Essentials of Firefighting (4th Edition)
Chapter 14-Fire Control
FF1 Test Review
What does the SUCCESS of a fire fighting team depend on?

skill & knowledge of personnel involved in initial-attack operations
What permits firefighters to apply FIRE STREAMS from positions close to the fire?

Full PPE, SCBA, and PASS devices
What are some HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS to watch for in fire control?

imminent building collapse

fire behind, below, or above attack team

kinks or obstructions in hoselines

holes, weak stairs, or other fall hazards

suspended loads on fire-weakened supports

hazardous or highly flammable commodities likely to spill

backdraft or flashover conditions

electrical shock hazards

overexertion, confusion, or panic by team members

victims
What is important between crews performing DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS?

coordination
What happens when attack is COORDINATED with attack crews?

improved visibility, entry can be made to facilitate rescue, assessment of fire conditions can be made, and
suppression
What tools should TEAMS advancing hoselines carry?

equipment that may be needed to force entry/exit or perform other tasks

equipment should include: a portable light, an axe, and a prying tool of some type
What should an ATTACK TEAM do prior to entry?

bleed air from line & check operation of nozzle settings or set to proper pattern for the fire based on conditions
found
What should firefighters do until FIRE OFFICER gives the order to advance?

wait at structures entrance & stay low and out of doorway
What should be EXTINGUISHED before entry?

burning fascia & soffit, boxed cornices, and other doorway overhangs
From which side should a fire be ATTACKED and Why?

from the unburned side to prevent spreading it through the structure
Why should MATTRESSES not be removed from structure for extinguishment?

it may erupt in flames or get stuck in doorway, blocking exit
What should be worn during MOP-UP & OVERHAUL?

full PPE and SCBA
What should be done with VALUABLES found?

taken immediately to supervisor
What factors determine the METHOD of fire attack?

size of fire, type of nozzle used, ventilation conditions, & other factors
What type of FOG PATTERN may be used if ventilation is adequate?

a narrow fog pattern

proper ventilation gives smoke, heat, & steam a place to go

also, helps maintain thermal layering
What TYPE of STREAM should be used if ventilation is inadequate?

a straight stream to avoid upsetting thermal layering
Where must personnel be POSITIONED if a door to a fire area must be opened?

to one side of the entrance and STAY LOW
What type of stream should be used BEFORE fire is encountered?

a protective stream ONLY IF NECESSARY

discharging water at smoke decreases visibility and increases water damage
Where should stream be DIRECTED if fire is localized?

direct at the base of the fire
If area is WELL INVOLVED, how should water be applied?

by sweeping the ceiling in a side-to-side motion which will break the stream into smaller droplets that rain
down on the base of the fire, increasing extinguishment
How should a hose crew BACK OUT of a fire area?

with the stream operating until all personnel are in a safe area
How should personnel exit during IMMINENT BUUILDING COLLAPSE conditions?

personnel should exit IMMEDIATELY
What makes WATER APPLICATION successful?

if amount of water applied is sufficient to cool burning fuels
What types of fires are BOOSTER LINES good for?

small, exterior fires, small brush fires, and dumpster fires

1 1/2-inch hoselines are NOT to make an interior attack
What fire conditions & factors determine HOSELINE SELECTION?

fire load & material involved

volume of water needed for extinguishment

reach needed

# of persons available to handle hoselines

mobility requirements

tactical requirements

speed of deployment

potential fire spread
What is a DIRECT ATTACK?

applying a solid or straight stream in short bursts directly at the base of the fire until the fire "darkens down"
What is and INDIRECT ATTACK?

made from outside through a window or door when entry to structure or fire area is not

possible due to intense fire conditions

not desirable when victims may be trapped or spread of fire to uninvolved areas cannot be contained

solid, straight, or narrow fog stream directed back and forth at ceiling level to cool superheated gases

should be shut down before thermal layering is disturbed
What is a COMBINATION ATTACK?

uses steam-generating technique of ceiling level attack combined with direct attack of burning materials near
floor level

nozzle may be moved in a T, Z, or O pattern starting with a solid, straight, or penetrating fog stream directed at
the ceiling level and then lowered to attack combustibles near floor level
What is the MOST FAMILIAR method of combination attack?

the O pattern

to perform the O pattern, direct stream at the ceiling, wall, floor, then opposite wall
How should TEAM MEMBERS assist nozzle person?

