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To: Dr. Art
From: Brittin East
Group: Brittin East, Bobby Arenivas, Zach Lopez
Subject: Group Proposal Progress Memo
Class: English 2311-002
Date Due: April 16, 2007
Date Submitted: April 16, 2007
Title: Inequalities of Title IX
We successfully finished our rough-draft, power point presentation, and handouts on April 15. Most of it was put together by Friday, April 13. We have made great progress. We have also taken some of your advice on adding a fund raiser section. I believe our goal is more clear and specific now, too.
I have enjoyed working with these guys. We have continued to work very well and efficiently together. We have split the work up pretty evenly. Zach wrote about two pages of the rough draft. Bobby wrote around three pages. I wrote about four pages. We all helped to write the introduction and conclusion. Zach and I made the Title page, I created the table of contents, and Bobby created the works cited. It was easier for me to write my section.
I was writing about stuff I already knew. I was also able to insert a lot of information from my formal memo. That is why I wrote more than the others.
For the power point, Zach created and formatted most of the slides. I went through them and edited most of them. I did this so they would fit our individual scripts for the presentation. Bobby and Zach developed our handouts.
We have all done quite a bit of editing together when we meet. We make a lot of decisions together instead of assigning one individual with editing the whole thing. I think this has helped us be more time efficient. When we meet in groups, the meeting only takes an hour at the most. We have done most of our work on our own time. We meet simply to put it all together.

To: Dr. Art
From: Zach Lopez
Group: Brittin East, Bobby Arenivas, Zach Lopez
Title: Title IX
Class: English 2311-002
Subject: Proposal Outline Progress Memo
Date Due: April 4, 2007
Date Submitted: April 4, 2007
Our Title IX project is coming along great. Each group member has written 2-3 pages on the report. Once we combine what we all have we’ll have a working rough draft. We plan to do most of our editing once we have all completed our sections of the proposal.
We have been managing our time effectively when we meet to work on our proposal.
There has always been some considerable level of progress shown. Everyone in the group has contributed in some way to the project. Bobby and I have worked on research and did writing over our research. Bobby has the Title IX case of Brown
University. I have the George Mason Title IX case. Brittin has worked on the solution and the Pampa High School Title IX case. We have all finished our portion of the memos and will combine them on Wednesday.
For the outline assignment, we were able to get the outline part finished ahead of time. That way all we had left to do was write our each individual progress memos.
Our plan for the next couple of days will be to get a working rough draft. Once we have a rough draft we’ll start working on our presentation. While we are working on the presentation someone for our group will come up with a handout to go along with the presentation.
In conclusion, we have made a lot of progress on the proposal. However, we do realize that there is still a lot of work that needs to be done. If we continue to manage our time effectively then we will have no problem completing the rest of the assignment.
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I. Introduction.............................................2
Proposal Overview
…................................................................................2
Title IX by Definition
………………………………………………........2
II. Title IX Timeline....................................3
1972
……………………………………………………………………....3
1974
……………………………………………………………..………..3
1984 ……………………………………………………………..………..3
1988
……………………………………………………………..………..3
1992 ............................................................................................................3
1996 …………………………………………………………..…………..3
2006
……………………………………………………..………………..3
III. Benefits of Title IX.............................3-4
General Facts and Information ...........................................................3-4
IV. Inequalities Caused by Title IX........4-10
Title IX Facts and Statistics .................................................................4-5
The Proportionality Clause ..................................................................5-6
Case #1: James Madison University ......................................................6
Case #2: Amy Cohen vs. Brown University ........................................7-8
Case #3: Pampa High School ............................................................8-10
The Baseball Field ......................................................................8-9
The Softball Field ...........................................................................9
Arguments .................................................................................9-10
V. Proposal..........................................10-12
Solution ...............................................................................................10-11
Where the money could come from ...............................................11
How this proposal will “raise awareness.”
..................................12
VI. Conclusion...........................................12
VII. Works Cited...................................13-14
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:
Since its creation in 1972, Title IX has created many opportunities for women that did not previously exist. Sadly, Title IX has caused discrimination against male athletes in recent years. It has caused the elimination of hundreds of men’s sports programs. Also, an unequal amount of funds have been supplied to women’s programs due to the law.
First, we will to provide some general facts and information that prove the necessity of
Title IX. Then, we will discuss a few Title IX case studies. These examples will focus on how Title IX has been used to discriminate against male athletes. We will then turn our focus to a case that occurred here in Pampa, Texas. Our proposal will deal with that situation.
Our ultimate goal is to raise awareness about the inequalities caused by Title IX. Our more specific goal is to eliminate discrimination against the PHS baseball program. We will do this by asking you to appropriately fund the baseball program for renovations.
The discrimination began when the PHS softball program’s facility was built. We want to show that Title IX was made to create equality among the sexes. We realize the importance of the softball facility and the equality it tried to establish. We understand
Title IX is an important piece of legislation that stresses equality for all individuals.
We are simply exposing cases where Title IX has been used to create inequalities against men. Neither men nor women should ever be discriminated against.
“No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal assistance.” - Title IX of the Education
Amendments of 1972 to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Sadker).
“…Title IX benefits both males and females, and is at the heart of efforts to create gender equitable schools. The law requires educational institutions to maintain policies, practices and programs that do not discriminate against anyone based on sex” (Sadker).

