Objectives
Bio 1.2.2 – Analyze how cells grow and reproduce in terms of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
Bio 3.2.1 – Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation
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Test 1 Test 2 Retest

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Cell Reproduction
•
All cells come from _________________ cells
•
Cell division results in _________ daughter cells that are identical to the original parent cell
• ____________________ are the carriers of genetic information
•
_____________________ long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins (DNA + protein)
Why do cells reproduce?
•
Because the ______________ (inside) of a cell increases in size ____________ than the
________________________ (outside)
•
For organism _____________________ , repair, and replacement of dead cells
•
Like all living things, cells must be able to grow and _______________________
• They grow and reproduce during the __________________, which is a sequence of growth and division of a cell.
The cell cycle is divided into two main parts:
A.
_______________________:
Interphase (G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase)
B. _______________________:
(1. Mitosis (a.k.a. M-Phase) - a)Prophase b) Metaphase c)Anaphase d)Telophase AND
THEN 2. Cytokinesis )
Growth 1 (G1)
Synthesis (S)
Growth 2 (G2)
Mitosis (M)
Cytokinesis
• When the nucleus divides and includes four stages
• The division of DNA
1. _________________________:
1.
The chromatin coils up, shortens, and thickens to form chromosomes.
2.
The ____________________ membrane
___________________________.
3.
Centrioles split and move to opposite ends of the cell.
4.
Spindle fibers start to form from the centrioles.
2. __________________________:
1.
The chromosomes line up in the _______________________ of the cell.
2.
The chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers by structure called the centromere.
3. ________________________:
1.
The chromosomes separate into individual chromosomes called chromatids.
2.
They are pulled to ________________ ends of the cell as the spindle fibers get shorter.

4. ___________________________:
1.
The chromatids have reached opposite ends of the cell and they start to unwind back into chromatin.
2.
The spindle fibers disappear.
3.
A new nuclear membrane forms around each set of DNA to form two new nuclei
4.
The cell membrane begins to ________________.
_______________________________: the cytoplasm divides
• In animal cells, the cell membrane pinches in half and gradually separates the cytoplasm.
• NOW, There are two new daughter cells identical to each other and to their parent cell.
The cell cycle is complete!
And will begin again with interphase.
Cytokinesis in Plant cells
In plant cells, a structure called a ____________________ is formed down the equator of the cell to divide the cell in equal halves.
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Cancer
•
_____________________ Cell Growth
•
Almost all cancer is caused by ______________________ of DNA
(1 cell  2 cells)
Type of Reproduction
asexual
Used for?
Starts with?
Makes?
# of Divisions?
Variation(genetic differences)?
1 diploid cell (____)
2 __________ diploid cells
NO
1. Before mitotic cell division begins, the cell grows and DNA ____________ in the nucleus.
A. stays the same B. doubles C. quadruples D. is cut in half
2. Before mitosis begins, which happens before the nucleus starts dividing?
A. The cytoplasm separates. B. The DNA replicates.
C. The sister chromatids separate. D. The homologous chromosomes cross over.
3. During which phase of the cell cycle is the cell growing and preparing for cellular division?
A. cytokinesis B. anaphase C. prophase D. interphase
4. How are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction different?
A. Sexual reproduction produces offspring identical to the parents, but asexual reproduction produces offspring with traits from both parents.
B. Asexual reproduction produces offspring identical to the parents, but sexual reproduction produces offspring with traits from both parents.
C. Sexual reproduction only occurs in multicellular organisms, but asexual reproduction only occurs in unicellular organisms.
D. Asexual reproduction only occurs in multicellular organisms, but sexual reproduction only occurs in unicellular organisms

