Terrorism in Bangladesh: The Region and Beyond
By Chris Blackburn
This paper was presented at the Policy Exchange conference on ‘The Rise of Political
Islam in Bangladesh: What's At Stake in the 2007 Elections?’ in London on the 14th Nov
2006
In this paper I will hopefully show how the Islamist movement works on an international
level, because only with this knowledge can you begin to understand how groups like the
Jamaat-i-Islami and the Muslim Brotherhood operate. I will also show how Islamic
charities in the UK which are closely linked to the Islamist movement are being used to
support extremism. The result will help to clarify how Bangladesh has been aggressively
targeted by the Islamist movement. The current rise in extremism in the region can be
attributed to this strategy and it is tearing the country apart. I will also try to show
possible reasons for why the MCB has blinded policy makers to this phenomenon.
Changes in the UK
The Sufi Muslim Council has recently been setup to act as a counter-weight to the MCB
and it has been long over due1- the MCB had gained almost unparalleled political power
over British Muslims and it has been with the backing of Ministers from the Home Office
and Foreign Office. The Ministry of Defence has also looked to the MCB for guidance on
numerous occasions. The majority of British Muslims are from the Barelvi Sufi sect and
are known for their moderation and temperance2. The MCB has been dominated by the
radical influences of the Jamaat-i-Islami and the Muslim Brotherhood, two of the leading
movements for radical Political Islam within the Sunni denomination.
MCB affiliates are also linked to the followers of the Deobandi sect of South Asia and the
Wahhabi sects of Sunni Islam in the Middle East, these two sects follow an ultraorthodox interpretation of the Islamic faith, which has often led them on a collision path
with other sects who have more pacifist, tolerant and progressive attitudes within Sunni
Islam3. All four movements are minorities within Islam, the Deobandi and Wahhabi’s are
minorities in a religious sense and the Muslim Brotherhood and Jamaat are a minority in
a political sense.
Islamist Movement
The rapid economic growth of Gulf states due to the boom in oil production in the 1970s’
led to the movement benefiting from rich donations and grants from wealthy Gulf states
and individuals; who’s wealth became buoyant on petrodollars4. The Gulf states have
wanted to promote Wahhabism as the main school of thought in the Muslim world- with
the Deobandi movement being a close ally5.
1
The Islamist movement is believed to be heavily coordinated by the Muslim World
League (MWL), which is based in Saudi Arabia. It was setup in 1962 to counter the
spread of Nasser’s Arab nationalism and communism6. It was originally based in Geneva
but moved to Jeddah in 1969. The organisation helps fund Islamist organisations around
the world, it often invites Islamist leaders to Saudi Arabia to talk about global strategy for
co-ordinating their activities7. The late Maulana al-Mawdudi, the ideological leader and
founder of the Jamaat-i-Islami, was a founding member of the organisation8. Wael
Hamza Jalaidan, a Saudi businessman, who is believed to be a co-founder of al-Qaeda
was also a founding member of the MWL9.
In 2005 the MWL brought Qazi Hossain Ahmed of the Jamaat-i-Islami Pakistan and
Maulana Motiur Nizami of the Jamaat-i-Islami Bangladesh to Saudi Arabia to discuss
how they could further join their movements and their activities10. The cooperation
between the movements is nothing new; they have been co-operating closely since the
1940’s when Maulana al-Mawdudi founded the Jamaat-Islami in Lahore, Pakistan. The
late Said Ramadan, a founder of MWL and a prominent leader within the Muslim
Brotherhood, was in Karachi between 1952 and 1955 to help the Jamaat-i-Islami to
organise their student branches so they could maximise their activism11. Ramadan is the
son-in-law of Hasan al-Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood.
The co-operation between the movements was further consolidated when the Soviet
Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. The US, Saudi, British and Pakistan governments
used the Islamist movement to recruit Jihadi fighters and to help them fight Soviet
forces12. Abdullah Azzam, Bin Laden’s spiritual mentor and member of the Muslim
Brotherhood helped the Pakistani Jamaat-i-Islami to create a world wide recruitment
effort for the Afghan Jihad13. He also headed the Education Committee of the MWL in
Pakistan.