by advancing hose as needed

crowding behind nozzle makes manipulation of nozzle difficult
When are MASTER STREAM DEVICES generally used?

as a last resort of containing & controlling a large fire

used when fire is beyond control of handlines or location is no longer safe for personnel
What are the 3 MAIN USES of master stream devices?

direct fire attack

to back up handlines attacking the fire from the exterior

exposure protection
How must a MASTER STREAM device be moved?

must be shut down to be moved
Where should a MASTER STREAM be placed to attack a fire?

close enough to a window or door that it can hit the base of the fire

particularly important when using a fog nozzle because of lack of penetration

should be place so that it enters structure at an upward angle where it can deflect off the ceiling to the base of
the fire

placement should also be where maximum coverage on face of building is obtained
What can happen if a MASTER STREAM is operated at TOO LOW of an angle?

loss of control of master stream and hoseline may occur
What is the minimum expected FLOW of a master stream device?

350 gpm

it is not practical to supply with any less than two 2 1/2-inch hoselines

larger flows will require a third 2 1/2-inch line or LDH

some devices are equipped to handle one 4-inch or larger supply line

it is desirable to use a maximum of 100-feet of supply hose to reduce FL

supply hose generally comes from the main supply in the bed of the engine
How many FF's are needed to DEPLOY a master stream device and supply lines?

minimum of 2, once in place, can be operated by one FF

one FF should be stationed at master stream device at all times while water is flowing in case change of
direction or prevention of device "crawling away" (moving) is needed

An exception is when the device is in hazardous positions such as in collapse zone or near LPG tanks, or other
hazardous objects
How should an UNMANNED MASTER STREAM be operated?

securely anchored, desired stream put in place, and personnel should back away

if device starts to move, pressure should be decreased at the supply source
What is a B.L.E.V.E.?

Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion

found in vessels containing flammable liquids

results in explosive release of pressure, pieces of tank, and big fireball with radiant heat

most commonly occurs when flame contacts tank shell ABOVE the liquid line or when insufficient water is
applied to keep the tank shell cool

water should be applied with unmanned master streams to the upper portions of the tank
Where is NATURAL GAS & LPG found and its use?

found in houses, mobile homes, businesses

used for cooking, heating, or industrial processes
What are some CHARACTERISTICS of natural gas?

made mostly of methane with small quantities of ethane, propane, butane, & pentane

lighter than air, non-toxic, classified as an asphyxiant

mercaptan gas is added to provide a distinctive odor
How is NATURAL GAS distributed?

from gas wells through pipes at pressure ranges of 1/4 to 1,000 psi (usually below 50 psi) to its point of usage
What are some DANGERS of natural gas?

explosive concentrations between 5% to 15%

may be subject to B.L.E.V.E. when compressed or stored and shipped in cylinders

CNG = Compressed Natural Gas
What tools do EMERGENCY RESPONSE CREWS have for gas utilities?

special non-sparking tools

maps of distribution system

training & experience to stop gas flow
What is LPG?

Liquified Petroleum Gas - fuel gas stored in a liquid state

Used primarily as fuel gas in campers, mobile homes, agricultural applications, & rural homes

Composed mainly of propane with small quantities of butane, ethane, ethylene, propylene, isobutane, or
butylene added

Non-toxic, classified as an asphyxiant
What are some dangers of LPG?

about 1 1/2 times heavier than air so it hugs the ground

explosive in concentrations of 1.5% to 10%

shipped from point to point in cylinders

all cylinders are subject to B.L.E.V.E.
How can LPG leaks be stopped?

by dissipating with a fog stream of at least 100 gpm
What measures should be taken at a LPG or CNG leak?

approach & stage on the upwind side

be prepared for a B.L.E.V.E or fires

evacuate area around break and downwind of break

eliminate ignition sources

surrounding buildings checked for gas build-up
What is the MOST COMMON situation FF's face in gas utility structure fire incidents?

locating the service meter & turning off gas

usually located outside building & normally visible from street (some are located inside structure)
How should FF's turn off gas at a meter?

with or without fire, advance a fog stream for protection while approaching valve
What indicates the a GAS VALVE is closed?

valve petcock at a right angle to pipe
What is a CLASS C fire?

fire involving energized electrical equipment
Where can UNUSUAL electrical hazards be found?

railroad locomotives, relay switching stations, & electrical substations
What is the PRIMARY DANGER of electrical fires?

