I.
II.
PRE-HISTORIC PHILIPPINES: ARRIVAL OF THE WEST
a. THE WORLD DIVIDED
i. 16th century: Spain and Portugal became rivals in the discovery of new lands.
1. They have to discover new lands because of scarcity and trading of goods in Europe was very much affected by the Crusades
2. Crusades:
a.
Palestine (Israel)which is located in the Byzantine Empire (last Empire of Rome)was referred to as the Holy Land by
Christians and Muslims
b. Holy war waged by Christians against the Muslims to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land
3. Christopher Columbus offered his service to Spain to sail west after being turned down by Portugal.
a.
Believed that the world is not flat
b. Discoveries of Columbus made Portugal insecure, who thought that Spain might be taking lands that Portugal had
already reached
ii. To avoid a possible war between these two Catholic nations, Pope Alexander VI issued a Papal Bull Inter Caetera, dividing the world in two.
1. Imaginary line: east is for Portugal/ west is for Spain
2. Problem: Pope Alexander was a Spaniard
a.
Issued another bull granting Spain the right to claim lands she would discover in the east
b. Result: King of Portugal protested
c.
Resolution: Treaty of Tordesillas
i. Imaginary line from north to south emphasizing that east belongs to Portugal and west to Spain
ii. The Treaty of Tordesillas was very significant in the coming of Spain to the Philippines
1. With the belief that the Spice Island (Moluccas) lay West of the demarcation line and therefore
belonged to Spain, Magellan was able to convince King Charles of Spain to authorize him to look
for a new sea route to the Orient
b. MAGELLAN EXPEDITION
i. When King Manuel of Portugal ignored his services in the Mallacan War, Magellan renounced his citizenship and offered his services to King
Charles I of Spain
1. He presented to the King his bold venture to find a new route to reach the Mollucas – “Spice Islands” (East), by sailing westward.
2. Impressed with Magellan’s plan, the King approved his expedition
c.
REDISCOVERY OF THE PHILIPPINES
i. Atlantic Ocean – Brazil – Pacific Ocean – Guam – Samar – Homonhon – Limasawa
ii. Limasawa was ruled by Rajah Kulambu
1. They sealed their friendship with a “blood compact”
2. The first Christian Mass was celebrated near the shores of Limasawa, it was officiated by Fray Valderama
a.
After the mass, Magellan solemnly planted a large wooden cross on top of a hill overlooking the sea and took
possession of the land in the name of Spain.
b. He named it Archipelago of St. Lazarus, being that it was the feat of Saint Lazarus.
iii. From Limasawa, Magellan proceeded to Cebu
1. He made a blood compact with Rajah Humabon, ruler of Cebu
2. In Cebu, Fray Valderama held the first baptism and 800 Cebuanos were converted to Christianity
a.
After the baptism, Magellan erected a wooden cross to mark the event.
b. This Cross is still Cebu and is known as Magellan’s Cross.
c.
As a gift to Humabon’s wife, Magellan gave her a statue of Santo Niño which is now the patron saint of Cebu
3. Influenced by Magellan, the Christianized Humabon ordered other chieftains in Cebu to also recognize the power of Spain, support
Magellan with supplies and be Christianized also
a.
Many heeded Humabon’s call, including Sula, a Mactan chieftain.
b. The other Mactan leader, Lapu-Lapu, objected.
c.
Humabon advised Magellan to confront the defiant leader in order to show him the power of Spain.
d.
BATTLE OF MACTAN
i. Magellan sailed from Cebu to Mactan to confront the defiant Lapu-Lapu
ii. Magellan tried to use diplomacy by sending a message that the conflict can be peacefully settled if only Lapu-Lapu would obey him and
recognize Spanish sovereignty, but warned that violence will happen if rejected.
1. Lapu-Lapu continued to decline and replied to Magellan that they were not afraid of him.
2. Magellan, left without option, and with confidence that the enemy was inferior, sent his men to fight.
iii. Magellan thought they could easily win because of their superior weapons.
1. The problem was, they could not use all their firepower because the ships were anchored so far away from the shores and the
boats could not approach the beach because of the corals.
iv. The victory of Lapu-Lapu in Mactan marked the first recorded successful defense by the Filipinos of their freedom against foreign invaders.
1. Lapu-Lapu became the “first Filipino freedom fighter”
e.
TREATY OF ZARAGOZA
i. Spain sold to Portugal her claims over Moluccas
1. To avoid future conflicts, a new demarcation line was made east of Moluccas.
2. All lands east of this demarcation would belong to Portugal.
3. And those of the West would go to Spain.
ii. The treaty of Zaragoza was an error because Portugal bought actually what was hers.
1. Under the treaty of Tordesillas, Mollucas, as well as the Philippines, lay east of the demarcation and therefore, truly belonged to
Portugal.
iii. Expedition after Magellan:
1. Headed by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos to establish the location of “Islas del Poniente” (Philippines)
2. Mindanao was named Cesares Caroli in honor of King Charles I
3. Samar, Leyte, he gave the name “Las Islas Felipinas” in honor of the King’s son Prince Philip (Felipe), who later became Philip II, king
of Spain.
PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY
a.
Territory –Article I, 1987 Constitution
1
b.
c.
d.
III.
i. Territorial properties: territories outside the archipelago
ii. Sovereignty: supreme power on these territories belong to the Filipino People
iii. Jurisdiction: possession of territories belong to the state and recognized by the international community
iv. Terrestrial: means land
v. Fluvial: water forms
vi. Aerial: air space
Has 7100 islands of which only 3000 are named
i. Land area: 300k sq. km.
ii. Largest island: Luzon (17th in the world)
Philippine Names
i. Spanish: Filipinas, which evolved from the original “Felipinas”, named by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in 1543 in honor of crown prince Philip II of
Spain.
ii. Rodrigo de Agandaru (friar-historian)
1. Philippines was the ancient land called “Ophir,” that is mentioned in the Old Testament as the supplier of Gold to King Solomon.
2. Other Spanish friar-historians claimed that the Philippines was “Maniolas,” a group of islands
iii. Marcos Period:
1. Attempt to change it to “Maharlika” (feudal warrior class in ancient Tagalog Society – man of wealth, knowledge, and ability)
Theories of Origin
i. GEOGRAPHIC THEORY:
1. Philippine Islands are remnants of a vast solid land mass continent of Europe and Asia which sank below the rising ocean waters by
the end of the last prehistoric ice age.
ii. GEOLOGIC THEORY:
1. Philippine Islands are volcanic by origin
2. Islands were a product of super eruptions of sea volcanoes in the past
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
a.