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1972
Congress passes Title IX legislation as part of the Educational Amendments of 1972.
1974
An amendment to exempt revenue-producing sports, such as football, when calculating compliance with Title IX is voted down by the U.S. Senate.
1984
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Grove City v. Bell that Title IX doesn't apply to athletic departments since they don't get federal funding. The ruling effectively cancels Title IX's coverage of intercollegiate sports-for now.
1988
Congress passes the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 in response to the 1984 court decision and applies Title IX to all activities and programs of K-12 schools and higher education institutions.
1992
The U.S. Supreme Court rules in Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools that successful Title IX plaintiffs can receive monetary damages.
1996
In Cohen v. Brown University, a federal appeals court rules that the university's argument that women were less interested in sports did not justify discrimination against women's sports programs.
2006
Based on the recommendations of the Title IX Commission appointed by former U.S.
Education Secretary Rod Paige, the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights affirms that e-mail surveys of student interest could satisfy Title IX requirements for compliance (Schachter).
Even though the requirements of Title IX are simple and straightforward, it took many years before it was actually enforced. Nevertheless, over the last three decades, Title IX has provided women with many opportunities in sports. It has done this at both the high school and collegiate levels. “No law has meant more to women in sports than Title IX.”
More importantly, it has contributed a great deal to the advancement of women in our society.

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Most people can say that Title IX has benefited women the most by shifting the main focus of men’s sports to women’s. In fact, “according to the Women's Sports Foundation in 1972, one in 27 high school girls played varsity sports, and in 2001, that number was one in 2.5.” The facts show that Title IX has made a huge and positive impact in women’s athletics. Since more girls are playing sports in high school today, more universities are now able to create new women’s athletic programs to accommodate the greater number of woman athletes.
No one can argue that Title IX has caused a rise in women’s sports; the next step is to see what the effects are. The statistics show that women who compete in sports have less of a chance of developing osteoporosis and breast cancer since Title IX was enacted.
Research has also shown that women who play sports in high school are “less likely to drop out, become pregnant, and smoke.” With that being said, it is easy to see how Title
IX is beneficial to our society. Title IX has greatly reduced women’s health risks, encouraged women to stay in school, and helped them stay away from harmful afterschool activities.
Most of the attention paid to Title IX compliance has come through colleges and universities. The high schools tend to be over shadowed in the wake of this. In most cases
“energy should be focused upon achieving equality in high schools”. In many cases all over the United States, there is discrimination against males and females regarding Title
IX in high schools.
In conclusion, it is easy to see how Title IX can be extremely beneficial regarding women’s athletics. Many women are taking advantage of and using Title IX to its greatest extent. While this is great for women’s progress in society, it is causing some misfortunes for men. These misfortunes are beginning to hold men back.
Schools have a difficult time being able to balance budget and equality. Football and basketball create the largest sources of revenue. Football revenue from bowl games alone topped $150 million (Title IX). They essentially fund all the other sports programs. This can cause some trouble though.
Colleges cannot logically cut football and basketball programs. They cut others instead.
The General Accounting Office (GAO) made a report in 2002 (Title IX). Since the inception of Title IX, 170 wrestling programs, 80 men’s track teams, 70 men’s gymnastics teams, and 45 men’s track teams have been eliminated (Title IX).