failure of emergency personnel to recognize the safety hazard
How should POWER FLOW to commercial or high-rise buildings with fire be controlled?

de-energize area around fire
How should fires in DELICATE electronic or computer equipment be extinguished?

with carbon dioxide or halon

use of water is an inherent shock hazard
What are some other fires that use CLASS C suppression techniques?

transmission lines & equipment, underground lines, & commercial high-voltage installations
What is the area that should be CLEARED when fires occur as a result of TRANSMISSION LINES breaking?

area equal to the span between poles on either side of break
What components are VITAL in fires involving transmission lines & equipment?

reduce risk to life & property

consult with power company personnel

live wires should NOT be cut EXCEPT by experienced power company personnel
What is a DANGEROUS chemical found in transformers?

PCB's (polychlorinated biphenyls)

flammable because of their oil base

also, carcinogenic (cancer-causing)

should be extinguished with a dry chemical extinguisher
What do UNDERGROUND transmission systems consist of?

cableways & vaults beneath surface
What are the MOST FREQUENT hazards associated with underground lines?

explosions that may blow utility covers a considerable distance

sparks from fuses or short-circuit arcing can ignite accumulation of gases

area should be clear & no apparatus should be parked over utility covers
When should FF's enter a UTILITY VAULT?

NEVER, unless rescue must be made
How should fire in UNDERGROUND systems be extinguished?

by discharging carbon dioxide or dry chemical into vault & replacing cover

a wet blanket or salvage cover should be placed over the utility cover to exclude oxygen
water is not suggested for extinguishment

runoff of water could become a conductor of electricity
Where might VOLTAGE in excess of 600 volts be found?

in industry, large buildings, & apartments
What types of COOLANTS are used in some transformers?

flammable oils
What should NOT be used to extinguish high-voltage equipment?

water should NOT be used
What are additional HAZARDS in high-voltage equipment?

toxic chemicals used in plastic insulation, coolants, & smoke
What methods should be used in ENTRY of areas with high-voltage equipment?

wear SCBA & use a safety line monitored by someone on the outside of structure

search with a clenched fist or the back of hand to avoid reflex action of grabbing live equipment
Why should POWER remain on for as long as possible?

to provide lighting, run ventilation equipment, or run pumps

also, once turned off, it cannot be restored
How should POWER be turned off?

by a power company employee

it is NOT RECCOMMENDED for FF's to pull electrical meters to turn off power
FF's should control power at panel box by opening main switch or removing fuses
What does CONTROLLING electrical flow accomplish?

reduces danger of igniting combustibles or accidentally turning on equipment
What are CONSEQUENCES of electrical shock?

cardiac arrest

ventricular fibrillation

respiratory arrest

involuntary muscle contractions

paralysis

surface or internal burns

damage to joints

ultraviolet arc burns to eyes
What FACTORS affect the seriousness of electrical shock?

path of electricity through the body

degree of skin resistance: wet (low resistance), dry (high resistance)

length of exposure

available current: amperage flow

available voltage: electromotive force

frequency: alternating current (AC), or direct current (DC)
What are some GUIDELINES for electrical emergencies?

establish danger zone of one span in either direction for safety

guard against electrical shock, burns, & eye injuries from arcing

treat all wires as energized, high-voltage lines

do not cut any power lines. Wait for utility workers

use electrical lockout/tagout devices to ensure power will not be inadvertently turned back on (also, padlock
tagout device)

wear full PPE

use only regularly tested & approved insulated tools

use care when raising or lowering ladders, hoselines, or equipment near overhead lines

do not touch any vehicle or apparatus that is in contact with electrical wires

if necessary to leave apparatus, FF should jump clear of apparatus. DO NOT touch the apparatus and the
ground at the same time

consider all downed power lines equally dangerous

DO NOT use solid or straight streams around energized equipment

Use fog streams with at least 100psi

Give special consideration for fences. Once electrical line comes in contact with fence, all of fence is
energized

Heed any tingling sensation in feet when working around downed lines

Avoid ground gradient hazard by maintaining extra large safety distance from downed lines
What situations should LOCKOUT devices be used?

elevator rescues, compactor malfunctions, industrial process equipment mishaps, & related incidents
What is a GROUND GRADIENT?

tendency of an energized electrical conductor to pass current along path of least resistance (from highest to
lowest potential) to ground
What are the 2 problems that occur with combustible metal (CLASS D) fires?

burn at extremely high temperatures

reactive to water
When is WATER effective on CLASS D fires?

only in large amounts to cool metal below its ignition temperature
What is the USUAL method of control in CLASS D fires?

to protect exposures and permit metal to burn out
What types of metals are MORE REACTIVE to water?

small metal chips or metal dust

ingots & finished products (LESS REACTIVE TO WATER)
How can combustible metal fires be RECOGNIZED?

by a characteristic brilliant white light given off until ash layer covers substance
HOW HOT can combustible metal fires get?

greater than 2,000oF even when extinguished
What is a RIC?

