Name:___________________________________________________
Final Exam Study Guide
FINAL June 18
Directions: Answer each of the following questions per chapter. Make sure all of your work is CLEARLY labeled
and organized. You DO NOT need to write in complete sentences, BUT you need to understand what you are saying
for the answer so you don’t need to keep going back and forth between your answer sheet and the review sheet.
--- You will be getting your notebooks back to help you accurately answer the questions. Remember, you have study
guides, tests, quizzes, notes sheets, do nows, and lab sheets to help you answer and recall the information. --I suggest going through each chapter and completing as MANY as you know without looking at your notebooks or
the textbook. I would also remember the different types of activities that we completed, the mnoemic devices that
you created, and the labs we conducted!
EACH PART WITH A LAB GRADE!
10 extra if it’s typed
Mnemonic Devices-10
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INOB- salt water layers
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KPCOFGS-7 levels of classification
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PMAT-steps of mitosis
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KHDMDCM-metric system
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SGFERC-scientific method
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MEOW- 4 necessities of life
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IMC (introduction, middle, conclusion- Steps of the Cell Cycle- Interphase, Metaphase, Cytokinesis
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AT and Good Candy- Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine
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OPCEB- Biological levels of organization
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APFPAE- 6 kingdoms
Activities/Projects - 14
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Water Cycle Game- The path of a water molecules
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Socks on Hands- Stimulus/ Response, Adaptation
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Chicken and the Egg Debate- origin of life
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Newspaper Dots- Camouflage
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Wiki sticks- Mitosis phases
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Dichotomous Classification Key- Creature key
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Biome Brochures
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All school Fair project (battle of the sciences/ parts of a whole)
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Fairview- Ecology, Interaction among living things
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Biological Levels of Organization Posters
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DNA modeling lab, Paper Puzzle pieces
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Human genome questions
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Cell coloring –cell parts
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Metric scavenger hunt
Labs-11
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Paper Towel Lab- Scientific Method
Quinn Lab- Controlled Experiment and Variables
Cork Cell Lab
Cheek and Onion Lab
E and Color Lab
Oh deer Lab- Limiting Factors and Carrying Capacity
Bird Beck Pick Up- Natural Selection and Survival of the fittest
Baby Lab- Randomness of Genetic Traits
Growing Kidney Beans to Test soil –variable and control
Making Connections Lab- Woodland Ecosystem- Hunt for abiotic/biotic factors
Measurement Lab- practice genetics
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PART 1: Chapters 1- 7
Due: TUESDAY JUNE 10
Chapter 1: The World of Life Science
1. What is a life scientist? Describe what they do?
 Studies living things by asking questions and classifying them.
2. What are the steps of the scientific method? Explain each of them.
 State the Problem
o A problem is identified to solve
 Gather the Information
o Collect information from sources such as the library, textbooks
about the problem that you are trying to solve
 Form a Hypothesis
o An educated guess or a suggested solution or answer to the
problem
 Experiment
o Series of steps to test the hypothesis
o Uses “controlled” conditions
 Record and Analyze Data
o Review data collected during experiment.
o Does it make sense?
 Conclusion
o Summarize the purpose of the experiment and the findings
o What have you learned through the activity?
3. Explain what a controlled experiment is?
 Variables
o Factors that change throughout the experiment
o Can be MANY variables, the more the better
 Constants
o Factors that remain the same throughout the experiment
o ONLY one
4. List and describe the four type of microscopes. What types of specimens do you
look at with them?
 Simple- has one lens
 Compound light-has two or more lenses to magnify small objects so
they can easily be seen with the naked eye, magnifies 400 x
 Stereomicroscope-uses two eyes to view specimen, dissecting
microscope, magnifies 30 x
 Electron Microscope-electrons bounce off the surface of specimen
o Transmission Electron Microscope- beams of electrons bounce
off of the specimen and create an image on a computer screen.
Magnifies
o Scanning Electron Microscope2
5. What is difference between metric and English measurement.
 English system is random, non=-sequential numbers for different types
of measurement. No consistency.
a. Know how to measure metrics
b. The significance of the metric system- metrics counts up by tens and you
simply move the decimal
Chapter 2: It’s Alive!! Or Is It?