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Mitosis is the process of cellular division in which one celled organisms reproduce and multicellular organisms replicate and replace cells. Nearly all types of cells undergo mitosis. In asexually reproducing species, such as bacteria, mitosis is a method of reproduction.
Five Phases of Mitosis:
I (I Rest) Interphase
P (Produce) Prophase
M (Middle) Metaphse
A (Apart) Anaphase
T (Two New) Telophase
C (Cytoplasm) Cytokinesis
Mitosis is the production of two daughter cells, each containing identical genetic material, barring mutations during the process of DNA replication.
Create models of the 6 phases of mitosis.
Procedure
:
1.
Get 6 cookies from your teacher.
2.
Twist the cookies apart so you have 6 sides with icing on them, and 6 sides without icing.
3.
Set un-iced ends aside.
4.
Get 36 assorted colored sprinkles (3 colors, 12 of each color), these will be used to represent the chromosome pairs.
5.
Using the icing end of each cookie as a background, illustrate the 5 phases of mitosis. (Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase and Telophase)
6.
Place the pairs of sprinkles on the icing, as you think the chromosome pairs would look at each of the 5 stages of mitosis.
7.
When you have completed the exercise, have your teacher come over and check your mitosis cookies for accuracy.
Questions
1.
During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids split apart and move toward the poles of the cell? ___________________
2.
During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane reappear around the newly formed sets of chromosomes?
_________________________
3.
When are the chromosomes replicated? _____________________________
4.
From what structures do the spindles originate? _______________________
5.
What is the difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?
1 st 2 nd
3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 th

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Use the micro-viewer and the insert to help you complete these notes.
The slides show mitosis in an animal cell.
Forward a. How does an animal begin to develop from single cell? b. What is the equatorial plate?
Slide 1 – The Zygote
1.
Define Zygote:
2.
Draw the slide and label structures.
3.
Where did the two masses of chromatin come from?
Slide 2 – Prophase
1.
Draw the slide and label the structures
2.
What is happening to the chromosomes?
3.
Where are the chromosome pairs moving to?
Slide 3 – Metaphase
1.
What is the star-like structure?
2.
Where do the star-like structures come from?
3. What structures hold the chromosomes together in the middle?
Slide 4 – Metaphase-Polar view
1.
How many chromosomes are seen on the equatorial plate?
2.
Look back at slide 3, where are the centromeres located?
Slide 5 – Early Anaphase
1.
Draw the slide
2.
How many groups are the duplicated chromosomes forming?
3.
Chromosomes are pulled by what structure?
4.
Where do the spindle fibers attach?
Slide 6 – Anaphase
1. What type of microscope is used to see the chromosomes?
2. What are microtubules?
3. When do Chromosomes look beaded?
Slide 7 – Telophase
1.
Draw this slide
2.
What is happening to the chromosomes?
3. What is happening to the cell membrane?
Slide 8 – Late Telophase
1.
Is the separation complete? yes no
2.
3.
Is the process of mitosis the same in humans? yes no
4.
What will soon happen to the chromosomes?
How many chromosomes did scientists think humans had up until 1958?
5. What enabled scientists to determine humans only have 46 chromosomes?
Slide 1
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
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EOC Practice
1.
A zebra has 48 chromosomes in it somatic cells.
What most likely will be the chromosomal number in each daughter cell after mitosis?
A.
48
B.
96
C.
12
D.
24
2.
If a tongue cell in an alligator has 20 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be found in its liver cells?
A.
40
B.
60
C.
15
D.
10
3.
The following images demonstrate cell division in which 2 identical daughter cells are produced. Which of the following best describes this process?
A.
B.
Sexual reproduction and meiosis
C.
Asexual reproduction and mitosis
D.
Sexual reproduction and mitosis
Asexual reproduction and meiosis
4.
What is the correct order of the stages in
Question 3.
A.
BCEAD
B.
EBACD
C.
ABCDE
D.
BCAED
5.
Which term best describes the type of celldivision in which parent cells produce daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells?
A.
Mitosis
B.
Meiosis
C. Spermatogeneis
D. Oogenesis
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6. Uncontrolled cell division is characteristic of
A. Cleavage
B. Cancer
C. Regeneration
D. Crossing over
7.
Warts result when certain viruses cause skin cells to reproduce at a high rate. This rapid reproduction of skin cells is due to the viruses causing
A.
Cellular digestion
B.
Mitotic cell division
C.
Synthesis processes
D.
Meiotic cell division
8.
Which process is represented by the series of diagrams below?
A. Gametogenesis C. Meiotic cell division
B. Fertilization D. Mitotic cell division
9. Presence of a cancerous mass in a lung is the result of
A.
B.
The introduction of chemicals through the
C.
D.
Prolonged exposure to very dry air skin
Uncontrolled mitotic division and growth of cells
Meiotic cell division
10. Which sequence represents the correct order of processes that result in the formation and development of an embryo?
A. fertilization  meiosis  mitosis
B. fertilization  mitosis  meiosis
C. meiosis  fertilization  mitosis
D. mitosis  fertilization  meiosis
11.
What must happen before mitosis can occur?
A.
transcription
B.
DNA replication
C.
DNA base pairing
D.
DNA Translation

