Fine Arts 66
Sacred Images and Sacred Spaces
Spring 2004
Samue
108 Fayerweather Hall
542-2282
scmorse@amherst.edu
Sacred Images and Sacred Spaces:
the Visual Culture of Religion in Japan
The Course
This class is an interdisciplinary study of the visual culture of the Buddhist and Shint
religious traditions in Japan. It will examine in depth a number of Japan’s most
important sacred places, including Ise Shrine, T daiji, Daitokuji and Mount Fuji, and will
also look at the way contemporary architects such as And Tadao and Takamatsu Shin
have attempted to create new sacred places in Japan today. Particular emphasis will
be placed on the ways in which the Japanese have given distinctive form to their
religious beliefs through architecture, painting and sculpture, and the ways these
objects have been used in religious ritual.
The class will meet twice a week (T/TH) at 2:00 in Fayerweather 113. The course
assumes some familiarity with either the history or the art of Japan. If you have no prior
experience with the history of Japanese art or would like to refresh your memory, then it
is recommended that you read the sections of Penelope Mason, History of Japanese Art
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1993) indicated on the syllabus. Paul Varley’s
Japanese Culture (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1984) is also a good source
for information on the basic issues of Japanese history.
The course is designed to guarantee a maximum of class participation. Therefore it is
essential that you complete the assignments before every class. There will be
discussion topics assigned for many classes.
We have one field trip scheduled to visit a private collection in Cambridge on March 9.
We may also schedule an additional field trip to view Buddhist paintings at the Museum
of Fine Arts, Boston if time permits.
Fine Arts 66
Sacred Images and Sacred Spaces
Spring 2004
Books
The following texts have been ordered from the Jeffery Amherst Bookshop on South
Pleasant Street:
de Bary, Wm. Theodore. Sources of Japanese Tradition. New York:
Columbia University Press, 1964.
Morse, Anne Nishimura and Samuel C. Morse. Object as Insight–
Japanese Buddhist Art and Ritual. Katonah, N.Y.: Katonah Museum of
Art, 1996.
de Bary will provide you access to some original source material. Object as Insight
discusses the ritual context of the material culture of Japanese Buddhist art. The
articles listed as “COPY” on your syllabus are contained in a packet of readings for the
course. The other readings on the syllabus can be found on reserve in Frost Library.
Most of the works of art that will be covered in the course are included in Genshoku
Nihon no bijutsu, a lavishly illustrated survey of Japanese art written in Japanese but
with English plate captions at the end of each volume. Please use these books, which
are in the library, to review the objects covered in lecture.
In addition, Don Milliken, Curator of Visual Resources at Frost Library, has developed
an image bank for the course. Images of the objects discussed in class will be available
there arranged in groups that roughly follow the lecture schedule and will be available
through a link on the Blackboard Course Site .
Requirements
There will be three short papers and a longer final paper.
1)
a definition and explanation of “Sacred,” due February 10 (10%)
2)
a topic on Esoteric Buddhist art, due March 9 (20%)
3)
a topic on Zen Buddhist art, due Apr. 27 (20%)
4)
a final paper of 10-12 pages due on May 10, the Monday after the last
day of classes (50%)
Fine Arts 66
Sacred Images and Sacred Spaces
Spring 2004
Class Schedule
1) Jan. 26
Introduction–The Visual Culture of Religion in Japan
2) Jan. 28
Methodologies–Sacred Spaces, Sacred Images, Sacred Objects, Sacred
Texts
Reading Assignment:
Eliade, Mircea. "Sacred Places," pp. 367-387.
Freedberg, ch. 5
Foard, “Ritual in the Buddhist Temples of Japan” in Object
as Insight, pp. 12-17
Tanabe, Paintings, pp. 31–36.
Object as Insight, “Introduction”
Supplementary Reading:
Sharf and Sharf, “Introduction”
Yiengpruksawa, “Buddha’s Bodies”
3) Feb. 3
Indigenous Concepts of the Sacred–Video “God, Man and Nature in
Japan”
Reading Assignment:
de Bary, ch. 2
Grapard, “Flying Mountains”
Kageyama, The Arts of Shinto, pp. 79-94
Mason, pp. 13-32
Watanabe, Shinto Art, pp. 27-84
4) Feb. 6
Indigenous Concepts of the Sacred–Shrines
Reading Assignment:
Coldrake, Architecture and Authority in Japan, pp. 16-51
Kitagawa, “Prehistoric Background.”
