Herba of good grade is long, thick, and fully-dried.
GECKO
합개, 합해
Gecko is the body of Gekko gecko Linné (Gekkonidae).
Description Gecko is the dried parts, after removing all internal organs and stretching four legs and the tail
on the bamboo screen. The body is 10 ~ 15 cm long and 6 ~ 10 cm wide. The tail is 10 ~ 15 cm long. The
external surface is yellowish brown ~ reddish brown. It has small teeth, growing outward from the jaw. Similarsized scales are observed on the dorsal and ventral parts, and acetabulum, on foot.
It smells fleshy and tastes slightly salty.
Purity Gecko should not be mixed with ones that have teeth inside the jaw, smaller scales on the dorsal part
than those on the ventral part, and no acetabula on foot.
Grade Good Gecko of good grade is longer than 25 cm in length and 7 cm in width, intact and not brittle of
the tail, and yellowish brown.
GENKWA FLOS
원화
Genkwa Flos is the flower bud of Daphne genkwa Siebold et Zuccarini (Thymeleaceae).
Description A short peduncle of Genkwa Flos is attached with 3 ~ 7 flower buds. The bud is 1 ~ 3 mm long
and about 2 mm in diameter. The outer surface is yellowish brown, covered with short pubescence in four
streaks.
It smells slightly aromatic, and tastes hot and pungent.
Identification Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Genkwa Flos in a test tube, add 3 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid,
and stir with a glass rod; the purple red color is revealed. After washed out hydrochloric acid with water, add the
dilute potassium hydroxide solution; it turns to green.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 12.0 %.
Grade Good Genkwa Flos of good grade is well-dried and pale purple.
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GENTIANAE MACROPHYLLAE RADIX
진교
Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix is the root of Gentiana macrophylla Pallas (Gentianaceae).
Description Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix is spindle-shaped, rough on the upper part, smooth on the lower
part, 7 ~ 30 cm long, and 1 ~ 3 cm in diameter. The outer surface is grayish yellow ~ yellowish brown with
longitudinal and transverse furrows. The root head is expanded, attached with several roots, and remained with
the short fibrous vascular vessels. The texture is hard and easy to snap off. The cut surface of the cork layer is
yellow ~ yellowish brown. The xylem is yellow.
It smells characteristic, and tastes bitter and astringent.
Purity The drug should not contain any roots, belonging to the genus of Aconitum.
Grade Good Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix of good grade is large, black, oily, and fully-dried. It should
have small root heads.
GINKGONIS SEMEN
백과, 은행
Ginkgonis Semen is the seed of the dried fruit of Gingko biloba Linné (Ginkgoaceae).
Description Ginkgonis Semen is ovate, 15 ~ 25 mm long, and 10 ~ 15 mm in diameter. The endocarp is
white ~ grayish white, smooth, and hard. It has 2 ~ 3 edges on the outer margin. The testa surrounds a long, flat,
and spherical seed. The endosperm is pale yellow ~ yellowish green; white and farinaceous, on the cut surface.
It is odourless, and tastes sweet and slightly astringent.
Loss on drying Not more than 50.0 %.
Grade Good Ginkgonis Semen of good grade is white inside, white of the endocarp, and stout inside of the
endosperm.
GINSENG RADIX PALVA
미삼, Fine Root Ginseng
Ginseng Radix Palva is the thin and branched root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae).
Description Ginseng Radix Palva is thin, long cylindrical with many root hairs, 5 ~ 15 cm long, and 1 ~ 5
mm in diameter. The outer surface is yellowish brown ~ pale brown with longitudinal wrinkles, and left with flat
cut-scars from the main root. Under a microscope, the yellow periderm consists of the thin white film-like cork
layer at the outermost. Distinct resin vessels are arranged with small rays in the cambium area; the very small
xylem structure, in the center.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly sweet at first and bitter later.
Identification 1) Take drops of the dilute iodine reagent on the cut surface; the dark blue color reveals.
2) Take 2.0 g of the pulverized Ginseng Radix Palva, add 20 mL of methanol, reflux in a water bath for 15
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minutes, cool down, and filter off. The filtrate is used as a test sample. 1 mg of the standard ginsenoside Rg1 is
dissolved in 1 mL of methanol as the standard solution. The test sample and the standard solution of ginsenoside
Rg1 are applied to the thin layer chromatography. Spot 10 µL each on the silica gel plate. Elute the plate up to 10
cm high by the eluting solution, chloroform:methanol:water (13:7:2), and dry the plate in the air. Spray the plate
with the sulfuric acid reagent, and heat at 110 °C for 5 minutes. There is at least one spot of the test sample,
corresponding to the same Rf value and the reddish spot of the standard solution.
Purity 1) No more than 5.0 % of young roots should be obtained.
2) No more than 1.0 % of foreign matters, except young roots, should be obtained.
Ash Not more than 10.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 18.0 %.
GLAUBERITE
한수석, 응수석, 백수석, Calcitum
Glauberite is sodium calcium sulfate [Na2Ca(SO4)2].
Description Glauberite is lumpy, various in size and shape. The external surface is grayish white. The
fractured surface is shiny with sharp angles.
Identification The drug dissolved in sulfuric acid reveals the qualitative reactions on calcium.
Grade Good Glauberite of good grade is white and shiny.
GLAUBERITUM
현정석, 음정석
Glauberitum is the mineral, containing hydrated calcium sulfate.
Description Glauberitum is elliptic ~ rhombic, irregular, tapered to the margin, bulged at the middle part,
about 15 ~ 20 mm, 5 ~ 10 mm wide, and 1 ~ 2 mm thick. The margin is grayish white. The middle part is
grayish blue, turtle-dorsal-shaped, and translucent. The texture is hard and brittle.
It smells like soil and tastes slightly salty.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the powder to dissolve in 10 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid by heating, and add
the ammonia solution to make a neutral state; the qualitative reaction on calcium is revealed.
Grade Good Glauberitum of good grade is bluish white, and similar to the dorsal surface of the turtle.
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GLECHOMAE HERBA
연전초
Glechomae Herba is the whole plant of Glechoma hederacea Linné var. grandis Kudo (Labiatae)
Description Glechomae Herba is wrinkled, shrunk, and lumpy. The stem is long, slim, and quadrangular. It
has longitudinal sutures. The outer surface of the stem is grayish green ~ pale purple with short pubescence, and
empty inside. The leaf is mostly crumpled, and reniform ~ cordate by spreading; the margin, serrate. The upper
surface is grayish green. The texture is brittle. The petiole is 4 ~ 44 mm long and mostly twisted.
It smells slightly aromatic, and tastes bitter, hot, and cool.
Grade Good Glechomae Herba of good grade is attached with many green leaves, aromatic, and not mixed
with roots and other foreign matters.
GLEDITSIAE FRUCTUS
조협, 조각
Gleditsiae Fructus is the fruit of Gleditsia japonica Miquel var. koraiensis Nakai (Leguminosae).
Description Gleditsiae Fructus is slightly flat and curved, 10 ~ 25 cm long, 20 ~ 35 mm wide, and 8 ~ 14
mm thick. The outer surface is uneven, reddish brown ~ purplish red, covered with grayish white powder, shiny
when rubbed off, pointed at both ends, and remained with scars of a fruit stalk or fruit stalks at the base. The cut
surface is yellow with 3 ~ 6 seeds inside. The seed is compressed and elliptic, yellowish brown, glabrous, glossy,
and hard.
It is odourless, and tastes very pungent, causing to sneeze in the powder form.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of fruit stalks and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 13.0 %.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 27.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
26.0 %.
Grade Good Gleditsiae Fructus of good grade is intact, substantial, and hard.
GLEDITSIAE SPINA
조각자, 조협자
Gleditsiae Spina is the spine of Gleditsia japonica Miquel var. koraiensis Nakai (Leguminosae).
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Description Gleditsiae Spina is split into several thorns, 5 ~ 15 cm long, 8 ~ 12 mm in diameter of the base,
and acuminate at the end. The split spine is 15 ~ 70 mm long, and sometimes branched with another small
spines. The outer surface is reddish purple ~ reddish brown. The end of spine is reddish brown, and shiny with
fine wrinkles. The texture is hard and difficult to snap off.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 3.0 % of stems and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 11.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
10.0 %.
Grade Good Gleditsiae Spina of good grade is large and hard. It should not contain any stems and foreign
matters.
GLYCINE SEMEN GERMINATUM
대두황권
Glycine Semen Germinatum is the geminated bean of Glycine max Merrill (Leguminosae).
Description The seed of Glycine Semen Germinatum is elliptic, flat, 8 ~ 12 mm long, and 5 ~ 7 mm in
diameter. The outer surface is brown ~ blackish brown, slightly shrunken, distinct with a hilum, and observed
with one slightly curved radicle and two yellowish white cotyledons.
It is odourless, and tastes of bean.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 10.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 6.0 %.
Grade Good Glycine Semen Germinatum of good grade is large, substantial, brown, distinct with wrinkled
striations, and of the small embryonic roots.
GLYCINE SEMEN NIGRA
흑두, 흑대두, 오두
Glycine Semen Nigra is the black seed of Glycine max Merrill (Leguminosae).
Description Glycine Semen Nigra is ovate or spherical, and 5 ~ 8 mm in diameter. The outer surface is black
or stained colors, and glossy. When dissected, two cotyledons are split, and an embryo is found in the
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middle. The hilum is long, located at one side. The pale yellow cotyledon is revealed, when the black seed coat
is peeled. The texture is hard.
It smells of bean, and tastes mucous.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Grade Good Glycine Semen Nigra of good grade is regular, even, substantial, black, and shiny.
GLYCINE SEMEN PREPARATUM
두시, 향시, 담시
Glycine Semen Preparatum is the boiled and fermented seed of Glycine max Merrill (Leguminosae).
Description Glycine Semen Preparatum is slightly flat, ovate ~ elliptic, 5 ~ 10 mm long, and 5 ~ 7 mm in
diameter. The pericarp is black or yellowish brown, crumpled, and irregular on surface without glossiness. Two
cotyledons are observed inside. The texture is soft and smooth with a linear-shaped hilum.
Grade Good Glycine Semen Preparatum of good grade is large, even, and black.
GOSSYPII SEMEN
면실자, 면화자, 목면자
Gossypii Semen is the seed of Gossypium nanking Meyen (Malvaceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Gossypii Semen is elliptic and acuminate on one end, 7 ~ 8 mm long, and 3 ~ 5 mm wide. The
outer surface is brown with long tomentum, some with only short tomentum, and some with both.
It smells oily and tastes greasy.
Grade Good Gossypii Semen of good grade is large with possibly less tomentum.
GRANATI CORTEX
석류피, Granate Bark
Granati Cortex is the fresh cortex of stems, branches, and roots of Punica granatum Linné (Punicaceae). The
drug contains 0.4 % of total alkaloids [the average molecular weight (148.23) of the sum of pelletierine
(C8H15NO) and methyl pelletierine (C9H17N0)].
Description Granati Cortex is tube-like or curvy of cortex pieces, 3 ~ 8 cm long, and 1 ~ 3 mm thick. The
outer surface of the stem and the branch is dark grayish brown. The cross-section is pale yellow. The outer and
the inner surfaces of the root cortex are pale yellow. Under a microscope, the thick inner wall of the epidermis
by the distinct stratum is observed. The secondary cell wall is formed the phloem with a layer of cells ordinarily,
and some seldom, with two layers of cells. Parenchyma cells on the cross-section are rectangular, arrayed in
lines near the phloems. One calcium oxalate bundle is observed inside of the cell. The stone cells are scattered
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outside of the secondary cell wall that is 20 ~ 200 µm in diameter.
It is odourless, and tastes astringent, bitter, and unpleasant.
Identification 1) Take 1.0 g of the slices or the pulverized Granati Cortex, add 100 mL of water and 2 ~ 3
drops of dilute hydrochloric acid, stand for 1 hour, and filter off. To the yellowish filtrate, add 2 ~ 3 drops of
ferric chloride TS; the dark blue color is revealed.
2) To the filtrate of 1), add 5 times of potassium hydroxide; the yellowish red color is produced. Sometimes he
golden yellow precipitation forms the colorless filtrate.
3) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Granati Cortex, add 5 mL of ether and 1 mL of sodium hydroxide TS (1 → 6),
stand for 10 hours with intermittent shaking, and filter off. To the filtrate, add 2 drops of dilute hydrochloric acid
(1 → 70), and evaporate ether in a water bath. Spot the residue on the filter paper, and spray the Dragendorff's
reagent; the yellowish red color is revealed.
Purity No more than 2.0 % of the xylem parts and others should be obtained.
Ash Not more than 15.0 %.
Assay Dry the pulverized Granati Cortex at 60 °C for 1 hour. To 5.0 g of the dried powder, add 50 mL of ether,
and mix well. Add 10 mL of sodium hydroxide TS (1 → 6), stand for 30 minutes with intermittent shaking, and
filter off with the non-fat cotton. To the residue, add ether (30 mL), stand for 15 minutes, and filter with the nonfat cotton. Repeat the filtration two times and wash the residue with 5 mL of ether. Combine the filtrate and the
washed ether solution, and add 1 mL of water to make it clear. Add 2 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate to the total
solution, shake strongly for 3 minutes, leave for 10 minutes, filter with the non-fat cotton, and wash the residue
with 5 mL of ether. Combine the filtrate and the washed ether solution, and transfer to a separating funnel. Add
20 mL of 0.01 mol/L sulfuric acid VS to the separating funnel, extract, and wash the ether layer 3 times with 10
mL of water. Combine the washed solution and the sulfuric acid extract. Titrate the excess sulfuric acid with 3
drops of 0.02 mol/L sodium hydroxide VS (the indicator: methyl red).
0.01 mol/L sulfuric acid VS (1 mL) = 2.965 mg of the total alkaloids.
GRANATI SEMEN
석류자
Granati Semen is the seed of Punica granatum Linné (Punicaceae).
Description Granati Semen is spherical, angular, lumpy with adhesive seeds, 5 ~ 8 mm long, and 3 ~ 4 mm
in diameter. The testa is pale red, and dried to form the outer skin. The outer surface is reddish brown and shrunk.
The endopleura is yellow. The endosperm is white.
It is odourless, and tastes strongly sour and astringent.
Grade Good Granati Semen of good grade is regular without foreign matters.
GRYLLOTALPAE CORPUS
누고, 지구
Gryllotalpae Corpus is the whole body of Gryllotalpa africana De Beauvois (Gryllotalpidae).
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Description The body length of Gryllotalpae Corpus in perfect shape is about 3 cm long. The parts of head
and chest are brown. The complex eye is black and shinny. The wings are membranous, mostly broken, and
fallen. The legs are also broken. The abdomen is wrinkled, curled, and brown ~ blackish brown. It has short
scattered hairs. The texture is soft and fragile.
It smells fishy and tastes salty.
Grade Good Gryllotalpae Corpus of good grade is well dried and perfect-shaped without soil and dust.
GUTTI
등황, 옥황, 월황
Gutti is the resin, drained from the stem of Garcinia hanburyi Hooker f. (Guttiferae), and other species of the
same genus.
Description Gutti is irregular, cylindrical or lumpy, and 3 ~ 5 cm in diameter. The external is yellowish red ~
pale brown, and covered with the yellowish green powder and longitudinal striations. The cut surface is glazed
with shell-skin striations or sometime with empty inside, and shiny like a yellowish brown wax. The texture is
soft and brittle. When mixed with water, it turns to milky fluid. It is burnt on fire.
It smells characteristic, and tastes stimulant and hot.
Grade Good Gutti of good grade is translucent and yellowish red.
GYPSOPHILAE RADIX
은시호
Gypsophilae Radix is the root of Gypsophila oldhamiana Miquel (Caryophyllaceae).
Description Gypsophilae Radix is cylindrical, 15 ~ 40 cm long, and 5 ~ 20 mm in diameter with many
branched roots. The root head is 3 ~ 6 cm in diameter with scars of stems. The outer surface is faint gray ~
grayish black with longitudinal wrinkles. The texture is hard. The cut surface is yellowish white, and distinctly
observed of the separation between the xylem and the cortex.
It is odourless, and tastes hot and acrid.
Identification Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Gypsophilae Radix, add 20 mL of water, heat, and filter off. The
filtrate in a test tube is shaken heavily, and then the long-lasting small droplets of foam are produced.
Grade Good Gypsophilae Radix of good grade is hard and yellowish white on the cut surface.
HAEMATITUM
대자석, 자석, 적토, Haematite
Haematite belongs to the Corundum group of the oxide class, mainly ferric oxide (Fe 2O3).
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Description Haematite is irregular, flat and lumpy, and dark brown ~ grayish black. The external surface is
observed with nipple-like bulges and some hollows, and attached with the scattered reddish brown powder. It
shines like metallic glittering. The texture is hard, heavy, and unbreakable. The cracked surface is marked with
wave-like striations.
Hardness: 5.5, Density: 5.0 ~ 5.3
It is odourless and tasteless.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Haematitum in a test tube, add 2 mL of hydrochloric acid, mix,
and leave it for 10 minutes. To clear the upper layer, add 1 drop of potassium ferrocyanide TS; the blue
precipitation occurs.
Grade Good Haematite of good grade is distinct with wave-like striations and many nipple-like bulges on the
cracked surface. It is reddish brown.
HALIOTIDIS CONCHA
석결명, 진주모
Haliotidis Concha is the shell of Haliotis gigantea Gmelin (Haliotidae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Haliotidis Concha is ovate, 5 ~ 14 cm long, and 3 ~ 9 cm wide. The outer surface is undulated
and rough, grayish white ~ grayish black, attached with bryophytes and calcareous organisms, and protruded by
irregular spiral ribs. The bulge is amorphous, arranged with 20 bulges to the right direction on surface, and some
with 4 ~ 5 opened-up holes. The inner surface is smooth and shiny like pearls. The texture is hard and difficult to
break off.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly salty.
Grade Good Haliotidis Concha of good grade is hard, thick, and pearl-shiny.
HALLOYSITUM RUBRUM
적석지, 적석토, Halloysite
Halloysitum Rubrum is the lump of red hydrated kaolinite, belonging to the silicate salt with triclinic crystal
structure.
Description Halloysitum Rubrum is irregular and lumpy. The external surface is red ~ purplish red or deep
red. The fractured surface is smooth, brittle, and highly water absorbent.
Hardness: 1 ~ 2, Specific gravity: 2.0 ~ 2.2
It smells of soil. It tastes dull, but sticky when licked.
Loss on drying Not more than 2.0 %.
Ash Not more than 87.0 %.
Grade Good Halloysitum Rubrum of good grade is smooth, brittle, red, and sticky when licked.
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HELENII
토목향
Helenii is the root of Inula helenium Linné (Compositae).
Description Helenii is cylindrical ~ spindle-shaped, 10 ~ 30 cm long, 1 ~ 3 cm in diameter, some with
branched roots, supple, and pliant. The root is split longitudinally of the large roots. The outer surface is grayish
brown ~ brown with many wrinkles. Under a magnifying glass on the cross-section, a grayish brown cortex layer
and a grayish white xylem are distinguished. Starch grains are not observed, but spherical inulin particles are
shown when dipped in ethanol.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly bitter.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 5.0 % of stems and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 20.0 %.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Oil content More than 0.4 mL (50 g).
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 20.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
15.0 %; Ether-soluble extract: more than 6.0 %.
Grade Good Helenii of good grade is longer than 15 cm, wider than 2 cm, and brown.
HEMEROCALLIDIS RADIX
훤초근, 황화채근
Hemerocallidis Radix is the root and rhizome of Hemerocallis fulva Linné (Liliaceae), and other species of the
same genus.
Description The rhizome of Hemerocallidis Radix is cylindrical, remained with the leaf stalk on the apex,
and attached with roots. The root is 5 ~ 10 cm long, 3 ~ 5 mm in diameter, exhibited with many transverse
wrinkles, fusiform, and tapered from the middle to the end. The texture is light and difficult to snap off. The
snapped surface is pale yellow brown.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly sweet.
Identification 1) Take 2.0 g of the pulverized Hemerocallidis Radix, add 15 mL of 70 % methanol, heat in a
water bath for 15 minutes, and filter off. To 0.5 mL of the filtrate, add 1 ~ 2 drops of the sodium hydroxide
solution; the red color is revealed immediately.
2) To 0.5 mL of the filtrate, add 5 ~ 6 drops of 1 % magnesium acetate solution; the reddish white color is
produced in the upper layer.
Grade Good Hemerocallidis Radix of good grade is replete, substantial, and fusiform.
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HIBISCI CORTEX
목근피, 천근피, Hybiscus Bark
Hibisci Cortex is the stem and root bark of Hibiscus syriacus Linné (Malvaceae).
Description Hibisci Cortex is cylindrical ~ semi-cylindrical, 10 ~ 20 cm long, 5 ~ 20 mm wide, and about 2
mm thick. The outer surface is rough and pale brown ~ grayish brown with many longitudinal wrinkles and
small bulges. The inner surface is pale yellowish green with fine longitudinal wrinkles. The texture is difficult to
snap off. The snapped surface is fibrous.
It is odourless, tasteless, and mucous when chewed.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 10.0 % of the xylem, branches, and others should be obtained.
Grade Good Hibisci Cortex of good grade is thick barks without debris.
HIBISCI RADIX
황촉규, 촉규근, Hibiscus Root
Hibisci Radix is the root of Hibiscus manihot Linné (Malvaceae).
Description Hibisci Radix is long and fusiform, 10 ~ 30 cm long, and 5 ~ 15 mm in diameter with branched
roots. The outer surface is yellowish brown with brown transverse wrinkles. The cut surface is fibrous, and
distinctly separated between the cortex and the xylem.
It is odourless, and tastes mild and mucous.
Identification Add 10 mL of water to 1.0 g of the powder; milky white mucus is produced.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 3.0 % of stems and others should be obtained.
Grade Good Hibisci Radix of good grade is long, thick, regular, even, and pale yellow on the cut surface.
HIPPOCAMPUS
해마, 수마, 마두어
Hippocampus is the body of Hippocampus coronatus Linné (Syngnathidae).
Description The body of Hippocampus is slightly compressed, curved, light, bony, hard on texture, 10 ~ 30
cm long, and yellowish white. The head resembles that of a horse with a crown-like protuberance and a long
tubular snout. The mouth is small and toothless. Two eyes are deeply sunken. The trunk is seven-ridged. The tail
is four-ridged, tapered, and curled at the end. The body surface is corrugated with segment striations and short
spines.
It smells slightly fleshy and tastes slightly bitter.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
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Ash Not more than 20.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 10.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
10.0 %.
Grade Good Hippocampus of good grade is large. It should have intact heads and tails.
HIRUDO
수질, 관수질, 마질
Hirudo is the body of Hirudo niponica Whitman, and Whitmania pigra Whitman (Hirudinidae).
Description W. pigra It is fusiform, flattened, 4 ~ 8 cm long, and 0.5 ~ 2 cm wide with several girdles. The
dorsal surface is slightly projected with blackish brown longitudinal lines. The texture is easily snapped; the
snapped surface is black and shiny.
W. acranulata It is 5 ~ 12 cm long and 0.1 ~ 0.5 cm wide. The dorsal surface is brown with five longitudinal
lines that contain blackish brown spots. The body is compressed, long, and easily snapped; the snapped surface
is uneven without shine.
H. niponica It is oblong, curved, some tortuous, 2 ~ 5 cm long, and 2 ~ 4 mm wide. The dorsal surface is dark
green with five longitudinal lines. The texture is easily snapped; the snapped surface is rough without shine.
W. pigra and W. acranulata smell of soil; H. niponica smells slightly fleshy. All taste bitter and salty.
Grade Good Hirudo of good grade is intact, curved with transverse striations, and black. It should not mixed
with soil, and not be wormy.
HOELEN CUM RADIX
복신, 백복신
Hoelen Cum Radix is the sclerotium of Poria cocos Wolf (Polyporaceae), attached to the roots of pine trees.
Description Hoelen Cum Radix is similarly shaped as Poria cocos. The center of the pine tree roots is
penetrated. The texture is hard and farinaceous.
Identification 1) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Hoelen Cum Radix, add 5 mL of acetone, place in a water
bath for 2 minutes, and filter off. Evaporate the filtrate; the dried residue is dissolved in a small volume of
anhydrous acetic acid. Add 1 drop of sulfuric acid; the pale red color is initially revealed, becoming dark green
later.
2) Drop some of the iodine reagent solution onto the cut surface; the dark reddish purple color is produced.
Loss on drying Not more than 13.0 %.
Ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 1.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 0.5 %.
Grade Good Hoelen Cum Radix of good grade is substantial, hard, and white. The roots of the pine trees
should be penetrated in the center part.
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89
HOLOTRICHIA
제조, 비제, 금구자
Holotrichia is the larva of Holotrihia diompharia Bates (Scarabaeidae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Long and cylindrical ~ curved, flat and reniform, about 3 cm long, 10 ~ 12 mm wide, and
yellowish brown ~ brown or yellowish white. The outer surface is marked with annulate nodes. The texture is
relatively hard, brittle, and empty inside.
It smells slightly characteristic; Holotrichia of inferior grade is spoiled. It tastes strong bitter.
Grade Good Holotrichia of good grade is intact and regular.
HOMINIS PLACENTA
자하거, 태반, 포의
Hominis Placenta is the dried fresh human placenta.
Description Hominis Placenta is oval ~ elliptic, 9 ~ 15 cm in diameter, and irregular in width. The external
surface is yellow ~ yellowish brown; one side is bulged with wrinkles, and another side is smooth, and
sometimes attached with an umbilical cord. The texture is hard and brittle. The weight is 35 ~ 70 g.
It smells fleshy, and is tasteless.
Grade Good Hominis Placenta of good grade is intact in form and yellow. It should not contain blood in
blood vessels.
Processing Remove the amnion and the umbilical cord from the fresh placenta, and wash blood
thoroughly. Heat in boiling water, and dry.
HORDEI FRUCTUS GERMINATUS
맥아, 곡맥
Hordei Fructus Germinatus is the dried and germinated bud of Hordeum vulgare Linné (Gramineae).
Description Hordei Fructus Germinatus is long, fusiform, 10 ~ 15 mm long, and 3 ~ 4 mm wide. The
plumule is at one end, and the radicle, at the other. The outer surface is pale yellow, and the germ, milky
white. The texture is hard and brittle.
It smells sweet and tastes slightly sweet.
Identification Take 0.1 g of the pulverized Hordei Fructus Germinatus, add the glu water and saccharify for
1 hour at 55 °C. The saccharified solution decolorizes the Fehling's solution.
Loss on drying Not more than 13.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
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Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 15.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
15.0 %.
Grade Good Hordei Fructus Germinatus of good grade is hard, shorter than 2 cm long, and yellow.
HOUTTUYNIAE HERBA
즙채, 어성초, 중약
Houttuyniae Herba is the whole plant of Houttuynia cordata Thunberg (Saururaceae).
Description The stem of Houttuyniae Herba is 20 ~ 35 cm long, and 2 ~ 3 mm in diameter with longitudinal
wrinkles and distinct nodes. The lower part of nodes has thin fibrous roots. The texture is soft and easy to snap
off. The leaf is curled or crumpled, cordate when spread out entirely, 3 ~ 5 cm long, and 3 ~ 4 cm wide; the
upper leaf is dark yellowish green ~ yellowish brown, and the lower one is grayish green ~ grayish brown.
It smells fishy when leaves are rubbed, and tastes slightly astringent.