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The 1980s and 90s have seen 141 wrestling programs dropped (Supreme Court). This contrasts with the increase in football programs by 122 over the same time frame
(Supreme Court).
A group of Princeton alumni offered $2.3million in private funds to restart the wrestling program. Princeton refused it. They did not want to lose proportionality under Title IX
(Reiland).
State legislation has responded in many states to aid the athletics programs.
Texas is debating a bill that would add a $1 fee to admissions to all college sports events held on a campus within the Texas system (Curtis and Grant). This fee would go towards support for women’s sports programs (Curtis and Grant). The proposed bill is intended to keep schools from eliminating programs.
Arkansas passed a bill allotting $300,000 per year to all in-state colleges (Curtis and
Grant). This appropriation is used to “provide gender equity in intercollegiate athletics programs” (Curtis and Grant).
Some of the programs added in order to attain Title IX compliance are a bit questionable.
Adding a female rowing team creates 20 fully-funded positions (Title IX).
There are 41 men trying out for every 1 position on a wrestling team. There are 2.59 rowing positions for every woman wanting to row. Schools offer full scholarships to females to fill the void. These women may have little or no experience in the sport (Title
IX).
Title IX has created many inequalities in athletic programs all across the country. The inequalities of Title IX are present in athletics at both the high school and college levels.
A key cause of this discrimination is through the proportionality clause. The proportionality clause requires that each program have the same percentage of undergraduate women and undergraduate athletic women. More specifically, if female undergraduates make up 60% of a university’s enrollment, then 60% of the university’s athletes must also be female.
As a result, this clause is forcing many universities and high schools to cut men’s programs just to be in compliance with Title IX. According to the Independent Women’s
Forum, over 174 men’s athletic programs have been cut since 1992 (Epstein).

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The bad thing is that in most cases, there was not even enough woman interest in athletics to fill the void that Title IX created. Athletic Directors and coaches cannot find enough females to fill these new rosters (Epstein).
Epstein points this out in an instance involving female rowing. “The number of female crew teams (in universities) more than doubled between 1995 and 1999” (Epstein).
Unfortunately for Title IX, “this was not a result of increased interest in women’s rowing.
During the same time period, female high school crew programs diminished. Colleges across the nation have given full scholarships to female walk-on’s who have never rowed in their life” (Epstein). At the same time, men’s programs are losing scholarships in sports. Yet, there are plenty of skilled participants available for these sports.
As referenced earlier in this report, one of the most recent examples of discrimination in college sports occurred at James Madison University. In 2006, James Madison
University realized they were not in compliance with the proportionality clause.
Therefore, “On Sept. 29 th
, the visitor's board voted to eliminate 10 of the university's 28 sports teams in 2007.” Seven of the ten teams that were chosen to be eliminated from the university were male teams.
One of these sports was the men’s cross country team. While the men’s cross country team was being cut, the women’s team was still up and running. Therefore, the men’s cross country team was being discriminated against on the basis of gender, right? What about the men’s cross country runners? Were they still allowed to attend the University?
If so, how were they supposed to pay for their education? Many athletes specifically train for a sport to earn a scholarship to help them pay their way through school. Many athletes come from families that cannot afford college tuition. What are they supposed to do when that money is gone?
There are many instances just like this one at James Madison happening all over the
United States. Many men’s programs are being cut just because of Title IX. Many women are taking advantage of Title IX but not in the way it is supposed to be used. It was enacted to help women’s athletics, but it has now escalated into something that is out of control. This is happening at the expense of male athletes.
Many people don’t think that Title IX has a price, but it does. Male athletes are being forced to give up sports that they enjoy competing in, and the hard work they have endured has gone to waste. More importantly, in many cases, these men now have no way to pay for their education. In our opinion, this is something that cannot be measured on a monetary value.