Rapid Intervention Crew - rescue personnel to assist FF's in trouble

As per NFPA 1500

Consist of at least 2 members wearing full PPE & SCBA with rescue tools needed to rescue other personnel

May be assigned other duties until needed but must be ready to deploy immediately if needed
What is the job of the CHIEF OFFICER or IC?

to coordinate the overall activities at the scene

to constantly evaluate the effectiveness at the scene and need for additional resources
When can ELEVATORS be used in high-rise fires?

if elevators are in banks and do not extend all the way to the fire floor
Where is an ATTACK in a high-rise building typically initiated?

the floor below the fire floor
How should hose be CONNECTED to fight high-rise fires?

at a standpipe one floor below the fire floor and then flaked to the floor above the fire floor
Where is staging of extra equipment in high-rises usually located?

2 floors below the fire floor
What do stairs to BELOW-GROUND fires become?

chimneys for superheated air and fire gases to escape
Where should ventilation of BELOW-GROUND fires be located?

as far from the opening to gain access as possible

ground level floor should be vented to remove as much smoke as possible
How should FF's descend into a BELOW-GROUND fire?

by using a protective fog stream ONLY if ventilation has occurred
At what temperature do steel supports ELONGATE?

1,000oF

How can fires in BELOW-GROUND areas be attacked INDIRECTLY?

with cellar nozzles (for inaccessible areas), piercing nozzles, distributors, or by using high-expansion foam
What is important about the use of HIGH-EXPANSION FOAM?

must be carefully coordinated with ventilation to avoid major fire extension or flashover
What other areas of a structure should be watched in BELOW-GROUND fires?

the attic area where fire gases may rise and accumulate
What types of FIXED fire suppression systems are available?

sprinkler systems

carbon dioxide systems

standpipe systems

halogenated systems

dry chemical systems

foam systems
What are some of the DANGERS associated with fixed fire protection systems?

oxygen depletion during carbon dioxide activation

poor visibility

energized electrical equipment

toxic environmental exposures
What do PRE-INCIDENT plans at fixed fire protection occupancies include?

construction features

contents, protection systems, and surrounding property
What are the MOST COMMON type of vehicle fire FF's encounter?

single-passenger vehicles
What type of ATTACK should be made on vehicle fires?

at least 1 1/2 inch attack line

fight fire from uphill and upwind

DO NOT use booster lines

A backup line should be deployed ASAP

Portable extinguishers may be used on small engine compartment fires, such as carburetors

First, extinguish any ground fire around or under vehicle then attack remaining fire

Hoseline should be placed between vehicle and any exposures
What if a vehicle fire involves COMBUSTIBLE METALS?

large amounts of water or Class D extinguishing agents will be needed
How can fire be EXTINGUISHED under a hood?

by using a piercing nozzle or using a tool to make a hole to extinguish through
How should ATTACK be made in a vehicle's passenger compartment?

by approaching from the front or rear corner with a wide fog

attempt to open door, if not, break window

once open, attack with a medium fog in a circular motion
How can UNDERCARRIAGE fires be extinguished?

by deflecting water off pavement
What should OVERHAUL in vehicle fires include?

checking for extension or hidden fires as well as securing air bags and cooling fuel tanks
What is the temperature of CATALYTIC CONVERTERS & why is it important?