Mason, pp. 33-38
Fine Arts 66
Sacred Images and Sacred Spaces
Spring 2004
Supplementary Reading:
Bock, “Rites of Renewal”
5) Feb. 10
Temple, Image, Relic and the Buddhist Pacification of Japan–Prince
Sh toku and Tori Busshi
Reading Assignment:
deBary, ch. 3
Mason, pp. 38-47
Mizuno, Asuka Buddhist Art, pp. 9-87
Supplemental Reading:
Kidder, “Busshari and Fukz ”
Kurata, Temple of the Exalted Law, intro and skim entries
6) Feb. 12
Temple, Image, Relic and the Buddhist Pacification of Japan–H ry -ji
and Yakushi-ji
Reading Assignment:
Mason, pp. 47-62
Mizuno, Asuka Buddhist Art, pp. 88-149
Sugiyama, Classic Buddhist Sculpture, pp. 37–73
Supplementary Reading:
Moran, "Ashura"
7) Feb. 17
Image and Temple In the Service of the State–T dai-ji
Reading Assignment:
de Bary, ch. 5
Sugiyama, Classic Buddhist Sculpture, pp. 84126; 158-165
Mason, pp. 59-74
Supplemental Reading:
Coaldrake, pp. 52-80
8) Feb. 19
Image and Temple in the Service of the State–T sh dai-ji and Saidai-ji
Fine Arts 66
Sacred Images and Sacred Spaces
Spring 2004
Reading Assignment:
Kashiwahara, pp. 14-25
Mason, pp. 74-80
Morse, “Japanese Sculpture in Transition”
Sugiyama, Classic Buddhist Sculpture, pp. 127-157; 165177
9) Feb. 24 Sacred Cosmologies– T -ji (Ky
Shingon Tradition
gokoku-ji), Mount K ya, and the
Reading Assignment:
de Bary, ch. 7
Kitagawa, "Master and Savior"
Mason, 97-108
Tanabe, “The Founding of Mount K ya”
Supplemental Reading:
“A Memorial Presenting a List of Newly Imported Sutras and
Other Items,” in Hakeda, K kai, pp. 140-150
10) Feb. 26 Sacred Cosmologies–Mandala and Esoteric Buddhist Ritual
Reading Assignment:
Hill, “Ritual Music”
Ishimoto, Mandala look at plates
ten Grotenhuis, Japanese Mandalas, pp. 33-95
Supplementary Reading:
Gardner, “Mandala, Mandala on the Wall.”
Sharf, “Visualization”
11) Mar. 2 The Buddhist Domestication of Japan–Mountain Temples and Wooden
Statues
Reading Assignment:
Fowler, “In Search of the Dragon”
Morse, “Jingoji Yakushi”
Nishikawa, The Great Age, pp. 27-30, 42-54
Mason, pp. 108-116
Fine Arts 66
Sacred Images and Sacred Spaces
Spring 2004
Supplementary Reading:
Fowler, “Who’s Who”
12) Mar. 4 The Buddhist Domestication of Japan–Shinto Buddhist Syncretism
Reading Assignment:
Grapard, “The Kami in Esoteric Buddhist Thought”
Morse, “Jing ji”
Mason, pp. 144-146
ten Grotenhuis, Japanese Mandalas, pp. 142-182
Supplementary Reading:
Grapard, “Institution, Ritual and Ideology”
McMullin, “The Enryakuji and Gion”
13) Mar. 9 Field Trip to visit the Collection of Sylvan Barnet and William Burto,
Cambridge, MA. Leave from behind Fayerweather at 12:00.
Reading Assignment:
Barnet and Burto, “Some Western Thoughts”
14) Mar. 11 Envisioning Paradise–Pure Land Temples of the Heian Period
Reading Assignment
Akiyama, "The Door Paintings"
de Bary, ch. 9
Fukuyama, Heian Buddhist Temples, pp. 46-78; 106-128
Mason, pp. 116-123; 128-135
Yiengpruksawan, Hiraizumi, pp. 121-142
Supplementary Reading:
Dobbins, “Genshin’s Deathbed Nembutsu Ritual.”
Yiengpruksawan, “The Phoenix Hall”
15) Mar. 23 Envisioning Paradise–Text and Image in Pursuit of Salvation
Reading Assignment:
Mason, pp. 123-128; 135-137
Meech-Pekarik, "Disguised Scripts"
Fine Arts 66
Sacred Images and Sacred Spaces
Spring 2004
Morse, “J ch ’s Statue”
Tanabe, Paintings, pp. 98-108
Supplementary Reading:
Deal, “Women and Japanese Buddhism.”
Morris, pp. 103-135
16) Mar. 25 Envisioning Paradise, Envisioning Hell–Buddhist Painting and Mapp
Reading Assignment:
de Bary, pp. 184-190; 192-197
Ienaga, Jigoku z shi, English pp. 1-13 and skim plates
Okazaki, Pure Land Buddhist Painting, pp. 94–137
Ruch, “Coping with Death”
Supplemental Reading:
Reischauer, “Genshin’s
j
y sh ”
17) Mar. 30 Reinventing the Sacred–Ch gen at T dai-ji and Eizon at Saidai-ji
Reading Assignment:
Brinker, “Facing the Unseen”
de Bary, ch. 10
M ri, Sculpture of the Kamakura Period, pp. 9-70.
Morse, “Style as Ideology”
Mason, pp. 147-158
Supplemental Reading:
Faure, The Rhetoric, pp. 132-140.
