ENVI 121 Midterm #1 Review Sheet:
Introduction:
1) Why do we study the oceans?
2) What is marine biology?
3) What is the scientific method?
4) How are experiments tested?
Geology:
1) What is the structure of the inner earth?
2) What is the difference between continental and oceanic crust?
3) What is the idea of plate tectonics?
4) What are mid-ocean ridges and why are they important?
5) What are trenches and why are they important?
6) What are hydrothermal vents and how are they formed?
Water Properties:
1) Why is water important?
2) Why are hydrogen bonds important?
3) What are surface tension and viscosity?
4) What is important about the changes of state in water?
5) How does temperature impact life processes?
6) What are ectotherms and endotherms?
7) What is salinity and how does it impact life?
8) How do diffusion and osmosis impact life?
9) What are osmoconformers and osmoregulators?
10) What do euryhaline and stenohaline mean?
11) Why is density important to life?
12) Why is pressure important to life?
13) How does light impact life?
Ocean Circulation:
1) How to wind belts on Earth develop?
2) Explain atmospheric circulation patterns.
3) What is the coriolos effect and how does it impact movement of air and water?
4) How do surface currents develop?
5) What impacts surface currents?
6) Where are the major currents in the oceans and how do they distribute heat?
7) What is thermohaline circulation? How does it impact organisms in the deep sea?
8) What are the basic properties of waves?
9) What causes waves?
10) How are tides formed?
11) What are the differences between spring and neap tides?
12) What are semidiurnal and mixed semidiurnal tides? Which one occurs in San
Diego?
Introduction to Life:
1) What are the 4 major components of life? Why are they important?
2) What are domains?
3) What are the major differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
4) What are the differences between unicellular and multicellular cells?
5) What is a biological species?
6) What is the idea of phylogeny?
7) What are autotrophs and heterotrophs? What are the types of autotrophs?
8) What is photosynthesis?
9) What is respiration?
Bacteria/Archaea:
1) What are the general characteristics of bacteria?
2) What are heterotrophic bacteria and why are they important to all life in the
oceans (decomposers)?
3) What are cyanobacteria? Why are they important?
4) What are stromatolites?
5) What is nitrogen fixation?
6) What are the general characteristics of archaea?
7) What are extremophiles and give some examples?
Phytoplankton:
1) Why are phytoplankton important?
2) What are general characteristics of diatoms? Where are they found? How do they
reproduce?
3) What is a bloom?
4) What is diatomaceous ooze?
5) What are the general characteristics of dinoflagellates? Do they all
photosynthesize?
6) What are red tides? How can they impact humans?
7) What types of symbiotic relationships do dinoflagellates form?
8) What are the general characteristics of silicoflagellates?
9) What are the general characteristics of coccolithophores?
10) What are the general characteristics of Cryptomonads?
Zooplankton/Fungi:
1) What are the general characteristics of foraminiferas?
2) What are the general characteristics of radiolarians?
3) What are the general characteristics of ciliates?
4) What are the general characteristics of fungi?
5) How do all these organisms interact?
Macrophytes:
1) What kingdom are macrophytes and kelps in?
2) What is a thallus?
3) What are blades, and what are they for?
4) What are pneumatocyst? What are they used for? What are they filled with?
5) What is the stipe? What is it for?
6) What is the holdfast? What does it do? How does it differ from roots of plants?
7) Where are seaweeds found?
8) How do seaweeds get nutrients and gases?
9) What parts of the thallus can photosynthesize?
10) What are Chlorophytes? (Next few questions are for Chlorophytes)
11) Where are they often found (in deep water, bays, open ocean)?
12) What is the main light harvesting pigment?
13) What are brown algae? (Next few questions for brown algae)
14) What makes them different than green algae?
15) Where are they found (temperatures of water – use your knowledge of surface
currents to answer this question)
16) What are kelps and kelp forests?
17) What must some species have to withstand?
18) What is macrocystis? How fast does it grow?
19) What are epiphytes?
20) What are Rhodophytes (next few questions about rhodophytes)?
21) Are they common?
22) What light harvesting pigment do they have?
23) What are coralline algae?
24) What is the basic life history of seaweed? What are the differences between a
sporophyte and gametophyte? What is the difference between diploid and
haploid?
25) What is an alternation of generations?
26) Can seaweed asexually reproduce?
27) What are some of economic importance of kelps and seaweeds?
Plants:
1) What are the major differences between plants and seaweeds?
2) What are seagrasses? Are they related to grasses?
3) What are rhizomes?
4) What are the flowers like in seagrasses? Why?
5) What are examples of types of seagrasses?
6) What are salt marsh plants? Do they live under water?
7) What is a halophyte?
8) Why are salt marshes important?
9) How do the plants deal with salt?
10) What are mangroves?