Rizal’s “Annotation of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas”
i. Before the coming of Spaniards, our Filipino Ancestors had their own culture consisting of customs, social life, government, laws, writing,
language, literature, music, religion, superstition, and sciences.
b. Barangay:
i. These were well-organized and independent villages.
ii. The name originated from “balangay” meaning sailboats, evident from the sailboats which brought our ancestors to the Philippines
c.
Society
i. Pre-colonial society was divided into 3 social classes:
1. Maharlika (Nobles)
a.
Belonged the affluent slave-owning families that included the Datu
2. Timawa (freemen)
a.
The middle class who composed the majority of the people of the barangay
3. Alipin (slaves)
a.
“Namamahay”
i. Enjoyed some rights like owning properties
b. “Saguiguilid”
i. Who lived in their master’s house and could be sold anytime
ii. Causes of slavery in the Pre-Spanish period:
1. Birth
2. Captivity in war
3. Purchase
4. Failure to pay debts
5. Penalty for crime committed
iii. Ways of emancipation from slavery:
1. Marriage
2. Purchase
3. Voluntary action of the master
d. The Government and Laws
i. Datu
1. A chieftain who ruled the barangay. They were addressed as Raja or Lakan
2. The datu exercised all powers of government.
3. He was the chief executive, the lawmaker, and the judge, so much so that he became very powerful and influential.
4. He obtained his position either by inheritance, strength, bravery, or wisdom.
5. The datu promulgated laws with the help of the elders or advisers consisting of former datus.
a.
Once a law was made, a town crier called Umalohokan, would go around the village and announce to the people the
new law.
b. Violators were punished by fines, swimming for long hours, exposure to ants, death or slavery.
e. Clothing
i. Men
1. “kangan”
a.
Short sleeved, collarless jacket
b. Was dyed either blue or black
c.
Red: for a chief
2. “bahag”
a.
S trip of cloth wrapped around the waist and between the legs
3. “potong”
a.
A turban that signifies bravery; red can be worn by a soldier who had killed at least seven
ii. Women
1. “baro”
a.
A wide-sleeved blouse; the skirt was called saya and a strip of cloth called tapis was wrapped around the waist
2. “patadyong”
2
a.
Over-all clothing strapped from the shoulders down to the feet.
Both men and women went around barefooted.
Two purposes of tattoo
1. To show war records
2. To enhance beauty
Music and Dances
i. Musical Instruments
1. Kudyapi: Tagalog guitar
2. Kulintang, Moro xylophone
ii. Dances:
1. Kumintang: Tagalog love dance
2. Mahinhin: Tagalog courtship dance
3. Panjalay: Muslim Wedding Dance
iii. Songs:
1. Tagumpay: Tagalog Victory Song
2. Baktal: Tagbanua death song
Religion
i. The early Filipinos, except the Muslims, were pagans.
1. They worshipped nature.
2. They believed that such natural objects were the habitat of the spirits.
ii. Their supreme god was Bathala, the creator of heaven and earth
1. They worshipped the spirits of their dead ancestors called anitos or diwatas.
2. A priest or priestess called katalona or babaylan lead the offering of sacrifices called mag-anito.
iii. They believed in life after death.
1. Good souls go to heaven called “kalulwalhatian”
2. Bad souls go to hell called “kasamaan”
Mourning & Burial
i. “Laraw”
1. A special mourning rites for the datu wherein:
a.
People were not allowed to wear colorful clothes
b. They were not allowed to sing
c.
Spears were carried upside down
d. All wars and quarrels were suspended
ii. Maglahi: mourning for a dead man
iii. Morotal: mourning for a dead woman
iii.
iv.
f.
g.
h.
i.
IV.
Foreign Trade
i. Barter System: goods were exchanged for another good
SPANISH PERIOD
a. CONQUEST AND COLONIZATION
i. MOTIVES
1. When King Philip II succeeded his father Charles I as king of Spain in 1556, he decided to colonize the Philippines in order to exploit
the country’s resources; enhance her imperial glory by adding more lands to his empire and spread Christianity among the natives.
ii.
THE QUEST
1. To realize his desire, Philip II sent an expedition to the Philippines led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
2. Appointed as chief navigator and spiritual leader of the expedition was Fray Andres de Urdaneta.
3. Legazpi was directed “to make every effort to enter into and maintain friendly and peaceful relations with the natives.
a.
He was also instructed to establish a settlement in the region.
iii.
THE REALIZATION
1. Legazpi arrived in Cebu in 1565, but the natives were hostile to him so he decided to go to the nearby islands of Samar, Leyte,
Limasawa, Mindanao and Bohol.
2. In Bohol:
a.
Legazpi concluded a blood compact with Sikatuna and Sigala, the two chieftains of Bohol.
b. Legazpi and his officers held a meeting and decided that the appropriate place to establish a Spanish settlement would
be in Cebu.
3. In Cebu:
a.
Legazpi landed in Cebu with resistance from natives.
b. Legazpi ordered his men to attack the Cebuanos which forced them to flee to the hills.
i. Legazpi eventually befriended the natives and did not impose penalties on them.
ii. He eventually urged them to return to their homes and live peacefully with them.
c.
Raja Tupas, chieftain of Cebu:
i. Entered into a peaceful agreement with Legazpi
ii. The Cebuanos agreed to pay tribute as a symbol of recognition to Spain’s sovereignty
iii. In return, Spain promised protection (from pirates) to the Cebuanos.
iv. Tupas donated a land to Legazpi and established the first settlement in Cebu
1. He named the settlement to San Miguel but upon the discovery of the wooden image of the Holy
Infant Jesus, he renamed it to “the City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus.
2. Cebu is the oldest city in the Philippines.
d. On the banks of Panay River, Legazpi founded the 2nd Spanish settlement.
iv.
THE CONQUEST OF MANILA
1. Appointed as Governor General of the Philippines, Legazpi, was also referred to as “El Adelantado”
a.
Legazpi decided to send an expedition to Manila which he heard from the traders to be a rich Muslim Kingdom in Luzon.
2. Rajah Sulayman
3
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
4.
b.
A native Muslim King of May-nilad (Manila, which was approximately the Intramuros area only)
Welcomed the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. He befriended them giving species and women (as slaves) as gifts.
As time passed by, the Spaniards became abusive.
Sulayman realized that the Spaniards were not just visitors but men who intend to seize his land and its resources.
Opposing their settlements, Sulayman finally planned to throw out the Spaniards from Manila.
i. The Spaniards defeated the armies of Sulayman
ii. The surviving warriors retreated to the jungles of Manila and organized a rebellion.
