Fatih Dogan Professor Department of Materials Science and Engineering Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409 Tel: 573-341-7130; FAX: 573-341-6934; E-mail: doganf@mst.edu.edu Publications Refereed Journal Publications, Book Chapters (over 3000 citations): 1. A. Buyukaksoy, V. Petrovsky, and F. Dogan, “Redox Stable Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Ni-YSZ Cermet Anodes Prepared by Polymeric Precursor Infiltration,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 159 (2) B232-B234 (2012). 2. A. Buyukaksoy, V. Petrovsky, and F. Dogan, “Efficient Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Prepared by Polymeric Precursor Infiltration,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 159 (1) B68-B72 (2012). 3. S. Siddabattuni, T. P. Schuman, and F. Dogan, “Improved Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectric Breakdown Performance through Barium Titanate to Epoxy Interface Control,” Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 176 (18) 1422-1429 (2011). 4. S. Chao and F. Dogan, “Processing and Dielectric Properties of TiO2 Thick Films for High-Energy Density Capacitor Applications,” Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Techn., 8 (6) 1363-1373 (2011). 5. H.-C Park and F. Dogan, “Compositional Effect of Thin Electrode Functional Layers on the Performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells,” J. Fuel Cell Sci. Techn., 8 (6) art. No 061002 (2011). 6. S. Chao and F. Dogan, “BaTiO3-SrTiO3 Layered Dielectrics for Energy Storage,” Mater. Lett. 65 (6) 978-981 (2011). 7. S. Chao and F. Dogan, “Effect of Manganese Doping on the Dielectric Properties of Titanium Dioxide Ceramics,” J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 94 (1) 179-186 (2011). 8. N. Guclu, C.M. Yesilkanat, H. Agil, F. Dogan, A. Gencer, and U. Kolemen, “Low Field AC Susceptibility Study of YBCO Superconductors Prepared by Top Seeded Melt Growth,” J. Supercond. Novel Magnetism, 24 (1-2) 261-264 (2011). 9. S. Chao, V. Petrovsky, and F. Dogan, “Effects of Sintering Temperature on the Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of Titanium Oxide Ceramics,” J. Mater. Sci., 45 (24) 6685-6693 (2010). F. Dogan 1 10. I. D. Kellogg, U. O. Koylu, and F. Dogan, “Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Bi-Layer Anode with Gadolinia-Doped Ceria for Utilization of Solid Carbon Fuel,” J. Power Sources, 195 [21] 7238-7242 (2010). 11. S. Chao and F. Dogan, “Complex Impedance Study of Fine and Coarse Grain TiO2 Ceramics,” J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 93 [10] 3031-3034 (2010). 12. P. Jasinski, V. Petrovsky, and F. Dogan, “Impedance Spectroscopy of BaTiO3 Cubes Suspended in Lossy Liquids as a Physical Model of Two-Phase System,” J. Appl. Phys., 108 [7], Article number 074111, (2010). 13. T. P. Schuman, S. Siddabattuni, O. Cox, and F. Dogan, “Improved Dielectric Breakdown Strength of Covalently-Bonded Interface Polymer-Particle Nanocomposites,” Composite Interfaces, 7 [8], 719-731 (2010). 14. J. Li, S. Il Seok, B. Chu, F. Dogan, Q. Zhang, Q. Wang, “Nanocomposites of Ferroelectric Polymers with TiO2 Nanoparticles Exhibiting Significantly Enhanced Electrical Energy Density,” Advanced Materials, 21, [2], 217-221, (2009). 15. V. Petrovsky and F. Dogan, “Fundamentals of Impedance Spectral Analysis Applied to Determine Permittivity of Dielectric Particles,” J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 92 [5], 1054-1058 (2009). 16. Q. Fu, O. Jongprateep, A. Abbott, and F. Dogan, “Freeze-Spray Deposition of Layered Alumina/Zirconia Composites,” Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 161 [1-3], 120-124 (2009). 17. D. Kellogg, U. O. Koylu, V. Petrovsky, and F. Dogan, “Effectiveness of Anode in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with Hydrogen/Oxygen Mixed Gases,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 34 [12], 5138-5143 (2009). 18. F. Dogan, D.J. Vidt, M. R. Mormile, and S. D. Minteer, “ Biofuel Cells,” Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing, Taylor & Francis Group (2009). 19. O. Jongprateep and F. Dogan, “Nanoparticulate Composites of Melt Textured YBa2Cu3O7-x Superconductors,” J. Europ. Ceram. Soc., 28 [12], 2405-2410, (2008). 20. V. Petrovsky, T. Petrovsky, S. Kamlapurkar, and F. Dogan, “Dielectric Constant of Barium Titanate Powders Near Curie Temperature,” J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 91 [11], 3590-3592 (2008). 21. V. Petrovsky, T. Petrovsky, S. Kamlapurkar, and F. Dogan, “Characterization of Dielectric Particles by Impedance Spectroscopy (Part I),” J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 91 [6], 1814-1816 (2008). F. Dogan 2 22. V. Petrovsky, T. Petrovsky, S. Kamlapurkar, and F. Dogan, “Physical Modeling and Electrodynamic Characterization of Dielectric Slurries by Impedance Spectroscopy (Part II),” J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 91 [6], 1817-1819 (2008). 