1. List the 6 characteristics of living things. Explain what is special to each of them.
 Have cells
The smallest unit that can perform all of life’s processes
 Sense and respond to change
Stimulus- Anything that an organism responds to or causes change
Response- The reaction from the organism because of the stimulus
 Reproduce
Pass on their genetic traits to their offspring
 Have DNA
Passing of genetic traits
 Use energy
Animal metabolism- all of the chemical processes that happen in the
body
 Grown and Develop
Grow- increase in size
Development- change in form as the organism grows
2. What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment
Example: body temp and human muscles
3. The difference between asexual and sexual reproduction
 Sexual reproduction: 2 parents produce a variation. Both parents
contribute to genetics
 Asesxual reproduction: 1 parent. Genetically identical offspring
compared to parent
4. List the 4 necessities of life
 Minerals, energy, oxygen, water
Chapter 3: Cells: The Basic Units of Life
1. Explain the three parts of the cell theory
 All organisms are made of one or more cells
 Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms
 All cells come from cells that preexist
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2. Name the 5 scientists that contributed to the cell theory. List their contribution
to the cell theory.
 Robert Hooke- made a simple microscope, looked at cork cells
 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- looked at pond scum, blood cells, protists,
and yeast under his simple microscope
 Matthias Schleiden- realized that all plants are made of cells
 Theodor Schwann- realized that all animals are made of cells
 Rudoulph Virchow- hypothesized that cells divide to make new ones
3. What is some major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
 Prokaryotic cells- no membrane bound organelles, lacks an organized
nucleus, less organelles, smaller
 Eukaryotic- membrane bound organelles, nucleus, more organelles,
more complex
4. What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular?
 Unicellular- single cell
 Multicellular- more than one cell
5. Name 4 differences between the animal and plant cell. You can make a TChart
 Animal cell- less organelles, flagella, circular
 Plant cell- more organelles, cell wall, chloroplasts, square, goes through
photosynthesis, vacuole
6. List the function of the following cell parts
a. Cell membrane – outermost part of ALL cells, acts as a door allowing
things in and out of the cell
b. Cell wall- found only in plant and prokaryotic cells. Helps give plants a
sturdy shape, made of cellulous
c. Nucleus- acts as the “brain” of the cell, controls cell activities.
d. Mitochondria- “mighty” , powerhouse of the cell, where cellular
respiration happens ( sugars are broken down to release energy)
e. Cytoplasm – jelly-like substance that holds organelles in place
f. Lysosome- “cleans” and digest old and worn out cell parts.
g. Ribosome- makes proteins. Parts of DNA are fed through the ribosome
and then that part of DNA codes for a protein
h. Chloroplast- found only in plant cells, where photosynthesis happens.
7. Describe how living organisms are arranged starting with cells.
 Cells tissue organs organ systems  organisms
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Chapter 4: The Cell In Action (The Cell Cycle)
1. Explain the life cycle of a cell (I, M, C)
a. Interphase- organelles and chromosomes copy here
b. Mitosis- where chromosomes are preparing to copy.
c. Cytokinesis- where the cell splits to create two new identical cells.
2. What are the steps of mitosis? (PMAT)
 Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
3. Draw a picture of each step of mitosis
a. List what is happening in each step
Chapter 5: Heredity
1. Who is the “Father of genetics”- Why?
 Gregor Mendel- Made important discoveries regarding genetics
 Studied pea plants
2. What is the difference between self-pollinating and cross-pollinating?
 Self-pollinating -A plant that pollinates itself. Has male and female
reproductive parts
 Cross pollinating- Needs to be pollinated by birds, bees, wind
3. Describe Mendal’s experiments ( 1st and 2nd generation)
 cross pollinated a true breeding purple (PP) with a true breeding white
(pp) and got all purple flowers. Learned that the white trait was hidden
by the purple, therefore was recessive.