Manila was initially captured by Martin de Goiti
a.
On fear that his forces were not enough to defend Manila, Goiti decided to leave for reinforcements
i. Goiti immediately returned to Panay and rendered his report to Lagazpi.
b. Fascinated by Goiti’s account, Legazpi decided to colonize Manila himself.
Lakandula, the last King of Tondo
a.
Welcomed Legazpi peacefully
b. The 2nd conquest of Manila was bloodless
v.
BATTLE OF BANKUSAY
1. This battle is better known as the 1st battle of Manila Bay
2. Forces of Goiti battled the barangays (Bambalito, Filipino warlord, and the warriors of Macabebe, Hagonoy, and Navotas) in the
channel of Bangkusay
3. Artillery of Spanish ships triumphed
vi.
THE CITY OF MANILA
1. Legazpi formed a peace pact with the native Muslim councils, Rajahs Sulayman, Matanda, and Lakandula.
a.
Both groups agreed to organize a city council.
b. He also ordered his men to build new houses, church for the missionaries, and the official residence of the governor
general.
2. On June 24, 1571, which coincided with the feast of St. John the Baptist, Legazpi officially founded the City of Manila and
proclaimed it as the capital of “Filipinas.”
vii.
EXTENSION OF SPANISH RULE
1. Legazpi sent his grandson, Juan de Salcedo to Luzon to conquer Morong, Taytay, Laguna, Camarines, Zambales, Pangasinan, and
Ilocos.
2. In recognition of his successful military exploits, Salcedo was given an encomienda in Ilocos.
a.
This place is presently the city of Vigan.
viii.
THE PORTUGUESE THREAT
1. In 1568, Portugal demanded Legazpi to leave Cebu.
a.
He left Cebu temporarily to avoid confrontation and then went to Panay.
2. In 1580, Portugal and Spain were united under one ruler, King Philip II.
ix.
THE PIRATE LIM-A-HONG
1. In 1574, Lim-a-Hong, a Chinese Pirate, posed a real threat to Spanish rule in the Philippines.
2. He invaded territories south of Manila.
a.
Through Paranaque, he planned to invade Manila.
b. He was resisted under the leadership of a barrio leader, Don Galo.
3. With his failure of taking Manila, Lim-a-Hong retreated to Lingayen, Pangasinan where he made himself master and tyrant there.
4. His fleet and men were destroyed later by Filipino and Spanish forces under Juan de Salcedo.
x.
THE JAPANESE
1. Hideyoshi, a military ruler of Japan wanted to end the Spanish power in the East and invade Philippines.
2. His plans were aborted due to his untimely death.
xi.
DUTCH WARS
1. The Dutch (Netherlands) decided to attack the Philippines away from Spain with the goal of controlling the spice trade in the
Moluccas
a.
Netherlands became independent from Spain
b. Trade to Spain and Portugal was closed
c.
Their attack to the Philippines were repulsed by Spain
2. They were successful in taking the islands of Indonesia which included Moluccas
xii.
7 YEARS WAR
1. The only successful invasion attempt done by another European country to take the Philippines away from Spain was made by the
British
2. After their conquest of Manila in 1762, the British troops tried to conquest the rest of Luzon.
3. It was Religion, Spain’s Catholicism over British’ Protestantism, which became the reason for the Filipino support to Spain.
4. The British eventually returned Manila to Spain.
SPANISH COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION
i. SPANISH LAWS
1. Laws in the Philippines were from Spain and consisted of royal decrees issued by the king.
2. The numerous laws governing the colonies were compiled and published in convenient colonial code entitled as “The Laws of the
Indies.”
ii.
SPANISH INSTITUTION OF SYSTEMS
1. Polo
a.
This was the forced labor rendered by Filipinos to the government
b. One may not render polo upon paying the falla, exemption fee for rendering forced labor.
4
2.
3.
Tributo:
a.
b.
c.
Bandala:
a.
b.
A tax which is a symbol of vassalage to Spain.
This may be pain in cash or in kind.
The tributo was replaced by cedula tax.
Products were sold compulsory to the government
Natives were given only promissory notes instead of cash
iii.
GOVERNOR GENERAL
1. Chief executive of the Philippines – King’s official representative in a colony
2. He was vested with executive, legislative, and judicial powers.
a.
He appointed all subordinate officials including “alcaldes mayors” (provincial governors)
b. He was the President or presiding officer of the “Royal Audencia” which was the supreme court of the Philippines
c.
He was also the commander in chief of the armed forces.
3. He also had ecclesiastical powers, the power to recommend priests for appointment and intervene in controversies
4. During the encomienda period, the governor general was in full control of the operations of the church
iv.
CHECKS TO GUBERNATORIAL POWERS
1. Because of the tremendous powers exercised by the governor general, these were checked by:
a.
Royal Audencia, which was the supreme court during the colonial period
b. Residencia, which was an office of the incoming governor general investigating the acts of the outgoing governor
general and other official
c.
Visitador , which was an investigating body sent by the King to investigate their colonial conditions.
d. Direct complaints or reports to the King by Friars and other Officials.
2. Despite these checks, colonial officers were able to commit abuses because of the great distance of the Philippines from Spain.
a.
It would take a year before the King would receive reports about erring officials in the colony.
v.
ROYAL AUDENCIA
1. In 1861, the Governor General was removed as a member of this Institution
2. Has a share in the appointment of religious officials
3. Acted the position of the governor general during periods of vacancy
4. It also served as the auditor general of the government’s annual expenditures.
vi.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
1. The previously independent barangays became part of the unitary government.
2. Philippines was divided into provinces consisting of 2 types:
a.
Alcadia Mayor – pacified provinces – headed by the Alcalde Mayor
b. Corregimentos – unpacified provinces – headed by a Corregidor
3. These provinces were divided into towns or pueblos – headed by a gobernadorcillo (petty governor)
a.
Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant) – in charge of peace and order on a town
b. Each town or pueblo was divided into barrios or barangays – headed by cabesa del barrio
4. Both the gobernadorcillo and cabesa served without salary.
5. City Government (Large Towns) was called Ayuntamiento
a.
The council that governed the city was the cabildo composed of the alcalde regidores, alguacil mayor, and the escribano
vii.
ECCLESIASTICAL ORGANIZATION
1. The Diocese of Manila covered the whole Philippine archipelago making the bishop of Manila at the top of the Ecclesiastical
Hierarchy in the colony.