23. Q. Fu, M.N. Rahaman, F. Dogan and B.S. Bal, “Freeze Casting of Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds. II. Sintering, Microstructure, and Mechanical Behavior,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B-Applied Biomaterials, 86B [2], 514-522 (2008). 24. Q. Fu, M.N. Rahaman, F. Dogan and B.S. Bal, “Freeze Casting of Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds. I. Processing and General Microstructure,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B-Applied Biomaterials, 86B [1], 123-135 (2008). 25. Q. Fu, M.N. Rahaman, F. Dogan and B.S. Bal, “Freeze-Cast Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications,” Biomed. Mater., 3 [2], Article Number: 025005, (2008). 26. F. Stercel, T. Egami, H.A. Mook, M. Yethiraj, J.H. Chung, M. Aral, C. Frost, and F. Dogan, “Composition Dependence of the In-Plane Cu-O Bond-Stretching LO Phonon Mode in YBa2Cu3O6+x,” Phys. Rev. B, 77 [1], Article Number: 014502, (2008). 27. F. Dogan, “Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operating with Direct-Alcohol and Hydrocarbon Fuels,” Alcoholic Fuels, ed. S. Minteer, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Chapter 11, p. 203-214, (2006). 28. O. Jongprateep and F. Dogan, “Enhancement of Crystal Growth and Superconducting Properties of Melt-Textured YBa2Cu3O7-x through Addition of BaCeO3 and BaSnO3,” Supercond. Sci. Technol., 19, 1130-1135 (2006). 29. H. Woo, P. Dai, S. M Hayden, H. A. Mook, T. Dahm, D. J. Scalapino, T. G. Perring, and F. Dogan, “Magnetic Energy Change Available to Superconducting Condensation of Optimally Doped YBa2Cu3O6.95” Nature Physics, 2, 600-604, (2006). 30. B. Deken, S. Pekarek, and F. Dogan, “Minimization of Field Enhancement in Multilayer Capacitors,” Computational Materials Science, 37 (3), 401-409, (2006). 31. V. Petrovsky, A. Manohar, and F. Dogan, “Dielectric Constant of Particles Determined by Impedance Spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Phys., 100 (1): Art. No. 014102 (2006). 32. F. Dogan, “Continuous Solidification of YBa2Cu3O7-x by Isothermal Undercooling,” J. Europ. Ceram. Soc., 25 (8), 1355-1358 (2005). F. Dogan 3 33. Jongprateep, F. Dogan, K. E. McCrary, and M. Strasik, “Effect of BaCeO3 and BaSnO3 additives on microstructural development and critical current density of melt textured YBa2Cu3O7-x” IEEE T. Appl. Supercon., 15 [3], 3864-3867, (2005). 34. T. Suzuki, P. Jasinski, H. U. Anderson and F. Dogan, “Performance of a Porous Electrolyte in Single Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cells,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 152 (3), A527-531 (2005). 35. T. Suzuki, P. Jasinski, H. U. Anderson, and F. Dogan, “Role of Composite Cathodes in Single Chamber SOFC,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 151 (10), A1678A1682 (2004). 36. T. Suzuki, P. Jasinski, H. U. Anderson, and F. Dogan, “Anode Supported Single Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cells in Methane - Air Mixture,” J. Electrochem. Soc. 151 (9) A1473-A1476 (2004). 37. P. Jasinski, T. Suzuki, F. Dogan, and H. U. Anderson, “Impedance Spectroscopy of Single Chamber SOFC,” Solid State Ionics, 175(1-4), 35-38 (2004). 38. T. Suzuki, P. Jasinski, F. Dogan, and H. U. Anderson, “Single Chamber Electrolyte Supported SOFC Module,” Solid State Electrochem. Lett., 7(11), A391-A393 (2004). 39. S.M. Hayden, H.A. Mook, P.C. Dai, T.G. Perring, and F. Dogan, “The Structure of the High-Energy Spin Excitations in a High-Transition-Temperature Superconductor,” Nature, 429 (6991): 531-534 (2004). 40. T. Suzuki, P. Jasinski, V. Petrovsky, F. Dogan and H. U. Anderson, “The Microstructure Effect on the Electrical and Optical Properties of Undoped and Srdoped SmCoO3 Thin Films,” Solid State Ionics, 175(1-4), 437-39 (2004). 41. H.A. Mook, P.C. Dai, S.M. Hayden, A. Hiess, S.H. Lee, F. Dogan, “Polarized Neutron Measurement of Magnetic Order in YBa2Cu3O6.45,” Phys. Rev. B, 69 (13): Art. No. 134509 (2004). 42. F. Dogan, S. Sofie, W. C. Hicks, , M. Strasik, A. C. Day, and K. E. McCrary, “Neodymium Oxide Doped Melt Textured YBa2Cu3O7-x Single Crystals,” IEEE T. Appl. Supercond., 13 [2], 3076-3078, (2003). 43. J.H. Chung, T. Egami, R.J. McQueeney, M. Yethiraj, M. Arai, T. Yokoo, Y. Petrov, H.A. Mook, Y. Endoh, S. Tajima, C. Frost, and F. Dogan, “In-Plane Anisotropy and Temperature Dependence of Oxygen Phonon Modes in YBa2Cu3O6.95,” Phys. Rev. B, 67 (1): art. no. 014517 (2003). F. Dogan 4 44. T. Egami, R. J. McQueeney, J. H. Chung, M. Yethiraj, H. A. Mook, M. Arai, Y. Inamura, Y. Endoh, S. Tajima, C. Frost, F. Dogan, “Lattice and Charge Effects in High-Temperature Superconductors,” Appl. Phys. A-Mater. 74: Part 2, S1635S1637 (2002). 45. J.H. Chung, T. Egami, R.J. McQueeney, M. Yethiraj, M. Arai, T. Yokoo, H.A. Mook, Y. Endoh, S. Tajima, C. Frost, and F. Dogan, “Phonon Dispersion Measurements of YBa2Cu3O6.15 and YBa2Cu3O6.95 by Time-of-Flight Neutron Spectroscopy,” J. Supercond.,15 (5): 327-330 (2002). 46. H.A. Mook and F. Dogan, “Phase Diagram for Stripes in YBa2Cu3O6+x Superconductors,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 63 (12): 2163-2166 (2002). 47. T. Egami, J.