Identification Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Houttuyniae Herba, add 10 mL of methanol, heat in a water bath
for 3 minutes, and filter off. To 2 mL of the filtrate, add a small amount of magnesium powder and 3 drops of
hydrochloric acid, and heat in a water bath; the red color is revealed.
Grade Good Houttuyniae Herba of good grade is grayish green. It should have plenty of leaves and fishy
smell.
HOVENIAE SEMEN CUM FRUCTUS
지구자, 목밀
Hoveniae Semen Cum Fructus is the seed and fruit with fruit stalks of Hovenia dulcis Thunberg (Rhamnaceae).
Description Hoveniae Semen Cum Fructus is round, flat, slightly protruded on the dorsal surface, relatively
flat on the ventral surface, 3 ~ 5 mm in diameter, and about 2 mm thick. The outer surface is reddish brown,
shiny, observed with the elliptic dot-like hilum at the base, and slightly bulged sutural points at the end. The
longitudinal ridge-line is on the dorsal side.
It smells characteristic, and tastes bitter and astringent.
Grade Good Hoveniae Semen Cum Fructus of good grade is shiny. It should not contain any foreign matters.
HUMULI HERBA
율초, 늑초
Humuli Herba is the aerial parts of Humulus japonicus Siebold et Zuccarini (Moraceae).
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Description The rhizomes of Humuli Herba are attached with leaves and fruits. Humuli Herba is irregular in
length, and sometimes reached to 2 m long. The leaf is light green ~ grayish green, shriveled, palm-shaped when
spread and split to 5 ~ 7 parts, 5 ~ 7 cm long, oppositely arrayed, ovate ~ lanceolate, irregular and serrate on the
margin, bristle on both sides, and observed with the granular spot on the lower leaf. The stems and the petioles
are covered with dense bristles.
It smells grassy and tastes slightly bitter.
Grade Good Humuli Herba of good grade is well-dried and grayish green. It should not contain any debris,
but have attached fruits.
HYDNOCARPI SEMEN
대풍자
Hydnocarpi Semen is the seed of Hydnocarpus anthelmintica Pierre (Flacourtiaceae), and other species of the
same genus.
Description Hydnocarpi Semen is irregular, ovate ~ polygonal, possessing 3 ~ 5 hill-like parts on surface, 10
~ 25 mm long, and 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter. The pericarp is 1.5 ~ 2.0 mm thick with fine striations. The outer
surface is grayish brown ~ grayish black, and the inner surface is glazed and pale yellow ~ yellowish brown. The
seeds are covered with the reddish brown ~ dark purple membrane; two oily seeds are found inside.
It smells characteristic, and tastes dull and astringent.
Identification Take 10 drops of the seed oil, obtained from pressed seeds, add 1 drop of hydrochloric acid
followed by 2 ~ 3 drops of chloride acetate, and heat; the dark blue color reveals.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Grade Good Hydnocarpi Semen of good grade is large of seeds, white, and oily. It should have the thin
pericarp.
HYDRARGYRUM
수은, 홍, 영액, Mercury
Hydrargyrum is the drug which contains more than 99.6 % of mercury (Hg : 200.59).
Description Hydrargyrum is formed to an alloy with various metals, and translucent of the liquid metal with
the specific gravity of 13.56 at room temperature. It is silvery white, liquid, and divided into small spheroids. It
is volatilized when heated, even slightly volatile at room temperature, boiled at 357 °C, and poisonous in the
vapor form. At room temperature, it is insoluble in hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, but soluble in sulfuric
acid with heat, and easily soluble in nitric acid.
Identification The solution of 0.1 g of the drug, dissolved in 10 mL of water and 10 mL of nitric acid,
reveals the qualitative reactions of mercury salts.
Purity No stains are remained, while rubbing a small portion on a white paper.
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Assay Take 1.0 g of the Hydrargyrum, add a mixture of 5 mL of water and 5 mL of nitric acid, heat in a water
bath until the clear solution, and cool down. Add extra water to make a total volume of 100 mL. To an aliquot of
10 mL of the solution, add 50 mL of water and 3 g of hexamine, and titrate with 0.02 M
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt solution (indicator, xylenol orange reagent, 3 drops). The endpoint is the time at the color change: bluish purple to yellow.
0.02 M ethylenediamineteraacetic acid disodium VS, 1 mL = 4.012 mgHg
Grade Good Hydrargyrum of good grade is silvery white and shiny with high fluidity. It should not have
stains on the filter paper at rubbing.
IMPATIENTIS SEMEN
급성자, 봉선자
Impatientis Semen is the seed of Impatiens balsamina Linné (Balsaminaceae).
Description Impatientis Semen is deviated circular ~ ovate and 1 ~ 3 mm in diameter. The outer surface is
grayish brown ~ purplish brown, and rough. The hilum is raised and located at the end; the surface is glossy
when peeled off. The flesh is hard; the testa is thin. The cotyledon is grayish white, semi-transparent, and oily.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter.
Grade Good Impatientis Semen of good grade is substantial and purplish brown.
INDIGO PULVERATA LEVIS
청대, 쪽, Indigo
Indigo Pulverata Levis is the powder, derived from fermented leaves of Persicaria tinctoria H. Gross
(Polygonaceae).
Description Indigo Pulverata Levis is fine and powdery, soft in texture, and deep blue in color.
Identification Indigo Pulverata Levis is insoluble in water, ethanol, weak acids, and alkalis. It is unchanged
in the air or by the sunlight.
Loss on drying Not more than 0.4 % (6 hours).
Grade Good Indigo Pulverata Levis of good grade is fine and powdery. It should be afloat on water, and
burnt with purplish red flame.
INULAE FLOS
선복화, 금불초
Inulae Flos is the flower of Inula japonica Thunberg (Compositae).
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Description Inulae Flos is oblate ~ spherical, and 10 ~ 15 mm in diameter with several layers of involucre
like the tier array of roof tiles. The bract is like a small scale, grayish yellow, and 4 ~ 6 mm long. At the bottom
of the involucre, scars of the calyx are remained. The bract and the outer surface of the calyx are covered with
the white tomentum. The ovary that has an elliptic seed inside is about 5 mm long and attached with white hairs
at the end.
It smells characteristic, and tastes sweet initially and bitter later.
Identification 1) Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Inulae Flos, add 10 mL of ethanol, heat for 2 minutes, and
filter off. To 5 mL of the filtrate, add a small amount of magnesium and 2 ~ 3 drops of hydrochloric acid; the red
color is revealed.
2) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Inulae Flos, add 10 mL of water, mix with shaking, and filter off. To 2 mL of
the filtrate, add one drop of ferric chloride TS; the dark blue color is revealed.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 5.0 % of the fruit stalks, calyxes, leaves, and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Ash Not more than 11.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 16.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
20.0 %.
Grade Good Inulae Flos of good grade is vivid yellow. Its flower buds should be intact and perfect in shape.
ISATIDIS RADIX
판람근, 대전, 전청근
Isatidis Radix is the root of Isatis tinctoria Linné (Cruciferae).
Description Isatidis Radix is cylindrical, twisted, slightly curved, 5 ~ 15 cm long, and 3 ~ 8 mm in
diameter. The outer surface is pale brown, slightly thicker on the root head, remained with scars of leaves and
stems, and marked with longitudinal wrinkles, lenticels and scars of branched roots. The texture is brittle; the
cross-section is white. The xylem is pale yellow.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly sweet initially and bitter later.
Purity No more than 3.0 % of stems should be obtained.
Grade Good Isatidis Radix of good grade is long and thick. Its inside should be white and farinaceous.
JUGLANDIS SEMEN
호도, 핵도
Juglandis Semen is the seed of Juglans sinensis Dode (Juglandaceae).
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Description Juglandis Semen is spherical with long and deep grooves over the surface, and 2 ~ 3 cm in
diameter. The testa is pale brown with thin and thick striations like leaf veins. Two cotyledons are semispherical
and easily fallen when the aril is peeled off. The texture is soft, brittle, and milky white on the fractured surface.
It is odourless. It tastes oily and tasty, and the taste of the testa is slightly astringent.
Purity 1) When pulverized in hot water, no smell of decomposed oil is evolved.
2) No more than 2.0 % of endocarps and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 5.0 %.
Ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Grade Good Juglandis Semen of good grade is large, substantial, and milky white on the cut surface. It
should not contain any decomposed seeds.
JUNCI MEDULLA
등심초, 등심
Junci Medulla is the stem pith of Juncus effusus Linné (Juncaceae).
Description Junci Medulla is cylindrical, long, noodle-shaped, 30 ~ 60 cm long, and about 2 mm in
diameter. The outer surface is milky white ~ pale yellowish white, flattened by pressing, and marked with fine
longitudinal wrinkles. Under a magnifying glass, numerous pores of lenticel scars on the light-weighed, and
loose and sponge-shaped cut surface are visible.
Loss on drying Not more than 3.0 %.
Ash Not more than 1.3 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 2.5 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 1.0 %.
Grade Good Junci Medulla of good grade is elastic, light-weighed, regular, and white.
KAKI CALYX
시체, 시정
Kaki Calyx is the calyx of Diospyros kaki Thunberg (Ebenaceae).
Description Kaki Calyx is divided into four sepals at the marginal areas, 15 ~ 25 mm in diameter, and 1 ~ 4
mm thick. The sepal is ovate ~ triangular; the margin is curled upward and merged into the center of a thick
receptacle. The outer surface is grayish brown ~ reddish brown, often observed with four protuberant lines and
some fruit stalks, and remained with some dent scars of the fruit stalks. The center of calyx, under a microscope,
contains the merged part of the sepals that are covered densely with brownish tomentum, and a scar of the fruit
stalk. The texture is light and thin.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly astringent.
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Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Kaki Calyx, add 5 mL of chloroform, mix with shaking, heat for
2 minutes, and filter off. To the filtrate, add 0.5 mL of anhydrous acetic acid, and flow 0.5 mL of sulfuric acid
along the wall; the reddish purple color on the boundary is revealed, and the dark green color in the upper part of
the filtrate is gradually revealed later.
Loss on drying Not more than 15.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 13.0 %.
Grade Good Kaki Calyx of good grade is thick, intact, even, reddish brown, and astringent.
KALOPANACIS CORTEX
해동피, 자동피
Kalopanacis Cortex is the bark of Kalopanax pictus Nakai (Araliaceae).
Description Kalopanacis Cortex is long and slate-shaped, plane ~ half-tubular, 5 ~ 30 cm long, 1 ~ 3 cm
wide, and 1 ~ 3 mm thick. The outer surface is grayish brown ~ reddish brown with irregular and longitudinal
wrinkles, remained with ovate and grayish white scars of thorns or with spindle-shaped, and 3 ~ 10 mm high and
reddish brown scars of thorns. The inner surface is yellow ~ yellowish brown with flat and fine longitudinal
wrinkles. The snapped surface is yellow ~ yellowish brown and fibrous.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter and pungent.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Kalopanacis Cortex, add 5 mL of anhydrous acetic acid, mix
with shaking for 5 minutes, and filter off. To 2 mL of the filtrate, add 1 mL of sulfuric acid slowly; the reddish
purple color is revealed on the boundary, and the green color is produced in the upper layer on standing.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 1.0 % of the cork layer and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 9.0 %.
Ash Not more than 10.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Kalopanacis Cortex of good grade is reddish brown half-tubular and thicker than 2 mm in width.
KOCHIAE FRUCTUS
지부자, 지규
Kochiae Fructus is the mature fruit of Kochia scoparia Schrader (Chenopodiaceae).
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Description Kochiae Fructus is compressed and spherical, pentagonal, star-shaped, and 1 ~ 3 mm in
diameter. The outer surface is grayish green ~ pale brown, attached with five small pinnate membranes. The
dorsal part is remained with small bulges, scars of fruit stalks, and 5 ~ 10 radial ribs. Black compressed and
ovate seeds are observed below the pericarp.
It smells slightly aromatic and tastes slightly bitter.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 10.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 15.0 %.
Grade Good Kochiae Fructus of good grade is fully-dried with black seeds inside.
LACCA SINICA EXSICCATA
건칠, 칠, Chiness Lacquer
Lacca Sinica Exsiccata is the oozed-by-cut and naturally dried resin of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (Anacardiaceae).
Description Lacca Sinica Exsiccata is lumpy with irregular shapes. The surface is dark brown; the inner
surface is glossy brown of broken pieces.
It smells characteristic and tastes hot.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of stem barks and others should be obtained.
Grade Good Lacca Sinica Exsiccata of good grade is dark brown and glossy.
LAMINARIAE JAPONICAE THALLUS
곤포
Laminariae Japonicae Thallus is the leaf of Laminaria japonica Areschoung (Laminariaceae).
Description Laminariae Japonicae Thallus is flat belt-shaped, 2 ~ 5 m long, 10 ~ 50 cm wide, and 1 ~ 3 mm
thick. The outer surface is bluish brown ~ dark brown and covered with white power. The middle part is thick,
and the edge is thin, wavy and tenacious.
It smells slight fishy, and tastes salty and sweet.
Grade Good Laminariae Japonicae Thallus of good grade is wide and thick, covered with white powder.
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LASHIOSPHAERA
마발, 마비, 회고, 마분포
Lashiosphaera is the sporophore of Lashiosphaera nipponica Kobayasi ex Asahina or Calvatia gigantea Lloyd
(Lycoperdaceae).
Description Lashiosphaera is oblate or spherical, 10 ~ 30 cm in diameter, occasionally, and about 50 cm
long. The surface is white at the early stage. The inner surface is fleshy, slightly mucous, and fragile. Fullygrown Lashiosphaera is broken inside with exudate, and yellowish brown on dryness.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly hot.
Grade Good Lashiosphaera of good grade is large, even, and rounded. It should not contain any broken ones.
LEONURI SEMEN
충위자, 익모초자, Motherwort seed
Leonuri Semen is the seed of Leonurus sibirieus Linné (Labiatae).
Description Leonuri Semen is triangular and bob-shaped, granular, 2 ~ 3 mm long, and 1 ~ 2 mm in diameter.
The outer surface is grayish brown ~ blackish brown without glossiness.
It is odourless, and tastes bitter.
Grade Good Leonuri Semen of good grade is regular, even, hard, and blackish brown.
LIGUSTRI FRUCTUS
여정실, 여정자, Ligustrum Fruit
Ligustri Fructus is the fruit of Ligustrum lucidum Aiton (Oleaceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Ligustri Fructus is ovate ~ elliptic, 5 ~ 10 mm long, and 3 ~ 5 mm in diameter. The outer surface
is blackish purple ~ black, slightly crumpled, and remained with a scar of the fruit stalk at the bottom of one
side. One or two seeds are elliptic, blackish purple, and pointed at both ends. The cross-section of the seed is
grayish white. The texture is hard and light.
It smells characteristic, and tastes sweet initially and astringent later.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 7.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 20.0 %.
Grade Good Ligustri Fructus of good grade is large and substantial. The fruit flesh is light black. It should
not contain any immature fruits.
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LILII BULBUS
백합
Lilii Bulbus is the bulb of Lilium lancifolium Thunberg (Liliaceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Lilii Bulbus is oblong, lanceolate, long and triangular of horny scales, 2 ~ 4 cm long, 1 ~ 2 cm
wide, and 2 ~ 5 mm thick. The middle part is thick; the edge is thin, and wrinkled or curled inward. The outer
surface is milky white ~ pale yellowish brown, slightly shiny, and translucent. The scale is with lateral veins.
The texture is hard and easily breakable; the cut surface is smooth.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter.
Ash Not more than 4.5 %.
Grade Good Lilii Bulbus of good grade is regular, hard, and pale white.
LINDERAE RADIX
오약, 천태오약, Lindera Root
Linderae Radix is the root of Lindera strichnifolia Villars (Lauraceae).
Description Linderae Radix is cylindrical ~ spindle-shaped, slightly contorted, 8 ~ 15 cm long, 1 ~ 3 cm in
diameter, and pointed at both ends with scant bulging nodes. The outer surface is yellowish brown ~ purplish
black, remained with scars of the rootlets, and marked with fine wrinkles and annual fissures. The texture is hard
and difficult to snap off; the cut surface is farinaceous. The phloem is brown; the xylem is pale yellowish brown
with annual rings and medullar rays. Under a microscope on the cross-section, a part of the cork layer is made of
the cork stone cells; the oil cells and fiber are observed in the phloem.
It smells of Camphor, and tastes slightly hot initially and bitter later.
Identification Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Linderae Radix, add 10 mL of chloroform and 1 mL of ammonia
TS, mix with shaking for 1 hour, and filter off. To the filtrate in a separating funnel, add 2 mL of dilute
hydrochloric acid, mix, and leave on standing. To the collected water layer, add 1 ~ 2 drops of the Meyer's
reagent; the white suspension is produced.
Loss on drying Not more than 14.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 2.5 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 7.0 %.
Grade Good Linderae Radix of good grade is thicker in the middle part with strong aroma. It should be dark
in color when snapped off.
LINDERAE RAMULUS
황매목, 단향매
Linderae Ramulus is the young branch before sprouting of Lindera obtusiloba Blume (Lauraceae).
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Description Linderae Ramulus is long and cylindrical, 30 ~ 60 cm long, and 3 ~ 7 mm in diameter with
branches. The outer surface is grayish brown ~ brown and shiny with pale brown speckles. The texture is easy to
snap off; the snapped surface is mostly lignified.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly bitter.
Grade Good Linderae Ramulus of good grade should have slender branches with strong aroma.
LITCHI SEMEN
여지핵, 여지
Litchi Semen is the seed of Litchi chinensis Sonnerat (Sapindaceae).
Description Litchi Semen is elliptic ~ ovate, flatten on one side, 12 ~ 22 mm long, and 6 ~ 16 mm in
diameter. The outer surface is dark red ~ purplish black, smooth, shiny, scattered with longitudinal wrinkles, and
blunt at one end. The texture is hard.
It is odourless, and tastes sweet initially and slightly bitter later.
Identification 1) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Litchi Semen, add 10 mL of water, boil, and filter off. To the
filtrate, add ferric chloride TS; the dark purple color is revealed.
2) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Litchi Semen, add 10 mL of water, heat in a water bath, and cool down; the
foam is produced continuously with shaking.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of others including pericarps should be obtained.
Grade Good Litchi Semen of good grade is regular, substantial, and shiny on the outer surface.
LITHARGYRUM
밀타승, 노저, 일산화납
Lithargyrum is the crude lead oxide (containing 95.0 % of PbO), derived from smelting the lead ore or the silver
ore, when the quantitative assay performed with dried crude lead oxide at 105 °C for 2 hours.
Description Lithargyrum is irregular and lumpy, or heavy and powdery, yellow ~ yellowish red with 1 ~ 2
mm thick striations, and crystal and glittery of powder under a microscope. When heated, it turns to the dark
color; when cooled, back to the original color. It is insoluble in water and ethanol, soluble in vinegar, dilute nitric
acid, and the hot sodium hydroxide solution, and melted at 880 ~ 890 °C. The saturated water solution indicates
alkaline pH.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Identification 1) When the drug dissolved in dilute nitric acid (1 → 10) is neutralized with the ammonia
reagent solution, the qualitative reaction reveals of Pb++.
2) To the solution, add hydrochloric acid; the white precipitation occurs.
3) To the above solution, introduce hydrogen sulfide gas; the black precipitation occurs.
Assay Dissolve 1.5 g of the Lithargyrum in 5 mL of acetic acid, and add water to make a total volume of 100
mL. To 25 mL of this solution, add 50 mL of water, boil, and follow with the addition of potassium dichromate
VS (1/60 mol/L, 50 mL), heat for 10 minutes in a water bath, cool down, and add water to make a final volume
of 200 mL. Remove the precipitate, filter the solution, discard the first 20 mL eluted, and collect 100 mL of the
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filtrate. To the filtrate, add 10 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid and 1 g of potassium iodide, mix well, and leave
for 10 minutes. Then the contents of separated iodide are titrated by sodium thiosulfate VS (0.1 mol/L, the
indicator: the starch reagent solution).
1/60 mol/L potassium dichromate VS 1 mL = 7.44 mg PbO
Grade Good Lithargyrum of good grade is distinct in crystal form, yellow, and glittering.
LONICERAE FOLIUM
인동, 인동등
Lonicerae Folium is the stem and branch of Lonicera japonica Thunberg (Caprifoliaceae).
Description Lonicerae Folium is cylindrical with scars of leaves and cut branches. The outer surface is pale
red ~ dark red with longitudinal striations and short hairs. Young branches are densely covered with short hairs;
barks are easily fallen to reveal the grayish white and fibrous xylem. The cut surface is fibrous, yellowish white,
and empty inside.
It is slightly odourless. It tastes slightly bitter, and the taste of young branches is dull.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 10.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 9.0 %.
Grade Good Lonicerae Folium of good grade should have thick branches and reddish barks.
LOPHATHERI HERBA
담죽엽
Lophatheri Herba is the aerial part of Lophatherum gracile Bronghiart (Gramineae) before the blooming season.
Description Lophatheri Herba is 25 ~ 75 cm in length. The stem is cylindrical with nodes, empty inside, and
externally pale yellowish green. The leaf is dehiscent of lanceolate lamina, shrunken and rolled, 5 ~ 20 cm long,
and 10 ~ 35 mm wide. The surface is pale green ~ yellowish green, parallel-formed with veins of square
reticulate, and more distinct of appearance on the lower surface. The texture is light and pliable.
It is odourless, and tastes insipid.
Grade Good Lophatheri Herba of good grade is well dried and yellowish green. It should not contain any
foreign matters and flower stalks.
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LUFFAE FRUCTUS RETINERVUS
사과락, 사과
Luffae Fructus Retinervus is the reticular fiber and vascular bundle of Luffa cylindrica Roemer (Cucurbitaceae).
Description Luffae Fructus Retinervus is long cylindrical ~ long rhombic, slightly curved, relatively slender
at both ends, 25 ~ 60 cm long, and 6 ~ 8 cm in diameter of the middle. The outer surface is white ~ yellowish
white, and resembling the fish net with reticulate fibers over the whole area. The texture is light-weighed,
tenacious, and difficult to snap off; the cut surface is shown with three ovaries and three big cavities where
sometimes the black seeds are remained inside.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Grade Good Luffae Fructus Retinervus of good grade should have thin fibers, tenacious texture, and no
pericarps.
LUMBRICUS
지룡, 구인
Lumbricus is the body of Pericaeta communisma Gate et Hatai, Allolobophora caliginosa var. trapezoides
Anton (Lumbricidae), and Pheretima aspergillum E. Perrier (Megascolecidae), and other species of the same
genus.
Description Lumbricus is long and cylindrical, curved, 10 ~ 15 cm long, 5 ~ 8 mm wide, and consisting of
about 100 ~ 150 segments where setae formed in ring. The dorsal surface is dark brown; the ventral side is pale
red with the pointed head and without a nose, eyes and ears. The texture is mostly attached with soil to the body,
soft, and easily breakable; the snapped inside is filled with soil.
It smells fleshy and tastes slightly salty.
Grade Good Lumbricus of good grade is large and not broken.
LYCII RADICIS CORTEX
지골피, 구기근피
Lycii Radicis Cortex is the root bark of Lycium chinense Miller (Solanaceae).
Description Lycii Radicis Cortex is tubular ~ semi-tubular and 1 ~ 3 mm thick. The outer surface is yellow ~
grayish brown; the inner surface is gray ~ grayish brown. The periderm is scale-shaped and easily peeled
off. The snapped surface is grayish white ~ grayish brown and coarse without fibers. The texture is light. Under
a microscope on the cross-section, several layers of the cork cells, the parenchyma cells with sand crystals of
calcium oxalate, and fibers are observed. The starch grains in the parenchyma cells are 5 ~ 10 µm, and the
lignified cells are rarely revealed.
It smells characteristic, and tastes sweet initially and bitter later.
Identification 1) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Lycii Radicis Cortex, add 10 mL of anhydrous acetic acid,
heat in a water bath for 2 minutes, and filter off. To 2 mL of the filtrate, add slowly 1 mL of sulfuric acid; the
reddish brown color on the boundary is revealed, and the green color is produced in the upper layer on standing.
2) To 0.5 g of the pulverized Lycii Radicis Cortex, add 10 mL of water, heat in a water bath for 5 minutes, and
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filter off. To 2 mL of the filtrate, add 1 mL of ninhydrin TS, and heat in a water bath for 2 ~ 3 minutes; the
purple color is produced.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 5.0 % of the xylem parts and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 18.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Lycii Radicis Cortex of good grade is clean on the external surface, thicker than 5 mm, and
longer than 5 cm. It should not contain any xylem parts.
LYCOPI HERBA
택란, 수향
Lycopi Herba is the aerial part before inflorescence of Lycopus coreanus Leveille (Labiatae).
Description Lycopi Herba is quadrangular, 30 ~ 40 cm long, 2 ~ 5 mm in diameter, and possessing nodes.
The outer surface is yellowish brown ~ purple and furrowed on each side. The texture is light, soft, and brittle;
the cut surface is observed with the white phloem and empty inside.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 25.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
20.0 %.
Grade Good Lycopi Herba of good grade is green and unbroken. It should have many leaves, short stems and
soft texture.
LYCOPODIUM
석송자, 석송
Lycopodium is the spore of Lycopodium clavatum Linné (Lycopodiaceae).
Description Lycopodium is powdery, pale yellow, 20 ~ 40 µm in diameter of the pyramid-shaped tetrahedral
from the side view, and protruded like a bow on the bottom plane. The outer surface is marked with the netted
striations; the cross-section is polygonal with the ridge-line array.
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Identification 1) The drug is not soaked with water and chloroform and afloat on the surface without
dissolved constituents.
2) The drug precipitates in boiling water.
3) Being contacted with fire, flame with burning sound occurs.
Purity 1) Foreign matter No more than 1.0 % of stems, leaves, debris, sand and soil, and others should be
obtained.
2) Pollen of the pine tree The pollen is 40 ~ 70 µm in diameter and consisted of two sphaerocysts and germ
cells with the bow-like wings. The minimum amount of the pollen should be allowed.
3) Starch and dextrin The drug, cooled after boiled in water, should not show the color reaction such as the
blue, purple ~ red colors to the iodine reagent solution.
4) Sulfur No odour of sulfur dioxide should be produced when burnt with fire.
Ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Grade Good Lycopodium of good grade is suitable to the purity test and the identification test.
LYGODII SPORA
해금사
Lygodii Spora is the spore of Lygodium japonicum Swartz (Schizaeaceae).
Description Lygodii Spora is light-weighed, fine and powdery, pale yellowish brown ~ brown, and
fluid. Under a microscope, it is tetrahedral and 60 ~ 80 µm in diameter.
Purity Foreign matter No sunken stuff is allowed, when adding 0.1 g of the powder to 10 mL of water.
Loss on drying Not more than 6.0 %.
Ash Not more than 15.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 7.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 8.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 9.0 %.
Grade Good Lygodii Spora of good grade is freely fluid and yellowish brown.
LYSIMACHIAE FOENUM-GRAECI HERBA
영릉향, 훈초, 향초, 영향초
Lysimachiae Foenum-Graeci Herba is the whole plant of Lysimachia foenum-graeci Hance (Primulaceae), and
other species of the same genus.
Description Lysimachiae Foenum-Graeci Herba has cylindrical stems, and wide and ovate leaves that are
oppositely arrayed. The stem is 40 ~ 60 cm long; the leaf is 4 ~ 6 cm in diameter and pointed at the apex with the
long leaf stalk. The upper surface of the leaf is green. The pedicel is slim and 2 ~ 3 cm long.