The Mujahideen received money and weapons from the CIA and the Inter Services
Intelligence (ISI) and the Islamist movement carried out the Jihad. Western policies
during the Cold War were suited to supporting the Islamist movement, even though they
disagreed with their overall mission- Islamists were seen as a good counter-balance to the
Soviet supporting nationalists. The MWL was also instrumental in this policy- helping to
indentify which Mujahideen groups would get support. Dr Barnett Rubin, of the Council
on Foreign Relations wrote in The Search for Peace in Afghanistan: From Buffer State to
Failed State that “Many of the ISI officers who carried out the policy were members of
the Jamaat Islami”14.
Bangladesh is becoming awash with non-native Islamic charities and banks which are
closely associated with the Islamist movement. Deobandi and Wahhabi preachers are also
increasing their missionary work in Bangladesh15. In 2005, a joint report was compiled
by Bangladesh’s Special Branch, National Security Intelligence (NSI) and Defence
Forces Intelligence which concluded that 10 Islamic charities and NGO’s were helping to
promote and finance Islamist militancy in Bangladesh. They listed: Revival of Islamic
Heritage Society (RIHS), Rabita Al-Alam Al-Islami (Muslim World League), Society of
Social Reforms, Qatar Charitable Society, Al-Muntada Al-Islami, International Islamic
2
Relief Agency, Al-Forkan Foundation, International Relief Organization (IRO), Kuwait
Joint Relief Committee and Muslim Aid Bangladesh (UK)16.
The inclusion of Muslim Aid Bangladesh in the intelligence report was startling as
Maulana Abdus Sobhan, the charity’s chairman is also an MP for the Jamaat-i-Islami17,
which was part of Khaleda Zia’s coalition government in Bangladesh. The charity is part
of Muslim Aid UK, which has five main sub-branches throughout the world; Muslim Aid
Pakistan, Muslim Aid Bangladesh, Muslim Aid Asia (Indonesia), Muslim Aid Australia
and Muslime Helfen, which is based in Germany18.
Muslim Aid UK
Muslim Aid was founded by Yusuf Islam in 1985, however he left the charity in 199919.
Muslim Aid’s goal has been to collect Zakat, a religious obligation for Muslims to give
part of their earnings to charitable causes. It is the largest Muslim charity in the UK.
Muslim Aid has often been blighted with accusations that it supports terrorism. Muslim
Aid is run by leaders who are closely affiliated with the Jamaat-i-Islami movement in
Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Dr Muhammed Abdul Bari, the current Secretary General of the Muslim Council of
Britain is a trustee of Muslim Aid UK. Sir Iqbal Sacranie, the former Secretary General
of the MCB is a trustee and a former Chairman of Muslim Aid. Farooq Murad,
Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin, Tanzeem Wasti and Dr Manazir Ahsan MBE all work in high
positions within the MCB and are all Muslim Aid trustees20. The majority of the trustees
also worked for the Islamic Foundation UK, which was founded by Prof. Khurshid
Ahmed, the vice president of the Jamaat-i-Islami Pakistan.
Muslim Aid’s branches have been linked to terrorism in Indonesia. In 2003 ABC News
(Australia) televised a report on Muslim Aid’s Australian branch which detailed how the
charity was closely connected to the Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia (DDII) a
radical organization which follows the teachings of Mawdudi and is connected to Jemaah
Islamiah (JI)21.
JI is a radical group which is closely associated with al-Qaeda and Abu Sayyaf in
Indonesia; they are believed to have been involved in numerous terrorist atrocities such
as the Bali bombings and the attack on the Australian Embassy in Jakarta in 200422.
Hussein Umar, the head of DDII is a close friend of Sheikh Abu Bakar Bashir, the
alleged leader of JI, when Bashir was recently released from prison Umar made a public
gesture of going to greet him on his release23.
Nick McKenzie, the lead reporter for ABC News detailed how Muslim Aid Australia
(MAA) had ended up giving money to KOMPAK, a radical charity which finances Jihadi
propaganda and has helped to train militants in Indonesia. KOMPAK is a charity run by
DDII24 and was founded by Agus Dwikarna and Aris Munandar (aka Sheikh Aris), the
men are both tied to al-Qaeda and JI25.
3
Aris Munandar is believed to have provided the explosives to Amrozi “The Smiling
Bomber”, one of the bombers who conducted the first Bali bombings in 200226.