2. The Bishop was appointed by the Pope upon by the recommendation of the king of Spain.
3. 4 regular orders who were assigned to Christianize the natives were the: Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits, Dominicans.
viii.
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM (“Hacienda System”)
1. This is a grant designed to reward those persons who have rendered valuable services to the King of Spain.
2. Those who were given encomienda were called “encomenderos”
3. The encomendero was granted trusteeship over the indigenous people of the land they have conquered.
a.
They are given the right to receive income from the land, impose the tribute and govern all the people residing therein.
b. The land belonged to the Spanish Crown.
4. In exchange of these privileges, the encomendero was obliged by law to promote the welfare of his constituents
a.
He must protect them from enemies (bandits & pirates)
b. He must assist the missionaries in propagating Christianity
c.
He must maintain peace and order
d. He must promote education
e. He must render humane treatment among his subjects
5. There were 3 classes of encomienda in the Philippines:
a.
Royal
i. These were lands that were set aside for the King of Spain
b. Ecclesiastical
i. These were lands that were set aside for the Religious Order
c.
Private
i. These were lands that were given to the Spaniards who helped in the conquest and colonization of the
Philippines
ix.
RESISTANCE AGAINST SPAIN
1. Cagayan Revolt – Magalat (1596)
2. Samar Revolt – Francisco Sumoroy (1649)
3. Boholano Revolt – 85 years - (1744-1829) – Dagohoy
4. Ilocos Revolt – Diego and Gabriela Silang
5
5.
V.
Tagalog Religious Revolt – Hermano Pule (1840)
CAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS
a. DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM
i. 300 YEARS OF UNREALIZED OPPRESSION
1. Nationalism was not something that developed instantly among Filipinos
2. Ethnic groups only protected their own people.
3. There was no nation because there were only barangays
4. The sentiment only sprung as a reaction to what the people have collectively underwent, the thirst for freedom and justice.
a.
Shouting freedom against polo, the tribute, and other oppressive policies.
5. As long as the people do not see themselves as Filipinos, uniting regardless of geography and setting aside cultural differences, the
oppressors will stay and freedom will continue to be a dream far away from reality.
ii.
INEVITABLE CHANGES
1. In 1821, Spain has lost her precious trade jewel in the Pacific, Mexico.
a.
A Revolution erupted and independence was declared.
b. The loss of Mexico resulted to the loss of almost all her Pacific Trades.
c.
Galeon Trade cannot function anymore.
d. Mexico was the largest provider of resources for the Spanish Empire, and the most populated of all Spanish colonies.
2. Spain has decided to overturn her misfortunes by replacing Mexico with a new princess of her Pacific trade, the Philippines.
a.
The Philippines, in the absence of New Spain (Mexico), now came under the direct rule of Spain.
iii.
LIBERALISM FROM EUROPE
1. Under the leadership of Spain’s economic adviser Sinibaldo de Mas, the Philippines was prepared for development.
a.
New ports were built all throughout the islands.
b. Chinese migration was encouraged further to bring in more oriental goods.
2. The year 1834 marked the opening of the Philippines to world trade.
a.
Not only that it allowed traders to come, it also paved the way to the influx of liberal ideas contained in books and
newspapers shipped from Europe and America.
b. Influenced by these liberal ideas, the Filipinos began to wonder on their deplorable conditions, discuss politics and later
became bold enough to talk about necessary government reforms.
3. By the mid 19th century, Philippine Economy was booming.
a.
Banks and other financial institutions were founded.
b. Transportation was likewise enhanced with the building of new railways.
c.
It was also a time when the “indios” or native Filipinos started to engage in trade and industry creating a new native
middle class.
i. The children of these well afford indios or meztizos (half-bred) who were able to go to school will be the ones
to be referred to as the “illustrados” (the enlightened).
iv.
SPANISH REVOLUTION OF 1868
1. Spain was swept by a revolution, “Revolution of Disgust”, led by Juan Prim and Francisco Serrano.
2. A new liberal administration under Gov. Gen. Carlos Ma. De la Torre arrived.
3. For the first time, there was a liberal regime. There was freedom of speech and reforms were introduced.
v.
OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL
1. In 1869, the Suez Canal (built by Ferdinand de Lesseps, was opened.
2. It shortened the route between Spain and Manila, therefore bringing the Philippines closer to Europe.
a.
It connects the Red Sea and the Mediterranean.
3. With lesser efforts in going to Europe, this even more triggered the Filipinos towards independence.
vi.
ADMINISTRATION OF IZQUIERDO
1. When the reactionary regime was restored in Spain in 1871, a new governor general was assigned in the Philippines, Rafael de
Izquierdo, who was considered as one of the most autocratic leaders of the Philippines.
2. He restored the old order which dela Torre had progressively reformed.
vii.
SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT
1. The secularization movement was a struggle between the “regular priests,” who were missionaries from the religious orders, and
the “secular priests” who were native or criollo (Philippine-born Spaniards) priests and did not belong to the orders.
2. The struggle arose when the secular priests demanded that the parishes be turned over to them for administration.
a.
Their demand was ignored and, instead, they were assigned as “coadjutors” or assistants to the Spanish regular priests.
b. The seculars felt that they were discriminated.
c.
In due time, more native Filipinos became priests and took the cudgel of pursuing their nationalistic movement which
was later known as the “Filipinization” of parishes.
3. Fr. Jose Burgos, a Spanish meztizo priest, championed the movement vigorously.
viii.
CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872
1. Because of Izquierdo’s move to abolish dela Torre’s reforms, discontent arose in many sectors of society.
2. La Madrid, a Filipino sergeant, led a mutiny.
3. Spanish forces quickly suppressed the mutiny which resulted to the death of La Madrid and many of his men.
4. Spanish authorities implicated Filipino priests and soldiers.
a.
Three advocates of the Secularization Movement (Gom-Bur-Za) were branded as masterminds and were charged of
rebellion.
ix.
THE EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA
1. Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora were tried
2. They were incriminated by Francisco Zaldual, a soldier allegedly bribed to testify against the three.
3. Izquierdo approved the death sentence.
6
a.
b.
Gom-Bur-Za were executed in Luneta through the “garrote.”
x.
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
1. After their execution, sons of wealthy people fled to Europe.
a.
They realized the dangers of fighting for their causes at home.
b. In Europe, they realized the dangers of fighting for their causes at home.
c.
There, in the free atmosphere, they initiated a sustained campaign for reforms in the Philippines
2. The illustrados in Europe crusaded aggressively yet peacefully by means of writing and speeches for reforms to rectify the evils of
the colonial system.
a.