It smells strongly aromatic, and tastes slightly sweet and bitter.
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Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Lysimachiae Foenum-graeci Herba, add 10 mL of ethanol, boil,
and filter off. To the filtrate, add the ferric chloride solution; the green ~ blue color is produced.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 3.0 % of others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 15.0 %.
Grade Good Lysimachiae Foenum-Graeci Herba of good grade should have green stems and leaves with
strong aroma.
MAGENETITUM
자석, 모자석, 지남석, 영자석, Magnetite
Natural magnetite, belonging to the spinel group of the oxide class, consists of a mixture of ferriferous oxide and
peroxide.
Description Magenetitum is irregular, lumpy mostly with octahedron shapes, sometimes crystalline of
rhombic dodecahedrons, hard, compact, and heavy. The external surface is grayish black ~ blackish brown with
metallic luster, fine wrinkles, and scattered reddish brown substances.
Specific gravity: 5.17 ~ 5.18, Hardness: 5.5 ~ 5.6.
It attracts iron powder that stands like hairs.
It smells slightly of soil, and is tasteless.
Grade Good Magenetitum of good grade should attract more than 70.0 % of iron at the attracting capability
test.
Processing Refer to the processing methods in the appendix. Treat with strong fire and cool down to make
crumble texture.
MAGNOLIAE FLOS
신이, 목필화, Magnolia Bud
Magnoliae Flos is the flower bud of Magnolia denudata Desrousseaux (Magnoliaceae), and other species of the
same genus.
Description Magnoliae Flos is slightly sharp at the end like the brush-pen, ovate ~ fusiform, 1 ~ 4 cm long,
and 7 ~ 20 mm in diameter. The outer surface is covered densely with brownish pubescent of 5 mm long; two
dark brown bracts like rough scales are observed in two layers at the base. The bracts can be dissected
longitudinally to reveal 3 calyces, 6 ~ 12 brownish petals, numerous yellowish brown stamens, and a brown
pistil. The buds are brittle and broken easily.
It smells characteristic, and tastes cool, hot, and slightly bitter.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Magnoliae Flos, add 10 mL of dilute acetic acid, mix with
shaking for 5 minutes, and filter off. To 2 mL of the filtrate, add 2 ~ 3 drops of the Meyer's reagent; the filtrate
reveals cloudy suspension, and the cotton-like white precipitation is produced later.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 5.0 % of the calyces and the pedicels should be obtained.
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Ash Not more than 5.5 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Oil content More than 0.5 mL (50 g).
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 15.0 %.
Grade Good Magnoliae Flos of good grade is dark green with strong aroma. It should not contain any
pedicels and calyces.
MALVAE SEMEN
동규자, 활규자
Malvae Semen is the seed of Malva verticillata Linné (Malvaceae).
Description Malvae Semen is curved, kidney-shaped, 5 mm long, and about 2 mm in diameter. The weight
of 100 seeds is about 0.3 g. The outer surface is grayish white ~ grayish brown with radial-shaped bulges; the
texture is soft. When dissected, the margin is grayish yellow, the germ is white, and two cotyledons are yellow.
It is odourless, and tastes mild and oily.
Loss on drying Not more than 9.0 %.
Ash Not more than 13.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 21.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
22.0 %; Ether-soluble extract: more than 2.5 %.
Grade Good Malvae Semen of good grade is regular, even, substantial, and grayish brown.
MANITIS SQUAMA
천산갑, 능리갑
Manitis Squama is the crustaceous scale of Manis pentadactyla Linné (Manidae).
Description Manitis Squama is fan-shaped, triangular or rhombic, 3 ~ 5 cm long, and 4 ~ 6 mm wide. The
external surface is pale brown ~ blackish brown, translucent, and shiny. The slightly thicker part is attached to
the skin; the thinner part is on the margin. From the external surface to the margin, many ray-like lines stretch
out; on the back, slightly long and thin lateral lines are arranged. The inner side of the lower part is flat, smooth,
horny, and hard.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly salty.
Loss on drying Not more than 9.0 %.
Ash Not more than 1.0 %.
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Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 0.8 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 0.1 %.
Grade Good Manitis Squama of good grade is regular and even. It should be glossy and dark in color.
MANTIDIS OOTHECA
상표초, 당랑소, 단표초
Mantidis Ootheca is the steamed nest, containing the eggs of Paratenodera sinensis De Saussure (Mantidae).
Description Mantidis Ootheca is cylindrical ~ semi-circular, arranged with the tiers of thin layers, 25 ~ 45
mm long, 2 ~ 3 cm wide, and 15 ~ 20 mm thick. The external surface is pale brown ~ yellowish brown, slightly
protruded on the upper part, flat at the bottom, and attached with scars to the stem. The cross-section is spongyshaped on the outer part, and arranged with radial and small rooms on the inner part. Inside of each room, one
shiny brown elliptic egg is contained. The texture is light and crumble.
It smells slightly fleshy and tastes slightly salty.
Grade Good Mantidis Ootheca of good grade is regular and even, yellowish brown, and light. It should not
contain any larvae.
MARGARITUM
진주, Pearl
Margaritum is the bead, formed by Pinctada fucada Gould (Pteridae), and closely related species of the clam.
Description Margaritum is spherical or compressed spherical, and 2 ~ 7 cm in diameter. The external surface
is pale grayish white (the pearl color) ~ blackish brown, and glittering. The texture is hard and difficult to
fracture.
Identification Drop hydrochloric acid on the powder; it is dissolved with bubbles.
Grade Good Margaritum of good grade should not mixed with the clam shells and foreign matters.
MARSDENIAE LONGIPI HERBA
백령초
Marsdeniae Longipi Herba is the whole plant of Marsdenia longipes W. T. Wang (Asclepiadaceae).
Description Marsdeniae is attached with sparse hairs on young branches and leaves; they are fallen later. The
leaf is lanceolate with round laminae, 8 ~ 11 cm long, and 20 ~ 35 mm wide.
It tastes slightly sweet, bitter, and poisonous.
Grade Good Marsdeniae of good grade should unbroken and not contain any foreign matters.
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MASSA MEDICATA FERMENTATA
신곡, 신국
Massa Medicata Fermentata is medically used in the form of leaven, a fermented mixture of wheat flour, blended
with the powder of Phaseoli Semen, the paste of Armeniacae Semen, and the juice of Artemisa Apiaceae Herba,
Xanthii Herba and Polygoni Herba.
Description Massa Medicata Fermentata is irregular, lumpy, and yellowish brown ~ brown. The texture is
farinaceous, light, and crumble with fibrous stuffs.
It smells of vinegar and tastes slightly bitter.
Loss on drying Not more than 7.0 %.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Grade Good Massa Medicata Fermentata of good grade is not wormy and yellow. It should not have
unpleasant odour and the fungi contamination.
MAYDIS STIGMA
옥촉서예, 옥미수
Maydis Stigma is the fresh stigma and style of Zea mays Linné (Gramineae).
Description Maydis Stigma is loose and lumpy by tangling among stigmata and styles in the forms of thin
thread or hair-like, and pale green ~ yellowish green or yellowish brown. The style is 20 ~ 30 cm long; the
stigma is 1 ~ 3 mm long and split into two parts. The texture is soft and light.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly sweet.
Identification Take 1.0 g of the Maydis Stigma, add 10 mL of ethanol, extract with heating, and filter off;
the yellow ~ golden yellow filtrate is divided into three portions for the following assays.
1) To the filtrate, add dilute sulfuric acid; the yellowish red ~ reddish purple color is revealed.
2) To the filtrate, add the alkaline reagent solution; the green color is produced.
3) To the filtrate, add ferric chloride TS; the greenish brown color is shown.
Grade Good Maydis Stigma of good grade is soft and shiny.
MELANDRII HERBA
왕불류행, 불류행, 왕불류, Melandrium Herb
Melandrii Herba is the aerial part of the mature fruit of Melandrium firmum Rohrbach (Caryophyllaceae), and
other species of the same genus.
Description The stem of Melandrii Herba is slim and 20 ~ 40 cm long with bulged nodes. The node is
attached with branches and leaves that position oppositely. The leaf is lanceolate ~ elliptic, sharp at the tip, and
pale yellowish green ~ yellowish brown. The flower pedicel is attached at the end of branches, and obtained the
bottle-shaped capsule that has the extremely small blackish brown ~ black rounded seeds inside. Under a
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magnifying glass on the seed, small one-side-dented bulges are observed; the cross-section is milky white and
farinaceous.
It smells grassy, and tastes sweet initially and bitter later when chewed.
Purity 1) No more than 3.0 % of stems those are longer than 5 mm in diameter should be obtained.
2) No more than 5.0 % of roots and foreign matters except stems should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 15.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
9.0 %.
Grade Good Melandrii Herba of good grade should have many greenish mature fruits and seeds.
MELANTERITUM
녹반, 조반
Melanteritum is the mineral, melanterite, contained ferrous sulfate (FeSO 4 · 7H2O : 278.01), more than 95.0 %
of the composition.
Description Melanteritum is crystal as of stick-like or lumpy of stalactite-typed. The external surface is green,
glossy, and turning to yellow on standing under air. The texture is hard, brittle, water-soluble, and ethanolinsoluble.
It is odourless, and tastes astringent.
Identification 1) Heat the pulverized Melanteritum in a sealed test tube; water and sulfur oxide gas is
produced.
2) The water solution of this drug (1:10), according to the qualitative analysis described in the General Notices,
reacts on ferrous salt and sulfate salt.
Assay Take 0.7 g of the drug, add 20 mL of water and 20 mL of the diluted sulfuric acid together to dissolve
the drug. Add 2.0 mL of phosphoric acid to the solution, and titrate with the potassium permanganate (0.02
mol/L) solution.
0.02 mol/L potassium permanganate 1 mL = 27.8 mg FeSO4 · 7H2O
Grade Good Melanteritum of good grade is green. It should have more than 95.0 % of the ferrous sulfate
contents.
MELIAE CORTEX
고련피, 고련근피
Meliae Cortex is the stem and root bark of Melia azedarach Linné var. japonica Makino (Meliaceae).
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Description Meliae Cortex is bent semi- ~ tube-like, 20-50 cm long, 3 ~ 10 cm wide, and 3 ~ 5 mm
thick. The outer surface is grayish brown with longitudinally split spots and laterally arranged bark nodes, and
reddish brown with the peeled cork layer; the snapped surface is yellowish white, fibrous, hard, and easy to snap
off.
It smells characteristic and tastes bitter.
Ash Not more than 1.4 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 5.0 %.
Grade Good Meliae Cortex of good grade should have young barks with many lenticels.
MELIAE FRUCTUS
천련자, 금령자, Chinaberry
Meliae Fructus is the fruit of Melia azedarach Linné var. japonica Makino (Meliaceae).
Description Meliae Fructus is spherical ~ ovate and 10 ~ 15 mm in diameter. The outer surface is yellowish
brown, shiny, and wrinkled; the transverse cut surface is pale yellow with 4 ~ 5 chambers containing a single
seed in each chamber.
It smells characteristic, and tastes sour and bitter.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of fruit stalks and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 10.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
8.0 %.
Grade Good Meliae Fructus of good grade is large and substantial. Its outer surface is golden yellow, and the
flesh is yellowish white.
MELONIS PEDICELLUS
과체
Melonis Pedicellus is the apical tip of immature fruits of Cucumis melo Linné (Cucurbitaceae) and other species
of the same genus.
Description Melonis Pedicellus is bent cylindrical sometimes with fruit stalk, 2 ~ 3 cm long, and about 4 mm
in diameter. The upper part is expanded with longitudinal wrinkles and soft.
It is odourless, and tastes strongly bitter.
Grade Good Melonis Pedicellus of good grade is with strong bitter taste. It should have large apical tips.
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MERETRICIS CONCHA
문합
Meretricis Concha is the shell of Meretrix meretrix Linné (Veneridae).
Description Meretricis Concha is mostly triangular and raised outward. The external surface is grayish white
with brown and silver gray ray striations on the upper and front part of the shell, and covered with thin brown
and glossy membrane. The inner surface is milky white or bluish purple, smooth, and glossy. The texture is hard
and heavy; the cut surface is distinct with tiers of striations.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Grade Good Meretricis Concha of good grade is smooth, glossy, and yellowish white. It should not be mixed
with other species of the shells.
Processing Use in live, or process by heat for powder.
MINIUM
연단, 황단
Minium is the refined lead, containing more than 95.0 % of lead tetroxide (Pb 3O4 : 685.57).
Description Minium is golden yellow, heavy, fine and powdery, and crystalline of some rhombic forms. The
external surface is dark, translucent, smooth feeling at touch, and easily dying fingers yellow.
Specific gravity: 8 ~ 9.2, Hardness: 2.0
It tastes hot.
Identification 1) The drug, dissolved in dilute acetic acid (drug:acetic acid, 1:10) and neutralized with the
ammonia solution, reveals the qualitative reaction on Pb.
2) Take the water solution of the drug, and add dilute sulfuric acid; the white precipitation occurs. This
precipitation is insoluble in dilute acetic acid or dilute hydrochloride, and easily soluble in the warm sodium
hydroxide solution, acetic acid, and the ammonium solution.
3) To 0.5 g of the Minium, add 10 mL of hydrochloric acid, and heat; the white crystal is produced with smell
of chlorine gas. This gas converts the damp starch paper with potassium iodide to blue.
Assay Take 1.5 g of the Minium dissolved in 5 mL of vinegar, and add water to make a volume of 100 mL. To
25 mL of this solution, add 50 mL of water, and boil. Add 50 mL of 1/60 mol/L of potassium dichromate VS,
heat in a water bath with shaking for 10 minutes, and cool down. To this solution, add water to make a total
volume of 200 mL. While mixing, the precipitation is formed. Filter this solution through the filter papers. The
first 20 mL of the filtrate is discarded. To a portion of 100 mL of the remaining filtrate, add 10 mL of the diluted
sulfuric acid and 1 g of potassium iodide, mix, and stand for 10 minutes. Titrate the isolated iodine with 0.1
mol/L sodium thiosulfite VS (indicator:starch reagent solution, 2 mL).
1/60 mol/L potassium dichromate VS 1 mL = 7.618 mg Pb3O4
Grade Good Minium of good grade is vivid whitish red and heavy. It should not dye fingers when touched.
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MOMORDICAE SEMEN
목별자, 목해
Momordicae Semen is the seed of Momordica cochinchinensis Sprenger (Cucurbitaceae).
Description Momordicae Semen is flat disk-shaped ~ turtle dorsal-shaped, 2 ~ 3 cm in diameter, and about 5
mm thick. The outer surface is grayish brown ~ grayish black with about ten denticles at both ends. The exocarp
is hard; the endocarp consists of the thin grayish green membrane that has two yellowish white cotyledons
inside.
It smells of characteristic oil and tastes bitter.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 7.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 9.0 %.
Grade Good Momordicae Semen of good grade is large, regular in size, and unbroken. It should have oily
seeds.
MORI FOLIUM
상엽, 경상상엽
Mori Folium is the leaf of Morus alba Linné (Moraceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Mori Folium is shrunken by dryness, brittle, ovate of the original shape restored when moisten
with water, 8 ~ 15 cm long, 7 ~ 13 cm wide, sharp at the apex of the leaf, and containing a cordate petiole that is
attached on the base of the lamina. The margin of the leaf is serrate, and sometimes irregular and split; the lower
surface is yellowish green ~ pale yellowish brown. The vein is protruded at the lower part; the lateral vein is
reticulate with hairs. The texture is light and brittle.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter and astringent.
Identification Under a microscope, it is observed with cystolith, a single cell, and irregular shaped stomata
of 4 ~ 6 auxiliary cells. The cystolith is 47 ~ 77 µm in diameter; the single cell is 50 ~ 230 µm long. The bundle
of calcium oxalate is 5 ~ 16 µm in diameter.
Grade Good Mori Folium of good grade is large and yellowish green. It should not contain any broken ones.
MORI FRUCTUS
상심자, 상심
Mori Fructus is the fruit of Morus alba Linné (Moraceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Mori Fructus is long spherical, aggregated with small fruits and a short fruit stalk, 10 ~ 20 mm
long, 5 ~ 8 mm in diameter, and purplish red ~ dark purple. The achene is tiny, ovate, slightly flat, about 2 mm
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long, 1 mm in diameter, and covered with four fleshy petals.
It smells slightly aromatic, and tastes slightly sour and sweet.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Mori Fructus of good grade is large, dark purple, and substantial.
MORI RAMULUS
상지, 눈상지
Mori Ramulus is the young branch of Morus alba Linné (Moraceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Mori Ramulus is cylindrical, irregular sizes in length, some with the side-branches, and 5 ~ 15
mm in diameter. The outer surface is gray ~ grayish yellow, and possessing the yellowish brown spots of
lenticels, scars of the pedicels, and longitudinal slim wrinkles. The texture is hard and tenacious; the crosssection is extremely thin, and mostly of the xylem part. The xylem is yellowish white with radial striations; the
pith is white ~ yellowish white.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Grade Good Mori Ramulus of good grade is soft, slim, and yellowish white on the cross-section.
MORINDAE RADIX
파극천, 파극
Morindae Radix is the root of Morinda officinalis How (Rubiaceae).
Description Morindae Radix is curved and cylindrical, various in length, and 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter. The outer
surface is pale purple ~ grayish brown, coarse with slight transverse cracks and deep longitudinal wrinkles, and
sometimes exposed with the xylem due to the cracked bark. The cut surface is uneven; the cortex layer is pale
purplish brown. The xylem is yellow ~ yellowish. The cortex layer is two times thicker than that of the xylem.
It is odourless, and tastes sweet and astringent.
Purity No more than 35.0 % of the xylem parts should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 52.0 %.
Grade Good Morindae Radix of good grade is moniliform and reddish purple. Its cortex layer should be thick.
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MOSCHUS
사향, Musk
Moschus is the secreta from the musk gland of the adult male musk deer of Moschus berezovskii Flerove,
Moschus chrysogaster Hodgson, and Moschus moschiferus Linné (Moschidae). Two types are available: the
musk powder, dried secreta that is collected directly from the musk sac, and the dried musk sac, contained the
intact secreta within the sac.
The dried musk contains more than 2.0 % of l-muscone (C16H30O : 238.40).
Description Musk Powder It is dried, yellowish brown ~ reddish brown, sometimes blackish purple, and
mixed sometimes with blackish purple granules. The texture is soft, oily, but not sticky to finger.
It smells characteristic and tastes bitter.
Musk Sac It is spherical ~ elliptic, 3 ~ 7 cm in diameter, 2 ~ 4 cm thick, and 10 ~ 30 g of weight. The external
surface is possessing a hole with 2 ~ 3 mm in diameter. Dense grayish white ~ pale brown hairs arraying around
the hole. The inner surface is dark brown ~ reddish purple with some wrinkles. After opening the sac skin by
cutting, the middle dermal membrane covers the content; the membrane and the contents contact closely without
segregation. The contents are powder that is moisturized, and yellowish brown or reddish brown, or sometime
blackish purple granules. When the granules are rubbed, it turns reddish purple powder, not sticky to finger.
It smells characteristic, and tastes tasteless initially but slightly bitter later.
Identification 1) Take the pulverized Moschus on the glass slide, add 2 ~ 3 drops of the hydrated chloral
solution, flatten the powder with a glass rod, and add 2 ~ 3 drops of glycerin on the powder; the yellow ~ reddish
brown amorphous granules, and rhombic or rectangular crystals are observed under a microscope.
2) Place a small amount of the pulverized Moschus in a heated crucible; the powder becomes broken, melted,
inflated, and finally turned to the bead shape. Strong odour, unlike smells of burning hairs or flesh, spreads out;
continuous burning without flames makes it the white ~ grayish white ash.
3) Take 0.1 g of the pulverized Moschus, add diluted ethanol (3 → 5, 10 mL), reflux for 15 minutes, and filter
off. Place the filtrate in a small beaker (the internal diameter and height: 3 cm each), dip a stripe of the filter
paper (2 cm x 30 cm) into the filtrate, and elute for 1 hour. Under an ultraviolet lamp (wave length, 365 nm), it is
observed that the pale yellow color in the upper side, the bluish purple fluorescence, in middle, and sometimes
the yellow ~ green fluorescence, in both sides.
4) The peak of l-muscone should be identified with the drug by the quantitative analysis described below.
Purity 1) Foreign matter No more than 10.0 % of the hairs, the dermal membrane of the musk and other
foreign matters should be obtained. Under a microscope, starch particles should not be attached to animal and
plant tissues, and yellow ~ yellowish brown amorphous substances; irregular dark reddish brown debris, such
granules, and other foreign matters should not be contained.
2) Colored matter Under an ultraviolet lamp (wave length, 365 nm, described in the Identify test 3) in the
above), reddish brown fluorescent spectra and other clear light fluorescent spectra should not be revealed.
3) A pink spot should not be shown near the Rf value 0.8 by the Identify test 4) in the above.
4) To 100 mg of the powder, add 5 mL of boiling water, shake strongly, and centrifuge. To 1 mL of the filtrate,
add one drop of the iodine reagent solution; the bluish purple color should not be shown. To 1 mL of the filtrate,
add one drop of the ninhydrin reagent solution, heat in a water bath for 5 minutes, and leave; the bluish purple
color should not be revealed.
Loss on drying Not more than 35.0 % (0.3 g, under reduced pressure, phosphorus oxide, P 2O5, for 24 hours).
Ash Not more than 6.5 % (0.2 g).
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 2.0 % (0.2 g).
Assay l-Muscone To 50 mg of the powder, add 10 mL of the internal standard solution, shake strongly for 30
minutes, and centrifuge. The filtrate is used as the test sample solution. Dissolve 10 mg of the standard lmuscone in 10 mL of the internal standard solution. To an aliquot of 1 mL of this solution, add the internal
standard solution to make a total volume of 10 mL to be used as the standard solution. The test sample solution
and the standard solution are applied to the liquid chromatography under the conditions below. Calculate the
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ratio of the peak area of the internal standard versus the peak area of l-muscone Qt (of the test sample solution)
and Qs (of the standard solution).
The content of l-Muscone (C16H30O) (mg) = the content of the standard muscone (mg) x Qt/Qs x 1/10
Internal standard solution: cyclopentadecanone, dissolved in methanol (0.05 mg/mL)
Operating conditions
Detector: hydrogen salt ion detector
Column: 0.25 mm in internal diameter, 30 cm capillary column coated with 5 % phenylmethylsilyated polymer
Column temperature: 170 °C for 1 minute of latent time, increase 10 °C every one minute up to 290 °C, and
maintain 290 °C for 20 minutes.
Selection of column: When the standard solution (1 µL) is assayed under the conditions above, elute in the order
of the internal standard and l-muscone. More than 3.5 peak separation ratio is desired between the internal
standard and l-muscone.
Carrier gas: nitrogen gas
Flow rate: The retention time of the internal standard solution is adjusted with 7 minutes.
MUME FRUCTUS
오매, 흑오매, Mume Fruit
Mume Fructus is the immature fruit, smoke-dried, of Prunus mume Siebold et Zuccarini (Rosaceae).
Description Mume Fructus is irregular, compressed-spherical or lumpy, 2 ~ 3 cm long, and 15 ~ 20 mm in
diameter. The outer surface is crumpled, black ~ blackish brown without the glaze. The endocarp is semi-elliptic,
hard, 10 ~ 14 mm long, 10 mm wide, and 5 mm thick. It contains a seed inside.
It smells characteristic and tastes sour.
Identification 1) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Mume Fructus, add 10 mL of water, mix with shaking for 5
minutes, and filter off. To the filtrate, add dilute hydrochloric acid, and evaporate. To the residue dissolved in
water, add lead acetate; the white precipitation is produced.
2) To 1.0 g of the pulverized Mume Fructus, add 2 mL of anhydrous acetic acid, mix with shaking for 5
minutes, and filter off. When adding 0.5 mL of sulfuric acid to the filtrate, the reddish brown color on the
boundary and the dark greenish brown color in the upper layer are produced.
Loss on drying Not more than 6.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 38.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
27.0 %.
Grade Good Mume Fructus of good grade is large, regular in size, and black. Its mesocarp should be thick.
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MUSCOVITUM
운모, 운모석
Muscovitum is the mica, monoclinic crystalline, containing calcium silicate.
Description Muscovitum is irregular, plane, and not even. The external surface is pale yellowish brown, pale
green, pale gray, and glittering like pearl and glass.
Grade Good Muscovitum of good grade is white with glittering.
NARDOSTACHYOS RHIZOMA
감송향, 감송
Nardostachyos Rhizome is the rootstock and the root of Nardostachys chinensis Batal (Valerianaceae) or
different species, belonging to the same genus of Nardostachys.
Description Nardostachyos Rhizome is bent cylindrical, 5 ~ 18 cm long with small and short roots, and
remaining with scars of root hairs. The outer surface is dark brown; the traversed section is yellow ~ brown. The
root is singular or plural with branched roots, 3 ~ 10 mm in diameter, and branched. The outer surface is furrowy
and dark violet brown with root hairs. The flesh is soft and easy to cut. The epidermis is striated and dark brown;
the pith is yellowish white.
It smells characteristic, and tastes bitter and refreshing.
Grade Good Nardostachyos Rhizome of good grade is long and aromatic. Its main root should be long.
NATRII SULFAS
망초, 황산나트륨, Glauber’s salt
Natrii Sulfas is Na2SO4 · 10H2O (322.19).
The drug contains more than 99.0 % of Na2SO4 (=142.04) on dryness at 105 °C for 4 hours.
Description Natrii Sulfas is transparent in crystal form or white crystal powdery, and easily efflorescent in
the air. The drug is hydrated at 33 °C, and dehydrated at 100 °C. The solution of the drug is a neural pH. 1 g of
the drug is dissolved in water (1.5 mL), and insoluble in ethanol.
It is odourless, and tastes bitter and slightly sour.
Identification When the water solution (1 → 10) is assayed qualitatively by the General Test Method, it
reacts on sodium and sulfate salt.
Purity 1) Soluble state 1 g of the drug is soluble transparently in water (4 mL).
2) Arsenic and other heavy metals It should contain below 2 ppm of arsenic and below 5 ppm of heavy
metals by the General Test Method, described in the Korean Pharmacopoeia.
Loss on drying Not more than 51.0 ~ 57.0 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
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Assay Take 0.4 g of the Natrii Sulfas, accurately weighed and dissolved in 200 mL of water, add 1.0 mL of
hydrochloric acid, boil, and add 8 mL of barium chloride slowly. Heat this mixed solution in a water bath for 1
hour; the precipitate is collected through filtration. Wash the residue with water until no chloride reaction, and
dry to constant weight of BaSO4.
Quantity of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4, mg) = quantity of BaSO4 mg x 0.6086
NELUMBINIS FOLIUM
하엽, 하엽체
Nelumbinis Folium is the leaf of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner (Nymphaeaceae).
Description Nelumbinis Folium is half-circular or fan-shaped at storage, round by spreading out, and 20 ~ 50
cm in diameter. The margin is flat or wavy. The upper leaf is dark green or yellowish green; the lower leaf is
pale grayish brown, slightly shiny, and radiating with 21 ~ 22 veins from the petiole to the border. The texture is
soft and brittle.
The drug powder is grayish green. Under a microscope, the epidermal cells are polygonal with papilla ~
tomentose bulges. The stomata is amorphous and consists of 5 ~ 8 subsidiary cells. The lower epidermal cells are
observed with the wavy membrane and about 40 µm in diameter clusters of calcium oxalate.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly bitter.