Asexual Reproduction:
-produces ___________________ (identical, different) offspring
-has ____________ (one, two) parents
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Directions: Look at the slides through the microviewer and carefully read through the booklet. Answer the following questions, they are in order.
Introduction
1.
What is another name for cell division?
2.
What kind of plant are these cells from?
Slide 1
Slide 1: Early Prophase
3.
What is the ‘resting state’ called?
4.
In the circle below, draw the cell that “A” is pointing to (Remember that each rectangle is a single cell. The large circle that you see is the nucleus, the small dark circle is the nucleolus.)
Slide 2: Prophase
5.
What is happening to the chromosomes in this stage?
6.
What is happening to the shape of the nucleus?
Slide 3: Metaphase
7.
Where do the chromosomes move during this stage?
8.
In the circle, draw the cell that “C” is pointing to.
Slide 4: Early Anaphase
9. What do the spindle fibers seem to be doing?
Slide 5: Anaphase
10. What is the main function of mitosis?
11. There are many cells visible in this slide. Are they all in the same phase of mitosis?
How do you know?
Slide 6: Late Anaphase
12. As soon as the two sets of chromosomes reach opposite poles, what will they do?
13. Draw the cell that “F” is pointing to in the circle.
Slide 7: Telophase
14. A faint line can be seen in the middle of the cell at “G”. What will this line become?
15. Draw the cell that “G” is pointing to in the circle.
Slide 8: Late Telophase
16. Have the cells at “A” finished mitosis?
17. In the circle below, draw the two new cells that “A” is pointing to.
Slide 3
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8

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Purpose: to create genetically _________________ offspring!
Gametes: sex cells that come together to make a ________________(fertilized egg)
Females
Males
Diploid (2N): all of your “____________” cells aka: body cells; _______ chromosomes
Haploid cells (N): __________ & ________ ; _____ chromosomes (**think haploid means half**)
Classify the following as
haploid or diploid.
 N
 2n
 Sperm
 Egg
 Zygote (fertilized egg)
 Liver cell
 Heart cell
 Nerve cell
Crossing Over:
 Occurs during ________________________
 Muscle cell
 Embryo
 Portions of the _____________________ on the chromosomes are exchanged
 Crossing over can cause ___________________ __________________________ in species
 Mistakes can result from __________________________________________ (chromosomes do not separate correctly )

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Chromosome number stays the same
Chromosome number divides in half
DNA must first replicate
Takes place in somatic (body) cells
Takes place in sex cells
Divides once
Divides twice
Makes 2 cells
Makes 4 cells
Used for sexual reproduction
Used for asexual reproduction
Cells made are different from their parent cells
Cells made are identical to their parent cells
Used for growth
Used only for reproduction
If you start with 40 chromosomes, you end with 20 chromosomes
If you start with 40 chromosomes, you end with 40 chromosomes
Makes gametes
Makes daughter cells
Makes haploid cells
Makes diploid cells
MITOSIS
1.2.2 and 3.2.1 – Mitosis and Meiosis Practice EOC Questions
1. Before mitosis begins, which happens before the nucleus starts dividing?
A. The cytoplasm separates. B. The DNA replicates.
C. The sister chromatids separate. D. The homologous chromosomes cross over.
2. Why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction?
A. It allows the zygote formed from fertilization to have triple the chromosome number of the organism.
B. It allows gametes to have twice the original number of chromosomes of the organism.
C. It allows gametes to have half the original number of chromosomes of the organism.
D. It allows the zygote formed from fertilization to have half the original number of chromosomes of the organism
3. Which process produces the most variation within a species?
A. asexual reproduction B. sexual reproduction C. mitosis D. cloning
4. During which phase of the cell cycle is the cell growing and preparing for cellular division?
A. cytokinesis B. anaphase C. prophase D. interphase
5. What is the result when a single cell reproduces by mitosis?
A. two cells with genetic material identical to the parent cell B. two cells with half the genetic material of the parent cell
C. four cells with half the genetic material of the parent cell D. four cells with genetic material identical to the parent cell
6. How are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction different?
A. Sexual reproduction produces offspring identical to the parents, but asexual reproduction produces offspring with traits from both parents.
B. Asexual reproduction produces offspring identical to the parents, but sexual reproduction produces offspring with traits from both parents.
C. Sexual reproduction only occurs in multicellular organisms, but asexual reproduction only occurs in unicellular organisms.
D. Asexual reproduction only occurs in multicellular organisms, but sexual reproduction only occurs in unicellular organisms.
7. Which characteristic is present in offspring produced by sexual reproduction, but is missing in offspring produced by asexual reproduction?
A. an identical copy of parent chromosomes B. twice the number of parent chromosomes
C. only half the number of parent chromosomes D. an independent assortment of parent chromosomes
MEIOSIS

