AP Biology Chapter 9 Study Guide
Part A
1. Explain what fermentation is and it’s result.
2. Explain what cellular respiration is and why it is useful.
3. Write the basic equation for respiration.
4. Explain how ATP is recyclable.
5. What is a redox reaction/
6. Differentiate between an oxidation and a reduction with an example.
7. Differentiate between an oxidizing and reducing agent.
8. Can redox reactions occur without electron transfer? Explain
9. Explain what happens to electrons when bonds are shifted from nonpolar to polar.
10. What happens to an electron when it shifts from a less electronegative atom to an
electronegative one.
11. Do redox reactions produce energy? Explain
12. Can this process be reversed? Explain
13. Explain what it means to say that glucose is oxidized in respiration.
14. Explain what it means to say that oxygen is reduced in respiration.
15. Explain what a hilltop electron is and what element contains them.
16. How do cells store these electrons?
17. How do enzymes function in allowing the bodies fuels to combine with oxygen?
18. Is glucose oxidized in a single step in the process of respiration? Explain
19. What is the source of electrons for this process?
20. Explain what dehydrogenase is, what it does and the formula for stripping
hydrogen atoms from glucose.
21. Explain the difference between NAD and NADH+
22. How do you know that NADH+ has been reduced?
23. Explain what happens to the electrons in the NADH+ molecule.
24. Explain the purpose of an electron transport chain.
25. Where is this electron transport chain located?
26. Explain what happens to electrons at both the top and bottom of this chain.
27. How much free energy is gained in this process?
28. How are these electrons passed along the chain?
Part B
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7.
Give the three metabolic steps in the process of respiration.
Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur? How does it begin?
Where does glycolysis occur? How does it begin?
What happens to NAD in this process? What forms as a result?
What is NADH’s function?
What happens to the electrons at the end of this electron transport chain?
What happens to the energy generated from the passing of these electrons along
this chain? What is this process called?
8. Explain what happens in substrate-level phosphorylation.
9. Explain why macromolecules like glucose need to be broken down.
10. How many ATP molecules are produced per mole of glucose?
11. Glucose is a 6 carbon sugar (hexose). When it is broken down during glycolysis
how many molecules are formed and what are their structural characteristics?
12. What is the name of these molecules?
13. How many steps in glycolysis?
14. Give the 2 phases of glycolysis and what happens in each.
15. How much ATP is required per molecule of glucose in the energy investment
phase?
16. What is the net result of the energy payoff phase per glucose molecule?
17. What is the net yield from glycolysis of ATP and NADPH per glucose?
18. Must oxygen be present in order for glycolysis to occur?
19. What happens to pyruvate when no oxygen is present?
20. What happens to pyruvate when oxygen is present?
21. Explain what acetyl CoA is and how it is formed.
22. What is the first step in the Kreb’s Cycle? The resulting molecule?
23. How much ATP is produced per cycle per acetyl CoA? NADH? FADH2?
24. Where does the majority of the ATP come from in respiration?
25. What are these electrons used for?
26. What happens to the free energy of electrons as they drop down the electron
transport chain?
27. What is flavoprotein? Cytochrome?
28. What is the ultimate destination of all electrons in this chain?
29. In terms of energy, what is the purpose ot the electron transport chain?
30. What is the function of ATP synthase?
31. From your knowledge of concentration gradients, explain what a proton gradient
is and how it is formed in the mitochondria.
32. Explain what is meant by chemiosmosis.
33. What does chemiosmosis accomplish in chloroplasts?
34. How about mitochondria?
35. Explain what is meant by a proton-motive force.
36. 3 ATP’s are generated from the Kreb’s cycle….how is this accomplished?
37. How many from glycolysis?
38. From FADH2?
39. From NADH?
40. Explain what a shuttle system is.
41. How many ATP from the shuttle system and NAD+?
42. How many ATP from the shuttle system and FAD?
43. Explain how efficient respiration is in generating ATP.
Part C
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Does oxidation only apply when oxygen is involved? Explain
Give an example where oxygen is not involved.
Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic glycolysis.
What is the requirement for fermentation to generate ATP from glucose?
5. Explain what happens to pyruvate in alcohol fermentation. Where is this used?
6. Explain what happens during lactic acid fermentation. Where is this used?
7. Differentiate the passing of electrons between cellular respiration and
fermentation.
8. What is the ATP yield difference between these 2 processes?
9. Explain what a facultative anaerobe is.
10. Which human cells can act as facultative anaerobes?
11. How did the first organisms generate ATP? Explain
12. Can other macromolecules enter the Kreb’s cycle? Explain
13. What has to happen to proteins before they enter the Kreb’s cycle? What is this
process called?
14. Explain what has to happen to fats before they enter this cycle.
15. Explain what is meant by beta oxidation.
16. Explain how the Kreb’s cycle and glycolysis function as metabolic interchanges
with an example.
17. Explain the idea of supply and demand in an organism with regard to its
metabolism.
18. Explain the role of phosphofructokinase in regulation of the catabolic pathway.
19. Explain the roles of ATP and AMP in the functioning of phosphofructokinase.
20. What affect does this have on the rate of glycolysis?
21. How are citrate and phosphofructokinase related?