Grade Good Nelumbinis Folium of good grade should have large green leaves that does not contain brownish
speckles.
NELUMBINIS RHIZOMATIS NODUS
우절, 연근
Nelumbinis Rhizomatis Nodus is the rhizome of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner (Nymphaeaceae).
Description Nelumbinis Rhizomatis Nodus is short and cylindrical, crumpled, 2 ~ 4 cm long, 1 ~ 3 cm in
diameter, and difficult to snap off. The outer surface is yellowish brown ~ grayish brown, and remained with
scars of rootlets. On the cross-section, 7 ~ 9 round holes are observed.
It smells slightly aromatic, and tastes slightly sweet and astringent.
Grade Good Nelumbinis Rhizomatis Nodus of good grade is grayish brown without rootlets.
NOTARCHI LEACHII OVUM
해분, 홍해분
Notarchi Leachii Ovum is the lump of eggs, such as thread-like eggs collected at a shallow sea, of Notarchus
leachii freeri (Griftin) (Aplysiidae).
Description Notarchi Leachii Ovum is irregular in size, powdery, and green ~ red on the external surface of
fresh ones.
It tastes slightly sweet and salty.
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Grade Good Notarchi Leachii Ovum of good grade is homogeneous, even, fresh, and green ~ red on the
external surface.
NOTOGINSENG RADIX
삼칠, 전삼칠, 전칠, 금불환
Notoginseng Radix is the root of Panax notoginsengs (Burk) F. H. Chen (Araliaceae).
Description Notoginseng Radix is conical, 1 ~ 6 cm long, 1 ~ 4 cm in diameter, and remained with a scar of
the stem on the root head where small bulges surround. The outer surface is grayish brown ~ grayish yellow, and
left with longitudinal wrinkles and scars of the branch roots. The cross-section is grayish green ~ yellowish
green ~ grayish white, and appeared with radial striations. The texture is hard and heavy.
It is odourless, and tastes bitter and sweet.
Identification 1) The powder hemolyzes the pig blood. Addition of 1 ~ 2 drops of vinegar produces the pale
red color. Gradually, it turns to dark.
2) Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Notoginseng Radix, add 10 mL of water, heat at 50 ~ 60 °C in a water bath for
30 minutes, and filter off. To 2 mL of the filtrate in the test tube, add 2 mL of 5 % hydrochloric acid, and shake
for 1 minute; the long lasting foam is produced.
3) Take 2.0 g of the pulverized Notoginseng Radix, add 15 mL of methanol, heat at 50 ~ 60 °C in a water bath
for 30 minutes, and filter off. Evaporate the filtrate, dissolve the residue in 1 mL of acetic acid, and add 1 ~ 2
drops of sulfuric acid; initially the yellow color is revealed, becoming to red ~ purple ~ blue ~ dark green.
4) Drop several drops of the filtrate on the filter paper. Under an ultraviolet lamp, the pale blue fluorescence is
shown.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Grade Good Notoginseng Radix of good grade is large, hard, and distinctly blackish brown on the crosssection.
NUPHARIS RHIZOMA
천골, 평봉초
Nupharis Rhizoma is the rhizome of Nuphar japonicum De Candole (Nymphaeaceae), and other species of the
same genus.
Description Nupharis Rhizoma is long and cylindrical, 10 ~ 20 cm long, and 2 ~ 3 cm in diameter. The outer
surface is dark brown and distinct with the leaf scars; the cut surface is pale brown. The texture is hard and
brittle.
It smells characteristic and tastes bitter.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Nupharis Rhizoma, add 5 mL of water, mix with shaking for 2 ~
3 minutes, and filter off. To 2 mL of the filtrate, add 1 mL of the lead acetate solution; the solution reveals pale
yellow suspension, and the pale yellow precipitation is produced later.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 5.0 % of leaf stalks and others should be obtained.
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Grade Good Nupharis Rhizoma of good grade is brown on the scars of leaves, and pale yellow on the cut
surface.
OLIBANUM
유향, 명향
Olibanum is the resin, drained from scars of Boswellia carterii Birdwood (Burseraceae), and other species of the
same genus.
Description Olibanum is spherical ~ irregular in the granule form, 5 ~ 30 mm, and aggregated and lumpy.
The external surface is pale yellow ~ yellowish white, or red, gray, farinaceous, and translucent; the fractured
surface is yellow with wax-like shine, and sometimes mixed with black debris. The texture is hard and breakable.
It smells aromatic, and tastes bitter and mucous.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of pieces of the bark and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 7.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 16.0 %.
Grade Good Olibanum of good grade is the pale yellow granule that is translucent with strong aroma and
viscosity. It should not contain any foreign matters.
OMPHALIA
뇌환, 죽령
Omphalia is the sclerotium of Omphalia lapidesens Schroeter (Polyporaceae).
Description Omphalia is irregular, lumpy, and 1 ~ 3 cm in diameter. The outer surface is grayish brown ~
blackish brown, and distinct with net-like wrinkles; the cut surface is white ~ pale yellow. The texture is hard
and heavy.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter ~ sweet, turning mucous when chewed.
Identification Take a small amount of the Omphalia, add 1 drop of sodium hydroxide TS; the bright red
color reveals. It turns to yellow from red when acidified by dropping hydrochloride.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Grade Good Omphalia of good grade is large and hard with the reddish brown outer and the white inner parts.
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OPHICALCITE
화예석, 화유석
Ophicalcite is the mineral, mainly of carbonates of magnesium and calcium, with snake-shaped striations on the
surface.
Description Ophicalcite is uneven, lumpy, irregular in size, grayish white as the background on the surface,
and mixed with various colors of yellow ~ yellowish green striations as the foreground patterns. The external
surface is uneven, obtained some ridge-lines, shiny, and reflecting light; the texture is hard with high specific
gravity.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Identification Ophicalcite reacts to calcium and magnesium salts.
Grade Good Ophicalcite of good grade should have yellowish green striations.
OROBANCHIS HERBA
열당, 초종용
Orobanchis Herba is the whole part of the parasitic plant of Orobanche coerulescens Stephani and Orobanche
pycnostachya Hance (Orobanchaceae) live upon Artemisa capillaris Thunberg, and other species of the same
genus.
Description Orobanchis Herba is cylindrical of a single stem, thick, rough, and attached with dense growth
of flowers and oppositely arrayed scale leaves at the apex. The stems and scale leaves are yellowish brown ~
dark yellowish brown. The stem is 15 ~ 40 cm long; the scale leaf is 8 ~ 20 cm long. The whole plant is covered
with long pubescence; the rhizome has thick and fleshy.
It smells slightly aromatic and tastes slightly bitter.
Grade Good The stem of Orobanchis Herba of good grade is fleshy, rough, long, blunt on the upper part, and
reddish brown on the outer surface.
OROSTACHYS HERBA
와송, 작엽하초, 와상
Orostachys Herba is the whole plant of Orostachys japonicus A. Berger (Crassulaceae), and other species of the
same genus.
Description The stem of Orostachys Herba is long, cylindrical, slim, 10 ~ 30 cm long, and 3 ~ 6 mm in
diameter. The leaf is succulent and fascicular; the upper surface is pale green and sometimes purple. The root
leaf is fascicular and pointed at the end without rachises and petioles; the dried leaf is brittle. The flower is the
white spike.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly sour.
Grade Good Orostachys Herba of good grade is attached with fresh and yellowish green leaves.
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ORPIMENTUM
자황, 자황정, Orpiment
Orpimentum is natural yellow arsenic trisulfide in mass.
Description Orpimentum is irregular in mass. The outer surface is pale yellow, relatively compact, and light
in weight. The texture is hard, brittle, and compressed on the transverse cross-section.
It smells slightly of sulfur, and is tasteless.
Identification Orpimentum is tested according to the Limit Test for Arsenic, described in the Korean
Pharmacopoeia.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 90.0 %.
Grade Good Orpimentum of good grade reveals the yellow color, when dissected with the string saw.
ORYZAE FRUCTUS GERMINATUS
곡아, 도아
Oryzae Fructus Germinatus is the dried bud of the processed seed of Oryza sativa Linné (Gramineae).
Description Oryzae Fructus Germinatus is long and oblong, 7 ~ 9 mm long, 3 ~ 4 mm wide, hard when the
husk is peeled off, and with one farinaceous semen inside of the husk. The outer surface is yellow and hard with
thin tiny hairs and 5 vascular channels; the snapped surface is white. The radicle is white, line-shaped, 2 mm
long, and producing 1 ~ 3 root hairs from one of two radicles.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly sweet.
Grade Good Oryzae Fructus Germinatus of good grade is substantial, even, and regular of yellowish seeds. It
should not contain any foreign matters.
ORYZAE RADIX
나도근, 나도근수
Oryzae Radix is the rhizome and radix of Oryza sativa L. var. glutinosa Matsum (Gramineae).
Description Oryzae Radix is ovate ~ semi-circular and lumpy. The rhizome is conical, yellowish brown, 1
cm long, and 3 ~ 6 mm in diameter. The upper end is round with the empty stem base, attached with sheaths,
surrounded with dense root hairs, 10 ~ 15 cm, and 1 mm in diameter. The outer surface is yellowish white ~
yellowish brown with longitudinally scattered wrinkles, and attached with rarely thin branch roots; the cut
surface is yellowish white. The flesh is soft and slightly bent.
It smells slightly scent, and is tasteless.
Grade Good Oryzae Radix of good grade well dried with long radix; yellowish brown without stems and
leaves.
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ORYZAE SEMEN
갱미, 경미
Oryzae Semen is the grain without the husks of Oryza sativa Linné (Gramineae).
Description Oryzae Semen is white, powdery, lumpy with polygonal granules, 4 ~ 6 µm in diameter; elliptic
lumpy, and 50 ~ 100 µm long under a microscope. It is difficult to identify the hilum, and the Oryzae Semen is
insoluble in water and ethanol.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Identification 1) Take the iodine reagent to pulverized Oryzae Semen; the dark blue color is produced.
2) Take 50 ml of water to 1.0 g of the pulverized Oryzae Semen; the neutral glue is produced.
Purity Foreign matter Starch particles, husks, and others should not be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 15.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Grade Good Oryzae Semen of good grade should not contain starch particles, husks, and other parts of the
original plant.
OTARIAE TESTI ET PENIS
해구신, 골눌, 해구
Otariae Testi Et Penis is the dried testicle and penis of Callorhinus ursinus Linné (Otariidae) (= Otaria ursinus
Gray).
Description Otariae Testi Et Penis has an elliptic testicle at the base. It is long, cylindrical, dark brown, about
18 cm long, and about 12 mm in diameter. Depending on species, it varies in size: sometimes rod-shaped,
yellowish brown, shiny, about 28 ~ 30 cm long, and 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter. The outer surface is yellow ~
yellowish brown, relatively transparent, crumpled with irregular and longitudinal wrinkles, and tapering toward
to the end of penis. The texture is hard and difficult to break.
It smells fleshy and tastes slightly salty.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Otariae Testi et Penis, add 10 mL of ether and acetone, heat in a
water bath, and filter off. Evaporate the filtrate to dryness, and add 2 mL of the anhydrous acetic acid solution
and sulfuric acid afterward; the pale red color is revealed on the boundary.
Grade Good Otariae Testi Et Penis of good grade is regular, even, and thin at the end. It should have less of
fleshy odour.
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PATRINIAE RADIX
패장, 녹장근
Patriniae Radix is the root of Patrinia villosa Jussieu, and Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fischer ex Link
(Valerianaceae).
Description Patriniae Radix consists of the cylindrical rhizome and the branched roots. It is 5 ~ 12 cm long
and 2 ~ 7 mm in diameter. The outer surface is brown ~ blackish brown with root scars and transverse wrinkles;
the cut surface is uneven and pale yellow ~ brown.
It smells characteristic and tastes pungent.
Identification 1) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Patriniae Radix, add 2 mL of anhydrous acetic acid, heat in a
water bath for 2 minutes, and filter off. To 1 mL of the filtrate, add 0.5 mL of sulfuric acid slowly; the red ~
reddish purple color is produced on the boundary.
2) Take 1 g of the pulverized Patriniae Radix, add 10 mL of water, boil, and cool down; with heavy shaking,
the long lasting fine foam is produced.
Loss on drying Not more than 9.9 %.
Ash Not more than 9.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Oil content More than 0.4 mL (50 g).
Grade Good Patriniae Radix of good grade is longer than 7 cm in length and 5 mm in diameter, and brown on
the outer surface with strong odour.
PERILLAE JAPONICAE SEMEN
임자, 백소자, 옥소자
Perillae Japonicae Semen is the seed of Perilla frutescens Britton var. japonica Hara (Labiatae).
Description Perillae Japonicae Semen is ovate ~ triangular, spindle-shaped, and 2 ~ 4 mm in diameter. The
outer surface is grayish white ~ yellowish white with reticulate striations. The testa is soft and brittle when
depressed. The embryo is yellowish white and oily.
It smells slightly aromatic and tastes oily.
Grade Good Perillae Japonicae Semen of good grade is large and substantial without foreign matters.
PERILLAE SEMEN
자소자, 소자, Perilla Seed
Perillae Semen is the seed of Perilla frutescens L. Britton var. acuta (Thunb.) Kudo, and Perilla frutescens
Britton var. crispa Decne. (Labiatae).
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Description Perillae Semen is spherical ~ elliptic, pale yellow brown ~ dark brown, and 1.2 ~ 1.8 mm in
diameter. The weight of 100 seeds is only 0.2 g. Under a magnifying glass on the outer surface, it is observed
with blackish brown reticulate striations and scars of fruit stalks; the cross-section is shown with the yellowish
white ~ pale yellowish green endosperm.
It smells characteristic when chewed, and tastes slightly hot.
Identification 1.0 g of the pulverized Perillae Semen in 10 mL of methanol is refluxed in a water bath for 10
minutes, and filtered. To 3 mL of the filtrate, add one drop of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine, and shake; the orange
color is revealed.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 3.0 % of stems, fruit stalks, and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Grade Good Perillae Semen of good grade is large and substantial without crumpled ones.
PEUCEDANI RADIX
식방풍
Peucedani Radix is the root of Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg (Umbelliferae).
Description Peucedani Radix is conical ~ fusiform, 5 ~ 15 cm long, and 1 ~ 3 cm in diameter with 2 ~4
branched roots. The outer surface is grayish yellow ~ grayish brown with rough longitudinal furrows, observed
with scattered reddish brown lenticels of 2 ~ 3 mm, and remained with a dent scar on the root head and scars of
rootlets. The cross-section under a magnifying glass displays the epidermis, the cambium ring, and the
xylem. The epidermis is grayish brown ~ pale brown with fissures, the cambium ring is distinct, and the xylem is
dense and yellowish brown.
It smells characteristic, and tastes mild and bitter.
Identification Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Peucedani Radix, add 10 mL of ether, mix with shaking, and
filter off. The ether filtrate reveals yellowish green fluorescent under an ultraviolet lamp.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of stems and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Oil content More than 0.5 mL (50 g).
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 30.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
18.0 %.
Grade Good Peucedani Radix of good grade is substantial and longer than 2 cm in diameter without the
rootlets.
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PHASEOLI ANGULARIS SEMEN
적소두, 적두
Phaseoli Angularis Semen is the seed of Phaseolus angularis Wight, and Phaseolus calcaratus Roxburgh
(Leguminosae).
Description Phaseoli Angularis Semen is cylindrical, slightly compressed, 5 ~ 7 mm long, and about 3 mm
in diameter. The testa is reddish brown ~ purplish brown, glabrous, and shiny; the hilum is white, linear-raised at
one side in approximation of 2/3 in the length of a seed, and dented in the middle part. The texture is hard and
difficult to break. By removal of the testa, two milky white cotyledons are revealed.
It smells slightly aromatic and tastes fleshy of bean.
Grade Good Phaseoli Angularis Semen of good grade is substantial and reddish brown.
PHASEOLI RADIATI SEMEN
녹두, 청소두
Phaseoli Radiati Semen is the seed of Phaseolus radiatus Linné (Leguminosae).
Description Phaseoli Radiati Semen is short, elliptic, and 4 ~ 6 mm long. The outer surface is greenish
yellow ~ dark green with glossiness; the hilum is white, located at the end, and small as 1/3 of a seed. The testa
is thin and hard; 2 cotyledons are thick, hard, and pale yellowish green ~ yellowish white.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Phaseoli Radiati Semen of good grade is regular in size, hard, and greenish yellow.
PHLOMIDIS RADIX
한속단
Phlomidis Radix is the root of Phlomis umbrosa Turczaninow (Labiatae).
Description Phlomidis Radix is cylindrical, 30 ~ 40 cm long, and consisting of several roots attached to the
root stem; the root is long and cylindrical ~ fusiform; the root stem is 3 ~ 8 cm long, 3 ~ 5 cm in diameter, and
attached with 4 ~ 8 long roots and several small rootlets. The outer surface is pale grayish brown ~ yellowish
brown with fine longitudinal wrinkles; the cut surface is grayish white and fibrous. The texture is hard.
It smells characteristic and tastes bitter.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 8.0 % of thin root stems and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 11.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.5 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 0.7 %.
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Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 20.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
27.0 %.
Grade Good Phlomidis Radix of good grade consists of the root stems that are longer than 5 cm, and many
roots that are thicker than 5 mm in diameter.
PHRAGMITIS RHIZOMA
노근, 노모근
Phragmitis Rhizoma is the rhizome of Phragmites communis Trinius (Gramineae).
Description Phragmitis Rhizoma is compressed cylindrical, varied in length, and some with branches. The
outer surface is dark yellowish white ~ pale yellowish white, and visible of longitudinal wrinkles; the snapped
surface is fibrous, milky white, empty inside, and 2 ~ 3 mm wide.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly sweet.
Ash Not more than 1.4 %.
Grade Good Phragmitis Rhizoma of good grade is even on the external surface, substantial, and yellowish
white.
PHYTOLACCA RADIX
상륙, 장불로
Phytolacca Radix is the root of Phytolacca esculenta Houttuyn (Phytolaccaceae), and other species of the same
genus.
Description Phytolacca Radix is conical and irregular with cutting angles; the texture is soft, tenacious, and
attached with powder inside.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly sweet, paralyzing tongue when chewing long,
Loss on drying Not more than 14.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 29.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
14.0 %.
Grade Good Phytolacca Radix of good grade is powdery and white. It should have less white striations.
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PICRORRHIZAE RHIZOMA
호황련, 호련
Picrorrhizae Rhizoma is the rhizome of Picrorrhiza kurroa Bentham (Scrophulariae).
Description Picrorrhizae Rhizoma is cylindrical, slightly curved, 3 ~ 12 cm long, and 3 ~ 8 mm in diameter.
The outer surface is grayish brown ~ dark brown, coarse, exhibited with longitudinal wrinkles and transverse
annulate striations, and remained the brown parts of the fallen cork layer; the cut surface is even, yellowish
brown ~ dark brown, and arrayed with 4 ~ 10 milky white dot-like vascular bundles in radial arrangement.
It is odourless, and tastes very bitter and long-lasting.
Identification By sublimating the powder, needle-, rod-, and crown-shaped crystals are observed under a
microscope.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of stems, leaves and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 9.0 %.
Ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 23.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
20.0 %.
Grade Good Picrorrhizae Rhizoma of good grade is regular, even, and black on the cut surface with very
bitter taste.
PINI KORAIENSIS SEMEN
해송자, 송자인
Pini Koraiensis Semen is the seed of Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zuccarini (Pinaceae).
Description Pini Koraiensis Semen is oblong, about 1 cm long, and 3 ~ 5 mm wide. The outer surface is
covered with the grayish white seed coat; the texture is oily and soft.
It smells characteristic with a flavor of nut, and tastes slightly bitter.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 5.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 4.0 %.
Grade Good Pini Koraiensis Semen of good grade is large and oily.
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PINI POLLEN
송화분, 송화, 송황
Pini Pollen is the pollen of Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zuccarini (Pinaceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Pini Pollen is powdery, fine, yellow, ellipsoidal, 45 ~ 55 µm long, 29 ~ 40 µm in diameter, and
attached with wings of netted striations at both ends. The texture is light, lubricating smooth, damp at rubbing,
and afloat on water.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly oily.
Purity All pollen must be floating when dropped in water. No more than 1.0 % of pedicels, filaments, and
other foreign matters should be obtained.
Storage In a sealed container.
Grade Good Pini Pollen of good grade is with fluidity and without foreign matters.
PIPERIS LONGI FRUCTUS
필발
Piperis Longi Fructus is the immature fruit of Piper longum Linné (Piperaceae).
Description Piperis Longi Fructus is cylindrical, 2 ~ 5 cm long, and 5 ~ 8 mm in diameter. It is aggregated
with numerous small fruits around the fruit stalk revealing in the netted mesh-like figure. The outer surface is
reddish brown ~ blackish brown. The fruit head at the upper part is split into 3 parts; the lower part of the fruit is
attached with a fruit stalk of 2 ~ 5 mm in diameter.
It smells characteristic and tastes hot.
Purity No more than 1.0 % of fruit stalks should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Oil content More than 0.2 mL (50 g).
Grade Good Piperis Longi Fructus of good grade is longer than 4 cm in length and reddish brown with strong
odour and taste.
PISCIS COLLA
어교, 표교, 어표
Piscis Colla is the air bladder, of which the blood vessels and the mucous membrane are removed and flattened
by ironing, of Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius (Gadidae), and Acipenser sinensis Gray (Acipenseridae).
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Description The color, the size, and the shape of the drug are depended upon the original animals. Piscis
Colla is long and elliptic, 15 ~ 30 cm long, 6 ~ 12 cm wide, and 5 ~ 12 mm thick with two tendon-belts. The
external surface is milky white ~ pale yellowish, translucent, horny, and shiny. The texture is tenacious; the cut
surface is fibrous. The drug is inflated when dipped into water. It is mucous and turns to the jelly form when
cooled.
It smells slightly fleshy, and is tasteless.
Grade Good The drug (20 g) of good grade is inflated when dipped into water (10 mL), and melt without any
precipitation when heated.
Processing While roasting the pulverized Piscis Colla of the clam shell, add slices of the drug (drug:shell
powder, 10:2.5), and continue to heat until the slices become soft. The shell powder is removed by sieving.
POLYGONATI ODORATI RHIZOMA
위유, 옥죽
Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma is the rhizome of Polygonatum odoratum Druce var. pluriflorum Ohwi (Liliaceae),
and other species of the same genus.
Description Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma is cylindrical, irregularly curved, soft, 5 ~ 20 cm long, 5 ~ 10 mm
in diameter, and attached with fine annular nodes and scars of fibrous roots. The outer surface is pale yellow ~
pale yellowish brown with longitudinal wrinkles. Under a magnifying glass on the cross-section, the relatively
thinner epidermis than the stele with scattered vascular bundles scattered are observed.
It tastes slightly sweet and is mucous.
Ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 35.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
12.0 %.
Grade Good Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma of good grade is thick, soft, sweet, and yellowish white on the
outer surface.
POLYGONI AVICULARIS HERBA
편축, 편죽
Polygoni Avicularis Herba is the whole plant of Polygonum aviculare Linné (Polygonaceae).
Description Polygoni Avicularis Herba consists of the stems and the leaves. The stem is long, cylindrical, 5
~ 20 cm long, and 1 ~ 3 mm in diameter; the leaf is oblong, alternatively arrayed, 15 ~ 25 mm long, and 3 ~ 15
mm wide. The outer surface is pale green ~ greenish brown; the node is attached with pale yellow ~ brown, thin
sheaths and flowers.
It is odourless, and tastes astringent.
Identification Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Polygoni Avicularis Herba, add 10 mL of water, boil, and filter
off. To the filtrate, add 1 ~ 2 drops of ferric chloride TS; the dark bluish green color is revealed.
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Purity Foreign matter No more than 3.0 % of others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 15.0 %.
Ash Not more than 10.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 6.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
16.0 %.
Grade Good Polygoni Avicularis Herba of good grade is longer than 10 cm in length and yellowish green.
POLYGONI CUSPIDATI RADIX
호장근, 고장
Polygoni Cuspidati Radix is the root of Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold et Zuccarini (Polygonaceae), and other
species of the same genus.
Description Polygoni Cuspidati Radix is spindle-shaped, curved or lump, 2 ~ 7 cm long, and 6 ~ 15 mm in
diameter. The outer surface is dark brown, exhibited with root scars and longitudinal wrinkles, and yellowish
brown on the part of the fallen cork layer. The texture is hard and difficult to snap off; the cut surface is fibrous
and dark red. The root is mostly lignified with chrysanthemum-shaped ray striations.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly bitter.
Identification At dropping the ammonia solution on the cut surface, the red color is revealed.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Grade Good Polygoni Cuspidati Radix of good grade is reddish brown on the cut surface. It should not have
any decomposed parts. At dropping the ammonia solution on the cut surface, the red color should be produced.
POLYGONI MULTIFLORI RADIX
하수오, 적하수오
Polygoni Multiflori Radix is the root tuber of Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg (Polygonaceae).
Description Polygoni Multiflori Radix is lumpy and tubular ~ fusiform, 5 ~ 15 cm long, and 3 ~ 10 cm in
diameter. The outer surface is reddish brown ~ blackish brown with thick transverse and longitudinal
wrinkles. The transverse cut surface is pale yellow ~ pale brown with distinct striations formed by circular
vascular bundles.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly sour and astringent.
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Identification 1) By dropping the ammonia solution on the powder, the dark red color is revealed.
2) Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Polygoni Multiflori Radix, add 10 mL of water, boil, and filter off. To 1 mL of
the filtrate, add 1 ~ 2 drops of ferric chloride TS; the purple ~ blue color is produced.
Loss on drying Not more than 14.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 17.0 %.
Grade Good Polygoni Multiflori Radix of good grade is hard, pale red, and farinaceous on the cut surface.
PORTULACAE HERBA
마치현, 마현, 오행초
Portulacae Herba is the aerial part of Portulaca oleracea Linné (Portulacaceae).
Description The stem of Portulacae Herba is curved cylindrical, 5 ~ 25 cm long, 1 ~ 2 mm in diameter, and
attached with opposite or alternative leaves. The outer surface of the stem is yellowish brown ~ reddish brown
with longitudinal wrinkles. The texture is soft and easy to snap off; the snapped surface is yellowish white ~
yellowish brown. The leaf is crumpled, mostly broken, and dark green ~ deep brown. The capsules of the fruits
are attached on the apex of the stem are elliptic ~ conical-shaped with small seeds inside that are glossy and
grayish brown.
It smells characteristic, tastes slightly sour, and is mucous.
Grade Good Portulacae Herba of good grade is soft, greenish brown, and attached with many leaves.
POTENTILLAE RADIX
위릉채, 근두채
Potentillae Radix is the root and the whole plant of Potentilla chinensis Seringe (Rosaceae).
Description Potentillae Radix is cylindrical and irregular in length. The root is 10 ~ 15 cm long, 1 ~ 4 cm in
diameter, and mostly branched; the root head is 3 ~ 5 cm. The outer surface is dark brown ~ blackish brown with
irregularly and longitudinally split grooves. The cork layer is falling off easily into pieces. The texture is hard;
the cut surface is uneven. The cortex and the xylem are separated easily. The cortex is pale reddish brown; the
xylem is pale brown. The leaf is pinnate-compounded, and attached with dense pubescence at the lower side.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly astringent and bitter.
Grade Good Potentillae Radix of good grade is well-dried without pedicels.