Munandar also worked with Omar al-Faruq, an al-Qaeda chief who liaised and cocoordinated activities such as training and finance with JI27. In 2001 Faruq helped setup a
military training camp in Poso with the aid of KOMPAK. He was captured by Indonesian
authorities in 2002 and was flown into US custody in Bagram airbase in Afghanistan28,
however he subsequently escaped and ended up in Iraq. In September 2006, al-Faruq was
killed by British troops operating in Basra29.
Abdullah Sonata was also a head of KOMPAK and has been arrested and jailed for terror
financing and withholding information on terrorist plans. He is believed to have been
involved in Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta in 200430. KOMPAK was setup in
1998 and was active in aiding Jihadi fighters during the sectarian conflicts in Malukus
and Sulawesi that led to the deaths of over 8000 people31. KOMPAK received help from
Muslim Aid UK shortly after it was founded32. Dr. Sidney Jones the South Asia director
at the International Crisis Group and other leading experts on the JI believe that the
charity was a front from the start33.
After the 2003 ABC report- Muslim Aid Australia made press statements that it had been
a mistake to give KOMPAK money and it did not know of KOMPAK’s links to terrorism
or JI. They released public statements condemning the group34. However shortly after this
rebuttal Muslim Aid UK and Muslime Helfen started to give KOMPAK funds35. They
stepped up fundraising efforts for DDII-KOMPAK after the Tsunami that devastated
South East Asia in December, 2004. UK Islamic Mission, which is affiliated with the
Jamaat-i-Islami and Muslim Aid also gave money to KOMPAK36.
It is worrying that leaders of the MCB are involved in a charity which knowingly gives
money to fronts for al-Qaeda and its affiliates. Bangladeshi authorities also believe that
Muslim Aid is helping extremists in their country37. Spanish authorities believe that
Muslim Aid had been involved in financing Mujahideen in Bosnia and have added the
charity to their watch list38. The pattern that Muslim Aid is displaying should be shocking
to people who once saw these leaders as the ‘moderates’ in the UK. Muslim Aid’s kept
on giving money to DDII-KOMPAK even after the 2003 report by ABC News which
highlighted the charities ties to al-Qaeda and the JI.
Muslim Aid and Al-Khidmat
Muslim Aid UK and Muslim Aid Pakistan also work closely with al-Khidmat Foundation
which forms part of the Jamaat-i-Islami Pakistan’s social welfare wing39. Al-Khidmat is
also believed to have aided militancy and has helped to support the Hizbul Mujahideen40,
Jamaat’s armed wing. Hizbul Mujahideen is designated by the US and UK as a terrorist
organisation41.
In 2004 suspected Russian security agents from the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR)
were involved in the assassination of Zelimkhan Yanderbiyev, the former vice president
of Chechnya in a car bomb attack in Doha, Qatar42. They believe he was meeting with
4
wealthy Middle Eastern figures to collect funds for Jihad in Chechnya. Yanderbiyev was
a recipient of Jamaat funds to wage war on Russia43.
Jamaat-i-Islami is listed by Russia’s Supreme Court as a leading financier and supporter
of terrorism44. After the 9/11 attacks the Federal Security Bureau (FSB), Russia’s internal
intelligence agency, passed information to the US stating they believed that Jamaat would
probably be involved in the attacks on the WTC and Pentagon45, these assertions proved
correct when Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the mastermind of the 9/11 attacks was arrested
in the home of Jamaat leaders in Pakistan46.
It must be noted that other Al-Qaeda leaders such as Yasir al-Jazeeri, Ahsan Aziz, and
Mustafa Ahmed Hawsawi were all captured in the homes of Jamaat leaders in Pakistan47.
Dr Alexis Debat, a former advisor to the French Ministry of Defence and the senior
terrorism consultant for ABC News, has stated that he was taken to a safe house in
Peshawar, Pakistan which was used by Osama Bin Laden’s deputy Ayman al-Zawahiri
which was operated by the Jamaat48.
Al-Khidmat has recently helped to repatriate 2,500 Taliban and Al-Qaeda terrorists that
have been released as part of an amnesty by Pakistani authorities which was one of the
conditions in the Waziristan Accords49. There have also been reports that Taliban fighters
wounded in Afghanistan are being treated at Al-Khimat’s medical centres in Pakistan50.