1,300oF-2,500oF, may start grass fires under vehicle
Why are SEALED COMPONENTS important in vehicle fires?

under fire, components pressurize and fail, releasing projectiles such as absorber-type bumpers, hollow
driveshafts, and hatchback supports

tires may also blow out
What other materials should not be OVERLOOKED in vehicle fires?

saddle fuels tanks, LPG or CNG tanks, alternative fuel tanks, explosives, hazardous materials

military vehicles may carry munitions
What contents can make DUMPSTER fires hazardous?

hazardous materials, or plastics that give off toxic gases

aerosol cans and batteries that may explode
What type of ATTACK lines should be used on DUMPSTER FIRES?

small fires with a booster line

large fires with at least a 1 1/2 inch attack line
What are some types of CONFINED SPACES?

caves, sewers, storage tanks, and trenches
What ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS can be expected in confined spaces?

oxygen deficiencies

flammable gases and vapors

toxic gases

elevated temperatures

explosive dusts
What PHYSICAL HAZARDS can be encountered in confined spaces?

limited means of entrance

cave-ins or unstable support members

deep standing water or other liquids

utility hazards - electric, gas, sewer
What are PRE-INCIDENT plans used for in confined space?

to reduce the guesswork of existing enclosed spaces
How should POWER EQUIPMENT used in non-fire rescues be rated?

for use in explosive atmospheres

includes: flashlights, portable fans, and radios
When should FF's enter ENCLOSURES?

NOT until IC has decided upon a course of action and issued specific orders
What is the FUNCTION of a safety officer?

to track personnel and equipment entering or leaving the enclosure
What should be TIED to each rescuer before entry?

a life line, which is constantly monitored and a standyby crew of at least the same # of rescuers should be
standing by
What is the O-A-T-H method?

communication for lifeline

O (OK), A (Advance), T (Take Up), H (Help)

Another method of communication is a sound-powered phone that do not require power
Why is OXYGEN checked first in confined spaces?

because air monitoring devices can give false readings in oxygen-deficient atmospheres
What is the PURPOSE of the accountability system?

to ensure only authorized and properly equipped personnel enter a hazardous area and that their location and
status is known at all times
How can fires in CONFINED SPACES be attacked indirectly?

with piercing nozzles, cellar nozzles, distributors, or high-expansion foam
How far can FF's enter a CONFINED SPACE?

NOT farther than their air supplies will allow a SAFE MARGIN of retreat
What do WILDLAND fires include?

fires in weeds, grass, field crops, brush, forests, and similar vegetation
What 3 FACTORS affect a wildland fire?

topography, fuel type, and weather
What are WILDLAND FUELS?

Subsurface Fuels - roots, peat, duff, & partially decomposed organic matter that lie underground

Surface Fuels - needles, twigs, grass, field crops, brush up to 6 feet, logging slash, small trees

Aerial Fuels - suspended and upright fuels over 6 feet
What are FACTORS that affect the burning characteristics of fuels?

Fuel Size - small or light fuels burn fast

Compactness - tightly compacted (burn slow), loosely compacted (burn fast)

Continuity - fuels close together (spreads faster), patchy (burns slower)

Volume - amount of fuel present

Fuel Moisture Content - moist (burns slow), dry (burns fast)
What are some WEATHER factors that affect fires?

Wind - can fan flame to greater intensity; some fires create their own wind

Temperature - has effects on wind; closely related to humidity

Relative Humidity - impact on dead fuels with no moisture content

Precipitation - determines moisture content of fuels
What are TOPOGRAPHICAL factors that affect wildland fires?

Aspect - compass direction and slope faces (southern exposures receive more sunlight and burn faster)

Local Terrain Features - obstructions such as ridges, trees, and large rock outcroppings may alter airflow and
cause turbulence resulting in erratic fire behavior

Drainages - terrain features that create turbulent updrafts (chimney effect): Chutes (steep V-shaped drainage),
Saddles (depression between 2 adjacent hilltops)
What are the PARTS of a wildland fire?

Origin - where fire starts and point from which it spreads

Head - part that travels most rapidly

Finger - long narrow strips extending from main fire

Perimeter - outer boundary of fire

Heel - rear of fire (opposite the head)

Flanks - side of the fire

Islands - unburned areas inside the perimeter

Spot fire - separate fires caused by sparks or embers landing outside main fire

Green - unburned fuels next to involved area

Black - area which fire has consumed (relatively safe area)
What is the OBJECTIVE of attacking a wildland fire?

to establish a control line around the perimeter
What is a DIRECT attack on a wildland fire?

action taken directly against the flames at the edge or parallel to it
What is an INDIRECT attack on a wildland fire?

used at varying distances to halt progress of the fire by constructing a line to stop the spread
What are the TEN FIRE ORDERS?

Fight fire aggressively with safety

Initiate all action based on current & expected fire behavior

Recognize current weather conditions

Ensure instructions are given and understood

Obtain current info on fire status

Remain in communication with crew, supervisor, and adjoining forces

Determine safety zones & escape routes

Establish lookouts in hazardous situations

Retain control at all times

Stay alert, keep calm, think clearly, act decisively
What are CLASS B fires?

fires involving flammable and combustible liquids and gases
What are considered FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS?

