Exam 4 Review – Spring 2013 Note: because I am posting this outline before we have covered all of the material, check back periodically for updates based on material actually covered in class Ch 11 – Attraction & Intimacy Need for affiliation – as individual difference o Compare to loneliness – when does this often occur? Attraction to friendships – o Proximity – how does this predict our friendships? o Mere exposure effect – how does this work? Perceptions of ourselves (actual vs. mirror images) o Physical attractiveness Matching phenomenon – how does this work? Adults’ judgments of kids – teacher study, employee salaries ‘What is beautiful is good’ stereotype – any truth to this? Mate Selection o Evolutionary Psych explanations Universal patterns? What gender differences exist in the type of mate males/females are looking for? Video/Univ of Florida example of male/female confederates approaching strangers on campus and asking for dates/sex Criticisms of evolutionary explanations First Encounters o Online meeting: Distinguish between naturally forming relationships, networked relationships, targeted relationships (examples of each?) Initiating relationships online/internet vs. face-to-face o Levinger’s model of relationship development Awareness of other – similar or different in online/face-toface? Surface contact – online vs. face-to-face? Mutuality – what does Levinger argue about this stage? o Factors leading to attraction online Person (P) factors – are there differences in who seeks partners online? Other (O) factors – differences in what attracts us to others online? PxO interaction – impact of similarity Matching hypothesis in online relationships – what were results related to compensating factors for men and women (attractiveness vs. income)? Attachment & love o How is attachment studied (infant research)? o What are the 3 attachment styles? o Links to commitment and satisfaction? Theories of love o Passionate/Companionate love – definitions of each Excitation transfer – what is it? Effects? (“Bridge study”) Changes over time in passionate & companionate love? Patterns of Marriage – when does satisfaction typically decrease? Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus video – main points? Ch 12 – Helping Others Motives for altruism Evolutionary explanations Kin Selection – what evidence supports this? Reciprocity Empathy – cognitive and emotional components? Toddler research – results from 14-18 mo. olds & empathy? Cost-reward model Social exchange: possible rewards from helping? When is helping egoistic vs. altruistic? Research on volunteering – possible motives Modeling, threat to community, negative state relief Bystander Effect (Latane & Darley’s research) Kitty Genovese example that started research on bystanders Latane & Darley’s follow-up experiments (confederate having a seizure, smoke-filled room) to examine the bystander effect – what is found? What is diffusion of responsibility? What is pluralistic ignorance? Shotland experiment on intervening in male/female violence: Impact of assumptions about their relationship Other Situational Influences (rural, culture, role models, attractiveness) – how do these influence helping? Ways to increase helping Awareness of the bystander effect Avoid overjustification – how? Chapter 15 – Social Psych and the Courtroom (Note: one small change below – see the strike-through): Eyewitness memory – concern over recent exonerations using DNA and erroneous eyewitness accounts Jennifer Thompson case as an example (know the general facts of the case) – 3 stages of memory critical to eyewitness accounts: Acquisition - Role of stress, weapons, and race Storage - What is the misinformation effect (Loftus’ research)? Retrieval - Lineup format (Wells’ research) Sequential or simultaneous? Instructions to eyewitnesses Jurors’ perceptions of eyewitness testimony – Confidence vs. accuracy – What type of eyewitness is found most believable by jurors? – What is a good predictor of eyewitness accuracy? Interrogations & Confessions – Impact of social influence, fatigue, stress – Effect of compliance in false confessions – Effect of internalization in false confessions Jury deliberations – Processing info – story order vs. witness order (how does each work?) – Death-qualified jurors – who are they? Criticisms of jury research