8. A student observes a typical onion root tip where many of the cells have just successfully completed mitosis. Which statement best explains what must have happened to result in cells that only have half as many chromosomes as all of the other cells in the same section of the tip?
A. The parent cell completed mitosis after undergoing interphase.
B. The parent cell completed mitosis after undergoing cytokinesis.
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C. The parent cell completed mitosis before undergoing cytokinesis.
D. The parent cell completed mitosis before undergoing interphase.
9. Cell cycle checkpoints are proteins that monitor and regulate the progress of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. Which statement best describes what would most likely happen if a cell is permitted to progress to mitosis without the preparation stage of interphase?
A. The new cells would have all of the organelles except the nucleus.
B. The new cells would have all of the organelles except the mitochondria.
C The number of chromosomes in the daughter cells would be the same as the number of chromosomes in the parent cell.
D. The number of chromosomes in the daughter cells would be different from the number of chromosomes in the parent cell.
10. Why is the process of meiosis important to sexual reproduction?
A. It provides genetic variation in offspring. B. It doubles the number of chromosomes in offspring.
C. It reduces the number of alleles from parent to offspring. D. It produces a hybrid of all genetic traits in offspring.

Sources of Genetic
Variation
Definition
Crossing over
Only in MEIOSIS!
Random/
Independent
Assortment of
Chromosomes
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Example/ Picture
How does this cause greater genetic variety?
Gene Mutations
Nondisjunction
Fertilization(animals) sperm + egg
Pollination (plants) female gamete + pollen

-Humans have _______ pairs of chromosomes; _________ total chromosomes.
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-Half of the chromosomes came from the _______________ and half came from the _______________.
-The mother always gives an __________ chromosome. The father can give a ________ or ______ chromosome.
Male or Female?________ Male or Female? _____
Male or Female? ___________ Trisomy _____ = ______________ Male or Female? ___________ Trisomy ______
3.2.1 - Practice EOC Questions
1. Which is responsible for most genotypic and phenotypic variation among humans?
A. meiosis B. budding C. mitosis D. regeneration
2. What is the primary cause of variation in the offspring of sexually reproducing organisms?
A. cytoplasmic division B. environmental changes C. mutation D. recombination of alleles
3. Before a cell goes through either mitosis or meiosis, which process must be carried out by the DNA in the nucleus?
A. replication B. nondisjunction C. transcription D. translation
4. Which term best describes the type of cell division in which parent cells produce daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells?
A. mitosis B. meiosis C. spermatogenesis D. oogenesis
5. Sexual reproduction provides for what to occur?
A. cloning B. budding C. genetic stability D. genetic variation