-H. Chung, R. J. McQueeney, M. Yethiraj, H. A. Mook, C. Frost, Y. Petrov, F. Dogan, Y. Inamura, M. Arai, S. Tajima and Y. Endoh, “ElectronPhonon Interactions in HTSC Cuprates,” Physica B, 62, 316 (2002). 48. H.A. Mook, P.C. Dai, S.M. Hayden, A. Hiess, J.W. Lynn, S.H. Lee, and F. Dogan, “Magnetic Order in YBa2Cu3O6+x Superconductors,” Phys. Rev. B, 66 (14): art. no. 144513 (2002). 49. K. S. Katti, M. X. Qian, F. Dogan, and M. Sarikaya, “Dopant Effect on Local Dielectric Properties in Barium Titanate Based Electroceramics Determined by Transmission EELS,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 85 (9), 2236-2243 (2002). 50. L.M. Dieng, A.Y. Ignatov, T.A. Tyson, M. Croft, F. Dogan, C.Y. Kim, J.C. Woicik, and J. Grow, “Observation of Changes in the Atomic and Electronic Structure of Single Crystal YBa2Cu3O6.6 Accompanying Bromination,” Phys. Rev. B, 66 (1), art. no. 014508, (2002). 51. T. Egami, J.H. Chung, R.J. McQueeney, M. Yethiraj, H.A. Mook, C. Frost, Y. Petrov, F. Dogan, Y. Inamura, M. Arai, S. Tajima, and Y. Endoh, “ElectronPhonon Interactions in HTSC Cuprates,” Physica B, 316, 62-68 (2002). 52. S. W. Sofie and F. Dogan, “Effect of Carbon on the Microsructure and Superconducting Properties of YBa2Cu3O7-x Melt Textured Crystals,” Supercond. Sci. Tech., 15 (5), 735-740 (2002). 53. F. Dogan and S. W. Sofie, “Microstructural Control of Complex-Shaped Ceramics Processed by Freeze Casting,” CFI-Ceram. Forum Int., 79 (5), E35-E38, (2002). 54. H. A. Mook, Pengcheng Dai, and F. Dogan, “Charge and Spin Structure in YBa2Cu3O6.35,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 88 (9) art. no. 097004 (2002). F. Dogan 5 55. L. G. Ferguson and F. Dogan, “Spectral Analysis of Transition Metal-Doped MgO Matched Emitters for Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion”, J. Mater. Sci., 37, 1301-1308 (2002). 56. D. Haskel, E. A. Stern, V. Polinger, and F. Dogan, “Ni-Induced Local Distortions in La1.85Sr0.15Cu1-yNiyO4 and Their Relevance to Tc Suppression: An angularresolved XAFS study,” Phys. Rev. B, 64, 104510-1-10 (2001). 57. Y. Fujishiro, M. Awano, and F. Dogan, “In-Situ Microscopic Observation of the Formation Process of Pinning Centers in Nd-Ba-Cu-O Superconductor,” Physica C, 357, 738-742 (2001). 58. H. A. Mook, Pengcheng Dai, and F. Dogan, “Observation of Magnetic Moments in the Superconducting State of YBa2Cu3O6.6,” Phys. Rev. B, 64, 012502-1-4, (2001). 59. H. A. Mook, and F. Dogan, “Charge Fluctuations in YBa2Cu3O6+x Superconductors,” Physica C, 364, 553-557 (2001). 60. S. W. Sofie and F. Dogan, “Freeze Casting of Aqueous Alumina Slurries with Glycerol,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 84 [7] 1459-64 (2001). 61. W. C. Hicks, F. Dogan, M. Strasik, A. C. Day, and K. E. McCrary, “Processing of Erbium Doped High-Tc Superconductor YBa2Cu3O7-x Single Crystals for Improved Flux Pinning,” IEEE T. Appl. Supercon., 11 [1], 3724-3727, (2001). 62. Lucian G. Ferguson and Fatih Dogan, “A Highly Efficient NiO-doped MgO Matched Emitter for Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion,” Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 83, 35-41 (2001). 63. Jeong-Min Cho and Fatih Dogan, “Colloidal Processing of Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate Ceramic,” J. Mater. Sci., 36, 2397-2403, (2001). 64. Lucian G. Ferguson and Fatih Dogan, “Spectrally Selective, Matched Emitters for Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion Processed by Tape Casting,” J. Mater. Sci., 36, 137-146 (2001). 65. Jian-Huei Feng, Lucian G. Ferguson and Fatih Dogan, “Processing of Buffer Sheets for Sintering of PLZT Tapes,” J. Mater. Process. Tech., 110, 47-52 (2001). 66. P. Dai, H. A. Mook, R. D. Hunt, and F. Dogan, “Evolution of the Resonance and Incommensurate Spin Fluctuations in Superconducting YBa2Cu3O6 + x,” Phys. Rev. B, 63, 054525-1-054525-19, (2001). F. Dogan 6 67. D. Haskel, E. A. Stern, F. Dogan, and A. R. Moodenbaugh, “Dopant Structural Distortions in High Temperature Superconductors: An Active or a Passive Role?,” J. Synchrotron Radiat., 8, 186-190 (2001). 68. Jian-Huei Feng and Fatih Dogan, “Aqueous Processing and Mechanical Properties of PLZT Green Tapes,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct., 283, 56-64 (2000). 69. Jian-Huei Feng and Fatih Dogan, “Effects of Solvent Mixtures on Dispersion of PLZT Tape Casting Slurries,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 83, 1681-1686 (2000). 70. P. Dai, H. A. Mook, G. Aeppli, S. M. Hayden, and F. Dogan, “Resonance as a Measure of Pairing Correlations in the High Tc Superconductor YBa2Cu3O6.6,” Nature, 406, 965 (2000). 71. H. A. Mook, P. Dai. F. Dogan, and R. D. Hunt, “One-Dimensional Nature of the Magnetic Fluctuations in YBa2Cu3O6.6,” Nature, 404, 729-731 (2000). 72. H. A. Mook, F. Dogan, and B. C. Chakoumakos, “Magnetic and Charge Fluctuations in High-Tc Superconductors”, p. 315 in Stripes and Related Phenomena: Selected Topics in Superconductivity, ed. by A. Bianconi, Naurang and L. Sain, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, (2000). 