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Case #2:
In May of 1991, Brown University decided to cut costs by eliminating some athletic programs. Brown chose to drop two women’s teams and two men’s teams to donorfunded status. Water polo and golf were dropped from the men’s athletics. Women’s gymnastics and volleyball were dropped. This move cut a total of $77,823 from the athletics budget (United States).
Brown University was operating under the two-tiered system for athletics. Sports teams could either be university-funded or donor (privately) funded. Being dropped to donor funding did not just cut it’s funding from the school. It also cut the support. It would be harder to find funding as a donor-funded program. It also meant they would not be able to stay competitive with other schools (United States).
In April of 1992, a group of female gymnasts and volleyball players at Brown filed a suit against the university. Amy Cohen led the suit. Their claim was that Brown University was in violation of Title IX (Title IX).
Brown’s had 31 varsity athletic programs prior to demotion of the four men’s and women’s programs. Men had 16 teams. Women had 15 teams. Men made up 63.3%
(566) of the athletes. Women made up the remaining 36.7% (328) of the athletes. This contrasted with the student body makeup. Men made up 52.4% of the student body.
Women made up 47.6% (United States).
In December of 1992 a preliminary injunction required Brown to reinstate the women’s teams (Brown University). In April 1993, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit affirmed the original judgment pending trial (Brown University). Judge Pettine ruled in favor of Amy Cohen in March 1995 (Brown University). Brown was in violation of Title
IX. They had to submit a plan to get it back into compliance (Brown University). Judge
Pettine further ruled that Brown had to upgrade women’s gymnastics, fencing, water polo, and skiing to university-funded status (Brown University). Brown appealed. The
U.S. Court of Appeals affirmed Judge Pettine’s decision on November 21, 1996 (United
States). The Supreme Court denied Brown’s appeal (Brown University).
Brown University and the Plaintiffs reached an agreement on June 23, 1998 (Brown
University). Brown agreed to fund the women’s gymnastics program with $64,400 for that year (Brown University).
"Brown was not picked by accident. In the early '90s, Brown had the second broadest and most generous women's athletic program in the country. Only Harvard had more opportunities for women, and Brown offered more opportunities to women then they did to men... The women's groups that brought this case understood very well that if they could show that Brown was not in compliance with the law, then every college and university in the country was not in compliance with the law.” (Title IX). Over 60 colleges supported Brown’s efforts during the appeals process (Title IX).

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Brown University ran surveys and presented them to the courts. They found that of all those interested in participating in a sport, only 40% were women. 60% of those wanting to play sports for the university were male. “At the time the lawsuit was filed, there were
100 spots on Brown's women's teams that were unfilled (Title IX).”
Brown also had a football team to contend with. Football programs need 100 or more participants to remain competitive (Title IX). Brown would have around 466 male athletes without a football program. This constitutes about 58.9% of the total athletes at the time of the trial. This falls within the guidelines for compliance with Title IX. Brown will never get rid of their football program though. It generates too much money for the athletics department.
In 2004, the Pampa High School Softball team received funds to build a field on campus.
The softball team already had a field several miles away from campus. They had to travel
5 miles to the city’s recreational park in order to practice. This created a major problem for the female athletes who could not drive. It was a burden on the athletes who had to spend money on gas to make the trip daily.
This was an issue that needed to be resolved. The softball program used Title IX as their primary argument. The law states that “No person in the United States shall… be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal assistance.” The softball program forced the school to comply with their demands. It was necessary and fair for the girls to have a field on campus.
The Baseball Field
Meanwhile, the baseball team had a field in somewhat poor condition. Dennis Doughty,
Pampa baseball head coach from 1987-2005, said in an email to our group that the baseball field was built in 1981. He added that the school spent approximately $130,000 on its construction.
26 years later, few renovations have been added or funded by the school. However, the field was built on campus.
The outfield is basically bare and covered with holes. These holes make it quite dangerous to be an outfielder. The infield is well-kept and groomed by the head coach and the varsity players. They spend at least 7 hours per week keeping the infield presentable.
The baseball facility has no concession stand. Boosters have to open up the football stadium’s concession stand. It is 100 yards from the baseball facility. The booster club consists mainly of the players’ parents. These parents do not get to watch their own kids play at times.

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The baseball program had a new pitching machine and two dugouts installed. This was financed by fund raisers and booster club parents. Both were built and installed by parents and coaches to save money. They spent long hours building this equipment. Their old dugouts consisted of muddy floors covered by wooden planks and ceilings made from tin.
Neither the government nor the school supplied any funding for this equipment. But,
Stuart Smith, athletic director at Pampa High School, sent us an email that said, “
Pitching machines and such equipment (batting cages) are normal budget items that all programs have equal ability to get through the budget process and justified by need.”
The Softball Field
The construction of the softball facility caused many problems. The school could have done two things to prevent these problems. 1) They could have built a softball field
EQUAL to that of the baseball field OR 2) they could have provided necessary funding to the baseball program to make sure it was as nice as the softball field. However, there was nothing equivalent about these two facilities or how they were constructed. Title IX was created to make both sexes equal.
According to Smith’s email, the school used approximately $380,000 for the construction of the field.
When construction was finished, their outfield consisted of smooth, flat, brand new sod.
This was much safer than what the boys had to play on.
They had a concession stand specially built so the people working it could also watch the game. This was a major relief for all of the parents of the softball players.
The most demoralizing part for the baseball team was that the girls had sub-ground dugouts with cemented floors and proper ceilings, a brand new pitching machine, and a batting cage installed. All of these were major upgrades from what the boys had worked so hard to acquire. It is important to note that the school funded all of this. The girls worked for or raised none of it.
Arguments
There is no doubt that the girls deserved to have a quality facility on campus. The school did the right thing for two reasons: 1) this was the only way they could prevent a major lawsuit. 2) The girls received everything a softball program needs to be competitive. We believe in equality and fair treatment.
However, what kind of message was this sending to the baseball program? Was the construction of the softball field making girls equal or superior? Likewise, was it making the boys feel inferior or discriminated against? Why were the pitching machines and