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PRUNI NAKAII SEMEN
욱리인, 욱자
Pruni Nakaii Semen is the seed of Prunus nakii Leveille, and Prunus humillis Bunge (Rosaceae).
Description Pruni Nakaii Semen is ovate, pointed at the tip, 5 ~ 12 mm long, and 5 ~ 8 mm in diameter. The
testa is very short; the outer surface is yellowish white ~ yellowish brown with the longitudinal wrinkles. The
hilum is located on the ridge-line at the upper end, and many bundles of vascular vessels, at the junction.
It smells slightly aromatic and tastes bitter.
Identification At grinding, the drug is moisturized, having the scent of the benzaldehyde.
Purity 1) The odour of decomposed oil should not emit at grinding in a boiling water bath.
2) No pieces of the endocarp and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Extract content Ether-soluble extract: more than 36.0 %.
Grade Good Pruni Nakaii Semen of good grade is large and regular. It is pale yellow on the outer surface,
and white inside. It should not contain any endocarps and debris.
PSORALEAE SEMEN
보골지, 파고지
Psoraleae Semen is the seed of Psoralea corylifolia Linné (Leguminosae).
Description Psoraleae Semen is kidney-shaped, slightly flat, 3 ~ 5 mm long, 2 ~ 4 mm wide, and about 2 mm
thick. The outer surface is black ~ blackish brown or grayish brown with reticulate striations; the upper part is
stumpy with one protuberance, and left with the dented scars of the fruit stalk. The cut surface is yellowish white
and oily with two cotyledons.
It smells characteristic, and tastes hot and slightly bitter.
Purity No more than 2.0 % of the calyx and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Assay Dilute ethanol extract: more than 20.0 %.
Grade Good Psoraleae Semen of good grade is less powdery with strong aroma. It should not contain any
foreign matters.
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PUERARIAE FLOS
갈화, 갈조화, Pueraria Flower
Puerariae Flos is the bud of Pueraria lobata Ohwi (Leguminosae).
Description Puerariae Flos is not inflorescent with irregular forms, elliptic, 5 ~ 15 mm long, 2 ~ 6 mm wide,
and 2 ~ 3 mm thick. The calyx is dark green, and connected with a pedicel, 6 divided tips, and the combined part
of 2 tips with sharp edges; the outer surface is bearing small and yellowish white hairs. Five petals are dark
violet and covered by the calyx under a magnifying glass. There are 10 anthers. The stigma is long and thin with
small hairs.
It smells of glass and tastes slightly sweet.
Grade Good Puerariae Flos of good grade is not inflorescent and pale violet. It should not contain any
pedicels and foreign matters.
PULSATILLAE RADIX
백두옹, 노고초
Pulsatillae Radix is the root of Pulsatilla koreana Nakai (Ranunculaceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Pulsatillae Radix is cylindrical, 6 ~ 20 cm long, and 5 ~ 20 mm in diameter. The outer surface is
yellowish brown ~ brown with irregular longitudinal wrinkles, and exposing yellowish xylems, due to falling of
epidermis with the netted and fissured striations. Pubescent is on the head of a root with scars left by leaves and
stems. The texture is crumble and easy to snap off; the snapped surface is flat. Some old roots shows empty by
decaying.
It smells stimulus, and tastes bitter and astringent.
Identification Take 5.0 g of the pulverized Pulsatillae Radix, add 20 mL of ethanol, reflux for 1 hour, and
filter off. Concentrate the filtrate to a volume of 5 mL, and add acetone; the white precipitation forms. The
precipitate collected by filtration is dissolved in 1 mL of anhydrous acetic acid. Flow 1 mL of the sulfuric acid
on the wall of the vessel; the red ~ reddish purple ring is shown on the boundary.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 10.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 27.0 %.
Grade Good Pulsatillae Radix of good grade is large and grayish yellow on the outer surface. It should have
many pubescence on the root head, but not rotten ones.
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PULVIS ACONITI TUBERIS PURIFICATUM
정제부자, 가공부자
Pulvis Aconiti Tuberis Purificatum is the processed and purified root of Aconitum carmichaeli Debeaux
(Ranunculaceae).
The root powder contains more than 0.33 % of the total alkaloids as [benzoylaconine (C 32H45O10N : 502.12)]. In
order to eliminate toxicity due to aconitine, mesaconitine and jesaconitine, these constituents are decomposed
and converted to benzoylaconine by the processing method.
Description Pulvis Aconiti Tuberis Purificatum is powdery and grayish brown. Under a microscope, it is
observed with hydrated starch particles, parenchyma cells, fibers, stone cells, and spiral ducts. Cork cells and
calcium oxalate crystals are not seen.
Identification Thin Layer Chromatography
Plate: silica gel G
Eluting mixture: cyclohexane:diethylamine:chloroform (6:1:3)
Coloring agent for spraying: Dragendorff's reagent solution
Test solution: To 2.0 g of the Pulvis Aconiti Tuberis Purificatum in a flask, add 8 mL of the ammonium reagent
solution and 100 mL of chloroform, shake heavily, and leave on standing. To this solution, add 1.5 g of the
tragacanth powder, and shake heavily; the clearly separated chloroform layer is collected, and evaporated into
dryness. To the dried residue, add 3.0 mL of chloroform to be used as the test solution.
Standard solution for reference: 0.5 g of the standard processed aconitum powder is treated by the same
procedures as described in the test solution.
Procedure: Rf values and colors of the standard and the test solutions are compared, after the thin layer
chromatography is performed.
Purity No more than 0.03 % of aconitine by the following assay should be obtained.
Plate: alumina or silica gel G
Eluting mixture: chloroform:aceton (3:2)
Coloring agent for spraying: Dragendorff's reagent
Test solution: To 5.0 g of the powder in a flask, add 50 mL of methanol, mix, extract with a stirrer for 30
minutes, and filter through the cotton filter off. The precipitate is washed with 50 mL of methanol (each for 6 ~ 7
times until no reaction of alkaloids by the Dragendorff's reagent). The filtrate and the washed methanol solution
are combined, and evaporated in a water bath into dryness. To the residue, add 5 mL of 10 % hydrochloric acid,
mix, and filter through the cotton filter off. The used cotton filter is washed several times with water. To the
combined solution of the filtrate and the washed solution, add the ammonium solution to make the solution
alkaline. To the total alkaline solution in a separating funnel, add 20 mL of chloroform (each for 6 ~ 7 times),
mix, add 5.0 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filter off. The anhydrous sodium sulfate is washed several times
with a small amount of chloroform. The filtrate and washed chloroform is combined, and evaporated in a water
bath to a final volume of 0.5 mL to be used as the test solution.
Standard solution for reference: The standard aconitine (100 mg) is dissolved in chloroform to be used as the
standard solution.
Procedure: The thin layer chromatography is performed with the standard and the test solution (spot, 100 µL,
separately spot 50 µL for confirmation). The spot of aconitine is scrapped off and collected, and extracted with
ethanol (8 Ml) in a water bath at 55 ~ 60 °C for 5 minutes; extra ethanol is added to make a volume of 10 Ml to
be used as the standard and the test solution.
Measurement of the optical density: The optical densities of the standard (As) and the test solutions (Ar) are
measured at 231 nm with a positive control of ethanol.
Aconitine (C34H47NO11, 645.75) (mg) = the amount of the standard (mg) x Ar/As
Loss on drying Not more than 15.0 % (4 hours).
Ash Not more than 6.0 %.
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Assay Take 6.0 g of the Pulvis Aconiti Tuberis Purificatum in a flask, add 60 mL of ether and 2.5 mL of the
ammonium reagent solution, and mix. Add 2.5 mL of water, mix with heavy shaking, and filter through the
cotton filter off. The residue is extracted 3 ~ 4 times by the same method, and combined with the filtrate. The
total solution is evaporated in a water bath into dryness. To the residue, add 5 mL of ethanol, heat in a water bath
for 5 minutes, add 30 ~ 50 mL of water, and titrate with 0.01 mol/L hydrochloric acid (indicator:methyl red
reagent 8 drops, 0.1 % alcoholic methyl red 1 drop). The end point is that the solution become red ~ reddish
purple.
0.01 mol/L hydrochloric acid 1 mL = 6.037 mg C32H45O10N
Storage In a sealed container.
PULVIS FUMI CARBONISATUS
백초상, 조돌묵, 조매
Pulvis Fumi Carbonisatus is the soot, collected from underneath the caldron and the inside of the chimney, when
mountain grasses are fired.
Description Pulvis Fumi Carbonisatus is black and powdery, or small and granularly lumpy, and becoming
fine powder by rubbing with finger. The texture is light-weighed and afloat on water to disperse.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly hot.
Grade Good Pulvis Fumi Carbonisatus of good grade is light-weighed and dark black without foreign matters.
PUMEX
해부석, 부석
Pumex is the mineral with numerous pores, derived from solidified lava that is flowed from a volcano.
Description Pumex is spongy, lumpy, and irregular in size. The external surface is grayish white ~ grayish
yellow with numerous pores. The texture is light, hard, and brittle; the fractured surface is loose and coarse.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly salty.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 97.0 %
Grade Good Pumex of good grade is light, grayish white, and afloat on water.
PYRITUM
자연동, 산골, 석수연, Pyrite
Pyritum is natural iron sulfide.
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Description Pyritum is hexahedral and 3 ~ 20 mm in diameter. The external surface is flat, and greenish
black ~ pale blackish brown or yellowish green with metallic luster; the fractured surface is yellowish white. The
texture is hard and easy to break off.
Hardness: 6.0 ~ 6.6, Specific gravity: 4.0 ~ 5.2
It smells characteristic and tastes sour.
Identification 1) When the drug is heated in a sealed test tube, the sublimed substances and the residue with
the magnetic property are left.
2) When the drug is burned with charcoal fire, blue smoke is evolved and the dark brown residue is left. The
residue is soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Grade Good Pyritum of good grade is sulfuric in color on the external surface with gloss and grayish white
on the cut surface. It should be heavy without rust.
Processing The raw material is heated by fire, and cooled down in vinegar. Repeat this procedure for 7
times. Thereafter, it is placed in soil for 7 days. The drug is pulverized. Refer to the processing method described
in the appendix.
PYROLAE HERBA
녹제초, 동록, 파혈단
Pyrolae Herba is the whole plant of Pyrola japonica Klenze ex Alefeld (Pyrolaceae).
Description Pyrolae Herba consists of stems, flowers, and roots. The stems is long, thin, purplish brown, and
10 ~ 20 cm long; the flower is small, white ~ pale pink, and attached on atop of the stem. The root is like thin
hairs. The leaf is round ~ wide elliptic, 2 ~ 5 cm long, 2 ~ 4 cm wide, and bundled with 3 ~ 6 leaves on the
ground level. The upper surface is green; the lower surface is slightly purple. The leaf stalk is 2 ~ 4 cm long,
round, some serrated, and with no hairs; the vein is slightly protruded and fragile.
It smells grassy and tastes slightly bitter.
Identification 1) 0.5 g of pulverized Pyrolae Herba in a test tube is heated to sublime; the white needle-like
crystal is produced.
2) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Pyrolae Herba, add 10 mL of water, heat, and filter off. To the filtrate, add 1 ~
2 drops of ferric chloride TS; the blue color occurs (tannin).
Grade Good Pyrolae Herba of good grade is regular, even, and purplish red.
PYRROSIAE FOLIUM
석위, 석란
Pyrrosiae Folium is the leaf of Pyrrosia lingua (Thunberg) Farwell (Polypodiaceae), and other species of the
same genus.
Description Pyrrosiae Folium is lanceolate ~ oval-lanceolate, thick, 10 ~ 27 cm long, and 1 ~ 3 cm wide. The
upper surface is yellowish green; the lower surface is grayish white ~ brownish yellow with brown hairs,
protruded by the midrib, and covered by the thin yellow spore sac.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter.
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Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 9.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 15.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
16.0 %.
Grade Good Pyrrosiae Folium of good grade is thick and yellowish green.
QUERCI FRUCTUS
상실, 상율, 상자
Querci Fructus is the fruit of Quercus acutissima Carruth (Fagaceae).
Description Querci Fructus is spherical ~ ovate, sharp at the upper part, blunt and slightly dented at the lower
part, 2 ~ 3 cm long, and 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter. The outer surface is brown and glossy; the cross-section is
yellowish white and farinaceous.
It is odourless, and tastes astringent.
Grade Good Querci Fructus of good grade is heavy, stout, and solid inside. It should show vivid brown on
the external surface with gloss and yellowish white on the cross-section.
QUISQUALIS FRUCTUS
사군자, 천군자
Quisqualis Fructus is the fruit of Quisqualis indica Linné (Combretaceae).
Description Quisqualis Fructus is elliptic ~ ovate, possessing 4 ~ 6 longitudinal stripes, 2 ~ 4 cm long, and
about 2 cm in diameter. The outer surface is blackish brown ~ purplish black and smooth. The upper part is
narrow and pointed; the lower part is bluntly round and left with scars of the fruit stalks. The texture is hard; the
cut surface is revealed with several pentagonal star shapes. The rhombic part is slightly thick, round, and empty
in the middle. Quisqualis Fructus has one seed. It is oblong ~ conical, about 2 cm long, and 1 cm in diameter; the
outer surface of it is reddish brown ~ blackish brown, and marked with several longitudinal wrinkles. The testa is
thin and easily peeled off.
It smells slightly aromatic and tastes slightly sweet.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of broken debris and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 7.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
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Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 10.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
8.0 %; Ether-soluble extract: more than 19.0 %.
Grade Good Quisqualis Fructus of good grade is purplish black, glossy, and yellowish white on the cut
surface of a seed.
RAPHANI SEMEN
내복자, 나복자
Raphani Semen is the seed of Raphanus sativus Linné (Cruciferae) and other species of the same genus.
Description Raphani Semen is sub-ovate, 3 mm long, and 2.5 mm in diameter. The outer surface is pale
brown ~ reddish brown with several longitudinal hollows. The hilum is located at one end, and round brown
protrusions and netted striations are visible under a magnifying glass. The cotyledon is yellowish white ~ yellow
and oily.
It is odourless and tastes slightly hot.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Ash Not more than 7.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Extract content Ether-soluble extract: more than 31.0 %.
Grade Good Raphani Semen of good grade is regular in size, substantial, and even.
RAUWOLFIA RADIX
인도사목
Rauwolfia Radix is the root of Rauwolfia serpentina Bentham (Apocynaceae), and other species of the same
genus.
A dried root contains more than 0.8 % of the total alkaloids [reserpine (C 33H40N2O9 : 608.69)].
Description Rauwolfia Radix is cylindrical, curved, sometimes split with branched roots, 5 ~ 15 cm long,
and 3 ~ 20 mm in diameter. The outer surface is pale grayish yellow ~ yellowish red with longitudinal wrinkles
and scars of rootlets. The cork layer is thin and easily peeled off. The texture is hard; the cut surface of the xylem
is grayish yellow with radial arranged vessels and fibrous. Under a microscope on the cross-section, the periderm
consists of large and small cork cell layers in the tier arrangement of 2 ~ 8 layers, and parenchyma cells with
starch granules and resin-like yellow substances are observed. In the second layer of the cork layer, parenchyma
cells are containing starch granules and clusters of calcium oxalate that is 3 ~ 20 µm; the formed layer is
undistinguishable. The xylem consists of vessels, tracheids, parenchyma cells, and fibers with the radial cell
tissues in 1 ~ 12 layers or 1 ~ 16 layers. The starch granules consist of a single or 2 ~ 3 compound
granules. Stone cells and periphyllum cells are not observed.
Identification Take the Rauwolfia Radix or the longitudinally cut surface, and add one drop of dilute nitric
acid (1 → 2); the vivid reddish purple color at the radial tissue, especially at the phloem radial tissue, is revealed.
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Purity 1) No more than 2.0 % of branches should be mixed .
2) No more than 0.5 % of foreign matters, except stems, should be mixed.
Assay 10.0 g of the dried pulverized Rauwolfia Radix in a flask (200 mL size) with a glass stopper is extracted
several times with 100 mL of chloroform (each), until no alkaloid reaction with the extract occurs, and
filtered. The filtrate in a separating funnel is extracted with 0.125 mol/L sulfuric acid VS in a sequence of 30 mL,
20 mL, 20 mL, 15 mL, 10 mL and 10 mL. All extract solutions are combined for the sulfuric acid extract A. The
chloroform layer is concentrated in a water bath at 40 °C under reduced pressure to a volume of 30 mL. To this
concentrated chloroform extract, add 100 mL of ether, and extract with the succinic acid solution (1 → 50) in a
sequence of 30 mL, 20 mL, 10 mL, and 10 mL. All succinic acid extracts are combined and used as the extract
B. The combined solution of A and B, making alkaline by adding the strong ammonia water solution, is
extracted with chloroform in a sequence of 30 mL, 20 mL, 20 mL, and 10 mL. This chloroform extract is washed
three times with 10 mL of water (each). The washed solution is extracted with a small amount of chloroform (5
mL), and combined with all chloroform extracts. Evaporate the total chloroform extract in a water bath. To the
residue, add 5 mL of ethanol and evaporate under reduced pressure to remove all chloroform. Repeat this
procedure to remove all ethanol and chloroform contained in the residue. The residue is stored in a desiccator
(silica gel) to reach the constant weight. Weigh the final dried residue, and consider it to be the total alkaloid
(mg).
REALGAR
웅황, 석웅황
Realgar is the mineral drug, belonging to the monoclinic class.
The drug contains more than 90.0 % of arsenic sulfide (As2S2 : 214.0).
Description Realgar is irregular in size, lumpy or powdery, and deep red ~ orange-red. The external surface
is covered with pale orange-red powder. The fractured surface is glossy of resin-like and heavy with small
pores. When touched, the orange-red powdery stains come out.
It smells characteristic, and is tasteless.
Identification 1) 1 mg of the water-moistened drug is dissolved in the saturated potassium nitrate solution
with nitric acid. The white precipitation occurs on adding several drops of the silver nitrate solution. After left on
standing, the supernatant is discarded; the precipitate is insoluble on adding 2 mL of water.
2) Take 0.2 g of the Realgar in a crucible, and heat to melt; white or yellow flame emits. When the crucible is
covered with a glass plate, the white compound is produced. A portion of this white compound is placed in a test
tube, and dissolved in boiling water; the yellow color is revealed on adding 4 drops of the hydrogen sulfide
reagent solution. To this solution, add dilute hydrochloric acid; the yellow precipitation is produced. This
precipitate is soluble in the ammonium carbonate reagent solution.
Purity Take 0.94 g of the ground Realgar, add 20 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid, mix with shaking for 30
minutes, and filter off. The residue is washed two times with 10 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid (each). Combine
the filtrate and the residue-washed solution, and add water to make a total volume of 500 mL. To a portion of
this solution (10 mL), add water to make a volume of 100 mL. The portion of 2 mL is assayed with the Limit
Test for Arsenic (Test 1., not more than 0.5 % contained in this case), described in the General Test Methods.
Assay Take 0.1 g of the Realgar in a decomposing flask (250 mL size), add 2.0 g of ammonium sulfate, 1.0 g
of potassium sulfate and 8 mL of sulfuric acid, and heat until the clear solution. After left on standing, add 50
mL of water to the solution, and heat 5 ~ 10 minutes. After cooling, add 2 drops of the starch reagent solution,
and titrate with 0.5 mol/L sodium hydroxide VS until the red color is revealed. Titrate further with 0.25 mol/L
sulfuric acid VS to be neutralized until the colorless solution. To the neutralized solution, add 5.0 g of sodium
bicarbonate, and titrate with 2 mL of 0.05 mol/L iodine solution (indicator:starch reagent solution).
0.05 mol/L iodine solution 1 mL = 5.348 As2S2
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Grade Good Realgar of good grade is large, lumpy, fragile, and red with gloss.
REHMANNIAE RADIX CRUDUS
생지황, 생지, 선지황, Raw Rehmania Root
Rehmanniae Radix Crudus is the fresh root of Rehmannia glutinosa Libschitz var. purpurea Makino
(Scrophulariaceae).
Description Rehmanniae Radix Crudus is cylindrical ~ conical, 5 ~ 15 cm long, 8 ~ 20 mm in diameter, and
some snapped and curved. The outer surface is yellowish red ~ reddish brown with lateral deep grooves. The
texture is soft and easy to snap off; the snapped surface is flat. The xylem is white and arranged with reticulate
ducts in the radial form; the cortex is yellowish red. No mechanical tissues are observed at the xylem and the
cortex.
It smells characteristic, and tastes sweet and slightly bitter.
Purity Foreign matter Stems, sand and soil and other foreign matters should not be mixed.
Grade Good Rehmanniae Radix Crudus of good grade is fresh and stout without scars on the outer surface.
REMOTIFLORI RADIX
제니
Remotiflori Radix is the root of Adenophora remotiflorus Miquel (Campanulaceae).
Description Remotiflori Radix is long and cylindrical, 5 ~ 25 cm long, 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter of the upper part,
and containing the root head tip on the root head part. The upper part is occupied densely with transverse
wrinkles; the lower part has the sparse wrinkles. The outer surface is yellowish white ~ brown with many root
hairs in the lower part. The texture is soft; the cut surface is white and coarse with pores.
Grade Good Remotiflori Radix of good grade is fully-dried and yellowish white.
RESINA POPULI
호동루, 호동진, 호동감
Resina Populi is the resin exudate, buried under ground for long, from Populus diversifolia Schrenk (Salicaceae).
Description Resina Populi is lumpy, irregular in size, and of two types: one is buried under ground for long,
and another is for relatively short. The former is yellowish brown, large, lumpy, and brittle; the latter is small,
lumpy, reddish green, hard, and acidic.
It is odourless, and tastes salty and bitter.
Grade Good Resina Populi of good grade is buried-long and yellow without soil.
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RHEI UNDULATAI RHIZOMA
종대황, Undulatum Rhubarb
Rhei Undulatai Rhizoma is the dried rhizome, the peeled, or the slices of Rheum undulatum Linné
(Polygonaceae).
Description Rhei Undulatai Rhizoma is irregular, uneven, and disc-shaped ~ cylindrical. The disc-shaped
root is 3 ~ 10 cm in diameter, and 5 ~ 30 mm thick, whereas the cylindrical root is mostly slim, 5 ~ 8 cm long, 1
~ 3 cm in diameter, and sometimes dissected longitudinally. The cross-section is grayish brown ~ yellowish
brown, and distinctly arranged with the brown ring in the cambium layer. The lateral side is dark brown with
transverse wrinkles, and yellowish brown when peeled off. The xylem is 3 ~ 4 times longer than that of the
phloem in diameter. The texture is hard but not fibrous. It is observed with the clusters of calcium oxalate and
starch particles in parenchyma cells.
It smells characteristic and unpleasant. It tastes astringent and feeling of sand chewing, when chewed. It
colorizes saliva to yellow.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Rhei Undulatai Rhizoma, add 10 mL of ethanol, reflux in a water
bath for 10 minutes, and filter off. The filtrate is used as the test solution. In addition, 10 mg of Rhaponticin is
dissolved in 10 mL of ethanol and used as the standard solution. These solutions are applied to the thin layer
chromatography. Spot each solution (10 µL) on a silica gel plate (fluorescent dye, added), and elute with a
mixture of isopropyl ether:n-butanol:methanol (26:7:7) up to 10 cm high. After dried the plate, illuminate with
the ultraviolet lamp (wave length, 365 nm); one of spots of the test solution corresponds with at least one of the
standard spots with respect to the Rf value and the color.
Ash Not more than 10.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 25.0 %.
RHOIS VERNICIFLUAE CORTEX
칠피, 옻나무껍질
Rhois Vernicifluae Cortex is the bark of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (Anacardiaceae).
Description Rhois Vernicifluae Cortex is half-tubular ~ slate-like and plane, 5 ~ 20 cm long, and 1 ~ 5 mm
thick. The outer surface is grayish brown with scattered lenticels, the inner surface is grayish yellow with fine
longitudinal wrinkles, and the cut surface is attached some with the blackish brown exudate (lacquer).
It smells characteristic and tastes hot.
Purity Foreign matter Rhois Vernicifluae Cortex should not be mixed with other plant barks.
Grade Good Rhois Vernicifluae Cortex of good grade is thick and attached with abundant blackish brown
lacquer.
RICINI SEMEN
피마자, 비마자, 비마인
Ricini Semen is the seed of Ricinus communis Linné (Euphorbiaceae).
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Description Ricini Semen is slightly compressed and spherical, about 15 mm long, 10 mm wide, 7 mm thick,
and approximately weighed as average weight of 0.25 g per a seed. The outer surface is black ~ brown and
glossy with white striations. White carunculae are attached on the back of the upper end, and some are
fallen. The seed coat is thin; an oily white endosperm is inside. In the endosperm, oil droplets, protein grains
with pseudo-crystals, and granules are observed.
It smells characteristic and tastes of vegetable oil.
Grade Good Ricini Semen of good grade is large, hard, and glossy.
ROSAE FLOS
매괴화, 홍매괴
Rosae Flos is the flower bud of Rosa rugosa Thunberg (Rosaceae).
Description Rosae Flos is half-spherical or irregular lumpy, and 15 ~ 25 mm in diameter. The petal is wide
ovate, arranged like with roof tiles, shrunk, and purplish red. The outer petals are turned yellow and brittle.
It smells strongly aromatic and tastes slightly bitter.
Grade Good Rosae Flos of good grade should have thick purple petals and strong aroma.
ROSAE FRUCTUS
영실, 영실자
Rosae Fructus is the fruit of Rosa multiflora Thunberg (Rosaceae).
Description Rosae Fructus is elliptic ~ spherical of pseudocarps, 5 ~ 10 mm long, and 3 ~ 7 mm in diameter.
The outer surface is red ~ dark reddish brown, glossy, remained with the pentagonal scar of the stigma, and
sometimes with the fruit stalk of 1 cm long. The inner surface is covered densely with silvery white tomenta,
containing 5 ~ 10 hard seeds. The seed is ovate ~ angular; the outer surface of the seed is light yellow, 4 mm
long, and 2 mm in diameter.
It smells sour and tastes slightly sweet.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Rosae Fructus, add 5 mL of ethanol, heat in a water bath, and
filter off. To the filtrate, add magnesium powder and 1 ~ 2 drops of hydrochloric acid; the pale reddish purple
color is produced.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of fruit stalks and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 10.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
15.0 %.
Grade Good Rosae Fructus of good grade is reddish brown on the outer surface. It should have less sour
odour.
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ROSAE LAEVIGATAE FRUCTUS
금앵자, 자이자
Rosae Laevigatae Fructus is the fruit of Rosa laevigata Michaux. (Rosaceae).
Description Rosae Laevigatae Fructus is ovoid, 2 ~ 4 cm long, and 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter. The outer surface is
yellowish red ~ reddish brown, remained with dish-like calyx in the upper side, gradually tapered in the lower
side, left with numerous raised dots from the falls of bristles, and prickly on fingers when touched; the cut
surface is 1 ~ 2 mm thick. The flesh is hard, containing the pale yellow tomentum at the inner wall and several
glossy yellow seeds.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly sour and astringent.
Purity Fruit stalk No more than 2.0 % of fruit stalks and bristles should be obtained.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 35.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
34.0 %.
Grade Good Rosae Laevigatae Fructus of good grade is large and red without bristles.
RUBI FRUCTUS
복분자, 결분자
Rubi Fructus is the immature fruit of Rubus coreanus Miquel (Rosaceae).