Al-Khidmat has also recently donated huge sums to Hamas to carry on with its Jihad
against Israel51. Hamas leaders recently attended Jamaat’s annual grand assembly in
Wapda Colony, Peshawar where they vowed to carry on their jihad against Israel52. AlKhidmat has also given money to Sheikh Faisal Malawi of the Jemaah Islamiya53
(Lebanon) which analysts believe is going to aid his Al-Fajr militants to help Hezbollah
attack Israel in Lebanon. Malawi is the former deputy chairman of the European Council
for Fatwa and Research, which is headed by Sheikh Yusef al-Qaradawi, a prominent
leader in the Muslim Brotherhood54.
Terrorism in Bangladesh
Bangladesh has become a major worry for India as major terrorist attacks in Varanasi,
New Delhi, Adohya and Mumbai are believed to have been planned and helped by
militant networks operating from within Bangladesh. India’s National Security Advisor
M K Narayanan recently described Bangladesh as a launching pad for terrorists into India
“We regard Bangladesh as an area which gives sanctuary to these (leaders of militant
groups). We have been in touch with the Bangladesh Government. I don't think the
cooperation, as we like, is forthcoming as it should be, but that's something we will
continue to press"55
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh said that “Bangladesh is a security concern…which
offered opportunities to our enemies who seek to incite terrorism in India”56. India
believes that the July 11th bombings in Mumbai where launched from Bangladesh.
Indian authorities have accused and named Mohammad Majid, an Indian Muslim, of
5
helping nine Lashkar-e-Taiba operatives cross the Indo-Bangladesh border to conduct the
multiple attacks on India’s transport system, which claimed over 200 lives57.
In March, Bangladesh’s counter-terrorism units backed up by intelligence agencies
arrested two of the countries leading Islamist terrorist leaders from their hideouts. Sheikh
Abdur Rahman, the chief of Jama’atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB), and the notorious
Bangla Bhai, the chief of the Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh (JMJB), were captured
in spectacular fashion within days of each other. The men have historic links to the
Jamaat-e-Islami and it’s student front Islami Chhatra Shibir58.
During the raid to captured Sheikh Abdur Rahman authorities found books written by
Mawdudi and Golam Azam, the former leader of Jamaat Bangladesh in his possession.
The raid also unearthed blank checkbooks of Saidur Rahman, who has links to Jamaat
and is a former Jamaat-e-Islami leader59. The cheque books were issued by the Islami
Bank Bangladesh (IBBL), which is closely affiliated with the Jamaat and the Islamist
movement. IBBL has been involved in financing militants and terrorist attacks60. Delwar
Hossain Saidee, a prominent Jamaat MP, is on the Shariah board of the IBBL.
In August 2003, JMB militants were seized in the home of Montezar Rahman, a Jamaat
leader in Joypurhat61. This was the first indication that Jamaat was once again becoming
involved in militancy and subversion in Bangladesh. The Jamaat’s student wing Islami
Chhatra Shibir (ICS) is directly involved in the militancy, with many of its cadre being
linked to the JMB and bomb attacks. It has also been implicated in the murders of faculty
members within Bangladeshi universities62.
Jamaat leaders have also been intimidating journalists who try to report on Jamaat and
Shibirs activities. Shumi Khan, Shamaresh Boiddya and Jubayer Siddiqui have all
received death threats from Jamaat because of their reporting on the organisations links to
JMB and militancy63.
The Jamaat- Shibir Bangladesh has also acted as a funding conduit for the JamaatPakistan. In 2000 Indian intelligence agencies intercepted a letter from Jamaat leaders
which acknowledges that monies had been transferred through Jamaat-Bangladesh to the
Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA) from the Jamaat in Pakistan64.
MULTA is a terrorist organisation which is working towards turning Assam, a region in
northern India, into an Islamic enclave which they hope will be run by Shariah law. The
group has been involved in bombings and assassinations of civic leaders in Assam.
MULTA works closely with Harkat-ul-Jihadi-Islami Bangladesh (HUJI-B), JMB and
Jamaat’s Shibir65. HUJI Bangladesh has been added to the US, UK and UN list of
terrorist organisations. It was behind the 2004 grenade attacks on British High
Commissioner Anwar Choudhury.
MULTA also works closely with other terrorist organisations such as the United
Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) and the Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI)
which are both allied to Osama Bin Laden’s International Islamic Front (IIF)66.