73. D. Haskel, E. A. Stern, F. Dogan and A. R. Moodenbaugh, “XAFS Study of the Low-Temperature Tetragonal Phase of La2-xBaxCuO4: Disorder, Stripes, and Tc Suppression at x=0.125,” Phys. Rev. B, 61, 7055-7076 (2000). 74. H. A. Mook and F. Dogan, “Charge Fluctuations in YBa2Cu3O7-x HighTemperature Superconductors,” Nature, 401, 145-148 (1999). 75. D. Haskel, E. A. Stern, V. Polinger, and F. Dogan, “Why does Ni Suppress Superconductivity in La1.85Sr0.15Cu1-yNiyO4?,” J. Synchrotron Radiat., 6, 758-760 (1999). 76. D. Haskel, E. A. Stern, F. Dogan, and A. R. Moodenbaugh, “Structural Disorder and the Origin of High Tc Suppression in La1.875Ba0.125CuO4,” J. Synchrotron Radiat., 6, 755-757 (1999). 77. P. Dai, H. A. Mook, S. M. Hayden, G. Aeppli, T. G. Perring, R. D. Hunt, and F. Dogan, “The magnetic Excitation Spectrum and Thermodynamics of High-Tc Superconductors,” Science, 284, 1344-1347 (1999). 78. W. C. Hicks, F. Dogan, M. Strasik, A. C. Day, and K. E. McCrary, “The Effect of Platinum and Excess 211 Phase on the Loss of Liquid Phase in Melt Textured YBa2Cu3O7-x,” IEEE T. Appl. Superconductivity, 9 [2], 2062-2065, (1999). F. Dogan 7 79. G. Aeppli, S. M. Hayden, P. Dai, H. A. Mook, R. D. Hunt, T. G. Perring, and F. Dogan, “The Weight of Various Features in the Magnetic Spectra of Cuprates,” Phys. Status Solidi B, 215, 519-522 (1999). 80. H. A. Mook, P. Dai, S. M. Hayden, G. Aeppli, T. G. Perring, and F. Dogan, “Spin Fluctuations in YBa2Cu3O6.6,” Nature, 395, 580-582 (1998). 81. P. Dai, M. Yethiraj, H. A. Mook, T. B. Lindemer, and F. Dogan, “Dai et al. Reply,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 1794 (1998). 82. P. Dai, H. A. Mook, and F. Dogan, “Incommensurate Magnetic Fluctuations in YBa2Cu3O6.6,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 1738-1741 (1998). 83. H. A Mook, P. Dai, R. D Hunt, and F. Dogan, “Neutron Scattering Studies of the Magnetic Fluctuations in YBa2Cu3O7-x,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 59, 2140-2144 (1998). 84. S. Skanthakumar, J. W. Lynn, and F. Dogan, “Spin Dynamics of Er3+ in ErBa2Cu3O7-x,” J. Appl. Phys., 81, 4934-4936 (1997). 85. S. M. Hayden, G. Aeppli, T. G. Perring, H. A. Mook, and F. Dogan, “High Frequency Spin Waves in YBa2Cu3O6.15,” Phys. Rev. B, 54, R6905-6908 (1996). 86. P. Dai, M. Yethiraj, H. A. Mook, T. B. Lindemer, and F. Dogan, “Magnetic Dynamics in Underdoped YBa2Cu3O7-x: Direct Observation of a Superconducting Gap,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 77, 5425-5428, (1996). 87. H. A. Mook, P. Dai, K. Salama, D. Lee, F. Dogan, G. Aeppli, A. T. Boothroyd, and M. E. Mostoller, “Incommensurate One-Dimensional Fluctuations in YBa2Cu3O6.93,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 77, 370-373 (1996). 88. B. Ravel, N. Sicron, Y. Yacoby, E. A. Stern, F. Dogan, and J. J. Rehr, “OrderDisorder Behavior in the Phase Transition of PbTiO3,” Ferroelectrics, 164, 265277 (1995). 89. D. Reznik, B. Keimer, F. Dogan and I. A. Aksay, “q Dependence of Self-Energy Effects of the Plane Oxygen Vibration in YBa2Cu3O7,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 2396-2399 (1995). 90. H. F. Fong, B. Keimer, P. W. Anderson, D. Reznik, F. Dogan and I. A. Aksay, “Phonon and Magnetic Neutron Scattering at 41 meV in YBa2Cu3O7,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 316-319 (1995). 91. B. Keimer, H. F. Fong, D. Reznik, F. Dogan and I. A. Aksay, “Resonant Neutron Scattering from YBa2Cu3O7,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 56, 1927-9 (1995). F. Dogan 8 92. D. Reznik, B. Keimer, F. Dogan and I. A. Aksay, “High Resolution Inelastic Neutron Scattering Study of Phonon Self-Energy Effects in YBCO,” Physica C, 235-240, 1733-4 (1994). 93. B. Keimer, W. Y. Shih, F. Dogan, I. A. Aksay, R. W. Erwin, and J. W. Lynn, “Vortex Lattice Symmetry and Electronic Structure in YBa2Cu3O7,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 73, 3459-62 (1994). 94. N. Sicron, B. Ravel, Y. Yacoby, E. A. Stern, F. Dogan, and J. J. Rehr, “Nature of the Ferroelectric Phase Transition in PbTiO3,” Phys. Rev. B, 50, 13168-80, (1994). 95. B. Keimer, J. W. Lynn, R. W. Erwin, F. Dogan, W. Y. Shih, and I. A. Aksay, “Vortex Structures in YBa2Cu3O7,” J. Appl. Phys., 76, 6778-6783 (1994). 96. B. Keimer, F. Dogan, I. A. Aksay, R. W. Erwin, J. W. Lynn, and M. Sarikaya, “Inclined-Field Structure, Morphology, and Pinning of the Vortex Lattice in Microtwinned YBa2Cu3O7,” Science, 262, 83-86 (1993). 97. K. Y. Blohowiak, D. F. Garrigus, T. S. Luhman, K. E. McCarty, M. Strasik, I. A. Aksay, F. Dogan, W.B. Hicks, J. Liu, and M. Sarikaya, “Evaluation of YBa2Cu3O7 Bulk Superconductors for High Field Magnet Applications,” IEEE T. Appl. Supercon., 3 [1] 1049-52 (1993). 98. B. Ravel, E.A. Stern, Y. Yacoby, and F. Dogan, “Lead Titanate is not a Classic Case of a Displacive Ferroelectric Phase Transition,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 32 Suppl., 782-84 (1992). Publications in Conference Proceedings: 1. S. Chao and F. Dogan, “Synthesis, Sintering and Dielectric Properties of Nanostructured High Purity Titanium Oxide,” Ceramic Transactions, Advances in Energy Materials, Vol. 205, 23-30 (2009). 