1.2.2 and 3.2.1 - Mitosis and Meiosis Review Guide
1. Interphase is the ______________ (shortest, longest) stage of cell division.
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3 parts of Interphase:
1. G1 phase :________________________________________
2. S phase: _________________________________________
3. G2 phase: ________________________________________
2. What would most likely happen if a cell is permitted to progress to mitosis without the preparation stage of interphase? ____________________________________________________________
3.
What is the correct order of letters for mitosis?
________ ________ ________ _______ _______
4.
What has to occur before mitosis or meiosis can begin?
____________________________
5.
How are mitosis and meiosis similar?
__________________________________________
6. Name all 6 phases of mitosis:
_________  __________  __________  ____________  ____________  ____________
7. What process is represented by the arrows?
_____________________
8. If a species has 10 chromosomes, how many are in each of the gametes? _________
9.
If a species has 23 chromosomes in the sperm, how many are in the somatic cells? _______
10.
Plant cells that are specialized for cell division are most likely found where in the plant?
____________ (roots, leaves, or stems)

11.
Which type of reproduction produces the most variation within a species? Explain?
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
12.
Describe how the growth of cancerous tumors is related to mitosis? ________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
: ______________________________________________________

1.
2.
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3.
4.

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A.
A male fruit fly produced 500 sperm cells. The female fruit fly produced 100 egg cells.
Only 50 of that male’s sperm cells were used to fertilize the female’s eggs.
_____________________________
B.
A daughter cell of meiosis was produced with one additional chromosome (one too many).
_______________________________
C.
Each sperm cell produced in the male cat’s body has a combination of genes from his mother cat and his father cat. ______________________
D.
The DNA was not duplicated exactly before meiosis. ____________________
E.
After Meiosis I, a chromosome is different than the original.
________________________________

Practice EOC Questions:
1. Before mitotic cell division begins, the cell grows and DNA ____________ in the nucleus.
A. stays the same B. doubles C. quadruples D. is cut in half
2. Which of the following is not a function of mitosis in humans?
A. . repair of wounds B. growth C. production of gametes from diploid cells
3.Which phrase best describes the process represented in the diagram below?
A. germination of a pollen grain in a flower B. daughter cells being formed by mitosis
C. identical gametes being formed by mitosis D. development of ovules by meiosis
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4. In what type of cells does meiosis occur?
A. Liver cells B. somatic cells C. all living cells D. reproductive cells
5. If the somatic cells of an organism have 26 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will the organism’s gametes have?
A. 26 B. 13 C. 52 D. 8
6. Which of the following is TRUE about meiosis?
A. It results in identical daughter cells
C. It results in diploid cells
B. It keeps cells from dividing too rapidly
D. Occurs in gametes or sex cells
7 The cells produced by meiosis are called-
A. haploid cells B. diploid cells C. identical cells D. variant cells
8. Which of the following is the longest part of the cell cycle?
A. interphase B. prophase C. metaphase D. telophase
9. What is the name for tumors that form and can cause danger to surrounding tissue?
A. cyclins B. mitosis C. cytokinesis D. cancer
10. How does the type of reproduction shown in method A differ from the type of reproduction shown in method B in the diagram below?
A.
Method A illustrates sexual reproduction and method B illustrates asexual reproduction
B.
Offspring produced by method B will be genetically alike, but offspring produced by method A will be genetically different
C.
The two cells shown in the last step of method A are genetically alike, but the two cells shown in the last step of method B are genetically different
D.
Offspring produced by method A will be genetically like the parent, but offspring produced by method B will be genetically different from the parent

3.1.1, 3.1.2, and 3.1.3 – DNA and Protein Synthesis
1.
What are the subunits of DNA? _________________________
2.
Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide: ____________, _______________, and __________
3.
Explain why cells do not develop along the same pathway even though they have the same DNA:
________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
DNA and RNA Comparison Chart:
DNA RNA
Full Name
Sugar
4 Bases
# of Strands
Function
Location in the Cell
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4.
What is the amino acid sequence for the following DNA sequence: TAG GTA ACG TCA
DNA
DNA
Process
Location
TAG GTA ACG TCA DNA mRNA
Process
Location
TAG GTA ACG TCA
DNA mRNA
Amino
Acid
5.
What factor affects the order of amino acids in a protein?
_________________

6.
Label the parts and give a description of what they do:
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7.
A ______________ is a change in the DNA sequence. Name 3 examples of things that can cause mutations: b.
c.
d.
8. What process is affected by arrangement of the bases?
___________________________________