6
SIMI was the student front of the Indian branch of the Jamaat-i-Islami and closely
follows the thoughts and teachings of Mawdudi67. It has a history of supporting the
Taliban and al-Qaeda. Its cadre are believed to have been directly involved in recent
bomb attacks in India- they are believed to have assisted terrorist cells in Varanasi, New
Delhi, Mumbai and Adohya; these attacks have been major operational escalations for the
SIMI as they have caused extremely high fatalities and casualty rates. SIMI has been
closely working with Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Hizbul Mujahideen (HM) and Jaish-eMohammed (JeM) which are based in Pakistan- they are mainly Deobandi organisations.
These groups are also members of Bin Laden’s IIF, they are all believed to be operating
in Bangladesh.
Intelligence reports and newspaper articles have reported that the network wants to create
a Brihot Bangladesh or ‘greater Bangladesh’ by merging Muslim communities from
northern India into Bangladesh. Islami Chhatra Shibir (ISC), Jamaat’s student wing have
been involved with this militant network and are working in tandem with SIMI to support
it68. The two youth groups have been meeting in West Bengal under the banner of the
‘Islamic Action Force’69. The worrying point is that the Shibir and Jamaat are working
closely with SIMI and are well aware of its current strategy to attack India.
Conclusion
Bangladesh has been invaded by non-native Islamist charities that support the Jamaat-iIslami and are trying to cause unrest in the region. The most important charity which is
believed to be involved in the promotion of extremism is Muslim Aid, which is based in
the UK and run by senior members of the Muslim Council of Britain. The revelations of
the charity being tied to militancy poses obvious policy challenges for the Government
but has answered one question- the Jamaat-i-Islami movement is actively engaged in
supporting terrorism and has historically been linked to militant groups, they are not a
‘social reform movement’ which is positive to UK values or to the Bangladeshi peoples.
Bangladesh is important to the UK’s ‘War on Terror’ as Islamist organisations which are
helping to promote extremism in the region are operating from our shores. These groups
are helping to promote extremism and Mawdudi’s thought throughout the world. We
must at the very least start identifying the Jamaat-i-Islami for what they are and not
‘moderates’- only when we start building policy from fact will we be able to make policy
which is effective and which will reduce the threat of terrorism. Bangladesh and the UK’s
domestic and foreign policies are intrinsically linked, we must hope they are both
committed to dealing with the Jamaat-i-Islami and this means treating it as the dangerous
and subversive organisation that it is.
1
http://www.communities.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1501706
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5193402.stm
2
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2414708_2,00.html
3
http://www.apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalis
mandSecurityinSouthAsiach7.pdf (Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies)
7
4
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh//pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html
Charles Allen, God’s Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad
6
Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (4th Edition), (London, I.B Tauris) pg 72.
7
http://www.senate.gov/~govtaff/index.cfm?Fuseaction=Hearings.Testimony&HearingID=106&WitnessID=368 (Dore Gold)
8
http://jcb.blogs.com/jcb_blog/2005/11/ali_ghaleb_himm.html (Jean Charles Brisard)
9
http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/index.jsp?section=static&page=alexiev
10
http://www.militantislammonitor.org/article/id/702
11
Frederic Grare, Political Islam in the Indian Subcontinent: The Jamaat-i-Islami, pg 65.
http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2006/01/holy_warrior.html
12
Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, pg 137.