This crusade would be known in history as the Propaganda Movement
b. The demanded reforms of the Propaganda Movement:
i. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law
ii. Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain
iii. Restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes (the Parliament)
iv. Filipinization of parishes
v. Human rights for Filipinos
3. The leading propagandists concealed their identities by adopting pen names.
a.
Jose Rizal (Laon Laan/ Dimasalang)
b. Marcelo del Pilar (Plaridel)
c.
Mariano Ponce (Naning)
d. Antonio Luna (Tagalog)
e. Jose Mariano Panganiban (Jomapa)
4. Newspaper was used as medium for speech and expression
a.
Marcelo del Pilar founded the Diariong Tagalog (First Tagalog-Spanish newspaper)
b. Graciano Lopez Jaena (founded the La Solidaridad newspaper in Barcelona)
i. Later, del Pilar replaced Jaena as Editor
xi.
JOSE RIZAL
1. The Noli Me Tangere proved to be the most powerful and effective medium so far used by the Propaganda against the friars and
the colonial administration
a.
Its exposition of the social cancer in the Philippines brought about by frailocracy practically enraged the Church.
xii.
LA LIGA FILIPINA
1. He returned to the Philippines because he failed to get enough support from the members of the Propaganda for his sequel novel,
El Fili.
2. Rizal established the “La Liga Filipina Movement”. Its aims were far different from that of the Propaganda Movement. It aimed at:
a.
Uniting the archipelago into a homogenous body
b. Giving protection against violence and injustice
c.
Encouraging education and application of reforms
3. The league was short-lived because Rizal was arrested and was deported to Dapitan
KATIPUNAN & THE 1896 REVOLUTION
i. PATH TO FREEDOM
1. The arrest and exile of Rizal created confusion among the members of Liga Filipina
2. The middle class members, naïve as they became, refused to take any bold step further for fear that they may lose their held
status.
a.
They continued to hold on to their mistaken belief that Spain would eventually hear their cries for reform.
b. They would continue their quest for reforms through a group they called “Cuerpo de Compromisarios”
3. Andres Bonifacio
a.
Had the insight to realize that Spain would never grant the reforms
b. He was interested in liberating the country from the tyranny of the Spaniards and the only way to accomplish this would
be through an armed conflict.
ii.
FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNAN
1. The newspaper Gaceta de Manila published the arrest and exile of Rizal.
2. In the night of the same date, a group of patriotic Filipinos led by Andres Bonifacio decide to organize a secret revolutionary society
called KKK (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan)
a.
The principal aim of the society was to unite the Filipinos and to fight for Philippine Independence
b. The structure of the Katipunan was patterned after the La Liga Filipina
c.
The Katipunan was governed by 3 bodies:
i. Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Sanggunian)
ii. Provincial Council (Sangguniang Bayan)
iii. Popular Council (Sangguniang Barangay)
d. These bodies are equivalent to our present central government, provincial government and municipal government.
e. Judicial Council – “Sangguniang Hukuman”
f.
By the eve of the 1896 revolution, the officers of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan were:
i. Andres Bonifacio (Supremo or President)
ii. Emilio Jacinto (Secretary of State)
iii.
KATIPUNAN MEMBERSHIP
1. In recruiting members, the Katipunan used the name of Rizal to a great extent.
a.
Without his knowledge, Rizal was declared as their Honorary President, his picture displayed during conferences and his
name shouted as rally cry.
2. The triangle system was abolished due to its complicacy and clumsiness.
a.
The method used by the Masons in accepting members was adopted
i. Prospective members had undergone initiation rites in order to test their courage and loyalty
7
ii.
iii.
b.
A qualified member was made to swear to safeguard the secrets of the society and had to sign his name in
the Katipunan register through the blood from his arm.
The members of the Katipunan were classified into 3 degrees:
1. KATIPUN: password was “anak ng bayan”
2. KAWAL: password was “Gomburza”
3. BAYANI: password was “Rizal”
In order to recognize each other in the streets, member upon meeting another would place the palm of his right hand
on his own left breast.
i. The placing of right hand palm on the left breast is at the present being adopted while singing the Philippine
National Anthem
iv.
THE KATIPUNAN WOMEN
1. Membership in the Katipunan was exclusively for Filipino men.
2. It was deliberately and approved later on to accept women on grounds of their invaluable service
a.
There were assignments only the women could do since they were unlikely to become suspects
b. The Katipuneras served as front to deceive the Spanish authorities while their counterparts were having secret meetings
c.
They held parties and made merry-making by singing and dancing to divert the suspicion of the Spanish authorities
3. To be a Katipunera, one had to be a wife, daughter or sister of a Katipunero
a.
Among the women members of the Katipunera were Gregoria “Orang” de Jesus (Bonifacio’s wife – the “Lakambini of
the Katipunan”)
b. Benita Rodriguez who made the flag of the Katipunan
v.
BONIFACIO AND JACINTO
1. Bonifacio
a.
“Father of the Philippine Revolution”
b. “Great Plebian” – a man who came from poor but struggled his way to glory and greatness in life and in death to serve
his people.
i. To supplement his education deficiency, he indulged himself to self study by reading books and newspapers.
ii. His favorite was the “History of the French Revolution” – he was inspired by ideas that advocate struggle for
freedom through armed revolution.
2. Emilio Jacinto
a.
Known as the “brains of katipunan”
b. He was a law student at UST – he was appointed as the fiscal and secretary of the Katipunan
c.
Pio Valenzuela, Andres Bonifacio, and Emilio Jacinto founded “Kalayaan”, the short lived newspaper of the Katipunan
vi.
PREPARING FOR WAR
1. In 1895, Bonifacio and his trusted men scouted the Montalban Mountains in search for a suitable headquarters.
2. Inside the cave of Bernardo Carpio, the Katipuneros held meetings and reaffirmed their decision to go through the revolution.
a.
Aurelio Tolentino scribbled on the walls the words “Viva La Independencia Filipina” (Long Live the Philippine
Independece)
b. This event was recorded as the “Cry of Montalban” and marked as the “first cry of the Philippine Independence”
3.
In 1895, Cuba, another Spanish colony in Central America, was in a revolution
a.
This came as an opportunity for the Katipunan to act immediately and launch the same in the Philippines.
b. In this manner, Spain’s power and attention would be divided between the two wars they have created.
c.
Bonifacio summoned Valenzuela to Dapitan to arrange with Rizal his rescue.
vii.
EARLY SETBACKS
1. In Dapitan, Dr. Valenzuela, who was with a blind patient as an alibi, met Dr. Rizal and disclosed the Katipunan secrets.