Guth, “Kaikei’s Statue”
Inoue, “Eizon, Ninsh ”
18) Apr. 1
Reinventing the Sacred--Cult Practice in Medieval Japan
Reading Assignment:
Foard, “Toward a Lost Reformation”
Dykstra, “Tales of the Hasedera Kannon”
McCallum, “The Replication”
Morse, “Dressed”
Morse, “Space and Ritual” in Object as Insight
Fine Arts 66
Sacred Images and Sacred Spaces
Spring 2004
Supplemental Reasing:
Foard,“The Tale of the BurnedCheek Amida”
Henderson, “The Buddha of Seiry -ji”
McCallum, “Saidai-ji Lineage”
19) Apr. 6 Fashioning Sacred Lives–H nen, Shinran and Ippen
Reading Assignment:
Akiyama, "New Buddhist Sects and
Emakimono in the Kamakura Period"
de Bary, pp. 197-212
Foard, “Prefiguration and Narrative”
Kaneko, “Priest Shinran”
Kaufman, “Nature”
Mason, pp. 165-174
Supplementary Reading:
Fujii, “Founder Worship”
Ruch, “The Other Side”
20) Apr. 8
Reviving Sacred Lives–Sh toku and K kai, Gy ki and Ganjin
Reading Assignment:
Carr, “Medieval Illustrations of the Life of Prince Sh toku”
Deal, “Hagiography and History”
Kashiwahara, pp. 3-13
Reader, “Legends, Miracles and Faith”
Rosenfield, “The Sedgwick Statue”
Apr. 8
Lecture–Professor Hank Glassman, Haverford College
21) Apr. 13
Sacred Absence–Zen Temples
Reading Assignment:
de Bary, pp. 226-255
Collcutt, Five Mountains, pp. 1-21
Brinker and Kanazawa, pp. 29-37; 61-77; 83-97
Mason, pp. 174-194
Fine Arts 66
Sacred Images and Sacred Spaces
Spring 2004
Supplemental Reading:
Levine, “Switching Sties”
Sharf and Foulk, “On the Ritual Use”
22) Apr. 15
Sacred Absence–Zen Painting and Calligrpahy
Reading Assignment:
Brinker and Kanazawa, pp. 99-129
de Bary, pp. 255-260
Mason, pp. 194-203
Shimizu, “Zen Art?”
Supplemental Reading:
Fontein and Hickman, Zen Painting and Calligraphy, pp. xiiiliv
24) Apr. 20
Sacred Absence–Zen Gardens
Reading Assignment:
Brinker, pp. 77-80
Hayakawa, The Garden Art of Japan, pp. 58-99
Hendry, “Nature Tamed”
Mason, pp. 203–207
Supplemental Reading:
Higuchi, The Visual and Spatial Structure
It , Space and Illusion
Iimura, Ma
25) Apr. 22
Sacred Sites in the Service of a New Order–Temples and Shrines of the
Momoyama and Early Edo Periods
Reading Assignment:
Coaldrake, pp. 163-192
de Bary, 322-334
Hashimoto, Architecture in the Shoin Style, pp. 117-134
Mason, 243-251
Supplemental Reading:
Watsky, “Floral Motifs and Mortality”
Fine Arts 66
Sacred Images and Sacred Spaces
26) Apr. 27
Spring 2004
Sacred Practices in a Secular World–Religious Arts of the Edo Period
Reading Assignment:
Addiss, The Art of Zen, pp. 102-129; 152-157
Mason, pp. 283-285
Singer, “Old Worlds, New Visions”
Supplemental Reading:
McCallum, “Enk ”
Shimizu, “Multiple Commemorations”
27) Apr. 29
Popularizing the Sacred–Pilgrimage in Edo Japan
Reading Assignment:
Clark, 100 Views
Foard, “Boundaries of Compassion”
Screech, “The Strangest Place”
Supplemental Reading:
Hur, Prayer and Play, pp. 31-72
Reader, “Miniaturization and Proliferation”
28) May 2 Inventions and Reinventions of the Sacred–Meiji Religious Sites
Reading Assignment:
Grapard, “Japan’s Ignored”
Guth, Art, Tea and Industry, pp. 100-128
Rosenfield, “Japanese Buddhist Art”
Supplemental Reading:
Collcutt, “Buddhism: The Threat”
Sharf, “The Zen of Japanese Nationalism”
Thal, “Redefining the Gods”
28) May 6 New Age Sacrality
Reading Assignment:
Fine Arts 66
Sacred Images and Sacred Spaces
Spring 2004
Colours of Light, pp. 66-71; 88-93; 114-121; 158-168
Drew, Church on the Water, Church of Light.
Mariko Mori, pp. 19-31 and skim plates
Mori, Dream Temple
Takaguchi, “Buddhist Temple”
Supplemental Reading:
Faure, “The Buddhist Icon”
Reynolds, “Ise Shrine”
Fine Arts 66
Sacred Images and Sacred Spaces
Spring 2004
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