Making sense of diversity
Goal: Prepare a Power Point Presentation on your group of organisms. Use Turtle, Campbell and Internet
sources. Make 1-3 slides on each of the following topics. Include lots of lovely diagrams. Be prepared
to present your project to the class.
Nervous System
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Immune System
Reproductive System
Interesting behaviors
Reference all your sources!
The hierarchy of classification is as follows; humans are given as an example:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
Homo sapiens
This is a more detailed classification:
LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Order: Primates
Suborder: Anthropoidea
Superfamily: Hominoidea
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
The classification system attempts to mirror evolutionary relatedness. See p 441 Turtle Text for a
cladogram showing how organisms are grouped.
In general, we will survey the groups down to the Phylum or Class level.
Chapter 28:
Phylum Porifera
Sponges – no tissue differentiation, thus no nervous system
Phylum Cnidarians – no brain; non-centralized nerve net in association with simple sensory receptors
distributed radially. Detect and respond to stimuli equally from all directions.
Class Hydrozoans
Examples:
Man o’war
Hydra has a nerve net
Class: Scycphozoans
Example: Jellyfish
Class: Anthozoa
Example: Sea anemone – when touched, retract into a ball
Phylum Platyhelmenthes
Example: Planaria – See Turtle Book p 651
Has eye spots to detect light
Has nerve cord
Can modify behavior in response to stimuli
Phylum Rhyncocoela
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Rotifera
Chapter 29
Phylum Mollusca – Has a body cavity, symmetry, organ systems, 3-part body plan; nerve cord
Class Polyplacophora
Class Gastropoda
Have eyes on tentacles
Class Bivalva Example: clams
sensory cells along clam’s mouth respond to light and touch
have ganglia with a nerve net
Class Cephalopoda Example: squids, octopuses
well-developed NS w/complex brain
- well-develped sense organs
- eye is similar to vertebrate eye
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Have cerebral ganglion
Have ventral nerve cord with segmented ganglia
Chapter 30
Phylum Arthropoda (see Turtle p 691)
Well-developed sensory organs
Simple and compound eyes that respond (only) to dark and light
Olfactory receptors
Antennae (often are chemoreceptors)
Cerebral ganglion = brain
Phylum Echinodermata (starfish)
Central disk has nerve ring with radiating nerve cords
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Chapter 32
Class Agnatha = lampreys, hagfishes
Class Chondrichthyes = sharks, skates, rays
Lateral lines detect pressure waves; similar to human ear
Class Osteichthyes = Bony fishes
Lateral line (p 754 Turtle)
Brain and spinal cord
Class Amphibia
Complex brain with tiny cerebellum
Tympanic membrane for hearing
Middle ear has ciliated sensory cells
Chapter 33
Class Reptilia (p 779)
Snake has Jacobsen’s organs (= taste buds)
Alligator “acne” is…
Class Aves (p 793)
Brain has large cerebellum and optic lobes
Chapter 34
Class Mammalia (p 809)