2. Rizal declined to be rescued.
a.
He disagreed with the plans of the Katipunan.
b. He expressed that the Katipunan, based on the very nature of the association, would be incapable of bringing victory
against an empire with a veteran army.
c.
For Rizal, the lack of weapons and training of its men, along with the absence of sea vessels and foreign assistance, what
can only happen is a massacre.
d. Bonifacio flared up in disappointment upon hearing the reports of his emissary about Rizal’s reaction towards the
planned revolution.
3. Bonifacio was advised by Valenzuela to confer with the visiting Japanese naval officer and the Japanese consul in Manila for a
possible support from their government.
a.
Unfortunately, no Japanese aid was extended to the Katipunan.
4. The Katipunan also tried to get the support of the middle class but many wealthy and educated Filipinos were apathetic to their
cause.
a.
Since the members of the Katipunan were mostly from the labor class they were not taken seriously by the affluent
ones.
b. As a form of retribution against the rich who declined to support the association, Bonifacio ordered his men to
manufacture fake documents that were intended to be exposed and be discovered by the Spanish authorities.
c.
The names of these rich Filipinos who were not sympathetic to the Katipunan were made to appear in the false
documents as big contributors.
d. When the revolution broke out, many of those listed were arrested and persecuted.
viii.
THE FLAG
1. The making of the flag of the Katipunan was a symbol of unity among Filipinos.
2. The first flag of the Katipunan was made by Benita Rodriguez
a.
It consisted of a rectangular red piece of cloth with three K’s displayed horizontally in the middle.
3. 2nd Flag: it consisted of a red rectangular cloth with a white sun in the middle with eight white rays.
a.
Inside the sun’s sphere was the letter K
8
4.
Bonifacio had his own flag:
a.
It consisted of a red rectangular piece of cloth with a white sun which had indefinite number of white rays in the center.
b. Below the sun was the KKK arranged horizontally
ix.
BETRAYAL AND DISCOVERY
1. The Katipunan, which has been established since 1892, was finally discovered by the Spanish authorities on 1896.
2. It began with the betrayal of Teodoro Patino, a Katipunero and an employee of the Diario de Manila printing press.
a.
Patino divulged the secrets of his association and its plans to a revolution when he visited his nun sister in a
Mandaluyong orphanage.
b. Patino was later persuaded to inform Fr. Mariano Gil
i. Gil informed the Spanish authorities about the Katipunan
ii. Because of this: The Diario de Manila press was raided
1. Many suspected Katipuneros and sympathizers were arrested, jailed and tortured
x.
OUTBREAK OF THE REVOLUTION
1. Warned on time, Bonifacio and Jacinto eluded arrest.
a.
They went to Pugadlawin, Balintawak, and stayed at the domicile of Juan Aquino Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino, who
was called Tandang Sora
2. Bonifacio called the members of the Katipunan for an emergency meeting
a.
He informed them of the urgency of starting a revolution
b. Heated arguments ensued between the protagonists and the antagonists
c.
To resolve the issue, Bonifacio asked them whether they were prepared to fight and die for freedom
d. Majority responded affirmatively
i. They tore the cedulas and shouted “long live Philippines! Long live Katipunan!
ii. This is now called the “Cry of Pugadlawin” an event which symbolizes Filipino courage in the aim of achieving
freedom and independence
3. Since the Katipuneros were in need of arms, Bonifacio launched an offensive attack on the Spanish arsenal at San Juan del Monte.
a.
This event is now known as the “Battle of San Juan” and the place now known as “Pinaglabanan”
b. Without any strategy Bonifacio was doomed with the loss of 153 of his men and more than 200 who were taken as
prisoners
xi.
A DECLARATION OF MARTIAL LAW
1. To suppress the rebellion, Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco declared martial on the first 8 provinces that revolted: Manila, Cavite, Laguna,
Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac.
2. The 8 golden rays of the Philippine sun in the flag symbolize these 8 provinces.
3. The decree provided a policy of attraction promising no persecution for those who would surrender within 48 hours after the
publication of the decree.
a.
Some less patriotic Filipinos took advantage of this offer.
b. One of them was Pio Valenzuela, who was regretful because the Spaniards did not keep the provisions of their decree.
4. As an exemplary measure, which aimed to frighten the Filipinos not to join the revolutionists, the Spanish authorities adopted a
terroristic policy.
a.
4 Katipuneros were publicly executed at Bagumbayan
b. 13 Martyrs of Cavite were shot to death in front of the Cavite arsenal
c.
In Bicol, 11 martyrs were brought to Manila and were executed at Bagumbayan
d. This terroristic policy of Spain failed to stop or even weaken the revolution
i. Instead, it spread nationwide and the Filipinos were no longer afraid to die against a common evil enemy.
xii.
THE RISE OF EMILIO AGUINALDO
1. The losses of Bonifacio placed the revolution to the brink of its end.
a.
It was a good thing he was not the only leader of the revolution.
b. In other provinces, the revolutionists have proven their mark.
c.
The most successful was Cavite, and the man behind the victories was Emilio Aguinaldo.
2. At the inception of the revolution, there were already 2 Katipunan provincial councils existing in Cavite.
a.
Magdiwang Council
b. Magdalo Council
3. When the revolution broke out successive victories were made in Cavite making the province almost entirely in the hands of the
revolutionists.
4. Gen. Ramon Blanco made an all out offensive to take back Cavite with a force of 2000 soldiers
5. The Magdiwang and Magdalo joined forces under Aguinaldo.
a.
Gen. Edilberto Evangelista engineered their defense
b. The result was devastation on the part of the Spaniards.
6. For his failure to crush the rebellion, Governor Blanco was recalled to Spain.
a.
He was replaced by Gov. Gen. Camilio de Polavieja.
xiii.
EXECUTION OF JOSE RIZAL
1. Rizal, upon his own request, was recruited by the colonial government to serve as a physician in war torn Cuba.
a.
This assignment ended his exile and was taken to Manila to wait for his voyage to Cuba.
b. While in Manila, the revolution erupted.
c.
Crossing the Mediterranean en route to Spain (as a stop-over), Gov. Blanco ordered Rizal’s arrest.
2. Rizal was immediately returned to the Philippines and detained in Fort Santiago.
a.
He was charged of rebellion, sedition and illegal association.
b. The Spaniards feared him so much they referred to him as the “soul of the revolution.”
3. A farce trial was held and Rizal was convicted to die by firing squad on December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan.
a.
The death sentence on Rizal was confirmed and signed by the new Gov. General Camilio de Polavieja.