2. Q. Fu, M. Rahaman, B. S. Bal, and F. Dogan, “Bioinspired Ceramic Microstructures Prepared by Freezing of Suspensions,” Ceramic Transactions, Vol 206, 19-25 (2009). 3. S. Chao, V. Petrovsky and F. Dogan, “Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of Nanostructured TiO2 Ceramics Processed by Tape Casting,” Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Vol. 29 [8], 61-66 (2009). 4. F. Dogan, S. E. Grasman, and J. W. Sheffield, “Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Transportation Test Bed Development at the Missouri University of Science and F. Dogan 9 Technology,” Proceedings of the Global Conference on Global Warming-2008 (GCGW-08), Istanbul, Turkey, edited by I.Dinçer, T.H. Karakoç, A. Hepbaşlı, A. Midilli, C.Ö. Çolpan, S. Gündüz, Paper No. 551, 987-990 (2008). 5. Isaiah Kellogg, Fatih Dogan, Toshio Suzuki, Umit Koylu, Harlan U. Anderson, and Vladimir Petrovsky, “Single-Chamber SOFC Operating with HydrocarbonAir and Hydrogen-Oxygen Gas Mixtures,” Electrochemical Society Transactions (ECST), Vol 7 [1], 971-980 (2007). 6. D. Kellogg, U. Koylu, and F. Dogan, “Performance of Single Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cells,” in Assessment of Hydrogen Energy for Sustainable Development, NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C; Environmental Security, Eds: J. W. Sheffield and C. Sheffield, 123-134 (2007). 7. S. Chao, V. Petrovsky, F. Dogan, “Effect of Thermal History on the dielectric Properties of Nanostructured Titania,” Materials Science and Technology MS&T’07, 203-212 (2007). 8. S. Chao, V. Petrovsky, F. Dogan, “Processing, Characterization and Dielectric Properties of Hydrothermal BaTiO3 Films on Stainless Steel,” Materials Science and Technology MS&T’07, 239-251 (2007). 9. D. Kellogg, U. Koylu, V. Petrovsky and F. Dogan, “Thermodynamic Modeling and Testing of the H2/O2/Ni/NiO System,” Materials Science and Technology MS&T’07, 263-270 (2007). 10. D. Kellogg, F. Dogan, V. Petrovsky, U. O. Koylu “Performance of SingleChamber SOFC Using Hydrogen/Air Mixed-Gas Fuels,” Fuel Cells and Energy Storage Systems: Organized by P. Singh, D. Collins, G. Yang, P.N. Kumta, C.F. Legzdins, S.K. Sundaram, and A. Manthiram, Materials, Processing, Manufacturing and Power Management Technologies Materials Science and Technology (MS&T) 2006: Materials and Systems, Vol 1, 371-377 (2006). 11. Sheng Chao, Vladimir Petrovsky, Fatih Dogan “Electrical Breakdown Strength of Alumina Single Crystal and Ceramics,” International Symposium on Advanced Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices, Organized by K.M. Nair, R. Guo, R.W. Schwartz, A.S. Bhalla, D. Survorov, S.-I. Hirano, and S.M. Mukhopadhyay, Materials Science and Technology (MS&T): Materials and Systems, Vol 1, 707714 (2006). 12. Z. H. Liu, J. J. Nolte, J.I. Packard, G. Hilmas, F. Dogan and M. C. Leu, “Selective Laser Sintering of High-Density Alumina Ceramic Parts,” Proceedings of 35th International MATADOR Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, July 18-20, 351-354 (2007). F. Dogan 10 13. Q. Fu, O. Jongprateep, A. Abbott and F. Dogan, “Freeze-Spray Processing of Layered Ceramic Composites,” Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, pp.339348, August 2006. 14. Lynell J. Gilbert, Thomas P. Schuman, and Fatih Dogan, “Dielectric Powder/Polymer Composites for High Energy Density Capacitors,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 179, Advances in Electronic and Electrochemical Ceramics, edited by F. Dogan and P. Kumta, The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp. 17-26 (2005). 15. Oratai Jongprateep and Fatih Dogan, “Enhancement of Crystal Growth in Melt Texturing of Ca-Doped Y-Ba-Cu-O Superconductors,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 179, Advances in Electronic and Electrochemical Ceramics, edited by F. Dogan and P. Kumta, The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp. 17-26 (2005). 16. Abhishek Manohar and Fatih Dogan, “Dielectric Properties of Suspensions Containing BaTiO3 Particles,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 179, Advances in Electronic and Electrochemical Ceramics, edited by F. Dogan and P. Kumta, The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp. 93-102 (2005). 17. Manohar, F. Dogan, L. Gilbert, and T. Schumann, “Dielectric Properties of Particles in Suspensions and Polymer Composites,” 12th US-Japan Seminar on Dielectric and Piezoelectric Ceramics, Annapolis, Maryland, 389-392 (2005). 18. Fatih Dogan, Toshio Suzuki, Piotr Jasinski, and Harlan U. Anderson, “Effect of Cathode Materials on the Performance of Single Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cellls and Module,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 169 Synthesis,Properties, and Crystal Chemistry of Perovskite-Based Materials, edited by Winnie Wong-Ng, Amit Goyal, Ruyan Guo, and Amar S. Bhalla, The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp. 39-47 (2005). 