FERİT YEKTA
The tariff is a tax, or duty, levied on a commodity when it crosses a national boundary. The
most common tariff is the import duty, that is, the tax imposed on an imported commodity. A less
common tariff is the export duty, that is, the tax levied on an exported commodity.
The tariff effects on; domestic price, domestic production, the value of production and
welfare, domestic consumption, the volume of trade, the international distribution of income. The
tariff is the most common instrument of protection, but it is not the only one. Nations may restrict
their foreign trade in many other ways.
Export taxes: Export taxes are prohibited by the constitution of the United States and are
extremely rare phenomena in other industrial nations. but export taxes are not uncommon in
developing nations.
Export duties are often levied by primary-product exporting countries either to raises
revenue or to create scarcity in the world markets and thus raise world prices. For example, rice
exports have been taxed by Thailand.
Export subsidies: An export subsidy is a negative export tax. For this reason , a detailed
analysis of export subsidies is redundant. In general, microeconomic effects of export taxes
subsidies are the opposite of the corresponding effects of export taxes.
The primary purpose of an export subsidy is to increase exports by switching foreign
spending to domestic products. This is accomplished, of course, by effectively reducing the prices
that foreigners have to pay for the subsidized exported commodities.
Accordingly, the terms-of-trade effect of export subsidies is, in general, unfavourable.
DUMPİNG:
Dumping is international price discrimination. it occurs when a monopolist(or imperfect
competitor) charges a lower price to foreign buyers than to domestic customers for the same (or a
comparable) commodity.
QUANTITATIVE RESTRİCTİONS
Nations may also restrict their foreign trade by directly limiting the physical volume(or
value) of exports their imports(import quota) or their exports(export quota).Frequently government
use quantitative restrictions to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. The
microeconomic effects of these quantitative restrictions are very similar to the effects of import and
export taxes.
EXPORT REGIME OF TURKEY
Turkey has been implementing an export-oriented strategy since 1980. The basic objective
of this strategy is to constitute an outward oriented economic structure in the framework of free
market economy and to be integrated with world markets.
With this new strategy, export intensive measures consisting of various supportive
components, arrangements directed to the foreign trade liberalization.
In addition to liberal arrangements made to improve exports, some support programs came
into effect. The main facilities provided for the exporters were as follows:
Corporation tax exemption, tax refund, premium to the Resource Utilization and Support
Fund, subsidies obtained from the Support and Price Stabilization Fund. However, the above
mentioned supports have been gradually eliminated in accordance with our international
commitments since the second half of 1980s.
On the other hand, with the establishment of the Turk Eximbank in 1987, supporting exports
gained a new dimension. In this respect, in order to increase the competitive strength of the
Turkish exporters in foreign markets, some credits and guarantee programs under the international
commitments began to be applied to the sectors with high export potentials.
Related to particularly support of exports, policies of the foreign trade strategy that was set
up under the conditions of 1980s have been reviewed and modified in view of the developments
taken place in the world and Turkey in the 1990s. In this respect, State Aids prepared in
compliance chiefly with the World Trade Organization and our international commitments were put
into practice as of 01.06.1995.
The most significant phenomenon in Turkey’s foreign trade policy is the Customs Union
established between the EU and Turkey as of 01.01.1996. This development initiated the duration
needed for the legal infrastructural consistency of foreign trade strategy with the EU’s norms, and
thus both import and export regimes have been made consistent with the regulations of the EU.
THE TURKISH IMPORT REGIME OF 2004
The Import Regime of 2004, reflecting both Turkey’s international rights and obligations and the
country's economic needs, has been prepared by taking into account the agreement establishing
the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Customs Union Agreement between
Turkey and the European Union and within this context, the free trade agreements signed
with various countries ,and the preferential treatments granted by Turkey to the least developed
countries and some developing countries within the context of generalized system of preferences
and also the specific needs and requirements of the agricultural and industrial sectors .
SOURCES

International Economics, Miltiades Chacholiades, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

www.foreigntrade.gov.tr

Trade and competitiveness between Turkey and EU: Time Series Evidence Utku
1990
Utkulu, Dilek Seymen