 Mendel 2nd experiment- self-pollinated one flower with itself from the
first generation (PpxPp), For every 3 purple flowers there was one
white. Recessive traits show up in the second generation
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4. What are genes?
 set of instructions for an inherited trait, determines the trait
5. What is an allele?
 Alternative forms of a gene that govern a characteristic- Pp, P-allele
from mom and p-allele from dad. Both of these alleles will be a
different form of a gene
6. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
 Genotype- the genetic makeup of an organism (Pp)
 Phenotype- the physical appearance of an organism ( purple flowers)
7. What is a punnett square used for?
 a diagram used to figure out that probability of getting specific genetic
traits
8. What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?
 Homozygous- two of the same alleles either homozygous dominant (PP)
or homozygous recessive (pp)
 Heterozygous- Two different size alleles (Pp)
9. What is the difference between dominant and recessive?
 Dominant- two big alleles, more common
 Recessive- two small alleles, less likely to show up until both parents
carry a recessive allele
10. What is probability?
 the likelihood chance) that a possible event will occur
11. Describe incomplete dominance
 When there is no dominant trait and alleles blend together (R=red and r
=white, but Rr= pink)
12. How do sex-linked disorders happen?
a. Give an example of a sex-linked disorder
 are carried on the X- chromosome and can only be passed from a
mother to her daughter or son, or a male to his daughter. All of the X’s
need to be infected.
 Recall: XX=female and XY= male Example- colorblindness
13. What is heredity?
 The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring
14. What is a pedigree used for?
 A diagram used to trace disorders through generations of a family
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Chapter 6: Genes and DNA
1. What is DNA? What does it stand for?
 deoxyribonucleuic acid, double helix- genetic blueprint that contains all
of the information that determines who you are.
2. What is the special shape of DNA?
 double helix, twisted ladder
a. What four scientists helped contribute to what we know about DNA
today?
 Erwin Chargoff- realized that the amount of Adenine always equals the
amount of Thymine and the amount of Cytosine always equals the
amount of Guanine.
 Roseland Franklin- used X-ray diffraction to determine the DNA has a
spiral shape
 Watson and Crick- created a double helix model of DNA
3. What are the “handrails” or sides of DNA made out of?
 alternative sugar and phosphates
4. What are the “steps” or rungs of DNA made out of?
 nitrogenous bases A,T,C, G
5. Name the 4 nitrogenous bases. How do they pair up?
 Adenine & Thymine and Cytosine & Guanine
6. What is a mutation? What caused it to does it happen?
 when the order of the bases is changed. Can happen by a random error
when DNA is copied, by radiation, too much exposure to sunlight or
smoke.
Chapter 7: The Evolution of Living Things
1. What is evolution?
 the change in hereditary features of an organisms gradually over time
2. Explain what an adaptation is? Give two examples
 a characteristics that improves an individual’s ability to survive and
reproduce in a particular environment. Ex. Long neck, camouflage
3. What is natural selection?
 organisms with traits best suited are more likely to survive. These
organisms will produce more offspring and therefore pass on their
dominant their traits.
4. What does it mean to say “survival of the fittest”
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 The fittest are those whose adaptations match their environment.; their
offspring inherit these traits and thus are more likely to survive
5. Briefly explain Darwin’s contribution to science.
 Darwin was a naturalist. Darwin’s theory of evolution is still accepted
today. Realize that the most favorable/dominant trait will be passed on
to the next generation. Formulate the theory of natural selection and
survival of the fittest through generations. Realized why there is a great
variation among organisms, that differences, in genes create variation,
and the organisms inherit traits.
6. What is a variation? How does variation in a population happen?
 The appearance of an inherited trait that makes an individual different
from other members of the same species.
7. What evidence did Darwin collect?
 Fossils, plants, and animals
 Studied finches and observed characteristics of organisms
8. What evidence supports the theory of evolution?
 Homologous animal parts
 Natural selection
 Fossils
 Survival of the fittest
 Adaptation/variation
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Final Exam Packet PART 1: Chapters 9, 12, 14, 16-20
Due: Tuesday JUNE 17
Chapter 9: Classification
1. Define taxonomy
 The science of describing, classifying, and naming living organisms
2. Who is Carolus Linnaeus and how did he classify organisms based on modern
taxonomy?
 A scientist who founded modern taxonomy in the 1700’s. He created a
7-level system of classification where organisms were classified by the
order of body structure and systems, size, shape, color, and methods of
getting food.
3. Define classification
 Putting things into orderly groups based on similar characteristics.