19. Fatih Dogan, Toshio Suzuki, Harlan U. Anderson Isaiah D. Kellogg, Umit O. Koylu, “Recent Developments on Single-Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cells,” Proceedings International Hydrogen Energy Congress and Exhibition IHEC 2005, Istanbul, Turkey, 13-15 July 2005, CD ROM pp. 1-8 20. Oratai Jongprateep and Fatih Dogan, “Coarsening of BaCeO3 and Y2BaCuO5 Particles in YBa2Cu3O7-x Semisolid Melt,Edited by M. Parans Paranthaman, Paul N. Barnes, Bernhard Holzpfel, Yukata Yamada, and Kaname Matsumoto, High-Temperature Superconductor Materials, Devices, and Applications, Ceramic Transactions, Volume 160 pp. 65-71. 2005 21. Oratai Jongprateep and Fatih Dogan, “Time-dependent Compositional and Morphology Change of YBa2Cu3O7-x Semisolid Phase,” Proc. of the 8th F. Dogan 11 Conference of the European Ceramic Society, Key Engineering Materials, Part 2, pp. 1135-1140 (2004). 22. Fatih Dogan, Harlan U. Anderson, Clive A. Randall, Michael Lanagan, and Alex Schwarzkopf, “The Center for Dielectric Studies (CDS): A National Science Foundation Industry/University Cooperative Research Center,” Key Engineering Materials, Part 2, pp. 1329-1332 (2004). 23. Toshio Suzuki, Piotr Jasinski, Fatih Dogan, Harlan U. Anderson, “Role of Cathode in Single Chamber SOFC,” Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, 25(3), 257-261 (2004). 24. T. Suzuki, P. Jasinski, F. Dogan, and H. U. Anderson, “Single Chamber Fuel Cell: A Power Source for High Temperature Electronics,” Proceedings of IMAPS International Conference on High Temperature Electronics (HiTEC 2004), pp. 14, (2004). 25. Jongprateep and F. Dogan, “Effect of Y2BaCuO5 Morphology and Size in Semisolid Melt on Growth Rate of YBa2Cu3O7-x Single Crystals,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 149, Fabrication of Long-Length and Bulk High Temperature Superconductors, edited by R. Meng, A. Goyal, W. Wong-Ng, H. C. F. and K. Matsumoto, The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp. 145-149 (2004). 26. H.U. Anderson, X.D .Zhou, and F. Dogan, “Defect Chemistry of Mixed Ionic/Electronic p-type Oxides,” Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Mixed Ionic Electronic Conducting (MIEC) Perovskites for Advanced Energy Systems; Kiev, Ukraine, edited by N. Orlovskaya and N. Browning, NATO Science Series, 173,. 303-312 (2003). 27. T. Suzuki, P. Jasinski, F. Dogan, and H. U. Anderson “Comparison of Anode and Electrode Support Configuration of Single Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cell,” Electrochemical Society Proc., "Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VIII" PV 2003-07, 1101 (2003). 28. P. Jasinski, T. Suzuki, X.D .Zhou, F. Dogan, H.U. Anderson, “Single Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: Investigation of Cathodes,” Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, 24, 3, pp.293-8 (2003). 29. H. U. Anderson, X.-D. Zhou, F. Dogan, “Intermediate Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Challenges and Opportunities for the Materials Scientist” Proceedings Electrochemical Society, 2002-26 (Solid-State Ionic Devices III), 16-27 (2003). 30. Y. Ye, S. Z. Zhang, F. Dogan, E. Schamiloglu, J. Gaudet, P. Castro, M. Roybal, M. Joler, and C. Christodulou, “Influence of Nanocrystalline Grain Size on the F. Dogan 12 Breakdown Strength of Ceramic Dielectrics,” PPC-2003: 14th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Dallas, TX, pp. 719-722, (2003). 31. Y. Ye, S. C. Zhang, H. U. Anderson, W. Huebner, and F. Dogan, “Electrical Breakdown Strength of Nanocrystalline Titanium Oxide,” 11th US-Japan Seminar on Dielectric and Piezoelectric Ceramics, Sapporo, Japan 55-56 (2003). 32. P. Dai, H.A. Mook, S.M. Hayden, A. Hiess, S.H. Lee, and F. Dogan, “Magnetism and Superconductivity in YBa2Cu3O6+x Superconductors,” Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 16 (20-22): 3147-3147 (2002). 33. J-H. Feng and F. Dogan, “Effect of PbO Loss on Microstructural Development and Properties of PLZT Ceramics,” in Dielectric Materials and Devices, edited by K.M. Nair, Amar S. Bhalla, Tapan K. Gupta, Shin-Ichi Hirano, Basavaraj V. Hiremath, J. Ho Jean, and R. Pohanka, The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp.69-76, (2002). 34. P. Dai, H.A. Mook, S.M. Hayden, A. Hiess, S.H. Lee, and F. Dogan, “Magnetism and Superconductivity in YBa2Cu3O6+x Superconductors,” Proceedings of Physical Phenomena at High Magnetic Fields - IV. World Scientific, Singapore, pp.249 (2002). 35. D. Haskel, E. A. Stern, V. Polinger, and F. Dogan, “Suppression of Superconductivity in La1.85Sr0.15C1-yNiyO4: the Relevance of Local Lattice Distortions,” AIP. American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, no.554, pp.154-68 (2001). 36. F. Dogan, J-H. Feng and L. G. Ferguson, “Processing of Piezoelectric 2-2 Composites: Challenges and Promises,” THERMEC’2000-Proceedings International Conference on Processing and Manufacturing of Advanced Materials, Las Vegas, USA, December 2000: CDROM, Section A1, Vol 117/3 “Special Issue: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Eds. T. Chandra, K. Higashi, C. Suryanarayana & C. Tome, Elsevier Science, UK (2001). 