12 batting cages “normal budget items that all programs have equal ability to get through the budget process and justified by need” for the softball team and not the baseball team?
Remember, the baseball program had to raise money for those items. The batting cage and pitching machine was not funded by the school. They were not considered necessary budget items for the baseball team. This is discrimination in its utmost form.
The whole ordeal created dissention not only between the baseball and softball programs, but also between literally every male and female athlete in the school. Boys were always mad at girls. Girls were constantly rubbing it in. A law was created with the intention to implement equality between males and females. However, Title IX produced harsh feelings and discrimination against males in this case.
Males have not stood up for their rights. Maybe they simply do not know what their rights are. Our proposal will explore men’s rights implied by Title IX.
We feel the only way to create a pro-equality environment in Pampa High School is for the school to provide funding to the baseball program. This funding will ensure that an equal ratio of money has been allotted to the softball and baseball programs. According to the information we have gathered, we suggest that the school provide the baseball team with $96,078 for renovations. This is how we got this number:
We have already provided the costs for each facility. The softball facility cost $380,000 while the baseball facility, constructed in 1981, only cost $130,000. The dollar has lost value since 1981. Inflation has risen 129.94% since March 1981 (McMahon). This means that $130,000 in 1981 is equal to $298,922 today (McMahon).
Dennis Doughty, head coach of the baseball team at the time of this incident, said in his email that his teams raised $15,000 over four years. This money was used to buy a pitching machine. It was also used to build a batting cage and dugouts.
To calculate the final number we must do a few things. First, we must subtract the cost of the baseball facility ($298,922) from the cost of the softball facility ($380,000), which equals $81,078. Now we have to add the $15,000 the baseball team raised to the $81,078.
We must do that because this money should have been provided by the school according to Stuart Smith’s email. These calculations make the grand total $96,078.
It was fair for the girls to receive a field on campus.
We also feel that it is fair for the baseball program to receive the same amount of funding supplied to the softball program.

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Discrimination is unacceptable and illegal, regardless of who is being discriminated against. We believe our proposal will be enforced by the court if you choose not to handle the situation.
Where the money could come from
We know money does not grow on trees. We are suggesting that the school hold several different fund raisers to support the baseball team. However, the baseball team should not be burdened with leading these fund raisers. That would defeat the whole purpose of our proposal. Here are a few of our suggestions:
Fundraisers are used in many different ways. Examples of fundraisers the school board can do include product sales, special events, and those that provide services. Most fundraisers ask for donations, while others require a set amount.
The best fundraiser that tends to have great success is selling fruit. Many distributors of fruit offer fundraising programs. For the fruit fundraising what will happen is a salesperson will go around the community collecting sales. Once the sales portion of the fundraising is complete, then the order is placed to the vendor. Usually the vendor of fruit sales has a 3 to 1 ratio. Where every three dollars that the school sales the school will receive a dollar. If the school did decide to go this route then the target number of sales would have to be around 300,000 dollars. Although this number is relatively high for sales, we believe it could work out because Pampa is relatively close to Amarillo. With
Pampa’s population of 18,000 and Amarillo’s population of 175,000, there will be no problem with sales.
The school board could also put on a concert benefit. Texas country is extremely popular in the Texas Panhandle area. In fact, the lead guitarist from Cooder Graw has recently gone solo. He is from Pampa. Someone like him would be really cheap and popular in the area. The school board could charge a set ticket price to get into the concert. Because someone like this artist is cheap, it would not be hard to pull a profit from the concert.
If all else fails, we can turn to another option. We know the school district is currently working on a project to fund a new Pampa Junior High campus. The plan calls for $10 million. When the softball team received their facility, the school district used ALL the money that was supposed to be spent on renovations to the high school campus. If the school district were to take money from the Junior High funding, it would not make any significant difference. $96,000 is only a minute fragment of $10 million. It would not be difficult to fund the baseball program this way.