13
Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam 137-142
14
Burnett Rubin, The Search for Peace in Afghanistan: From Buffer State to Failed State (1995)
http://www.punjabilok.com/america_under_attack/pakistan_northern_alliance.htm
15
http://www.ipcs.org/newKashmirLevel2.jsp?action=showView&kValue=1868&mod=null&subCatID=nu
ll (Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies)
16
http://www.thedailystar.net/2005/11/26/d5112601022.htm
http://www.worldsecuritynetwork.com/showArticle3.cfm?article_id=11954
17
http://independent-bangladesh.com/news/dec/25/25122004ct.htm
http://www.bangladeshobserveronline.com/new/2004/07/22/national.htm
18
http://www.muslimaidasia.com/corparateinfo.htm
http://www.muslimaid.org.pk/partners.html
19
http://www.islamfortoday.com/yusuf_islam.htm
20
http://www.muslimaid.org/subpages.php?section=aboutus&sub=trustees&down=yes
21
http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2003/s887343.htm
http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2003/s940174.htm
22
http://www.cfr.org/publication/8948/ (Council on Foreign Relations)
23
http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/defiant-bashir-to-continue-hisjihad/2006/06/14/1149964608098.html “Defiant Bashir to continue his jihad” (Sydney Morning Herald)
5
24
http://www.christianity-in-indonesia.de/pdf/muslim%20discourse%20on%20jihad.pdf, Noorhaidi Hasan
(International Institute for Asian Studies)
25
http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/js700.htm
http://www.ipcs.org/agdb05-JI.pdf (Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies)
26
http://www.indonesiamatters.com/74/al-mukmin-school-ngruki/
27
http://www.nbr.org/publications/analysis/pdf/vol14no5.pdf Zachary Abuza, (National Bureau of Asian
Research)
28
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/international/asia/04escape.html?ex=1291352400&en=24ad526cb8
3b3590&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss= (New York Times)
29
http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=1420172006 (The Scotsman)
30
http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB625.pdf
http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=RSDCOI&id=43bd4c144
31
http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3728 Dr Sidney Jones (International Crisis Group)
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/21/eveningnews/main579302.shtml
32
http://www.seasite.niu.edu/indonesian/Islam/ihad_in_central_sulawesi.pdf (International Crisis Group)
33
http://www.jamestown.org/news_details.php?news_id=88
34
http://islamicsydney.com/story.php?id=1023
35
www.indonesia-relief.org/mod.php?mod=bank&op=readnews&bankid=347&artid=1378
www.indonesia-relief.org/mod.php?mod=bank&op=infobank&bankid=247
http://www.muslimaid.org/subpages.php?section=news&sub=pressrelease&down=yes&id=49
36
http://www.ukim.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=2&tabid=19
http://ukim.org/AnnualReport2005/pdf/4%20-%20International%20Relief.pdf
37
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GI22Df01.html
38
http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/12/08/spain.alqaeda/
39
http://www.alkhidmat.org.pk/partners.htm
8
http://www.al-khidmatfoundation.org/index.php?id=88
40
http://www.chowk.com/show_interactor_page.cgi?membername=tobateksingh&start=95&end=99&page
=20&chapter=2
41
www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/news/2005/164.htm
42
http://www.guardian.co.uk/russia/article/0,2763,1148534,00.html
43
http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000216/world.htm
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/EA04Ag04.html (B. Raman)
44
http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/19/stories/2004101903931000.htm
http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/rir/?action=record.viewrec&gotorec=435990
45
http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010916/world.htm#13
46
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EC06Df04.html
http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/south/03/02/mohammed.biog/index.html
47
http://www.dawn.com/2004/08/17/top2.htm
48
http://www.ipcs.org/Jul_05_terrorismPakistan.pdf
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_13-7-2005_pg7_12
49
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/09/15/wpak15.xml
50
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C10%5C02%5Cstory_2-10-2006_pg1_5
51
http://www.jamaat.org/news/2006/aug/17/1001.html
http://www.jamaat.org/news/2006/apr/28/1003.html ‘Idris helping Hamas is jihad’
52
http://www.dawn.com/2006/03/27/nat4.htm
53
http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2370093
http://www.jamaat.org/news/2006/aug/20/1002.html
54
http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-EnglishAsk_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503544354
55
http://www.indianexpress.com/story/15010.html
56
http://www.thehindu.com/2006/10/19/stories/2006101919150100.htm
57
http://www.dailypioneer.com/indexn12.asp?main_variable=STATES&file_name=state2.txt&counter_im
g=2
http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/13759.html
58
http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/03/07/d6030701055.htm
http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/terroristoutfits/JMB.htm (Institute for Conflict
Management)
59
http://www.saag.org/%5Cpapers18%5Cpaper1725.html (South Asia Analysis Group)
http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/03/03/d6030301011.htm
60
http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?F=1809815&C=asiapac
http://www.thedailystar.net/2005/12/05/d5120501044.htm
61
http://www.bssnews.net/index.php?genID=BSS-06-2003-08-18&id=7
62
http://www.thesouthasian.org/archives/2005/fundamentalist_groups_blamed_i.html
http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2006/09/04/cover.htm
63
http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=12881 (Reporters Without Borders)
64
http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/MULTA.htm
http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/OPs/Saikia/contents/chap_two.html
65
http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=21437#compstory (Times of India)
66
http://www.hvk.org/articles/1203/24.html
67
http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2369953
68
http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/apr/27ariban.htm
69
http://www.hvk.org/articles/1203/24.html
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1754143,prtpage-1.cms
http://www.bangladeshobserveronline.com/new/2006/07/14/editorial.htm
9