Patricia Rosa, Marilyn Pineda, Kerlie Merizier, Thalia Montalvo
Native Americans (1492-1783)
-During this era Native Americans started to have their encounters with Europeans, those encounters lead to numerous wars that
they got involved with and altercations.
-It caused their relationship with Europeans to go downhill, and having to give up their homes, during the process.
Time Period
1518
1540 to 1542
Policy/Decisions
Hernado Cortes heard that there was treasure in
Mexico and was met with the resistance of the Aztecs
and their emperor Montezuma. So he exposed them to
smallpox during a visit to Tenochtitlan.
Effect
This disseminated the Aztec population and made it
possible for Spanish to triumph in their second attempt
on conquest. Led to a wave of conquistadores to the
area looking for treasure
Francisco Coronado travel north to New Mexico
from Peru looking for gold and jewels.
Opened Southwest U.S to settlement, and led to other
reasons of colonization like, catholic missionaries:
trying to convert natives to Catholicism.
Onate was removed and the relationship between the
Indians and Spanish improved. However, it led to
Pueblo Revolt in 1680 because their rituals were
being suppressed. 1696 revolt was crushed and Pueblo
population decreased.
Natives killed off all the livestock, Europeans had to
live off what they could find
They suppressed the local natives, Sir Thomas Dale
assaulted Powhatan Indians and there was an uprising
in 1622 and 1644 Powhatans stopped challenging
them from taking their land.
The English set a palisade (wall) of Pequot stronghold
on fire and burned them to death and those that
survived were captured and sold as slaves.
Nathaniel Bacon and other land holders were angry
with the government’s response so they struck back
against them (Bacon’s Rebellion). Led to the Indians
signed a new treaty that gave more land to the whites.
King Philip’s War: terrorized Massachusetts towns in
1676 settlers fought back and attacked their villages.
Their alliance with other tribes collapsed and the
English were able to crush the uprisings
Iroquois Confederacy was in France favor because
they wanted to protect their land and had better
relationships with the French. As the war when on the
confederacy broke apart and most tribes favored the
English.
Proclamation 1763 was signed and let London
control the westward movement of the white
population, and gave more land to whites and
relationships improved but the English failed to meet
their modest expectations.
Lead to growing divisions in the Iroquois
Confederacy, Patriots destroyed their settlement and
fled to Canada for refuge.
1598
Don Juan de Onate (was governor) claimed for
Spain some of Pueblo Indians land and distributed
ecomiendas: licenses to exact labor and tribute from
natives in specific areas and demanded tributes.
1609 to 1610
Starvation Time in Jamestown raided Native
Americans for food.
Discover of tobacco led to Headright system: 50 acre
grant of land.
1619
1637
1675
1675
1750s
Pequot War: between English Settlers in Connecticut
valley and Pequot Indians over competition over trade
with the Dutch in New Netherland
Doeg Indians raided western plantations and killed
white servants because they were angry about the
European intrusions onto their lands, and similar raids
kept happening.
King Philip forged alliance with the English and then
started to distrust them and made an alliance with
other tribes and saw that armed resistance was the
only way to protect themselves from the English.
Struggle between England and France for dominance
it the world trade and naval power, lead to the French
and Indian War.
Late 1750s
The commerce alliance of tribes Ottawa Chieftain
Pontiac objected to the intrusion into their land and
threatened western trade.
1776
Iroquois Confederacy stated that they would be
neutral in the Revolutionary War but some helped
British, because they had confidence they would limit
white settlement onto their land
Cherokee faction led by Dragging Canoe attacked
white settlers.
1776
1782
After the British surrendered in the Revolutionary
War, white militias slaughtered a peaceful band of
Delaware Indians in Ohio.
Patriots caused them to flee west, across the Tennessee
River, and those that stayed signed the Treaty of
Dewitt’s Corner in1777, were they gave up more of
their land.
Shows how the Revolutionary War had no effect on
the relationship with the settlers and Native
Americans.
Patricia Rosa, Marilyn Pineda, Kerlie Merizier, Thalia Montalvo
Native Americans (1783-1860)
- Native Americans in the late 18th century and early 19th century were unified, under the help of Tecumseh and the Prophet.
They were also effective in rebelling against the Americans.
- Native Americans in the mid-19th century were not as unified as before. As a result Americans had it easier to relocate them and
do things their way.
Time Period
Policy and Decisions
Effect
1784-1785
Ordinance of 1784- it was an early effort made by
the government to deal with the territory north and
west of the Ohio River.
Ordinance of 1785- Surveyed and sold western
land.
Change: It ended up dividing and selling Indian land.
Reaction: On 1786 Indians (Iroquois) threatened to
attack whites.