37. F. Dogan, J. D. Reding, and M. Awano, “Segregation of BaZrO3 in Melt Textured YBa2Cu3O7-x,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol 118, Grain Boundary Engineering in Ceramics, -From Grain Boundary Phenomena to Grain Boundary Quantum Structures, edited by T. Akuma, L. P. Sheppard, and Y. Ikuhara, The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp.201-206, (2000). 38. J.D. Reding and F. Dogan, “The Effect of BaCeO3 and Pt Dopants on the SemiSolid Microstructure of YBa2Cu3O7-x,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 104, Perovskite Oxides for Electronic, Energy Conversion, and Energy Efficiency Applications, edited by W. Wong-Ng, T. Holesinger, G. Riley and R. Guo; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp.261-266, (2000). F. Dogan 13 39. L.G. Ferguson, F. Dogan, and T.G. Stoebe, “New Spectrally Selective Emitters for Thermophotovoltaics Using Tape Cast Ceramics,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 104, Perovskite Oxides for Electronic, Energy Conversion, and Energy Efficiency Applications, edited by W. Wong-Ng, T. Holesinger, G. Riley and R. Guo; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp. 243-252, (2000). 40. W.C. Hicks, F. Dogan, M. Strasik, A.C. Day, and K.E. McCrary, “Growth and Properties of YBa2Cu3O7-x single Crystal Doped with Rare Earth Oxides,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 104, Perovskite Oxides for Electronic, Energy Conversion, and Energy Efficiency Applications, edited by W. Wong-Ng, T. Holesinger, G. Riley and R. Guo; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp. 149-154, (2000). 41. Stephen W. Sofie and Fatih Dogan, “Shape Forming of Aqueous Alumina Slurries by Freeze-Drying,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol.115, Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites IV, edited by N. Bansal and J. P. Singh; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp. 227235, (2000). 42. W. C. Hicks, F. Dogan, M. Strasik, A. C. Day, and K. E. McCrary, “Effect of Er2O3 Doping on the Superconducting Properties of Single Domain YBa2Cu3O7x,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 115, Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites IV, edited by N. Bansal and J. P. Singh; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp. 491-497, (2000). 43. Gregory J. St. Pierre and Fatih Dogan, “Templated Reaction-Joining of SingleDomain YBCO Superconductors,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 115, Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites IV, edited by. N. Bansal and J. P. Singh; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp. 353363, (2000). 44. L. G. Ferguson and F. Dogan, “Thermal Shock Performance of Magnesia Tapes for Thermophotovoltaic Applications,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 115, Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites IV, edited by N. Bansal and J. P. Singh; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp. 635-642, (2000). 45. S. Sofie and F. Dogan, “Shape Forming by Freeze Drying of Non-Aqueous Slurries,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 108, Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites III, edited by. J.P. Singh, Narottam P. Bansal, and Koichi Niihara; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp. 235-243, (2000). 46. F. Dogan, “Hydrothermal Synthesis and Formation Mechanisms of Shape Anisotropic BaTiO3 Particles,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 83, Ceramic F. Dogan 14 Processing Science, edited by G. L. Messing, F. F. Lange, and S. Hirano; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, 35-41, (1998). 47. J. D. Reding and F. Dogan, “Microstructural Evolution of Melt Textured YBa2Cu3O7-x Doped with Pt or CeO2,” in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 83, Ceramic Processing Science, edited by. G. L. Messing, F. F. Lange, and S. Hirano; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp.509-515, (1998). 48. F. Dogan and J. D. Reding, “Effect of Y2BaCuO5 Particle Size on Undercooling and Solidification Rate of YBa2Cu3O7-x,” in Ceramics Transactions, Vol. 84, Impact of Recent Advances in Processing of Ceramic Superconductors, edited by U. Balachandran, W. Wong-Ng and A. Bhalla; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, pp. 23-30, (1998). 49. P. Dai, H. A. Mook, and F. Dogan, “Pseudogap and Incommensurate Magnetic Fluctuations in YBa2Cu3O6.6,” Physica B, 241-243, 524-527 (1998). 50. F. Dogan, “Growth of Stoichiometric YBa2Cu3Ox Large Single Crystals without Y2BaCuO5 by Melt Texturing Technique,” 1997 International Workshop on Superconductivity (The 3rd Joint ISTEC/MRS Workshop). Program and Extended Abstracts, ISTEC-Int. Supercond. Technol. Center, Tokyo, Japan; 205207 (1997). 51. G. Danko, D. Popovich, and F. Dogan, “Piezoelectric Fibers Produced by the Fibrous Monolith Technique,” Ceram. Eng. & Sci. Proc., 18, 87-94 (1997). 52. F. Dogan, S. O'Rourke, M-X Qian, and M. Sarikaya, “Low Temperature Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanophase BaTiO3 and BaFe12O19 Powders,” in Nanophase and Nonocomposite Materials II, Eds.: S. Komarneni, J. C. Parker, H. J. Wollenberger, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc, 69-74 (1997). 