4. List the 7 levels of classification in order
 Kingdom (general), phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
(specific)
5. What is a dichotomous key? Explain how it is used.
 An aid that is used to identify organisms based on answers to a series of
questions that compares and contrasts characteristics.
6. Explain what a scientific name is used for.
 Is the organism’s genus and species. All scientists used this to
communicate in a common language to each other.
7. Briefly explain the 6 kingdoms (use 9.2 classification chart)
 Animal- multicellular, most complex, can move freely
 Plant- multicellular, green, goes through photosynthesis
 Fungus-multi & single cellular, decomposers
 Protista- multi & single cellular, odd-ball organisms that don’t fit share
characteristics with other categories.
 Eubacteria -single cellular, bacteria that live in common places
 Archaebacteria - single cellular, least complex, bacteria that live in
extreme environments and have been around for billions of years.
8. What is binomial nomenclature and scientific names?
 A two word naming system that provides every organism with its own
scientific name in latin.
Chapter 12: Introduction to Plants
1. List the four characteristics of plants
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 Photosynthesis
 Cuticles
 Cell wall
 Reproduction
2. Explain the process of photosynthesis?
 The process by which plants uses sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to
make glucose (sugar) energy. They give off oxygen. Happens in the
chloroplasts. Plants form the bases of the food chain.
3. Explain the process of cellular respiration
 The process by which plants (and other organisms) breakdown glucose
and other food molecules to produce energy. Happens in the
mitochondria.
4. What are the male and female parts of a flower called?
 Stamen- male reproductive part
 Pistil- female reproductive part
Chapter 14: Animals and Behavior- section 1 (Use animal chart to complete)
1. What is the difference between a vertebrate and invertebrate
 Vertebrates are animals with backbones also called chordates. Backbone
is a strong and flexible. Invertebrates have no backbone.
2. Explain the difference between endothermic and ectodermic.
 Ectothermic- Body temperature will adjust when environment is
changing (cold- blooded)
 Endothermic- Body temperature remains constant in an ever changing
environment (warm blooded)
3. What is an embryo?
 An organism in its early stage in development.
4. Define multicelluar. Give an example of a multicelluar organism.
 Multicellular- an organisms with more than one cell
 Unicellular- an organism with one cell
5. Define eukaryotic
 A cell that has a nucleus. Can be found in animal, plant, some fungus,
and some protists
Chapter 16: Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles
Fish
1. What are some characteristics of a fish?
 Good swimmers, strong sense, breathing underwater.
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2. How do most fish reproduce? Explain it.
 Most fish reproduce through external fertilization where first the eggs
are laid, and then the sperm is dropped on them outside of the females
body.
3. List the three categories of fish. Describe each of them.
 Jawless-have no jaw or backbone but have a skull, brain, and eyes
 Cartilaginous-fish have cartilage instead of bone, strong jaws, and are
good swimmers and predators
 Bony- are a significant 95 % of all types of fish. They range in many
different sizes and their bodies are covered in scales
Amphibians
1. What are some characteristics of an amphibian?
 Live on water and land, evolved from lung fish, and are ectothermic
(cold blooded).
2. List a few example of amphibians
 Fish, salamanders, toads, and caecilians
Reptiles
1. What are some characteristics of a reptile?
 Have thick skin, live in mild climates, lay amniotic eggs, and go
through internal fertilization
2. What are four categories of reptiles?
 Turtles and tortoises, crocodiles and alligators, snakes and lizards,
tarantulas.
Chapter 17: Birds and Mammals
Birds
1. What is a crop?
 Where birds store their food
2. What is the purpose of the gizzard?
 has stones to grind food so it is easier to digest
3. Explain briefly how birds use lift
 Use life on their wings as an upward force
Mammals
1. What are some characteristics of a mammal?
 Mammary glands, a diaphragm, are endothermic, covered in hair, have
specialized teeth, breathes air and large brains.
2. What is a diaphragm used for?
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 Large muscles that helps organisms breathe and move air in their lungs.
3. What are the three groups of mammals? Define each of them and know how
they give birth to their young.
 Placental- mammal nourish their unborn young through a placental.
They give birth to live young
 Monotremes - do not have nipples, give birth to eggs instead of giving
birth to live young
 Marsupials- have a pouch used to nourish their young. They also give
birth to live young.