1794-1795
Battle of Fallen Timbers- U.S. defeats the Indians.
This marked the end hostilities over the Northwest
land.
Treaty of Greenville- A peace agreement between
the Indians and the Americans.
Change: The Indians had to give up their land in the
Northwest territory and other defined territory. The
Indians received $20,000 worth of goods.
Reaction: All the Indians could do was accepting it.
1807
Chesapeake-Leopard- America did not allow
Britain to search their vessel, Chesapeake, so the
British vessel, Leopard, opened fire.
Change: Americans made themselves a target. The
Indians sided with the British and were now going
against Americans themselves.
1807
The Prophet's message- Tenskwatawa, a prophet,
spoke to the Native Americans and told them about
how corrupt the whites are and that the Indians are
the superior virtues.
Tecumseh's Strategy- Having United Indian tribes
are the best way to halt white expansion.
Change: This united the American Indians and it
demonstrated the power of religious leaders to
mobilize Indians.
1811
Battle of Tippecanoe- Harrison saw a chance to
destroy the growing influence of the Prophet and
Tecumseh by burning down Indian territory.
Change: This Disillusioned Indians and made them
stop believing in the Prophet.
Reaction: Indians raided white settlements and terrified
white settlers.
War of 1812
Battle of the Thames- A U.S victory against British.
Resulted in the death of Tecumseh.
Battle of Horseshoe Bend- Jackson took revenge on
Indians.
Change: Both battles weakened the Indians and their
unity.
Reaction: Battle of Horseshoe Bend ended up making
the Indians cede most of their land to U.S. and they
retreated westward.
1815
The Factor System- The government factors
supplied the tribes with goods at cost.
Change: It created a situation of dependency that made
Native Americans easier to control.
1830
Indian Removal Act- It appropriated money to
finance federal negotiations to make Native
Americans move west.
Change: They had to give up their land to the whites.
Reaction: They felt pressured by the federal and state
government, they felt too weak to resist.
1831-1832
The Black Hawk War- A thousand Indians
reoccupied vacant lands in Illinois. Whites fought
back and slaughtered them.
Change: It brought defeat to the Native Americans.
Their leader, Black Hawk, tried to come to an
agreement but failed to do so.
1830's
Trail of Tears- Native Americans and their removal Change: Transition in defeat for the Native Americans.
from southeastern parts of the United States.
Reaction: They were no longer resistant. The trail was
gruesome.
1834
Indian Intercourse Act of 1834- expelled the “Five Change: This ended up exterminating the Native
Civilized Tribes” from the southern states.
Americans from the south.
Reaction: They were no longer united so they all gave
in except for the Seminoles.
1840's and 50's
Indian Reservation- Indians will live in isolation
from the white society.
Change: This was an attempt to civilize the Native
Americans. They had no other choice but to accept it.
Patricia Rosa, Marilyn Pineda, Kerlie Merizier, Thalia Montalvo
Native Americans (1860-1900)
- The settlement of the Last Frontier left Native American in the west completely dislocated of their territories and reservations.
- With the ambition to completely settle the west, United States adopted a policy for the complete removal of Native Americans
which created a series of violent resistance from the Natives.
Time
1860 1900
Policy/Decisions
Homestead Act of 1862
This Act encouraged farming on the Great Plains by
offering 160 acres of public free land to any family that
settled on it for a period of time (it also promoted
railroads and land speculators).
The Removal of Native Americans
About two-thirds of the western tribal groups lived on the
Great Plains. By the 1700s, they had become skillful
horsemen and developed a way of life centered on
hunting buffalo. Although they belonged to tribes of
several thousand, they lived in smaller bands of 300-500
members. As the Homestead Act recipients began to
pollute the west, the American government saw the
Natives as a threat to their full development. As a result,
they began to adopt laws that will force the Natives apart
and away from hindering the progress. The most
important one was the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 or
just simply the Dawes Act which was designed to break
up tribal organizations. It divided the tribal lands into
plots of 160 acres or less, depending on family size. US
citizenship was granted to those families who stayed on
the land for 25 years and assimilated.
Effect
Many families took advantage of the Homestead Act.
However, after a while they began to realize that 160
acres was not enough so they began extending their
territories, with help from the Timber Culture Act of
1873, Desert Land Act of 1877, and the Timber &
Stone Act of 1878. Meanwhile, it was affecting the
homes of Native Americans. By 1890, according to
Turner’s Thesis, the whole frontier had been settled,
however, at the expense of the Natives. They began to
lose their homes and the freedom to live according to
their tradition.