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How this could raise awareness about the inequalities caused by Title IX?
“Our ultimate goal is to raise awareness about the inequalities caused by Title IX.” We may not have facts to support this goal. It may be somewhat vague. However, we do believe it is a realistic goal. Here is our theory:
Title IX already receives much attention. You can find articles about its fortunes and misfortunes all over the internet and newspapers. However, we do not believe Title IX has ever been used to benefit men. A case like this would be a milestone for Title IX.
This would receive a multitude of publicity. We believe this is a story that could possibly reach the mainstream media. We have no doubt that this case would ultimately make men more aware of their rights entitled by Title IX.
We truly believe that Title IX is a very important piece of legislation. Women have come a long way in our society since its passage in 1972. The gains they have made are astronomical. No one should ever deny women of their rights. However, men should not be denied their rights or be subject to discrimination because of this law. We are convinced that the PHS baseball team has been discriminated against. This is a legal matter. We hope this proposal has convinced you to do something about this problem.

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“Brown University Agrees to Guarantee Participation Rates for Women Athletes and
Funding for Contested Women's Teams.” Public Justice: America’s Public
Interest Law Firm. 23 June 1998. 28 Mar 2007.
<http://www.tlpj.org/pr/brow2pr.htm>.
Curtis, Dr. Mary. Grant, Dr. Christine H.B. “State Legislation.” Gender Equity in Sports.
23 Feb 2006. 26 Mar 2007. <http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/stateRE.html>.
Donaldson, Amy. "Title IX Opened Doors But The Road to Athletic Equality Has Been
Bumpy." Desertnews.com. 30 June 2002. 30 Mar 2007.
<http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,405015018,00.html>.
Doughty, Dennis. E-mail to Brittin East. 5 Apr 2007.
Epstein, Marcus. “Title IX.” LewRockwell.com. 8 Sep 2003. March 2007.
<http://www.lewrockwell.com/epstein/epstein12.html>.
Findlay, Patrick. "The Case for Requiring a Proportionality Test to Assess Compliance with Title IX in High School Athletics ." Psg.com. Fall 2002. Northern Illinois
University Law Review. 13 Apr 2007. <http://psg.com/~patf/>.
McInerney, Michele. "Benefits of Title IX Go Beyond Women Playing College Sports."
Kansas City Business Journal. 12 July 2002 27. Mar 2007.
<http://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/stories/2002/07/15/focus3.html>.
McMahon, Timothy ed. “InflationData.com.” Financial Trend Forecaster. 5 Apr 2007.
<www.inflationdata.com>.

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Reiland, Ralph. “Insanity of Title IX.” Ludwig von Mises Institute. 8 Dec 1999. 26 Mar
2007. <http://www.mises.org/story/345>.
Sadker, David. “What is Title IX?” March 2007. American University. 13 Mar 2007.
<http://www.american.edu/sadker/titleix.htm>.
Schachter, Ron. “Title IX Turns 35.” University Business. March 2007. Pg. 4. 8 Apr
2007. <http://www.universitybusiness.com/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=700&p=4>.
Smith, Stuart. E-mail to Brittin East. 1 Apr. 2007.
“Supreme Court Refuses to Hear Title IX Lawsuit.” WashingtonPost.com. 7 June 2005.
28 Mar 2007. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ content/article/2005/06/06/AR2005060601443.html>.
Swift, E.M.. "Gender Inequality: Title IX Was Necessary Then, But Now It's Just
Unfair." 10 Oct 2006. 27 Mar 2007.
< http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/writers/em_swift/10/10/title.ix/index.html>.
“Title IX: A Question of Opportunity.” Michigan State University. 28 Mar 2007.
<www.msu.edu/~thomp725/ TitleIX /index.htm>.
“United States Court of Appeals: Amy, Cohen, Et Al., Plaintiffs – Appellees, v. Brown
University, Defendants – Appellants.” FindLaw for Legal Professionals. 26 Nov
1996. 2 Apr 2007. < http://laws.findlaw.com/1st/952205.html>.

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