53. S. M. Hayden, G. Aeppli, P. Dai, H.A. Mook, T.G. Perring, S.-W. Cheong,; Z. Fisk, F. Dogan, and T. E. Mason, “Absolute Measurements of the HighFrequency Magnetic Dynamics in High-Tc Superconductors,” Physica B, 241243, 765-767 (1997). 54. N. Sicron, Y. Yacoby, E. A. Stern, and F. Dogan, “XAFS Study of the Antiferroelectric Phase Transition in PbZrO3,” J. De Physique IV, 7, pp. C2-10471049 (1997). 55. F. Dogan and M. Sarikaya, “Mechanisms of Hydrothermal Barium Titanate Thin Film Formation,” Polycrystalline Thin Films, Eds.: H. J. Frost, C. A. Ross, M. A. Parker, and E. A. Holm, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 403, 95-99 (1996). 56. H. A. Mook, P. Dai, F. Dogan, K. Salama, G. Aeppli and M. E. Mostoller, “Neutron scattering measurements on YBa2Cu3O7,” Proceedings of the 10th F. Dogan 15 Anniversary HTS Workshop on Physics, Materials and Applications, Eds.: B.Batlogg, C. W. Chu, W. K. Chu, D. U. Gubser, and K. A. Müller, World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore, New Jersey, London, and Hong Kong; 345-8 (1996). 57. N. Sicron, B. Ravel, Y. Yacoby, E. A. Stern, F. Dogan, and J. J. Rehr, “The Ferroelectric Phase Transition in PbTiO3 from a Local Perspective,” Physica B, 208-209, 319-320 (1995). 58. S. Sevinctav, T. Baykara, F. Dogan, and I. A. Aksay, “Monolithic α-Alumina through Pressure Filtration of Seeded Boehmite Gels,” in Proc. of the Third EuroCeramics, Vol. 3, edited by P. Duran and J. F. Fernandez (Faenza Editrice Ibérica, San Vicente, Spain, 1993), pp. 687-90. 59. H. Erkalfa, Z. Misirli, T. Baykara, F. Dogan, and I. A. Aksay, “Mechanical Properties of Colloidaly Processed Alumina with Cr2O3 and MnO2 Additives,” in Proc. of the Third Euro-Ceramics, Vol. 3, edited by P. Duran and J. F. Fernandez (Faenza Editrice Ibérica, San Vicente, Spain, 1993), pp.549-53. 60. F. Dogan, J. Liu, M. Sarikaya, and I. A. Aksay, “A Study on the Formation of Hydrothermally Prepared BaTiO3 Particles,” in Proc. 50th Ann. Meeting of the EMSA, edited by G. W. Bailey, J. Bentley, and J. A. Small (San Francisco Press, San Francisco 1992), pp. 304-05. 61. F. Dogan and H. Hausner, “Preparation of Spherical Ceramic Powders by the Aerosol-Technique,” Ceramic Powder Processing Science, edited by H. Hausner, G. L. Messing, and S. Hirano, Deutsche Keramische Gesellschaft, Cologne, West Germany, 245-252 (1989). 62. F. Dogan and H. Hausner, “The Role of Freeze-Drying in Ceramic Powder Processing,” in Ceramic Powder Science II, Ceramic Transactions, Vol.1, eds. G. L. Messing, E. R. Fuller, Jr, and H. Hausner, The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, 127-134 (1988). 63. F. Dogan, A. Roosen, and H. Hausner, “Influence of Hydroxide-Precursor Processing on the Densification of Yttrium Oxide Powders,” in Ceramic Powder Science, Advances in Ceramics, Vol.21, edited by G. L. Messing, K. S. Mazdiyasni, J. W. McCauley, and R. A. Haber, The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, 681-689 (1987). 64. F. Dogan, A. Roosen, and H. Hausner, “Agglomerate Formation, Compact Characteristics and Sintering Behavior of Ceramic Powders,” Science of Ceramics, J. De Physique, 13, [C1], 231-235 (1985). F. Dogan 16 Edited Books and Topical Journal Issues 1. A. Boccaccini, J. Mara, F. Dogan, H-T. Lin and T. Watanabe (editors), “Ceramics for Environmental and Energy Applications,” Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 217 (2010). 2. F. Dogan and N. Manjooran (editors), “Advances in Energy Materials,” Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 205, (2009). 3. A. Bhalla, F. Dogan, Q. Jia and W. Wong-Ng (editors), “Topical Issue on Perovskites,” J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 91 [6], (2008). 4. F. Dogan and P. Kumta (editors), “Advances in Electronic and Electrochemical Ceramics,” Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 179, (2005). 5. K. Salama, D. Cardwell, M. Murakami, and F. Dogan (editors), “Special Edition of SUST on the 3rd International PASREG Workshop,” Superconductor Science and Technology, 15 (5), U3 (2002). Patents 1. F. Dogan, A. Devoe, I. Burn “Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor with High Energy Storage,” U.S. Patent Application, 2011. 2. F. Dogan, “Nanostructured Dielectric Materials for High Energy Density Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors,” U.S. Patent Application, No.: 2011/0051315 A1, March 3, 2011. 3. V. Petrovsky and F. Dogan, “Method for Determining the Dielectric Constant of Particles,” US Patent 7,821,269, October 26, 2010. 4. F. Dogan, J-H Feng, L. G. Ferguson “Method for Sintering Ceramic Tapes Using Setter Powder Deposition Sheets,” U.S. Patent 6,447,712 B1; September 10, 2002. 5. K. Y. Blohoviak, D. F. Garrigus, T. S. Luhman, K. E. McCrary, M. Strasik, I. Aksay, F. Dogan, W. C. Hicks, C. B. Martin, “Making Large, Single Crystal, 123 YBCO Superconductors,” U.S. Patent 6,046,139; April 4, 2000. F. Dogan 17