4. In 1898, the Republic of the Philippines under Pres. Emilio Aguinaldo declared December 30 as a national holiday in
commemoration of the death of Jose Rizal, “the greatest hero of the Philippines.”
9
xiv.
BONIFACIO IN CAVITE
1. The disunity of the Katipuneros in Cavite proved to be disastrous when Gov. Gen. Polavieja launched an offensive attack late that
December.
2. Bonifacio, who was at that time holding Morong, was invited to mediate between the two councils.
a.
He arrived in Cavite towards the end of December 1896.
3. Magdalos proposed the dissolution of the Katipunan and the establishment of a revolutionary government under new elected
officials to unite the Magdiwang and Magdalo forces under a single command.
a.
Heated arguments ensued between the two factions
b. The Magdiwang argued that there was no need to establish a revolutionary government because there was already a
Katipunan government headed by Bonifacio
4. The meeting was ended with the unexpected arrival of Josephine Bracken and Paciano Mercado-Rizal without any decision
reached.
xv.
THE TEJEROS CONVENTION
1. In 1897, the Tejeros convention was held.
a.
The men argued once more over the issue of dissolving the Katipunan and establishing a new revolutionary
government.
2. After a brief recess, Bonifacio took over as chairman.
a.
He decided to give in to the demand of a new government.
b. Before the actual voting, Bonifacio took the assurance from the majority that whoever would be elected must be
recognized without any protest.
i. The election of officers followed and was done by secret ballots
ii. Surprisingly, Emilio Aguinaldo, who was absent, was elected President.
iii. Bonifacio was elected as Director of Interior.
3. When Bonifacio was proclaimed it was protested by Daniel Tirona on the reason that the position should not be occupied by one
who is not a lawyer.
a. Enraged by this protest, Bonifacio angrily dissolved the assembly, annulled all that transpired and declared the
election invalid.
b. After announcing he would not recognize the new government, he walked out of the session hall.
c.
Along with his loyal soldiers, Bonifacio left Tejeros with a vow to continue the Katipunan revolution under his
leadership.
4. In Naic, Cavite, Bonifacio and his followers drafted and signed another document entitled “Naic Military Pact.”
a.
Here, Bonifacio built a new government separate from the Tejeros convention results.
b. He place Gen. Pio del Pilar in command.
c.
Initially, Aguinaldo exerted efforts to convince Bonifacio to return to the fold of the revolutionary government but
Bonifacio refused.
d. Pio del PIlar later defected to Aguinaldo
e. With the Naic document reaching the attention of Aguinaldo, the former Supremo became a separist and his number
one enemy.
xvi.
THE DEATH OF BONIFACIO
1. Aguinaldo ordered the arrest of Bonifacio
a.
Bonifacio was located and a skirmish ensued
b. During the skirmish, Bonifacio ran towards his brother to protect him.
i. As he was waving his arms for a ceasefire, Andres was shot at his upper chest and fell.
ii. He reached for his gun but someone stepped on his arm to the ground and severely kicked his throat.
iii. The wife of Bonifacio was raped
2. Aguinaldo gave Bonifacio the sentence of exile but when Pio del Pilar learned about it, Aguinaldo was persuaded to give
Bonifacio death penalty (firing squad).
a.
It was reasoned that Bonifacio, as long as alive, would always remain as a threat to the revolutionary government.
3. The death of Bonifacio gave Aguinaldo the complete leadership of the revolution.
4. After the death of Bonifacio, the Spaniards began to take the upper hand.
a.
With fresh reinforcements coming directly from Spain, the towns of Cavite were pounded.
xvii.
THE PACT OF BIAK-NA-BATO
1. By the end of June 1897, the Spaniards were in full control of the province of Cavite.
2. Aguinaldo and his forces retreated to Malapad na Bato (now Fort Bonifacio), Montalban, and finally BUlacan.
3. In San Miguel, Bulacan, he established the Biak-na-Bato Republic on November 1897.
a.
A constitution for this Republic was drafted.
4. Fighting continued and despite the victories of the Spaniards, Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera realized that he could not totally crush the
revolution.
a.
He opted to end the rebellion through peaceful negotiations.
b. This became possible through the effort of Pedro A. Paterno, a prominent lawyer who volunteered his services to act as
the peace negotiator.
5. The effort of Paterno was not in vain.
a.
He succeeded in negotiating a peace agreement called “Pact of Biak-na-Bato.”
b. The pact consisted of 3 documents that were signed on December 14 & 15 with the following provisions:
i. That the revolutionists would lay down their arms and be given full amnesty
ii. That Aguinaldo and his top officials would go on voluntary exile to Hong Kong
iii. That the Spanish Government would pay the revolutionists P800,000 payable in three installments:
1. P400,000 upon the embarkation of Aguinaldo and parties
2. P200,000 when at least 700 firearms have been surrendered by the revolutionists
3. P200,000 upon the declaration of general amnesty
iv. Additional P900,000 indemnity for Filipino civilians who suffered losses from the revolution
c.
In compliance with the terms and conditions of the pact General Aguinaldo and more than 20 revolutionary leaders
went on voluntary exile to Hong Kong on December 27, 1897.
10
i.
xviii.
VI.
He carried the P400,000 paid to him by the Spanish government while the P200,000 was divided among the
other officials who were left behind.
VIOLATIONS TO THE PACT
1. The peaceful condition that was brought about by the pact of Biak-na-Bato was temporary and artificial in nature because both
parties did not faithfully comply with the provisions of the agreement.
2. Learning from past events, the Spanish government did not fulfill the promised pardon to the revolutionists.
a.
Hence, the revolutionists did not surrender all their arms.
b. The suspicion of the revolutionists came true when the Spaniards failed to live up to their promises.
c.
Of the P1,700,000 indemnity (insurance/compensation), only P600,000 was actually released to them.
3. Arrest and persecution of suspected revolutionary leaders resumed with the turn of events, fighting continues and escalated
nationwide.
AMERICAN REGIME
a.
THE ARRIVAL OF THE AMERICANS AND THE END OF SPANISH RULE
i. THE AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT
1. Cuba, another colony of Spain, raised the banner of revolution against her mother country on May 1895.
2. Preserving the integrity of the empire, the Spaniards did all the measures to suppress the revolution.
3. To support the aspired freedom of the Cubans, American aid soon arrived to this neighboring territory.
a.