Description Rubi Fructus is conical ~ semispherical, aggregated to lumpy fruits with many simple fruits, 6 ~
13 mm long, and 5 ~ 12 mm in diameter. The outer surface is yellowish green ~ pale brown, rounded at the end,
and shrunken in the center of the calyx. The stalk and the petal are dark green; the fruit is easily broken down.
The texture is soft.
It is odourless, and tastes sour and sweet.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Rubi Fructus, add 10 mL of ethanol, heat for 2 minutes, and filter
off. To 5 mL of the filtrate, add the small amount of magnesium powder and 2 ~ 3 drops of hydrochloric acid;
the red color is produced.
Loss on drying Not more than 17.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 12.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
20.0 %.
Grade Good Rubi Fructus of good grade is yellowish green and sour.
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RUBIAE RADIX
천초근, 천초, 홍천근, Madder Root
Rubiae Radix is the root of Rubia akane Nakai (Rubiaceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Rubiae Radix is cylindrical, long and thin, 5 ~ 15 cm long, 1 ~ 3 mm in diameter, and
possessing secondary roots at the nodes. The outer surface is blackish purple; the cut surface is reddish purple.
The texture is hard and brittle.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly sweet.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 4.0 % of stems and others should be obtained.
Grade Good Rubiae Radix of good grade is regular, even, and blackish purple.
RUMECIS RADIX
양제근, 야대황, 양제대황
Rumecis Radix is the root of Rumex japonicus Houttuyn (Polygonaceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Rumecis Radix is long and cylindrical with lateral wrinkles and thin rootlets, 10 ~ 20 cm long, 1
~ 3 cm in diameter, and remained with the scar of the stem stalk on the root head. The outer surface is grayish
yellow ~ yellowish brown; the snapped surface is relatively flat, yellowish brown ~ dark brown, and marked
with concentric circles like the annual rays.
It smells characteristic, and tastes bitter and astringent.
Grade Good Rumecis Radix of good grade is large and dark yellowish brown with less rootlets.
SACCHARUM GRANORUM
교이, 이당
Saccharum Granorum is the saccharified starch with malt juice and condensed, in order to contain 50.0 ~ 62.0 %
of maltose (C12H22O11H2O : 360.32).
Description Fluid extract of Saccharum Granorum is pale yellow ~ yellowish brown, easily soluble in water,
and insoluble in ethanol.
It is odourless, and tastes sweet.
Identification 1) Take 5 drops of the water solution (1 - 5) to 5 ml of the Fehling's solution reagent, and
heat; the red precipitation occurs.
2) Take 20 mL of ethanol to 1.0 g of the extract fluid, heat in a water bath with continuous stirring, and filter
off. Wash the insoluble residual filtrate with a small amount of ethanol, and then dissolve again in hot
water. Addition of 1 ~ 2 drops of the iodine reagent produces the purplish red color.
Purity 1) State of dissolution Addition of 20 g of the extract fluid into hot water produces the clear and
transparent solution.
2) Acid Addition of 0.6 mL of the sodium hydroxide reagent (0.1 mol/L) and 2 drops of the phenolphthalein
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indicator to 20 mL of the test sample in which 4.0 g of the extract fluid is dissolved in 40 mL of hot water, and
produces the red color.
3) Heavy metals 1 g of the extract fluid is subjected to the Heavy Metal Assay, described in the General
Notices (not more than 0.05 ppm).
4) Arsenic 1 g of the extract fluid is subjected to the Arsenic Assay, described in the General Notices (not
more than 0.05 ppm).
5) Starch Addition of 1 drop of the iodine reagent to 5 mL of the test solution described in 3) should not
produce the blue color.
6) Glucose Add 10 mL of the ferric acetate reagent to the water solution, contained 0.2 g of the test fluid
extract in 100 mL size of a flask, mix and heat in a water bath for 5 minutes, and stand at room temperature. No
red color precipitation should occur.
Loss on drying Not more than 5.0 % (1 g, 100 °C, 30 min).
Assay Dissolve 1.0 g of the extract fluid in hot water, cool off, and then add water up to 200 ml in a measuring
cylinder. Add 10 mL of the Fehling's solution reagent to 20 mL of the prepared test solution, heat up gradually,
and stand at room temperature. Precipitate the cupric oxide down, and filter off by using a glass filter off. Rinsed
the glass filter with hot water until no alkaline state. Next, add 20 mL of ferric sulfate TS to dissolve the
precipitation, and filter off. Titrate the filtrate with potassium permanganate TS (0.02 mol/L).
1 mL of potassium permanganate TS (0.02 mol/L) = 6.354 mg of maltose, C12H22O11
SACCHARUM NIGRUM
흑사당, 적사당, Brown Sugar
Saccharum Nigrum is the raw crystal, containing more than 80 % of sucrose, derived from dried juice exudate
from the stem of Saccharum sinensis Roxburg (Gramineae).
Description Saccharum Nigrum is pale brown ~ blackish brown, crystalline, glossy by reflecting lights on
the crystal side, and easily humidified.
It smells characteristic and tastes very sweet.
Identification 1) When 1 g of the Saccharum Nigrum is heated, it is melted with the rising. The caramel
odour is evolved, and it turns to a large volume of charred stuff.
2) Take 0.1 g of the drug, add 2 mL of dilute sulfuric acid, heat, then add 4 mL of the sodium hydroxide
solution and 3 mL of the Fehling's reagent, and boil; the red ~ dark red precipitation is produced.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Assay Dissolve 2.6 g of the Saccharum Nigrum in a flask (100 mL size) with 80 mL of water. Add 1 mL of
the alkaline lead acetate solution slowly, and then fill the flask with water up to the mark. When foam is evolved,
add one drop of ethanol. After heavy shaking, the solution is filtered through a filter paper. Add some
diatomaceous earth, if needed. Discard 25 mL of the first eluted filtrate. The remaining filtrate is used as the test
solution, and the degree of rotational angle is measured by using the polarimeter (with the sodium spectrum D).
*** Sucrose (g/test solution 100 mL) = 100a/[α]t,D x l
[α]t,D: the optical rotation at the temperature of measurement ([α]20, D : 66.5 °)
l: the length of a sample tube (dm)
Grade Good Saccharum Nigrum of good grade should be large crystalline and light in color.
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SAMBUCI LIGNUM
접골목, 속골목
Sambuci Lignum is the stem and branch of Sambucus williamsii var. coreana Nakai (Caprifoliaceae).
Description Stems and branches are cut into pieces. Sambuci Lignum is long and elliptic, 2 ~ 6 cm long, 3
mm thick, and mostly without the barks. The outer surface is greenish brown with longitudinal wrinkles and
bulged lenticels in brownish black dots. The xylem is yellowish white distinctly with annulate annual rings; the
phloem: brown, spongy, and empty inside of the old ones.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly sweet and bitter.
Grade Good Sambuci Lignum of good grade is of yellowish white slices in completeness. It should not
contain any foreign matters.
SANGUISORBAE RADIX
지유, 옥시
Sanguisorbae Radix is the root of Sanguisorba officinalis Linné (Rosaceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Sanguisorbae Radix is fusiform, curved, attached with one ~ several irregular rootlets to the
main root, tenacious, fibrous, 10 ~ 20 cm long, and 5 ~ 20 mm in diameter. The outer surface is dark brown ~
yellowish brown with crumpled longitudinal wrinkles. Under a microscope on the cross-section, there exist 2 ~ 3
cork layers in the outer side, 4 ~ 5 cork skin layers below, and the cambium with 2 ~ 3 layers of parenchyma
cells. The phloem consists of 1 ~ 2 layers; abundant starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals are scattered in
parenchyma cells. In the xylem part, ducts with "U" shaped arrangement and vascular vessels are observed.
It is odourless, and tastes bitter and astringent.
Identification 1) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Sanguisorbae Radix, add 10 mL of water, boil in a water bath,
and filter off. Add the ferric chloride solution to the filtrate; the dark purple color is produced.
2) Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Sanguisorbae Radix, add 10 mL of water, boil in a water bath, and cool down;
the long lasting foam is produced with heavy shaking.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 15.0 % of stems and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 12.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 18.0 %.
Grade Good Sanguisorbae Radix of good grade is thicker than 1.0 cm in diameter with many fusiform roots.
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SANTALI ALBI LIGNUM
백단향, 단향
Santali Albi Lignum is the pith in the xylem of Santalum album Linné (Santalaceae).
Description Santali Albi Lignum is cylindrical ~ flat rod-like, some bent, irregular in length, and 10 ~ 20 cm
in diameter. The outer surface is pale yellow ~ yellowish brown with longitudinal striations. The texture is hard
and difficult to snap off.
It smells strongly aromatic and tastes hot.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 0.5 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 0.1 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 1.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
3.5 %; Ether-soluble extract: more than 4.5 %.
Assay 1.5 mL (50 g).
Grade Good Santali Albi Lignum of good grade is heavy and hard with strong aroma.
SANTALINI LIGNUM RUBRUM
자단향, 자단, Red Sandal Wood
Santalini Lignum Rubrum is the duramen of Pterocarpus santalinus Linné (Leguminosae).
Description Santalini Lignum Rubrum is long and rectangular, lumpy with removed barks or slices,
yellowish brown ~ yellowish orange, 1 m long, and 7 ~ 15 cm wide. The cross-section is exhibited with dark and
faint colored layers like the annual rings; the texture is hard, difficult to snap off, and fibrous.
It smells characteristic, and is tasteless.
Identification 1) No red color is eluted by boiling.
2) Take 0.5 g of the Santalini Lignum Rubrum, add 10 mL of ethanol, and shake; the red color is eluted.
3) Take 0.5 g of the Santalini Lignum Rubrum, add 10 mL of ether, and shake; the orange yellow color is
eluted. Under the sunlight, the green fluorescence is revealed.
Grade Good Santalini Lignum Rubrum of good grade is reddish brown with strong aroma.
SARGASSUM
해조, 해호자
Sargassum is the whole plant of Sargassum fusiforme (Harv.) Setch (Sargassaceae), and other species of the
same genus.
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Description Brown algae of Sargassum is irregular in size, curled into tubular, dark black with white salt
powder on the outer surface, and slippery and sticky when dipped in water. The stem is cylindrical with flat and
bat-shaped leaves; the texture is soft and brittle.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Sargassum, add 10 mL of water, heat with the intermittent
shaking, and filter off. To the filtrate, add 2 ~ 3 drops of the ninhydrin reagent, and heat; the purple ~ reddish
purple color is produced.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 30.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 15.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
10.0 %.
Grade Good Sargassum of good grade is dark black with white salt powder on the outer surface.
SAXIFRAGAE HERBA
호이초, 석하초
Saxifragae Herba is the whole plant of Saxifraga stolonifera Linné (Saxifragaceae).
Description Saxifragae Herba is gray ~ grayish brown, consisting of mostly leaves, and sometimes with
flower stalks and creeping stems. The leaf is lobed and round, the base is cordate, and the leaf stalk is long. All is
covered with white hairs.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter.
Grade Good Saxifragae Herba of good grade is fully-dried and less brittle.
SCIRPI RHIZOMA
삼릉, 형삼릉
Scirpi Rhizoma is the tuber of Scirpus flaviatilis A. Gray (Cyperaceae), and Sparganium stoloniferum BuchananHamilton (Sparganiaceae).
Description Scirpus flaviatilis It is conical, slightly flat, 3 ~ 6 cm long, 2 ~ 4 cm in diameter, and remained
with the peeled cork layer. The outer surface is yellowish white ~ grayish yellow, left with scars of the peeled
cork layer, and possessing some of the root hairs and bulges. The texture is hard, heavy, and farinaceous.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Sparganium stoloniferum It is conical, slightly flat, 2 ~ 6 cm long, and 2 ~ 4 cm in diameter. The outer surface
is yellowish white ~ grayish yellow, left with scars like a knife-cut, and remained with scars of the root hairs
with laterally arranged annulate. The texture is hard and heavy.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly stimulus when chewed.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
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Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 11.0 %.
Grade Good Scirpi Rhizoma of good grade is large and grayish white. It should not contain any root hairs.
SCOLOPENDRAE CORPUS
오공
Scolopendrae Corpus is the body of Scolopendra subspinipes multilans Linné Koch (Scolopendridae).
Description Scolopendrae Corpus is flat and long of each segment, 10 ~ 14 cm long, and 5 ~ 10 mm
wide. The length of head is almost same as of a segment. The head obtains a pair of antennas, and the whole
body has 21 segments. Each segment is, except the first one bearing appendages at the lateral side of the body,
attached with a pair of legs. The body is dark green; the head and the ventral surface of the first segment is
yellowish red ~ yellowish brown. The dorsal surface is shiny dark blue with two longitudinal ridges; the ventral
surface is pale green ~ yellowish brown. There are 21 pairs of yellow legs. Under a magnifying glass, 4 single
eyes and the teeth of 5 pairs at the upper and lower parts are observed.
It smells characteristic, and tastes hot and slightly salty.
Identification 5.0 g of the pulverized Scolopendrae Corpus is extracted two times to remove the lipid with
ether. The residue is heated and extracted with 25 mL of methanol. The solution is applied to the thin layer
chromatography using a silica gel plate. The elute solution is acquired using a mixture of n-butane:water:acetic
acid (10:2:1). Under an ultraviolet lamp (wave length, 356 nm), 10 spots with the fluorescence and the pink
spots with the nihydrin reagent are revealed.
Loss on drying Not more than 18.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 25.0 %, Methanol-soluble extract: more than
12.0 %; Ether-soluble extract: more than 12.0 %.
Grade Good Scolopendrae Corpus of good grade is longer than 10 cm with the intact antennae and the head.
SCOPOLIAE FOLIUM
스코폴리아엽, Scopolia Leaf
Scopoliae Folium is the leaf of Scopolia japonica Maximowiczi (Solanaceae), and other species of the same
genus at the blooming season.
The dried leaf contains more than 0.1 % of total alkaloids [hyociamine (C17H23NO3 : 289.38) and scopolamine
(C17H21NO4 : 303.35)].
Description Scopoliae Folium is ovate ~ lanceolate, 10 ~ 18 cm long, and 3 ~ 7 cm wide. The upper surface
is dark green; the lower surface is yellowish green. The phyllopodium is cuneate and tapering along with the leaf
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stalk; the leaf margin is mostly full of lamina and some waive-like. Under a microscope, the small number of the
fimbriae on the leaf veins and occasionally the crystals of calcium oxalate in the leaf flesh are observed.
It is odourless, and tastes unpleasant and bitter.
Identification 1) Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Scopoliae Folium, add 10 mL of ether and 0.5 mL of ammonia
TS, mix with shaking for 30 minutes, and filter off. The residue is washed with 10 mL of ether. Combine the
filtrate solution and the washed ether solution, add 20 mL of dilute sulfuric acid (1 → 50), and mix in a
separating funnel. The acid-extract is collected in another funnel. To this extracted solution, add ammonia TS to
make a weak alkaline solution, and then add 10 mL of ether. Mix well and collect the ether layer. Evaporate the
ether solution on the porcelain dish. To the residue, add 5 drops of fumic nitric acid, and evaporate in a water
bath. The residue is dissolved in 1 mL of dimethylformaldehyde, and added with 5 ~ 6 drops of
tetraethylammonium hydroxide TS; the solution reveals the reddish purple ~ purple color.
2) Take 2.0 g of the pulverized Scopoliae Folium, add 20 mL of methanol, refluxed in a water bath, and filtered
off. The residue is washed with 10 mL of methanol each for 2 times. Evaporate methanol from the filtrate, and
combine the washed residues. To the dried residue, add 25 mL of dilute sulfuric acid (1 → 50), mix and filter off.
To 20 mL of the filtrate in a separating funnel, add 10 mL of ether, and mix; the water layer is collected and
added with the ammonia solution to make the water layer as of the weak alkaline state. Thereafter, add 30 mL of
chloroform, and mix. The chloroform layer is collected. Add 2.0 g of the anhydrous sodium sulfate, shake until
the clear solution, and filter off. Evaporate 20 mL of the filtrate; the residue is dissolved in 1.0 mL of ethanol and
used as the test sample. 10 mg of Atropine sulfate and 10 mg of scopolamine hydrogen bromide are dissolved
each in 10 mL of ethanol, and used as the standard solution (1) and (2), respectively. The test sample and the
standard solutions are applied to the thin layer chromatography. Each 5 µL of them is spotted on two silica gel
plates. Elute with a mixture of acetone:water:strong ammonia solution (90 :7:3 ) up to 10 cm high. Then the
plate is dried at 80 °C for 10 minutes. Spray the Dragendorff’s reagent on the dried plates; two major spots of the
test sample should correspond with the color and Rf values of yellowish red spots of the standard solutions.
Purity Scopoliae Folium should not be mixed with the stems that are thicker than 3 mm in diameter.
Ash Not more than 13.0 %.
Assay Take 0.7 g of the pulverized Scopoliae Folium, previously dried at 60 °C for 8 hours, is placed in a
centrifugal tube with a stopper, and soaked by adding 15 mL of the ammonia solution. Add 25 mL of ether, mix
with shaking for 15 minutes, and then centrifuge. The ether layer is collected. The precipitated residue is washed
two times with 25 mL of ether. All ether extracts combined are evaporated in a water bath to remove ether. The
dried residue is dissolved in 5 mL of the mobile phase, and added 3 mL of the internal standard solution. Then
extra mobile phase is added to make a total volume of 25 mL. This solution is filtered through a filter paper (0.8
µm in diameter). 2 mL of the first filtrate is discarded, and the remaining portion of the filtrate is used for the test
sample. Separately, the atropine sulfate standard (the weight loss on drying measured previously, 25 mg) is
dissolved in the mobile phase to the volume of 25 mL (the standard solution A). Likely, the scopolamine
hydrogen bromide standard (the weight loss on drying measured previously, 25 mg) is dissolved in the mobile
phase to make a volume of 25 mL (the standard solution B). To the combination of 5 mL of the standard solution
A and 1 mL of the solution B, add 3 mL of the internal standard solution and the extra mobile phase to make a
total volume of 25 mL. 10 µL of the test sample solution and 10 µL of the standard solution are applied to the
liquid chromatography with the following conditions below. Calculate the ratio of the peak areas of each solution
versus the peak area of the hyocyamine (atropine), QTA and QSA. Likely, calculate the ratio of peak areas of
scopolamine, QTS and QSS and the amounts of hyocyamine and scopolamine by the following equation. The sum
is the amounts of total alkaloids.
The amount of hyocyamine (C17H23NO3, mg) = the amount of atropine sulfate (converted to the dried one, mg)
x QTA/QSA x 1/5 x 0.855
The amount of scopolamine (C17H21NO4, mg) = the amount of scopolamine hydrogen bromide (converted to
the dried one, mg) x QTS/QSS x 1/25 x 0.789
Internal standard solution: Brucine mobile phase (1 → 2500)
Operating conditions
Detector: ultraviolet spectrophotometer (wave length 210nm)
Column: 4 ~ 6 mm internal diameter, 15 ~ 25 cm long, stainless column filled with octadecyl silyated silica gel
(5 ~ 10 µm)
Column temperature: at room temperature
Mobile phase: Potassium dihydrophosphate (6.8 g) is dissolved in 900 mL of water and 10 mL of added
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triethylamine. Adjust pH with phosphoric acid, and add extra water to make a volume of 1 L. The mixture of this
solution and acetonitrile (9:1).
Flow rate: Adjust the retention time of 8 minutes of the scopolamine
Selection of column: It is capable to operate the above procedure with 10 µL of the standard solution. The
elution order is scopolamine, atropine, and the internal standard. Each peak is separated.
SCORPION
전갈, 전충
Scorpion is the dried body of Buthus martensii Karsch (Buthidae), dipped temporarily into boiling water or
boiling salt water, and dried.
Description Cephalothorax and pre-abdomen of Scorpion is flat and long elliptic; post-abdomen is curved
like tail. The intact body is 6 ~ 7 cm long and greenish brown, the abdomen and the leg are yellow ~ yellowish
brown, and the tail is brown. When the abdomen is dissected, the black ~ brownish yellow stuff revealed, and the
tail of the post-abdomen is empty inside. The texture is soft and light.
It smells fleshy and tastes salty.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 3.0 % of soil and salt should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Ash Not more than 2.5 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 22.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
25.0 %.
Grade Good Scorpion of good grade is intact and yellow without soil and foreign matters at the thorax and
abdomen.
SEDI HERBA
경천, 계화
Sedi Herba is the aerial part of Sedum erythrostichum Miquel (Crassulaceae) and other species of the same genus.
Description The leaf of Sedi Herba is ovate ~ elliptic with opposite and sometimes alternative arrangements,
grayish green, serrate and thick, 6 ~ 10 cm long, and 3 ~ 4 cm wide. The stalk is 30 ~ 70 cm long and 20 ~35
mm in diameter; the stem is bluish green and fragile.
It is odourless, and tastes bitter and sour.
Grade Good Sedi Herba of good grade is deep green without root branches and hairs.
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SELAGINELLAE HERBA
권백
Selaginellae Herba is the whole plant of Selaginella tamariscina Spring (Selaginellaceae).
Description Selaginellae Herba is fist-shaped and curled inward, 3 ~ 10 cm long, green ~ yellowish green,
populated with many branches at the lower part, and attached with scaly leaflets densely. The leaf apex is sharp
and serrated-shaped; the flesh is brittle. The lower part of the plant has the pink ~ pinkish brown root hairs.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Grade Good Selaginellae Herba of good grade should have plenty of green leaves without broken ones.
SEPIAE OS
해표초, 오적골
Sepiae Os is the horny internal shell of Sepia esculenta Hoyle (Sepiolidae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Sepiae Os is oblong, flat, 5 ~ 12 cm long, 2 ~ 4 cm wide, and 3 ~ 5 mm thick. The external
surface is pale yellowish white on the upper part, grayish white on the lower part, and slightly bulged on the
dorsal part. The texture is easily breakable; the fractured surface is white and crystalline.
It smells fishy and tastes slightly salty.
Identification At dropping dilute hydrochloric acid on the powder, it is melt with evolving bubbles.
Natural Constituent Calcium Carbonate 80.0 ~ 85.0 %.
Grade Good Sepiae Os of good grade is pale yellowish white ~ grayish white and longer than 9 cm long and
3 cm wide without broken ones.
SERPENTIS FEL
사담
Serpentis Fel is the gall bladder of Naja naja atra Cantor, Bungarus fasciatus Schneider (Elapidae), Elaphe
radiata Schlegel, Ptyas korros Schlegel, Zaocys dhumnades Cantor (Colubridae), and other species of the same
genus.
Description Serpentis Fel is compressed fusiform, 1 ~ 3 cm long, and 5 ~ 30 mm in diameter. The external
surface is blackish brown and shiny.
It is odourless, and tastes fleshy and strongly bitter.
Purity Foreign matter Serpentis Fel should not be mixed with others.
Loss on drying Not more than 15.0 % (5 hours).
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Ash Not more than 13.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.5 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 75.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
70.0 %.
Grade Good Serpentis Fel of good grade is blackish brown and shiny. Each should not be heavier than 1.5 g.
SERPENTIS PERIOSTRACUM
사세, 사피, 사퇴, 사각
Serpentis Periostracum is the slough of Elaphe schrenckii Strauch, Elaphe climacophora Boie., and
Rhabodophis tigrinus Boie. (Colubridae).
Description Serpentis Periostracum is cylindrical, translucent of the dermal membrane, compressed, shrunk,
some torn, and longer than 1 m long if intact. The dorsal side is silver gray, covered with glossy, rhombic ~
elliptic, and translucent scales. The ventral side is milky white ~ pale yellow, arranged with scales in a form of a
tier-like array of the roof tiles. The texture is soft, easily torn, and smooth feeling on touch.
It smells slightly fleshy and tastes slightly bitter.
Grade Good Serpentis Periostracum of good grade is intact and white with thin sloughs and long tendon. It
should not contain any sand and foreign matters.
SESAMI SEMEN
흑지마, 흑호마, 호마
Sesami Semen is the seed of Sesamum indicum Linné (Pedalidaceae).
Description Sesami Semen is ovate, flat, pointed at one end, blunt at the other end, 2 ~ 4 mm long, 2 mm
wide, and about 1 mm thick. The outer surface is black with reticulate striations or without. Under a magnifying
glass, slim and small bulges are observed. The margin is smooth, the hilum is located at the pointed tip, and the
testa is thin. The cut surface is revealing the endosperm, the embryo, and two cotyledons. The texture is oily.
It smells characteristic, and tastes dull but of very sesame, when chewed.
Loss on drying Not more than 7.0 %.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 10.0 %.
Grade Good Sesami Semen of good grade is large, substantial, and dark black.
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SIEGESBECKIA HERBA
희렴, 희선, 희첨
Siegesbeckia Herba is the aerial part of Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino and Siegesbeckia glabrescens Makino
(Compositae).
Description Siegesbeckia Herba consists off the stem and the oppositely arrayed leaves. The stem is
rectangular with branches, 30 ~ 60 cm long, and 3 ~ 10 mm in diameter; the leaf is shrunk, ovate ~ triangular
ovate when spreading out, and pointed at the apex. The upper leaf is pale green with distinct three veins; the
lower leaf is tomentose above the veins of the back side. The outer surface is grayish green ~ yellowish brown,
covered with white hairs, and white or green on the cut surface; the inner surface is large, white, and empty.
It smells characteristic and tastes slightly bitter.
Grade Good Siegesbeckia Herba of good grade is yellowish green with many leaves.
SMILACIS RHIZOMA
토복령, 산귀래
Smilacis Rhizoma is the rhizome of Smilax china Linné (Liliaceae).
Description Smilacis Rhizoma is compressed and cylindrical ~ lump, irregular in size, branched into
tubercular nodes, 5 ~ 15 cm long, and 2 ~ 5 cm in diameter. The outer surface is grayish brown ~ yellowish
brown, and remained with protruded and scattered scars of stems on the upper part; the cut surface is elliptic ~
blunt triangular and milky white ~ pale reddish white.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 0.5 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 10.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
5.0 %.
Grade Good Smilacis Rhizoma of good grade is white and farinaceous on the cross-section.
SOLANI NIGRI HERBA
용규
Solani Nigri Herba is the whole plant of Solanum nigrum Linné (Solanaceae).
Description The stem of Solani Nigri Herba is cylindrical, split, 20 ~ 60 cm long, 2 ~ 10 cm in diameter,
empty inside, and yellowish white on the transverse cut surface.
It smells slightly characteristic and tastes dull.
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Grade Good Solani Nigri Herba of good grade should have grayish green leaves and stems with attached
fruits.
SOPHORAE FRUCTUS
괴각, 괴실
Sophorae Fructus is the fruit of Sophora japonica Linné (Leguminosae).
Description Sophorae Fructus is bean-hull-shaped, 2 ~6 cm long, 2 ~ 6 mm in diameter, and 1 ~ 6 seeds
inside. The pericarp is thin, protruded, and greenish brown ~ brown; the seed is round and dark brown ~ black.
It is odourless, and tastes bitter.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 5.0 % of immature fruits, pedicels, leave stalks, and others should be
obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Sophorae Fructus of good grade is regular in size and yellowish green without shrunk.
SOPHORAE SUBPROSTRATAE RADIX
산두근, 고두근
Sophorae Subprostratae Radix is the root of Sophora subprostrata Chun et T. Chen (Leguminosae).
