Chapter 11
Study Guide
NAME:__________________________________________________________
Microbiology BI234
Do to past cheating on study guides these guides MUST be written and
will not be accepted as a typed document.
Differentiate between
contamination/contact,
colonization, infection
and disease.
Define infectious
disease.
Define
normal/residential
microflora and give
examples.
Discuss how the
Human Microbiome
Project will change our
understanding of
normal biota.
What sites are normal
biota found in humans?
State 3 tissues that are
thought to be sterile.
State 2 fluid that are
thought to be sterile.
What is microbial
antagonism? How is
microbial antagonism
helpful to a human
host.
State three ways in
which infants are
colonized with
microbes.
Define pathogen.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
Looking at Fig. 11.2,
Describe the
requirements of the
Microbe and Host to
have an outcome
where the microbe
causes disease.
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Differentiate between
pathogenicity and
virulence.
Explain the difference
between true
pathogens and
opportunistic
pathogens and give an
example of each.
What are some factors
that would allow an
opportunistic pathogen
to cause infection?
Describe two factors
that influence a
microbe's virulence.
1.
What are the five steps
on the progression of
an infection?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
Step One: _________________________
What is a portal of
entry? What are some
characteristics of a
portal of entry?
What is the difference
between an exogenous
and endogenous
infection?
Can all parasites use all
of the various portals
of entry? Defend your
answer with an
example.
Define infectious dose.
Give an example of a
disease that has a low
ID and one that has a
high ID.
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Step Two: _________________________
Why is
attachment/adhesion
an important step in
the progress of an
infection?
Pathogens cannot all
bind to the same types
of cells, for example
rhinoviruses bind only
to respiratory cells.
How do they identify
the cell’s type?
What are some
structures that aid in
the attachment/
adhesion of
pathogens?
Step Three: _________________________
Is it easy for pathogens
to survive host
defenses? Describe at
least 2 mechanisms
used by host cells to
battle pathogens.
What are
antiphagocytic factors?
Give an example.
Step Four: _________________________
Describe the three
ways microbes cause
tissue damage.
Explain the effects of
the exoenzymes
hyaluronidase,
coagulase, and
streptokinase.
Define a toxin.
What is an endotoxin?
What type of bacteria
produce these?
What is an exotoxins?
What type of bacteria
produce these?
Define hemolysin and
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describe the types of
microbes that use it.
Provide a definition of
virulence factors.
Differentiate between
the following types of
infections
localized infection
systemic infection
focal infection
mixed infection
primary infection
secondary infection
acute infection
chronic infection
What is the difference
between a sign and a
symptom? Give
examples of each.
State 2 terms that are
used when infections
are not apparent.
Step Five: _________________________
Define portal of exit
and give examples.
What are some
characteristics of a
portal of entry?
Define latency and give
at least two examples
of this type of
infection.
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Draw a diagram of the
stages of disease in a
human with time on
the X-axis and
symptoms on the Yaxis. Make sure to
label the: incubation
period, prodromal
stage, period of
invasion, acme, decline
phase, and
convalescent period.
What is a reservoir and
transmitter/source and
give an example of
each.
What is the difference
between a carrier and
an asymptomatic
carrier?
Describe the three
main types of living
reservoirs as shown in
Table 11.6 and give
examples of each.
1.
2.
3.
What are some
examples of non-living
reservoirs.
What is zoonosis?
What are some
examples?
Differentiate
communicable,
contagious and
noncommunicable
diseases and give an
example of each.
Communicable=
Contagious=
Noncommunicable=
What is the difference
between vertical and
horizontal
transmission?
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Describe direct contact
transmission and give
examples.
Describe indirect
contact transmission
and give examples.
What is a fomite? Give
examples.
What is a vehicle? Give
examples.
Define nosocomial
infection.
List the three most
common types of
nosocomial infections.
What are the main
pathogens found in
nosocomial infections?
Explain some ways to
prevent nosocomial
infections.
Define etiologic agent.
1.
2.
3.
List Koch's postulates,
and when they might
not be appropriate in
establishing causation.
Define epidemiology.
Identify the need for
some diseases being
denoted "notifiable"
and give examples of at
least 3 reportable
diseases.
Define incidence and
prevalence.
Differentiate between
mortality and
morbidity.
Discuss point-source,
common-source, and
propagated epidemics,
and predict the shape
of the epidemic curves
associated with each.
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Differentiate between
disease occurrences
that are endemic,
epidemic, sporadic and
pandemic and give at
least one example of
each.
What type of data is
being collected during
the following
epidemiological
studies?
Descriptive:
Analytical:
Experimental:
***Understanding of ALL of the underlined terms in this document is needed to succeed in this class. To
further study these terms do one of the following:
Make flash cards of all terms
Make a concept map of all terms (if you don’t know what this is look it up on Wikipedia)
Write out definitions of all terms
Or come up with your own way of studying these terms. Just make sure to ok it with me to make sure you’ll
get your extra credit.
This must be turned in attached to this study guide at the time the study guide is due!!!!
What’s working well
and what’s a
suggestion to help
things work better?
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