Spain condemned the expressed interest of US over Cuba.
b. Diplomatic conflict between the 2 powers followed.
i. The battle of words between the 2 countries became a real war on February 1898, the USS Maine, an
American battleship sent on a rescue mission, was blown up by Spanish forces while docked at the Havana
harbor.
ii.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
1. As roused by the “Maine Incident,” resolutions were passed by the US Congress demanding the immediate evacuation of Spanish
forces from Cuba.
2. Spain was put on a predicament that if it would not respond properly to the Americans, it would then be an act of cowardice.
a.
And so, Spain declared the war on April 1898.
b. The US responded by also declaring the same the next day.
c.
US President William McKinley expressed that the decision was for the protection of American lives and properties in
Cuba.
iii.
THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
1. Basilio Agustin was appointed governor of the Philippines.
a.
He replaced Primo de Rivera due to the latter’s failure to end the revolution
2. Commodore George Dewey of the US Asiatic Squadron left Hong Kong to set sail for the Philippines to initiate the war with Spain in
the Pacific.
a.
Dewey was boarded in his flagship Olympia. The destination was Manila.
b. Dewey’s squadron encountered the waiting Spanish Armada.
c.
After a few hours of battle, the Spanish armada was totally destroyed without any damage or casualties on the part of
the Americans
d. The Americans took Corregidor as their first fortress.
iv.
AGUINALDO RETURNS
1. While in Hong Kong, Aguinaldo established his revolutionary government in exile.
a.
It was called “Hong Kong Junta,” and Felipe Agoncillo was made President while Aguinaldo was making his diplomatic
affairs.
2. When the war between the Spain and America broke out, Aguinaldo was in Singapore conferring with the US Consul E. Spencer
Pratt who advised him of the possible alliance of US and the revolutionists in the aim of defeating the Spaniards.
3. Returning to Hong Kong, the Junta advised him to return to the Philippines and continue the struggle.
a.
Negotiating with Dewey before their departure for Manila, Aguinaldo was assured that the only aim of the United States
was to have the Spaniards defeated, to free the Philippines from colonization and recognize its aspired independence.
4. On a meeting with Dewey, Aguinaldo offered his aid to defeat the Spaniards in Manila.
a.
Dewey rejected the offer and suggested that it would be better if the revolutionists would just take possession of the
remains of some Soanish arsenals in outer Manila.
v.
THE NEED FOR FILIPINO SUPPORT
1. Governor General Agustin, realizing the upcoming threat imposed by the presence of the American troops, made a most desperate
attempt of winning back the support of the Filipino people.
a.
He appealed that America was the true enemy of the Filipino people and not Spain.
b. Agustin made a promise to the Filipino people that reforms would be granted if only they would join Spain in the war
against America.
i. Nobody wanted to respond to his call
2. The next attempt of Agustin was the creation of the Philippine Militia, a special pro-Spanish Filipino armed force.
a.
With its commander, Felipe Buencamino Sr., it was tasked to persuade Aguinaldo to desist fighting the Spaniards and to
have him join the Philippine Militia with the rank and privileges of a full general under the Spanish army.
b. Aguinaldo’s men will be treated the same.
c.
However, Buencamino did otherwise, for it was he and the rest of the Philippine Militia who defected to Aguinaldo and
the Revolutionists.
vi.
A DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT
1. Due to the urgent need to establish a government and so with little time to organize one, Aguinaldo created his dictatorial
government.
2. As a dictator, all powers of government have been vested to Aguinaldo.
11
vii.
FILIPINO VICTORIES
1. The return of Aguinaldo boosted the morale of the revolutionists.
a.
It became a time of victories.
b. Gregorio del Pilar swept the entire Bulacan.
c.
Zapote, Cavite, Batangas, Bulacan, portions of Bataan, Pampanga, and Tayabas were recaptured
viii.
THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE PHILIPPINES
1. On June 12, 1898, the independence of the Philippines was proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite, at the residence of the Aguinaldos.
2. The anthem, “Marcha Nacional Filipina” was played for the first time.
a.
The hymn was composed by Julian Felipe
b. The lyrics was written by Jose Palma from the poem “Filipinas”
3. The Philippine flag that was displayed was designed by Aguinaldo himself and was sewn in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo
ix.
TAKING MANILA
1. The Filipinos isolated Manila by cutting off the water supply intended for the population of the walled city.
x.
A REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
1. A shift was made turning the dictatorial government to a revolutionary one.
2. Mabini insisted that international recognition, especially from the US, may be easier to gain if the government is in this form.
3. From this point, he also advised that a republic may now be set up.
xi.
LUNA AND DEL PILAR IN MANILA
1. Aguinaldo persuaded Gov. Agustin to give up Manila.
a.
Agustin refused, warning Aguinaldo that his reinforcements are on their way.
b. Bluffing Aguinaldo, Agustin could not imagine the shame he would face if ever he would surrender to these “indio”
forces.
2. Gen. Wesley Meritt arrived as the US Supreme Commander to the Philippines.
3. Agustin was succeeded by Gen. Fermin Jaudenes as governor upon orders from Madrid.
4. A Bacoor Assembly was held (later to become as the Malolos Congress) to ratify the Philippine Independence
5. The attack on Manila commenced on July 31 under the leadership of Supreme Commander Antonio Luna and Gen. Gregorio del
Pilar.
6. The Americans demanded from Jaudenes the surrender of Intramuros
xii.
THE MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA
1. On August 10-11, a secret agreement was made between Commodore Dewey and Gov. Jaudenes
a.
Jaudenes expressed that they will never surrender to the Filipinos, and that if ever would dare enter Intramuros, then
blood will spill.
b. If the Americans would enter the city, they would offer only a small resistance, for the sake of honor, but later would
surrender and give up the city.
2. In the US, McKinley quickly ordered Dewey not to permit the “mixed occupation of the city with the insurgents”
a.
The reason, whoever gets Manila, gets the Philippines.
b. And whoever signs up with the surrender of Jaudenes is the victor.
3. The Americans soon blocked the city walls, not permitting Gen. del Pilar to enter
a.
The Filipinos were stunned, and without a choice, stationed outside Intramuros
b. A white flag was raised from a tower
c.
A preliminary capitulation pact was later signed by Dewey and Jaudenes
i. The fall of Manila was finally achieved on August 13
ii. The Americans got the credit
xiii.
THE US MILITARY GOVERNMENT
1. On August 1898, President William McKinley established the US military government in the Philippines.
2. Gen. Wesley Meritt became the first military governor.
3. Gen. Diego delos Rios was the last Gov.-Gen. of Spain to the Philippines
a.
The US assisted delos Rios in transferring the remains of the Spanish government to the US
b. Manila had to be protected by Meritt from Aguinaldo
12