Description Sophorae Subprostratae Radix is separated with the cylindrical root and the irregular knot-like
root head that scars of the stem are left on the tip. The root is irregular in length, 30 ~ 50 cm long, and 7 ~ 15
mm in diameter; the outer surface is brown ~ blackish brown, and accompanied with coarse, longitudinal
wrinkles and laterally protruded lenticels. The texture is hard and difficult to snap off; the cut surface is flat and
fibrous. The cortex is pale brown; the xylem is pale yellow.
It smells of bean and tastes bitter.
Identification 1) Add 10.0 % sodium hydroxide solution onto the outer surface; the solution becomes pale
red, turns to scarlet red later, and decolorizes eventually.
2) Take 2.0 g of the pulverized Sophorae Subprostratae Radix, add 20 mL of 70.0 % ethanol, reflux for 30
minutes, and filter off. Evaporate the filtrate in a water bath, dissolve the residue in 5 mL of 1 % hydrochloric
acid, and filter off. To the filtrate, add one drop of the Meyer's reagent; the pale yellowish precipitation forms.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Sophorae Subprostratae Radix of good grade is thick and hard without stems and branch roots.
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SPATHOLOBI CAULIS
계혈등, 혈풍등
Spatholobi Caulis is the trail of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn (Leguminosae).
Description Spatholobi Caulis is flat and cylindrical of the slight bent shape, 30 ~ 40 cm long, and 3 ~ 5 cm
in diameter. The outer surface is grayish brown, turning to reddish brown when the cork layer scrapped off. It
shows longitudinal groovy with scars of lateral nodes. The pith is slightly dislocated from the center of the
snapped surface. The xylem is pale reddish brown; the phloem is reddish brown ~ dark brown. The xylem and
the phloem layers are alternatively arranged in semicircle. Fine red resins like chicken blood flow out from fresh
one. When it dries out, it becomes hard and thin pieces by snapping.
It smells slightly characteristic and tastes astringent.
Grade Good Spatholobi Caulis of good grade is regular in width and juicy of circular lines on the reddish
brown snapped surface.
SPIRODELAE HERBA
부평, 자배부평
Spirodelae Herba is the whole plant of Lemna paucicostata Hegelm and Spirodela polyrhiza Schleider
(Lemnaceae).
Description Spirodelae Herba is ovate ~ long ovate, thin scale-shaped, 6 ~ 9 mm long, and 2 ~ 5 mm in
diameter. The upper part is green and shiny; the lower part is reddish purple, and attached with 3 ~ 4 leaves and
several root hairs. The flesh is light-weighed and brittle.
It smells slightly fishy and tastes hot.
Loss on drying Not more than 5.0 %.
Ash Not more than 43.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 17.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 4.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 2.0 %.
Grade Good Spirodelae Herba of good grade is pale green and purple on the lower side.
STALACTITUM
석종유, 종유석
Stalactitum is the carbonate mineral, mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in a nipple-like lump, formed in the
lime cave, belonging to the carbonate salt class and the carbonate salt order.
Description Stalactitum is conical like the icicle, white ~ pale brown, irregular in size, and empty in the inner
center. The texture is hard. The cross-section is marked with radial striations starting from the center.
It is odourless, and tastes salty.
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Loss on drying Not more than 0.39 %.
Ash Not more than 84.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 0.5 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 0.2 %.
Grade Good Stalactitum of good grade is coarse by a round hole in the center, hard on surface, brittle, and
translucent ~ transparent.
STEMONAE RADIX
백부근, 백부
Stemonae Radix is the root of Stemona japonica Miquel (Stemonaceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Stemonae Radix is mostly long spindle-shaped, 4 ~ 18 cm long, 7 ~ 10 mm in diameter, straight,
and some curved with slender ends. The outer surface is yellowish white ~ yellowish brown, shrunk with
irregular longitudinal wrinkles. The texture is hard and easy to snap off; the cut surface is horny and pale
yellowish white ~ dark brown. The pith is yellow, shrunken toward to the center.
It smells slightly aromatic, and tastes sweet at first and bitter later.
Loss on drying Not more than 17.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 33.0 %.
Grade Good Stemonae Radix of good grade is large, hard, and white inside.
STERCULIAE SCAPHIGERAE SEMEN
반대해
Sterculiae Scaphigerae Semen is the seed of Sterculia scaphigera Wall. (Sterculiaceae).
Description Sterculiae Scaphigerae Semen is elliptic, blunt on the upper side, slightly pointed on the lower
side, 2 ~ 3 cm long, and 10 ~ 15 mm in diameter. The outer surface is brown ~ dark brown, slightly shiny with
fine, dense, and irregular wrinkles, and consisting of the light-colored and round hilum at the base. The testa is
soft, loose, easily falling, and lumpy as sponge-like by swelling at contact with moisture. The endocarp is
reddish brown ~ blackish brown with yellowish white speckles on the edge. The cotyledon is dark brown ~
grayish brown of two thick cotyledons, when peeling the endocarp off.
It is odourless, and tastes dull but mucous with long chewing.
Identification Take 2.0 g of the pulverized Sterculiae Scaphigerae Semen, add 20 mL of ether, mix for 30
minutes, and filter off. Place 2.0 mL of the filtrate on a glass dish, and evaporate the ethereal solution. Heat the
dried residue with anhydrous sodium sulfate; the bubbles of white gas with stimulus odour are generated.
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Grade Good Sterculiae Scaphigerae Semen of good grade is large, heavy, and unbroken. Its skin should be
thin with brownish striations on it.
Processing Use without washing.
STICHOPUS
해삼, 자삼, Sea Cucumber
Stichopus is the body of Stichopus japonicus Selenka (Stichopusceae).
Description The body of Stichopus is long cylindrical, slightly rectangular on the cross-section, flat and
smooth on the ventral part, 10 ~ 20 cm long, some with 40 cm in length, and 2 ~ 5 cm wide. The dorsal part is
yellowish brown ~ dark brown with 4 ~ 6 layers of small fleshy bulges. The ventral part is reddish brown ~
yellowish brown with small ventral feet in three lines. The mouth, in front of the trunk, is slightly bent toward to
the abdomen with 20 tentacles around.
It smells fishy and tastes salty.
Loss on drying Not more than 20.0 %.
Ash Not more than 25.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 10.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
7.0 %.
Grade Good Stichopus of good grade is large and dark black on the cut surface. It should not be deformed in
water.
STROPHANTHI SEMEN
스트로판투스, Strophanthus Seed
Strophanthi Semen is the seed, whose pappus hairs are removed, of Strophanthus kombe Oliver (Apocynaceae),
and other species of the same genus.
Description Strophanthi Semen is lanceolate at one end, flat on one side, slightly protruded on the other side
with thick ridge-line in the middle, 9 ~ 18 mm long, 2.5 ~ 5 mm wide, and 0.5 ~ 2 mm. The outer surface is
covered with hairs toward to the end, formed of annulus, pale yellowish brown ~ pale yellowish brown, and
shiny. The sutural line is extended from the middle of the flat side to almost the bottom. Seeds are soaked in
water, and the thin membrane of the testa and the endosperm is easily peeled off. Then, the embryo with two
radicles is revealed.
On the cross-section under a microscope, the testa consists of large and thick cells, and the curved hair of a
single cell, 0.2 ~ 0.8 mm long, is observed. The endospermic parenchyma cells as shown in the embryo contain
the oil drops, the dextrin particles, and the starch particles of 4 ~ 8 mm in diameter.
It is odourless, and tastes very bitter.
Identification Slices, moisten with one drop of 80 % sulfuric acid, the endosperm, and the out area of
cotyledon reveals dark green.
Ash Not more than 7.0 %.
Storage In a sealed and light-resistant container.
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STRYCHNI IGNATII SEMEN
보두, 여송과
Strychni Ignatii Semen is the seed of Strychnos ignatii Bergius (Loganiaceae). The dried drug contains more
than 1.0 % of strychnine (C21H22N2O2 : 334.42).
Description Strychni Ignatii Semen is ovate ~ elliptic, 2 ~ 3 cm long, 1 ~ 2 cm wide, and 15 mm thick. The
outer surface is grayish brown with small sports and shiny silver gray hairs. The hilum is round at the base. The
texture is hard and difficult to cut. The cut surface is translucent, horny, and displaying a large grayish
endosperm and two cotyledons.
It is odourless, and tastes strongly bitter.
Identification 1) Take 3.0 g of the pulverized Strychni Ignatii Semen, add 3 mL of ammonia TS and 20 mL
of chloroform, allow precipitating for 30 minutes while intermittently shaking, and filter off. Heat the filtrate to
evaporate chloroform. To this solution, add 5 mL of sulfuric acid (1 -> 10), heat further in a water bath until no
longer of the odour of chloroform, cool down, and filter through the filter using a cotton bed. To 1 mL of the
filtrate, add 2 mL of nitric acid; the solution turns red.
2) To the remaining filtrate in 1) in the above, add 1 mL of potassium dichromate TS and leave for 1 hour; the
yellowish red precipitation forms. The precipitate is collected by using a filter, and washed with 1 mL of water.
Dissolve a portion of the precipitate in water by heating, and cool down. To this solution, flow 5 drops of
sulfuric acid on the wall of the test tube, the sulfuric acid layer becomes purple color initially and turns to red ~
reddish brown.
Assay Take 5.0 g of the pulverized Strychni Ignatii Semen (previously dried at 60 °C for 8 hours) in a test tube,
and moisten with 1 mL of the strong ammonia solution. Then, add 20 mL of ether, seal with a stopper, mix well
with shaking, and centrifuge; the clear upper layer is collected. Repeat the centrifugation procedure 3 times by
using 20 mL of ether each time. Accumulate all extracted solution, and evaporate ether. Dissolve the residue in
10 mL of the mobile phase solution, and add 10 mL of the internal standard and the extra mobile phase solution
to make a total volume of 100 mL. Filter this solution through the membrane filter (a pore size: below 0.8 µm),
discard 2 mL of the firstly eluted filtrate, and collect the filtrate for the use of the test sample. 75 mg of the
standard strychnine nitrate (previously checked the weight loss on drying) is dissolved in the mobile phase to
make a total volume of 50 mL. To 10 mL of this solution, add 10 mL of the internal standard solution and the
mobile phase solution to make a total volume of 100 mL as the standard solution. Each 5 µL of the test sample
and the standard solution are applied to the liquid chromatography by the following assay conditions. Calculate
Qt and Qs values: ratios of the peak areas of test sample and the standard solution versus the peak area of
strychnine.
The amount of strychnine (mg) = the dried weight of the standard strychnine nitrate (mg) x Q t/Qs x 1/5 x
0.8414
The internal standard solution: the sodium barbital mobile phase (1 → 500)
Operating conditions
Detector: ultraviolet (wave length, 210 nm)
Column: internal radius (4 ~ 6 mm), 15 ~ 25 cm long stainless steel, filled with octadecyl silyated silical gel (5 ~
10 µm)
Temperature: room temperature
Mobile phase: potassium dihydrogen phosphate (6.8 g, dissolved in water to make a volume of 1,000
mL):acetonitrile:triethylamine (45:5:1, pH 3 adjusted with phosphoric acid)
Flow rate: maintaining the retention time of strychnine for 17 minutes
Selection of column: under the condition specified in the above, select the column that can elute the internal
standard and strychnine (each 5 µL, injected) with distinct peaks.
Grade Good Strychni Ignatii Semen of good grade is large, heavy, grayish brown, and shiny.
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STYRAX LIQUIDES
소합향, 소합유
Styrax Liquides is the resin of Liquidambar orientalis Miller (Hamamelidaceae).
Description Styrax Liquides is semi-fluid liquid, viscid, yellowish white ~ grayish brown, and translucent. It
is lengthened like a thread due to the viscosity, when touched and pulled with a rod.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly sweet, hot, and bitter.
Identification It is easily soluble in ether, ethanol, and chloroform, and sunk in water.
Purity No gray color or turbidity is revealed, even containing water.
Loss on drying Not more than 5.0 %.
Ash Not more than 14.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 16.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
58.0 %.
Grade Good Styrax Liquides of good grade is melted with big sound, when burnt with fire. It should have
strong aroma.
SUCCINUM
호박, 홍송지
Succinum is the fossilized resin of Pinus spp. (Pinaceae).
Description Succinum is lumpy, irregular in size, and some granular ~ polygonal. The external surface is
yellowish brown ~ dark red or blackish brown, translucent, and shiny like the pine resin. The fractured surface is
resembled of the clam shell, various in color, and rough. The texture is hard and brittle.
Specific gravity: 1.05 ~ 1.09, Hardness: 2.0 ~ 2.5
It is odourless and tasteless.
Identification Succinum is softened at 215 °C, and melted at 287 °C. It is insoluble in ethanol, ether, and
terpene oil. After melted once by heating, it is soluble in those solvents aforementioned.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 3.0 % of soil, plant barks, and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 1.0 %.
Ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 1.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
16.0 %.
Grade Good Succinum of good grade is dark red. It should have insects like bees and ants.
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SUILUS FEL
저담, Pig Bile
Suilus Fel is the bile of Sus scrofa Linné (Suidae).
Description Suilus Fel is located in the gall bladder, 8 ~ 15 cm long, and 5 ~ 8 cm wide. The gall bladder is
fibrous, tenacious, and membrane. The external surface is dark brown and translucent.
It smells fleshy and tastes very bitter.
Identification Take 0.3 g of the Suilus Fel, add 50 mL of petroleum ether, reflux in a water bath for 1 hour,
and filter off. To 20 mg of the residue, add 0.5 mL of hydrochloric acid, 2 mL of anhydrous acetic acid, and 2
mL of chloroform, mix with heavy shaking for 2 minutes, and filter off. To the filtrate, add 0.5 mL of sulfuric
acid along the wall; the red color is revealed and turns to reddish brown. When the reddish upper layer is shaken
slowly, the reddish brown color is produced and lasts long.
Grade Good Suilus Fel of good grade is large, yellow, and transparent. Its taste is very bitter initially and
then sweet later.
SULFUR
석유황, 유황, Sulphur
Sulfur is the element, inorganic and non-metalic, containing more than 98.0 % of Sulphur (S: 32.06) by the
quantitative analysis.
Description Natural sulphur is pointed of the rhombic form, some lumpy, or soil-formed with
glossiness. Pure sulphur is pale yellow or greenish yellow ~ pale red, glossy, and similar with shell on the broken
surface.
It smells characteristic, and tastes very hot, sour, and slightly salty.
Identification 1) Blue flame with stimulus odour of sulfur dioxide occurs at fire burn.
2) Dissolve 5 mg of the drug in 5 mL of sodium hydroxide TS in a water bath, cool down, and add one drop of
the sodium nitroprussiate solution; the bluish purple color is revealed.
3) To 1.0 mg of Sulfur, add 2 mL of pyridine and sodium bicarbonateTS (0.2 mL), and boil; the blue color is
produced.
Purity 1) State of solution Take 1.0 g of Sulfur, add 20 mL of sodium hydroxide TS (1 → 6) and 2 mL of
ethanol, and boil; the solution should be clear. 2.0 g of the drug is almost dissolved in carbon disulfide (CS 2, 10
mL) with slight suspension, if formed.
2) Acid and alkali Take 2.0 g of Sulfur, add 50 mL of freshly boiled and cooled water, mix with shaking, and
add two drops of phenolphthalein reagent; no red color should be revealed. To the solution, add 1.0 mL of the
sodium hydroxide solution (0.1 mol/L); no red color should be revealed.
3) Arsenic 0.2 g of the drug is analyzed by the 3rd method of the arsenic test (below 10 ppm).
Loss on drying Not more than 1.0 % (1.0 g, under reduced pressure, below 5 mmHg, silica gel, for 4 hours).
Residue by excessive heat Not more than 0.25 % (1.0 g).
Assay Dry Sulfur in a sulfur desiccator for 4 hours. To 1.0 g of the dried drug, add 50 mL of the ethanol
solution of potassium hydroxide (1 → 10), boil to dissolve the sulfur, cool down, and add water to make a total
volume of 250 mL. To 25 mL of this solution in a beaker (400 mL), add 50 mL of the hydrogen peroxide reagent,
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and heat in a water bath for 1 hour. Consecutively, add dilute hydrochloric acid to make the solution acidic. Then
add 200 mL of extra water and boil the whole solution in a water bath, while the hot barium sulfate solution is
added until no longer precipitation forms. The accumulated precipitate is washed with water and heated to
maintain the constant weight. Weigh with barium sulfate (BaSO4). Separately the control experiment is
conducted in order to adjust the compensation.
The amount of sulfur (mg) = the amount of BaSO4 (mg) x 0.1374
TABANUS
맹충, 비맹
Tabanus is the dried fully-grown female insect of Tabanus bivittatus Matsumura (Tabanidae).
Description Tabanus is long elliptic, 15 ~ 20 mm long, and 5 ~ 10 mm wide. The head is blackish brown
with large distantly separated eyes. The breast part is blackish brown. The dorsal part is glossy and tenacious
with longer wings than tails. The lower section of the ventral part is projected, and blackish brown with three
pairs of legs that are mostly fallen off. The ventral part is brownish yellow with six annuli. The texture is brittle.
It smells characteristic, and tastes bitter and slightly salty.
Grade Good Tabanus of good grade is large and perfect in shape.
TAMARICIS RAMULUS
정류, 적정류, 적류
Tamaricis Ramulus is the young branch and leaf of Tamarix juniperina Bunge (Tamaricaceae).
Description Tamaricis Ramulus is irregular in size with numerous branches, and about 2 mm in diameter.
The outer surface is grayish green with scale-shaped lobules in the alternative array. The texture is soft, easily
snapped. The base of branches is 3 ~ 6 mm in diameter. The outer surface is reddish brown. The cut surface is
yellowish white, mostly occupied by the xylem, and distinct with annual rings. The xylem is easily fallen with
the pith in the central part.
It smells slightly aromatic and is tasteless.
Grade Good Tamaricis Ramulus of good grade is green and soft of the texture. It should not contain any thick
branches and foreign matters.
TARAXACI HERBA
포공영, 황화지정, Dandelion
Taraxaci Herba is the whole plant of Taraxacum platycarpum H. Dahlstedt (Compositae), and other species of
the same genus.
Description Taraxaci Herba consists of roots and leaves and is 5 ~ 30 cm long. The root is long, conical, pale
brown ~ blackish brown, 5 ~ 20 mm in diameter, and sometime attached with flowers and fruits. The leaf is
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pinnate, oblong, and attached at the root head. The upper leaf is yellowish green ~ grayish green.
It is odourless, and tastes bitter.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 5.0 % of foreign matters should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 15.0 %.
Ash Not more than 17.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 17.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
19.0 %.
Grade Good Taraxaci Herba of good grade should have yellowish green leaves and roots of longer than 10
mm in diameter.
TERMINALIAE FRUCTUS
가자, 가여륵
Terminaliae Fructus is the dried fruit of Terminalia chebula Retzius (Combretaceae).
Description Terminaliae Fructus is ovate-shaped with 25 ~ 30 mm in length and 15 ~ 25 mm in
diameter. The pericarp is brilliant brownish yellow ~ brown with 5 wrinkles longitudinally and many irregular
wrinkles. It is with/without the fruit stalk. The fruit flesh is hard, dark brown, 2 ~ 5 mm thick, and dissected with
a ventral suture line. The endocarp is hard, yellowish brown, and about 5 mm thick with one seed of in center.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Terminaliae Fructus into water, mix it thoroughly, and filter
off. To the filtrate, add one ~ two drops of ferric chloride TS; the dark violet color is produced.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2 % of the fruit stalks and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 0.4 %.
Extract content Ether-soluble extract: more than 10.0 %.
Grade Good Terminaliae Fructus of good grade is hard in dryness, and brilliant yellowish brown with 5 ~ 6
vertical wrinkles on the pericarpial surface.
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TESTUDINIS PLASTRUM
귀판, 귀갑, 구판
Testudinis Plastrum is the abdominal and dorsal plastron of Chinemys reevesii Gray (Emydidae).
Description Testudinis Plastrum is elliptic, 8 ~ 15 cm long, 5 ~ 8 cm wide, broad and rounded at the front
end, and dull with a triangular-shaped notch at the rear. The outer surface is dark yellow with gloss and left with
hollow sutures of 12 small plates. The inner surface is yellowish white, and sometime attached with flesh and
muscle. The flesh is strong and hard.
It smells some fishy and tastes slightly salty.
Loss on drying Not more than 9.0 %.
Ash Not more than 53.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 3.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 2.5 %.
Grade Good Testudinis Plastrum of good grade is well dried and glossy. It should not contain any flesh and
muscle.
TETRAPANACIS MEDULLA
통초, 통탈목
Tetrapanacis Medulla is the stem of Tetrapanax papyriferus K. Koch (Araliaceae).
Description Tetrapanacis Medulla is cylindrical, 3 ~ 6 cm long, 12 ~ 30 mm in diameter, milky white, light,
soft, elastic, and easily breakable. The cut surface is flat and even. The pith is 5 ~ 15 mm in diameter, white,
translucent, membranous, and imbricate.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Loss on drying Not more than 6.0 %.
Ash Not more than 3.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 11.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
14.0 %.
Grade Good Tetrapanacis Medulla of good grade is empty in the center, highly elastic, and white.
THUJAE ORIENTALIS FOLIUM
측백엽, 백엽
Thujae Orientalis Folium is the young branch and leaf of Thuja orientalis Linné (Curpressaceae).
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Description The scale leaflet of Thujae Orientalis Folium is overlapped and arrayed oppositely; the middle
leaf is rhombic.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of stems, the branches of thinner than 2 mm in diameter, and
others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 14.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
18.0 %; Ether-soluble extract: more than 6.0 %.
Grade Good Thujae Orientalis Folium of good grade is with plenty of leaves and less branches.
THUJAE SEMEN
백자인, 측백인
Thujae Semen is the seed of Thuja orientalis Linné (Cupressaceae).
Description Thujae Semen is ovate ~ oblong or cylindrical, 3 ~ 5 mm long, and 2 ~ 3 mm in diameter. The
outer surface is yellow ~ yellowish white and becoming yellowish brown by time. The aged one is even
permeating oil out. The endocarp is thin, pointed at the end, triangular with a dark brown speckle, and blunt on
the lower part. Under a microscope, the cut surface is white ~ yellowish white with many endosperm and lipid.
It smells characteristic and tastes bitter.
Purity No more than 1.0 % of the endocarp and others should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 7.0 %.
Ash Not more than 6.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 16.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
13.0 %; Ether-soluble extract: more than 50.0 %.
Grade Good Thujae Semen of good grade is even, substantial, regular in size, and yellowish white on the
outer surface. It should not permeate oil and not contain any endocarps.
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THYMI HERBA
사향초, 백리향, Thyme
Thymi Herba is the whole plant of Thymus quinquecostatus Celakovski (Labiatae), and other species of the same
genus.
Description The leaf of Thymi Herba is grayish green, 5 ~ 12 mm long, 3 ~ 8 mm wide, alternatively
attached to a thin, long, brown stem, and remained some nodes of thin roots.
It smells characteristic and tastes strongly stimulus to tongue.
Identification Take 1.0 g of the Thymi Herba, add 10 mL of the vinegar solution (1 → 10), heat in a water
bath, and filter off. To 1 mL of the filtrate, add 6 drops of sulfuric acid and one drop of nitric acid; the bluish
green color on the reflex light and the reddish purple color on the transmission light are revealed.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 3.0 % of the stems, leaves of other species, and other matters should be
obtained.
Oil content More than 1.0 mL (50 g).
Grade Good Thymi Herba of good grade should have strong aroma and more than 70.0 % of the leaves.
TIGRIS OS
호골, 호경골
Tigris Os is the limb bone of Panthera tigris Linné (Felidae).
Description The limb bone of Tigris Os is distinctly angular with the humerus and the fibular. On the forelimbs, close to the socket at the lower end of the singular humerus is a slit, called the phoenix eye. The fibular is
flat, similar of two standing legs, triangular and rod-shaped, and combined with two bones. The back-limb is
rod-shaped with a socket, long and round-shaped, and sunken near the patella. The patella is round, smooth and
shiny inside, thick and tenacious, and attached with the ligulate tendon. The external surface of limb bones is
yellowish white ~ pale yellowish white and oily. The texture is heavy and hard. The transverse cross-section is
grayish yellow, empty of 1/3 of the middle, and reticulate.
It smells characteristic and fleshy, and tastes like meat.
Grade Good Tigris Os of good grade is hard, yellowish white, and heavy.
TOKORO RHIZOMA
비해, 산비해, 백지
Tokoro Rhizoma is the rhizome of Dioscorea tokora Makino (Dioscoreaceae).
Description Tokoro Rhizoma is cylindrical and branched irregularly. The outer surface is grayish brown ~
brown, irregular, curved, remained with scars of the root hairs, 10 ~ 20 cm long, 15 ~ 20 mm in diameter. The
cut surface is yellowish white, flat, farinaceous, and marked with irregular and yellow flower striations. The
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texture is hard, elastic, and easy to snap off.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Tokoro Rhizoma of good grade is large, elastic, regular, and yellowish white.
TORREYAE SEMEN
비자, 옥비
Torreyae Semen is the seed of Torreya nuncifera Siebold et Zuccarini (Taxaceae).
Description Torreyae Semen is ovate ~ elliptic, 1 ~ 2 cm long, and about 1 cm in diameter. The outer surface
is yellowish brown, hard, and possessing longitudinal wrinkles. The inner surface is covered with thin and
reddish brown endocarp while having a seed. The cut surface is yellowish white.
It is odourless, and tastes mild, oily, and sweet.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 20.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
50.0 %.
Grade Good Torreyae Semen of good grade is large and substantial.
TRACHELOSPERMI CAULIS
낙석등, 낙석
Trachelospermi Caulis is the climbing stem and branch of Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium Nakai
(Apocynaceae) and other species of the same genus.
Description Trachelospermi Caulis is irregular cylindrical, 1 ~ 5 mm in diameter, and curved with many
branches. The outer surface is reddish brown ~ dark brown with longitudinal wrinkles, and remained with
protruded dots of scattered root scars. The cut surface is yellowish white. The node is numerous and slightly
raised. The flesh is hard. The leaf is elliptic ~ ovoid-lanceolate, pale green ~ dark green, thick, arranged
oppositely, and mostly fallen.
It smells slightly scent and tastes slightly bitter.
Grade Good Trachelospermi Caulis of good grade is larger than 3 mm in diameter of the stem, and regular in
size with attached leaves.
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TRACHYCARPI PETIOLUS
종려피, 종판, 종골, 진종피
Trachycarpi Petiolus is the bark, with the old leaf stalks removed, of Trachycarpus fortunei Wendland (Palmae),
and other species of the same genus.
Description Trachycarpi Petiolus is long and spindle-shaped or flat plate-shaped, 20 ~ 30 cm long, and
irregular in thickness. The outer surface is dark brown, hard, and difficult to snap off.
It is odourless, and tastes astringent.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Trachycarpi Petiolus, add 10 mL of water, mix with shaking, and
filter off. To the filtrate, add 1 ~ 2 drops of ferric chloride TS; the dark purple color is revealed.
Grade Good Trachycarpi Petiolus of good grade is hard, tenacious, aged, and brown.
TRIBULI FRUCTUS
질려자, 백질려
Tribuli Fructus is the fruit of Tribulus terrestris Linné (Zygophyllaceae).
Description Tribuli Fructus is star-shaped, consisting of 5 capsules of the pericarp, and 6 ~ 10 mm in
diameter. Sometimes pericarps are separated. The outer surface is grayish green ~ grayish brown. The capsule is
protuberant on the dorsal side with two thorns. The thorn is 3 ~ 7 mm long of large thorns and 2 ~ 5 mm long of
short ones. Many bulges are on the ridge-line. The texture is hard. The cross-section is white ~ yellowish white
and oleaceous.