4. What does endothermic mean?
 Body temperature remains constant in an ever changing environment
(warm blooded)
Chapter 18: Interactions of Living Things
1. Describe the difference between abiotic and biotic
 Abiotic-is non-living factor in an environment
 Biotic- is living or once lived factor in an environment
2. Explain what ecology is
 The study of interactions of living things with one another and their
environment.
3. List the 5 levels of biological organization (recall: poster projects)
 Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
4. Explain the difference between a producer and a consumer
 Producer- makes its own food and is at the base of a food chain
 Consumer- an organism that needs to eat other organisms for energy
5. Define herbivore, carnivore, and omnivore. Give an example of each
 Herbivore- a organism that eats only plants ex. Panda
 Carnivore- a organism that eats only meat ex. pig
 Omnivore- an organism that eats plant and meat ex. Humans
6. What is a food chain?
 A is a pathway of energy that transfers through various stages and series
of organisms, shows the transfer of energy from one organism to
another
7. What is a food web?
 A diagram that shows the feeding relationship between organisms in the
ecosystem. Many interlocking relationships
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8. Explain how an energy pyramid works.
 A diagram that shows the loss of energy in an ecosystem. The bottom
the pyramid has the most energy and it decreases as we go up the
pyramid.
9. Explain the difference between limiting factors and carrying capacity
 Limiting factors- anything that limits the size of a populations ex. Food,
shelter, and water
 Carrying capacity- the largest amount of organisms that a population
can successfully support at one time
10. What is the difference between predator and prey? Give an example
 Predator- an organisms that eats other organisms ex.frog
 Prey-the organism being eaten by other organisms ex-fly
11. What is an adaptation? Give 2 examples of adaptations that animals use to
protect themselves.
 How an organism changes to better survive in their environment
 Example: turtles shells or crabs borrowing in the sand
12. What is symbiosis?
 a close, long-term association between two or more species
13. Describe the three symbiotic relationships
 Mutualism- both organism benefit
 Commensalism- one organism benefits and one isn’t effected
 Parasitism- one organism benefits and one is negatively effected
Chapter 19: Cycles of Nature
1. Explain the steps of the water cycle
 Step 1: evaporation- the changing of water from a liquid to a vapor-gas
 Step 2: condensation is the changing of water from a vapor to a liquid
 Step 3: precipitation is water falling from the atmosphere to anywhere
on earth
2. What is ecological succession?
 The replacement of one type of ecosystem by another at a single place a
single period of time.
3. Describe the process of primary succession
 When an ecosystem is developing where there wasn’t any land/life
before. MUST start with bare rock.
4. Describe the process of secondary succession
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 When an existing ecosystem is replaced by another
 Example: after a natural disaster the land will slowly return because
their still exists some life. Doesn’t start with bare rock
5. What is a pioneer species (in terms of succession)? Give an example
 When a species colonizes an uninhabited area and starts the process of
succession
 Example: lichen or crab grass.
Chapter 20: The Earth’s Ecosystems
1. What are plankton and why are they important to the food chain?
 A mass of mostly microscopic organisms that float or drift freely in
freshwater and marine ecosystems. Start the base of water ecosystems
because they can go through photosynthesis.
2. Describe the four zones in a marine (saltwater) ecosystem?
 Intertidal- where the water meets the shore
 Neritic- where it starts to slope down, very abundant in life
 Oceanic- the wide open ocean, large organisms live here
 Benthic- the base/bottom the ocean. Dark, cold, and little life
3. What are the three zones in a freshwater ecosystem?
 Littorial zone
 Open zone
 Deep water zone
4. Explain the difference between a wetland and a swamp.
 Wetland- an area of land that is sometimes underwater or whose soil
contains a great deal of water
 Swamp-is a wetland ecosystem with trees and vines
5. Describe the layers of the rainforest
 Emergent-tallest trees, receive most sunlight
 Canopy- tops of the trees create a tight layer so that no sunlight can get
through to lower layers
 Understory-climbing vines attempt to get light
 Forest floor- poor nutrients in the soil on the floors because little rain
and sunlight reach it.
6. What is special about the soil in the tundra?
 Permafrost- soil that is permanently frozen so little plant life grows
there.
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