Many Plains Natives began to resent the expansion of
America into the territories they were granted from
President Andrew Jackson’s policy. It became such a big
issue that warfare became inevitable. Indian wars took
place as a result. Indian warriors began to attack wagon
trains, stagecoaches, and isolated ranches, often in
retaliation for earlier attacks. The Sand Creek Massacre
that killed 133 Natives was one of the earlier attacks
between U.S troops and Native Americans. As time went
on, white settlers began to take place in this war also with
their engagement in “Indian Hunting” which was their
sport of tracking down and killing Indians with the goal
of eliminating the tribes. In 1870s, a new round of
conflicts arose. The second Sioux War took place led by
Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in which they destroyed
and killed every single man at Commander Custer’s
command in Little Bighorn before they surrendered. The
last Indians to maintain organized resistance against the
whites were the Chiricahua Apaches, who fought
violently from 1860s to 1880s at the Apache wars. The
end of the Indians wars came as a result of the Ghost
Dance movement. The government wanted to suppress
the movement so the U.S Army gunned down 200 Native
Americans (adults and children alike) at the Wounded
Knee Massacre in Dakotas in 1890. That last massacre
left the Natives devastated to the point where they no
longer organized large scale resistance against the whites.
Patricia Rosa, Marilyn Pineda, Kerlie Merizier, Thalia Montalvo
Native Americans (1901- Present)
- Native Americans are given rights to citizenship for the first time.
- Fewer reservations existed because of government decisions that took away Indian lands and the Natives themselves started
moving to cites in search of jobs.
Time
Period
1901
June 8,
1906
1906
Nov.
16,1907
1913
1919
1923
June 15,
1924
1933
1934
Policy/Decisions
First step for citizen for Native Americans
Indian Citizenship Act - President Theodore Roosevelt
granted protection to Indian ruins
The Burke Act- an amendment to the Dawes Act
- The Oklahoma Territory and the Indian Territory are
combined to form Oklahoma and are admitted into the
Union as the 46th state
U.S. v. Sandoval, Supreme Court describes American
Indians as “essentially, a simple, uninformed and inferior
people” incapable of exercising the privileges of citizenship.
Congress passes the Indian Veterans Citizenship Act
which gives U.S. citizenship and full civil rights to Indian
WW1 veterans
United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, Supreme Court rules
that Indians are not white and denies citizenship to “IndianAmericans.”
The Indian Citizenship Act granted this right to all Native
American
1941
Bureau of Indian Affairs reformed
Indian Reorganization Act- promoted reestablishment of
Indian reservations and culture
Nationality Act further clarifies the citizenship status of
American Indians
Native Americans contribute to WWII
1948
1948
1954-62
1957
1964
Trujillo v. Garley
Harrison v. Laveen
Congress terminates more than 60 tribes as political units
Allen v. Merrill
Civil Rights Act restores tribal law to reservations
1968
1969
AIM- American Indian Movement founded
AIM occupies Alcatraz and claims the island as their own
June 11,
1971
1973
1975
Removal of Indians from Alcatraz
1940
1978
1990
2004
AIM occupies wounded Knee , South Dakota
Indian self-determination act- gave reservations and tribal
lands greater control over internal programs, education, and
law enforcement
American Indian Religious Freedom Act makes native
religious practices legal
Dances With Wolves- movie
National Museum of the American Indian established on
mall in Washington DC
Effect
Five Civilized Tribes granted U.S. citizenship
Presidents able to designate lands with historic and
scientific features as national monuments.
Effectively eliminated the twenty-five-year trust
period for allotments
Indian Territory becomes eastern half of Oklahoma
and the Native American lose land that were once
reservations
Discrimination towards American Indians delay
further citizen opportunities for them
Native Americans that fought in WWI were rewarded
with citizenship
Discrimination towards American Indians delay
further citizen opportunities for them
All Indians are designated citizens by legislation.
This citizenship Act makes all American Indians
citizens without impairing status as tribal members.
Sales of Indian lands have been halted
Overturned the Dawes Act
States the rights that the Native Americans hold.
25,000 Native Americans fought and thousand
worked in defense.
Indians gain the right to vote in New Mexico
Indians gain the right to vote in Arizona
Congress decreases the number of reservations
Indians gain the right to vote in Utah
Indians are able to regulate their own laws within
their reservations.
Organized many events to help Indians
The large group of Indians hoped to create an
education cultural center but lack of natural resources
made it expensive to live there; they had to ship food
and water through ferries.
Federal Marshals and Coast guards removed all
remaining Indians from the island.
Remembrance of the 1890 massacre
The Natives have more control over their
reservations. 1978- Tribally Controlled Community
College Assistance Act
The Natives are able to practice religion freely
Effective in gaining support from public opinion of
their historic oppression with use of media.
American Indian History is publicized
Patricia Rosa, Marilyn Pineda, Kerlie Merizier, Thalia Montalvo