It is odourless, and tastes bitter.
Identification Take 0.2 g of the pulverized Tribuli Fructus, add 3 mL of anhydrous acetic acid, heat in a
water bath for 2 minutes, and filter off. To 1 mL of the filtrate, add 1 mL of sulfuric acid slowly; the red color is
produced on the boundary, and the bluish purple ~ green color reveals in the upper layer.
Purity 1) No more than 4.0 % of fruit stalks should be obtained.
2) No more than 1.0 % of foreign matters should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 7.0 %.
Ash Not more than 13.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 2.5 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 12.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
4.0 %; Ether-soluble extract: more than 18.0 %.
Grade Good Tribuli Fructus of good grade is regular, even, substantial, and grayish white.
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TRIGONELLAE SEMEN
호로파, 호파
Trigonellae Semen is the seed of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linné (Leguminosae).
Description The seed of Trigonellae Semen is blunt, rectangular, 3 ~ 5 mm long, and 2 ~ 3 mm wide. The
outer surface is pale brown ~ yellowish brown and possessing a diagonal furrow at each face. The texture is hard
and sticky mucous after soaking in water.
It smells characteristic, tastes bitter, and is mucous.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Oil content More than 3.0 mL (50 g).
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 23.0 %.
Grade Good Trigonellae Semen of good grade is large and substantial.
TRITICI LEVIS SEMEN
부소맥
Tritici Levis Semen is the immature and floatable grain of Triticum aestivum Linné (Gramineae).
Description Tritici Levis Semen is oblong, 4 ~ 6 mm long, and about 2 mm in diameter. The outer surface is
pale yellowish brown ~ yellow with wrinkles, exhibited with the deep longitudinal groove in the middle on the
ventral side, and possessing the irregular-shaped embryo in the lower part of the dorsal side. The tip of the upper
part is yellow, soft, and tomentose. The texture is hard. The cut surface is white ~ pale yellowish brown, and
some with husks.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Grade Good Tritici Levis Semen of good grade is regular, light-weighed, afloat on water, and shiny on the
outer surface.
TROGOPTERORUM FAECES
오령지, 영지, Pteropus Stool
Trogopterorum Faeces is the feces of Trogopterus xanthipes (Milne Edwards) (Petauristidae).
Description Trogopterorum Faeces is irregular and lumpy, granular, blunt on both ends, 5 ~ 15 mm long, and
3 ~ 6 mm in diameter. The outer surface of the lump is grayish brown ~ blackish brown or reddish brown, oily,
and shiny. The texture is hard and difficult to break. The outer surface of the granules is blackish brown and
grayish brown inside. The texture is light and brittle. The fractured surface of the lump is yellowish brown ~
brown and fibrous.
It smells characteristic, and tastes bitter and slightly salty.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 15.0 % of sand and others should be obtained.
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Ash Not more than 13.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Extract content More than 15.0 %.
Grade Good Trogopterorum Faeces of good grade is oily and shiny. It should have less with foreign matters.
TYPHAE POLLEN
포황, 향포, Cat-tail
Typhae Pollen is the pollen of Typha orientalis Presl (Typhaceae).
Description Typhae Pollen is light, fine, powdery, bright yellow ~ yellowish brown, 35 ~ 40 µm in diameter,
and fluid. Under a microscope, 4 pollen are linked in the rectangular form or the trapezoidal form.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Typhae Pollen, add 10 mL of dilute ethanol, heat in a water bath
for 2 minutes, and filter off. To 5 mL of the filtrate, add 0.5 g of magnesium powder and 1 mL of dilute
hydrochloric acid; the red ~ reddish purple color is revealed.
Purity No more than 5.0 % of anthers of this plant should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 6.0 %.
Ash Not more than 5.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Typhae Pollen of good grade is highly fluid and bright yellow.
ULMI CORTEX
유백피
Ulmi Cortex is the bark of Ulmus macrocarpa Hance (Ulmaceae).
Description Ulmi Cortex is tubular ~ plane and 2 ~ 3 mm thick. The outer surface is grayish green ~ grayish
brown with the grayish brown cork layer. The cut surface is rough, pale brown, and distinct with fibrous
striations. The texture is hard and farinaceous.
It smells slightly aromatic and tastes slightly sweet.
Loss on drying Not more than 11.0 %.
Grade Good Ulmi Cortex of good grade is blackish brown on the outer surface with speckles, and thicker
than 2 mm.
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ULMI PASTA SEMEN
무이, 무이인
Ulmi Pasta Semen is the fermented product, derived from the mixture of clay and seeds of Ulmus macrocarpa
Hance (Ulmaceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Ulmi Pasta Semen is angular lumpy or rectangular, and irregular in size. The external surface is
yellowish red ~ yellowish brown with many pores. The texture is light-weighed and crumble. The cut surface is
yellowish brown ~ yellowish black, easily peeled off with scale forms, and brittle.
It smells characteristic, and tastes slightly sour and astringent.
Preparation Remove the wing-shaped pericarpial part, and collect seeds. To the seeds (16.5 Kg), add water,
and ferment. To the fermented stuff, add the bark (3.0 Kg), the clay (9.0 Kg), and the powder of chrysanthemum
flower with warm water, and mix well to glue-like form. Make slices of 2 ~ 3 cm thick, dry on the plate, and cut
into each of 6 cm in length.
Loss on drying Not more than 6.0 %.
Ash Not more than 12.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 0.2 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 0.3 %.
Grade Good Ulmi Pasta Semen of good grade should not contain any leaves, petals and wing-shaped
pericarpial parts.
UNCARIAE RAMULUS ET UNCUS
조구등, 조등구
Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus is the young branch with thorns of Uncaria sinensis (Oli.) Havil (Rubiaceae).
Description Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus consists of short climbing stems with two fishing hook-like thorns.
Thorns are oppositely arrayed or sometime positioned on a single side. The thorn is 1 ~ 3 cm long and about 2
mm wide. The outer surface is reddish brown ~ dark reddish brown. The cross-section is long elliptic ~ elliptic
and pale yellow with coarse and spongy inside. Under a microscope on the cross-section of the thorn, it is
observed with the vessels in annulated arrangement on epidermis and the crystals of calcium oxalate in
parenchyma cells below the epidermis layer. The texture is hard and difficult to snap off.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly astringent.
Identification Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus, add 20 mL of methanol, reflux in an
oil bath for 5 minutes, and filter off. To the residue, derived from the evaporated filtrate, add 5 mL of acetic acid,
heat in a water bath for 1 minute, and filter off. Place one drop of the filtrate on a filter paper, and leave on
standing to dryness in the air; the red color is revealed at spraying the Dragendorff's reagent.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 2.0 % of young branches without thorns should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 %.
Ash Not more than 4.0 %.
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Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 15.0 %.
Grade Good Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus of good grade should have hook-like thorns in the opposite array
and slim branches that are reddish brown ~ purplish brown.
VERATRI RHIZOMA
여로, 여로두
Veratri Rhizoma is the rhizome of Veratrum nigrum Linné var. ussuriense Loes. fil. (Liliaceae), and other
species of the same genus.
Description Veratri Rhizoma is cylindrical ~ fusiform, 35 ~ 50 cm long, and 10 ~ 15 mm in diameter. The
outer surface is dark brown ~ reddish brown, and covered with the fiber. The fiber is remained off the
decomposed leaf sheath. The upper part is 3 ~ 6 cm long, and left with scars of petioles and many root hairs
below.
It smells stimulant and tastes bitter.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Veratri Rhizoma, add 10 mL of dilute acetic acid, heat in a water
bath, and filter off. To 2.0 mL of the filtrate, add one drop of the Meyer's reagent; the yellowish white
precipitation is produced.
Purity Foreign matter No more than 5.0 % of others including petioles should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 7.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 2.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 18.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
15.0 %.
Grade Good Veratri Rhizoma of good grade is well-dried, large, and long.
VERBENAE HERBA
마편초, 철마편
Verbenae Herba is the aerial part of Verbena officinalis Linné (Verbenaceae).
Description The stem of Verbenae Herba is curved, rectangular, and 30 ~ 80 cm long. The outer surface is
reddish green ~ grayish green with longitudinal wrinkles and small hard hairs. The texture is hard and easy to
snap off. The snapped surface is fibrous with the white pith, and some with an empty cavity. The leaf is elliptic ~
obovoid, 2 ~ 4 cm long, 2 ~ 3 cm wide, grayish green ~ yellowish brown, and curled with hairs. Small flowers
are attached with yellowish brown petals on the apex of the stem.
It smells slightly characteristic and tastes slightly bitter.
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Purity 1) Verbenae Herba should not be contaminated with the fruit stalks of the Plantago species.
2) Verbenae Herba should not be contaminated with more than 5.0 % with roots, branched roots, and other
foreign matters.
Grade Good Verbenae Herba of good grade should have yellowish green leaves and stems with a flower
column. It should not contain any roots.
VERMILIONUM
영사, 기사, 심홍, 이기단
Vermilionum is the crystal of red mercury sulfide, belonging to the hexagonal crystals group and containing
more than 98.0 % of red mercury sulfide (HgS : 232.65).
Description Vermilionum is a synthetic product of mercury and sulfur. The outer surface is light reddish and
glossy. The fractured surface is transversely needle-shaped and dark reddish brown. The color and the shape can
vary, depending on the processing methods.
Specific gravity: 8.0 ~ 8.1
Identification 1) While heating the drug on the platinum plate, blue flame is produced and the sulfur dioxide
gas is evolved.
2) When dissolved in the aqua regina, it reveals the characteristic reactions on mercuric salt and sulfuric acid.
Purity No more than 0.01 % of other minerals such as iron, zinc, and copper should be obtained.
Assay Take 0.4 g of the pulverized Vermilionum in a Kieldahl flask (300 mL), add 100 mL of sulfuric acid
and 10 mL of nitric acid, heat before the brown gas is evolved, and cool down. Carefully add 50 mL of water,
and drop potassium permanganate TS until the pale red color is continued. Add oxalic acid, and heat until
decolorization occurs. After cooling, add 3 mL of nitric acid, and titrate with 2 mL of 0.1 mol/L ammonium
thiocynate VS (indicator:ferric ammonium sulfate).
0.1 mol/L ammonium thiocyanate VS 1 mL = 11.63 mg HgS
Grade Good When the heavy metal assay is performed, Vermilionum of good grade should have the least
amount of other metals, except mercury.
VERONICASTRI RHIZOMA
냉초, 참룡검
Veronicastri Rhizoma is the rhizome and root of Veronicastrum sibiricum (L.) Pennell and Veronicastrum
sibiricum (L.) Pennell var. zuccarini Hara (Scrophulariaceae).
Description Veronicastri Rhizoma consists of rhizomes and roots. The rhizome is lump-like, laterally
extended, 5 ~ 15 cm long, 1 ~ 3 cm in diameter, and remained with the scars of stem nodes and roots on the
upper part. The root is 5 ~ 10 cm long and 1 ~ 3 cm in diameter. The outer surface of the rhizome is dark brown
~ blackish brown; the cut surface is yellowish white ~ yellowish brown.
It smells weak scent and tastes bitter.
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Grade Good Veronicastri Rhizoma of good grade should have small numbers of thick rhizomes and fewer
roots. It should not contain any foreign matters such as soil and sand.
VESPAE NIDUS
노봉방, 봉방, 봉소
Vespae Nidus is the honeycomb, made by the wasps of Polistes mandarinus Saussure (Vespidae), and other
species of the same genus.
Description Vespae Nidus is irregular and lumpy, some disk-like, similar to the shape as the external peel of
the lotus ovum, 8 ~ 15 cm in diameter (some in 20 cm), and consisting of numerous irregular sizes of holes on
the front side and 1 ~ several pillars on the rear. The texture is light and elastic; it is unbreakable by rubbing.
It is odourless and tasteless.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 %.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 4.0 %.
Extract content Ethanol-soluble extract: more than 19.0 %.
Grade Good Vespae Nidus of good grade is large in size without the larvae.
VESPERTILII EXCREMENTUM
야명사, 천서시
Vespertilii Excrementum is the feces of Vespertilio superans Thomas (Vespertilionidae), and other species of the
same genus.
Description Vespertilii Excrementum is long oblong, slightly pointed at both ends, 5 ~ 7 mm long, and 2 mm
in diameter. The external surface is crumble, grayish brown ~ brown, and small granular or powdery when
broken. Under a microscope, it is observed with the shiny and yellowish brown ~ brown head, eyes, and wings.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter and hot.
Identification 1) Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Vespertilii Excrementum dissolved in 10 mL of water, add
cupric sulfate and hydrogen peroxide TS, and heat in a water bath to dryness; the yellowish red color is produced.
2) When ammonia gas is introduced to the solution, it turns reddish purple, and is decolorized at the weak
alkaline solution.
Loss on drying Not more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Vespertilii Excrementum of good grade is bluish brown, light, shiny, and odourless. The eye
balls of the insects should not mixed with sand, soil, insect wings, and other foreign matters.
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VIOLAE HERBA
자화지정
Violae Herba is the whole plant of Viola mandshurica Baker (Violaceae), and other species of the same genus.
Description Violae Herba is long conical ~ ovate or lanceolate without stems. Its laminas, leaf stalks,
pedicels, and roots are brittle. The leaf is 3 ~ 6 cm long and 1 ~ 3 cm wide with the obtuse serrate margin. The
outer surface is greenish brown ~ pale brown. The petiole is curved, 3 ~ 8 cm long, and gradually widening
toward the leaf like a wing.
It smells characteristic and tastes stimulant.
Grade Good Violae Herba of good grade is pale brown without foreign matters.
VISCI HERBA ET LORANTHI RAMULUS
상기생, 상상기생, 광기생
Visci Herba Et Loranthi Ramulus is the leaf, stem and branch of Loranthus parasticus Merr. (Loranthaceae), and
Viscum album L. var. coloratum Ohwi.
Description Visci Herba Et Loranthi Ramulus is cylindrical, over 30 cm in length, and 5 ~ 10 mm in
diameter with branches. The outer surface is grayish brown ~ reddish brown with small lenticels. Thin brownish
hairs and leaves are sometimes attached to the young branches. The leaf is oblong, arranged oppositely and
alternatively, easily fallen, and leathery. The texture is hard; the cross-section is coarse.
It is odourless, and tastes astringent.
Grade Good Visci Herba Et Loranthi Ramulus of good grade should have the brown outer surface of the bark
and smooth grooves with many leaves. It should be attached with the dried bark of mulberry trees.
VITICIS FRUCTUS
만형자, 소형
Viticis Fructus is the fruit of Vitex rotundifolia Linné fil. (Verbenaceae).
Description Viticis Fructus is spherical ~ oblate and 4 ~ 6 mm in diameter. The outer surface is black ~
blackish brown, covered with a grayish white calyx at 1/3 ~ 2/3 below of the fruit, and hardly breakable. Under a
magnifying glass, the inside of a fruit is divided with 4 cavities, and a small seed is in each cavity.
It smells characteristic, and tastes dull and slightly hot.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Viticis Fructus, add 10 mL of ethanol, mix, and filter off. To 5
mL of the filtrate, add 0.1 g of magnesium and 0.3 mL of hydrochloric acid; the red ~ reddish purple color is
produced.
Purity 1) No more than 4.0 % of pedicels and leaves should be obtained.
2) No more than 1.0 % of other foreign matters, except pedicels and leaves, should be obtained.
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 % (6 hours).
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Ash Not more than 9.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 3.5 %.
Oil content More than 0.1 mL (50.0 g).
Extract content Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Viticis Fructus of good grade is large and substantial with strong aroma.
XANTHII FRUCTUS
창이자, 권이
Xanthii Fructus is the fruit of Xanthium strumarium Linné (Compositae).
Description Xanthii Fructus is long ovate, 10 ~ 15 mm long, 3 ~ 5 mm in diameter, pointed at both ends, and
observed with two hooked thorns at one end. The outer surface is grayish black ~ yellowish brown, and covered
with thorns. The inner surface is divided into two chambers, and containing a flat and black seed in each
chamber.
It is odourless, and tastes slightly bitter and astringent.
Identification Take 0.5 g of the pulverized Xanthii Fructus, add 10 mL of water, heat in a water bath, and
filter off. Add one drop of ferric chloride into the filtrate; the blue color is revealed.
Loss on drying Not more than 7.0 %.
Ash Not more than 7.0 %.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 %.
Extract content Water-soluble extract: more than 10.0 %; Dilute ethanol-soluble extract: more than
10.0 %; Ether-soluble extract: more than 18.0 %.
Grade Good Xanthii Fructus of good grade is yellowish brown on the outer surface. It should have black and
even seeds in the regular size.
ZINGIBERIS RHIZOMA CRUDUS
생강, Raw Ginger
Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus is the fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae).
Description Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus is depressed, lumpy, and split. The lump is 2 ~ 5 cm long, 15 ~ 25
mm in diameter, irregular, slightly curved, and ovate. The outer surface is covered with the pale gray ~ gray cork
layer. It is easily breakable at the connection among lumps. The snapped surface is pale yellow. The endodermis
is distinct, fibrous, and containing scattered small spots.
It smells characteristic and tastes very hot.
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Identification Take 2.0 g of the slices of Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus, add 5 mL of acetone, mix with
shaking, and filter off. The filtrate is used as the test sample. 1 mg of the 6-gingerol dissolved in 1 mL of acetone
is used as the standard solution. The test sample and the standard solution are applied to the thin layer
chromatography; 10 µL each are spotted on the silica gel plate. Elute up to 10 cm with the elution solution, a
mixture of hexane:acetone:vinegar (10:7:1), and dry the plate in the air. Spray 2.4-dinitropheyl hydrazine
solution on the plate, and heat at 105 °C for 10 minutes; one spot among many of the test samples corresponds to
one spot of the standard solution with the same Rf value and the brown color.
Purity Stems, sand and soil, and other foreign matters should not be mixed.
Ash Not more than 8.0 %.
Grade Good Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus of good grade is fresh and stout with strong aroma.
ZOSTERAE HERBA
해대, 해마린
Zosterae Herba is the whole plant of Zostera marina Linné (Zosteraceae).
Description Zosterae Herba is long and thin-belt-shaped, 2 ~ 8 cm in diameter, thin like a paper, curled,
wrinkled, and some broken. The outer surface is greenish brown ~ brown, and attached with white salt
powder. The texture is paper-like thin and brittle. The snapped surface is fibrous with very thin hair-like fibers.
It smells slightly aromatic and tastes salty.
Grade Good Zosterae Herba of good grade should have many of thin hair-like fibers, and less of salt-like
particles and foreign matters.
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KFDA Notification No. 2003-21(2003.5.16) Noc Yong Jeol Pyun (Sectilis Cervi Parvum Cornu) promulgated.
Entry into force : April 1, 2004
SECTILIS CERVI PARVUM CORNU
녹용절편, Antler Slice
Sectilis Cervi Parvum Corn is the slice of the dried young antler without hairs: not ossified or slightly tomentous,
harvested from Cervus nippon Temminck, Cervus elaphus Linné and Cervus canadensis Erxleben (Cervidae).
Description Sectilis Cervi Parvum Corn is sliced, elliptic, and 1 ~ 3 mm thick with abundant pores like a
sponge. The outer skin is yellowish brown ~ blackish brown; the inner skin is pale yellow ~ reddish brown or
grayish white ~ reddish brown. The texture is light and relatively hard.
It smells characteristic.
Identification 1) Take 0.1 g of the pulverized Sectilis Cervi Parvum Cornu, add 4 mL of water, heat in a
water bath for 15 minutes, and filter off. To 1 mL of the filtrate, add 3 drops of ninhidrin TS, and mix with
shaking; the bluish purple color is produced.
2) Take the filtrate above, add 2 drops of 10 % sodium hydroxide solution, mix with shaking, and then add
0.5 % cupric sulfate solution; the bluish purple color is revealed.
3) Take 1.0 g of the pulverized Sectilis Cervi Parvum Cornu, add a mixture of chloroform: methanol (2:1, 30
mL), extract with shaking for 20 minutes, and filter off. Evaporate the filtrate under reduced pressure to be used
as the test solution. Dissolve 2 mg of ganglioside type II in 1 mL of a mixture of chloroform:methanol (2:1) to be
used as the standard solution. Two solutions of the test and the standard are applied to the thin layer
chromatography assay. Spot 10 µL each of the solutions on the plates (silica gel). Elute the spots on the plate
with a mixture of chloroform:methanol:0.02 % calcium chloride solution (60:35:8) up to 10 cm high, and dry in
the air. Spray the solution of p-anisaldyhyde-sulfuric acid reagent on the plate, heated at 105 °C for 5 minutes;
two spots of the test solution correspond with the same colors and Rf values of the standard spots.
Purity 1) Foreign matter Sectilis Cervi Parvum Cornu should not be mixed with other animals' bones and
pieces of horn.
2) Reindeer horn 10 g of the Sectilis Cervi Parvum Cornu is sterilized with the liquid nitrogen, pulverized
with a sterilized motar-pestle, and used as the test sample. 100 mg of the test sample is subjected to the gene
amplification method, and DNA (the gene, hereafter) is extracted and purified. Amplify the gene by using the
polymerase chain reaction instrument (PCR). The product is used as the test solution. Separately, 100 mg of the
standard antler powder is treated with the same procedure as for the preparation of the test solution. The product
is used for the standard solution. After the test and the standard solutions are treated with Sca I restriction
enzyme, spot them on the acrylamide gel, and then perform the electrophoresis. The DNA molecular maker of
100 ~ 1,500 bp is employed. Evaluate the gel chromatogram with silver staining by taking photos or by using the
image analyzer; the patterns of both solutions, the test and the standard, should be corresponded, and no main
band near 770 bp and 370 bp derived from the reindeer horn is revealed. All samples should be duplicated, and
triplicate assays should be performed to reveal the same results.
Procedure of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
1) Extraction of the gene
To 100 mg of the drug, add 700 µL of CTAB (50 mM Tris-HCl, 0.7 M NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, 140 mM βmercaptoethanol) and 20 µL of the proteinase K solution (600 mAU/mL or more), and incubate at 60 °C for 1
hour. Add 700 µL of a mixture of phenol:chloroform:isoamylalcohol (25:24:1) to the reaction solution above,
centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes to collect the upper layer, add 600 µL of a mixture of
chloroform:isoamylalcohol (24:1) to the collected layer, and then centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 5 minutes. To the
collected layer, add 500 µL of cold isopropanol, and leave on standing at -20 °C for 30 minutes to precipitate
DNA out. The DNA precipitate is washed with 500 µL of 70 % ethanol, and the washed ethanol is discard. After
the washed DNA precipitate is dried in the air, dissolve in 100 µL of the TE solution (10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 1
mM EDTA). To 2 µL of the DNA precipitate, add RNase (100 mg/mL, 7.000 units/mL), and incubate at 37 °C
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for 2 hours, if needed. The isolated gene is analyzed by the spectrophotometer, and calculated the concentration
and the purity as follows:
the concentration of the gene (µg/mL) = 50 µg/mL x A260nm x the dilution rate
(cf. A260nm = 1, the concentration of the gene is assumed to be 50 µg/mL, and diluted to proper concentration)
the purity of the gene = A260nm/A280nm = 1.8 ~ 2.0
[The concentration and the state of isolation of the gene can be confirmed; the isolated gene is subjected to the
agarose gel electrophoresis, stained with 0.5 µL of EtBr (Ethidium bromide), and examined under an ultraviolet
lamp (312 or 365 nm)] (the commercial DNA purification kit can be used in the above procedure).
2) Polymerase Chain Reaction
Place the PCR buffer solution (10 x amplification buffer) 1) 5 µL, MgCl2 (25 mM) 3 µL, dNTP 2) (2.5 mM each)
4 µL, primer CST2 3) (5 µM) 2 µL, CST39 4) (5 µM) 2 µL, and Taq polymerase 5) (5 units/µL) 0.2 µL in the
sterilized centrifugal tube (0.5 mL), and add double-distilled water to make a final volume of 50 µL. Then add
about 100 ng of the isolated main gene 6) (concentration) 2 µL to the tube. The reaction conditions: preincubation at 95 °C for 5 minutes, denaturation at 94 °C for 30 seconds, annealing at 52 °C for 30 seconds, and
extension at 72 °C for 1 minute. After repeating this procedure for 35 times, the final extension is made at 72 °C
for 7 minutes. This amplified gene is subjected to the agarose gel electrophoresis, and treated with EtBr staining;
purify the final product for the restriction enzyme reaction, after examining the states of concentration and purity.
NOTE:
1) PCR buffer (10 x amplification buffer): 500 mM KCl, 100 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.0
2) dNTP (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP): nucleotides, needed for the gene amplification
3) forward primer CST2: 5'-TAATATACTGGTCTTGTAAACC-3'
4) reverse primer CST39: 5'-GGGTCGGAAGGCTGGGACCAAACC-3'
5) Taq polymerase: a polymerizing enzyme resistant to high temperature
6) Main gene: subjected to be amplified
3) Purification of the gene amplified products
Mix the gene amplified products (GAP) with a staining reagent (6 x loading dye), and perform the agarose gel
electrophoresis. Cut the needed band with care, and mix the gel band with a binding solution (3 times of the band
weight, 3M guanidine-thiocyanate, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 5 % ethanol, pH 6.6), and dissolve the gel at 56 °C for 10
minutes with intermittent shaking for every 2 ~ 3 minutes. To this solution, add isopropanol (1.5 times of the gel
weight), and centrifuge at 14,000 rpm for 1 minute. After discarding the upper layer, add 500 µL of 70 % ethanol,
and centrifuge again. The precipitated DNA is washed once more with 200 µL of 70 % ethanol by using the
centrifugation. The cover of the centrifugal tube is remained open to remove ethanol. Then add 20 ~ 50 µL of the
extraction solution (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.5) to obtain the gene amplified product (the commercial DNA
purification kits can be used for this procedure).
4) Reaction with the restriction enzyme
Place the purified GAP 10 µL, the buffer solution for the restriction enzyme (10 x reaction buffer) 2 µL, and the
restriction enzyme1) 5 ~ 10 units in a tube, add double-distilled water to make a final volume of 20 µL, and
incubate at 37 °C for 12 hours.
NOTE:
1) Restriction enzyme (Sca I): AGT ACT
5) Electrophoresis and staining reactions
Mix the enzyme reaction products with a staining reagent (6 x loading dye), spot 3 µL on 5 % acrylamide gel,
and perform the electrophoresis. The gels are soaked in 10 % ethanol for 20 minutes or longer, and then shake
the gels in 6 % silver nitrate solution for 4 minutes. The treated gels are washed with double-distilled water for
15 minutes. Dip the gels in the developing solution for 5 minutes, and shake until the band strips are revealed.
After confirming DNA bands, end up the reaction by dipping in 5 % acetic acid solution. The gels are dried on
the cellophane paper.
6) Evaluation of gel chromatograms
The patterns of the gel chromatogram are analyzed by taking photos or using the image analyzer.
All reagents should have the grade or higher for molecular biology experiments, and the DNA molecular size
marker should indicate in the range of 100 ~ 1,500 bp.
3) Arsenic It should be adequate with the limitations of the tests described in the Korean Food and Drug
Administration's Notification No. 2002-56, 2002.11.1).
KHP IV
Loss on drying Not more than 12.0 % (6 hours).
Ash Not more than 33.0 %.
Monograph
179