Those materials that have flash points LESS than 100 oF

Examples are gasoline and acetone
What are considered COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS?

those materials that have flash points GREATER than 100oF

examples are kerosene and vegetable oil
What are HYDROCARBONS and POLAR SOLVENTS?

Hydrocarbons - those that do NOT mix with water

Polar Solvents - those that DO mix with water
What is the FIRST PRECAUTION a FF must take in Class B fires?

DO NOT STAND in pools of fuel or water runoff containing fuel

Protective clothing can absorb fuel which can lead to burns of the skin or flaming clothes if an ignition source
is present
What should be done if fires around RELIEF VALVES or PIPING cannot be turned off?

fire should NOT be extinguished

try to contain the pooling liquid until flow can be stopped
What usually happens to UNBURNED VAPORS?

form pools or pockets of gas in low spots where they may ignite
What are some IGNITION SOURCES that FF's must control?

vehicles, smoking materials, electrical fixtures, & sparks from steel tools
What can indicate the IMMINENT RUPTURE of a vessel?

increase in the intensity of sound or fire coming from a relief valve
What is the PREFERABLE METHOD to control flammable liquid fires?

use of foam
What forms can WATER be used in to control Class B fires?

as a cooling agent, mechanical tool, substitute medium, and protective cover
What types of incidents usually require Class B firefighting TECHNIQUES?

Accidents involving vehicles transporting flammable fuels and gas utilities
What affects how Class B fires are EXTINGUISHED?

whether the material is a hydrocarbon (does NOT mix with water) or polar solvents (mix with water)
How is water used as a COOLING AGENT?

by applying water in droplet form to fires in heavier oils (raw crude)

water is not effective on lighter petroleum distillates (gasoline, kerosene) or alcohols

water is most useful for protecting exposures

water should form a protective water film on exposed surfaces
How is water used as a MECHANICAL TOOL?

to move fuels to areas where they can safely burn or where ignition sources are more easily controlled

fuels must never be flushed into storm drains or sewers

stream should be gently played from side to side to sweep the fire and fuel away

leading edge of fog stream must be kept in contact with fuel surface to avoid fire running under stream toward
nozzle

fog streams may also be used to dissipate flammable vapors
What can be done to control SMALL LEAKS in containers?

a solid stream may be directed into the opening to keep liquid back

the pressure of the stream must be greater than the escaping liquid

care must be taken to NOT overflow the container
How is water used as a SUBSTITUTE MEDIUM?

to displace fuel from pipes or tanks that are leaking

displacement of fuel floats the product on top of water as long as water pressure exceeds leak pressure

water is filled to a level above the leak

water is seldom used to dilute flammable liquids because of the water-to-product ratio
How is water used as PROTECTIVE COVER?

streams used to protect teams advancing to shut off liquid or gaseous fuel valves

2 lines with a backup line is preferred
How should tanks or containers be REPAIRED or SHUT OFF?

on tanks or containers exposed to flame, solid streams should be "lobbed" from their maximum effective reach
to the top of the tank so that water runs down both sides.

Tank supports should also be cooled.

Hose teams should advance under widened protective fog patterns to make temporary repairs or shut off
valves

Approach should never be made from the ends of the tank

A back-up line should be supplied from a separate pump and water source
Why should pre-incident plans for TRANSPORTATION emergencies be followed?

to reduce life loss, property damage, & environmental pollution
What are the difficulties posed by TRANSPORTATION emergencies?

amount of fuel available to burn, vessel failure, and danger to exposures
What are the DIFFERENCES in transportation emergencies and flammable fuel storage facility fires?

increased life safety risk from traffic

increased life safety risk to passing motorists

reduced water supply

difficulty in determining products involved

difficulty in containing spills and runoff

weakened or damaged tanks & piping from collision forces

instability of vehicles

location of incident (near residential, schools, etc.)
How many LANES should be closed during a transportation accident?

one lane and the incident lane

use of open-flame flares should be avoided

keep tools out of traffic lanes

when PD is unavailable, one FF should be assigned traffic-control officer
How should fire apparatus be POSITIONED?

to take advantage of topography (land surface configuration)

consider weather conditions (uphill & upwind)

to protect FF's from traffic