VETTED!
Hansen
AP Euro
Name
Study Guide for Chapter 15
Wars of Religion, the Age of Exploration, and Social Impacts
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Terms
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
-cash rents/feudal dues/ servile obligations
Habsburg-Valois Wars
- taille
‘nobility of the Robe’
-Huguenot
Concordat of Bologna
- St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
the Holy League (in France)
- The War of the Three Henrys
Politiques
-the Spanish Armada
Edict of Nantes
- ‘Paris is worth a mass’
Cuius regia, cuius religio
La Rochelle (French city)
- Bourse (Netherlands)
- Holland/ Belgium/The Netherlands/ The Low Countries/Flemings/Flemish/Dutch
- States General (the Netherlands)
- Notre Dame at Antwerp
Council of Blood (under the Duke of Alva) - Belgium vs Holland
Union of Utrecht (United Provinces of the Netherlands)
Puritans
Regicide
-the Escorial (Spain)
La felicissima armada
- a ‘Protestant wind’
- Peace of Augsburg
- Protestant Union/Catholic League
Estates of Bohemia
-defenestration of Prague
- Thirty Years’ War
- Bohemian Phase (of 30 Yrs War)
Hussites
-the Battle of the White Mountain
Danish Phase
-Edict of Restitution
Swedish Phase
-French or International Phase
Peace of Westphalia
- The fall of Constantinople (1453)
The Bosporus
- Ceuta
Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn
-New World/ Mundus Novus
Caravel versus Galley
-magnetic compass
Astrolabe
-reconquista
-pagan
- General History of the Indies
Dutch East India Company
- Marco Polo’s Travels
De Insulis Inventis
- Potosi silver mines
The Golden Century (Spain)
- Price Revolution
Quinto
-audencia/ intendants
Spanish Viceroyalties: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata
Corregidors
- Patriarchal
Sabbats
-Scapegoat
Non-conformists
-misogyny
skepticism
- ‘On Cruelty’
The essay
- ‘On Cannibals’
King James, or Authorized Version , Bible -the Golden Age of English literature
Astrophel/Stella/ The Fairie Queen/Tamburlaine/the Jew of Malta
- baroque
People
Charles V
- Martin Luther
Francis I and Henry II (of France)
- John Calvin
Francis II, Charles IX , Catherine de Medici, Henry III
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Margaret of Valois
- Henry of Guise
Admiral Gaspard de Coligny
- Henry of Navarre (of France)
Phillip II (of Spain), Ferdinand I (HRE- brother of Charles V)
Margaret (half- sister of Phillip II)
- Duke of Alva (Spanish)
Prince William the Silent (of the Netherlands)
- Alexander Farnese- Duke of Parma
Johan van Oldenbarnevelt (Dutch)
- Elizabeth I (of England)
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
- Pope Sixtus V
Ferdinand of Styria (different than Ferdinand I)
-Prince Frederick of the Palatinate
King Christian IV of Denmark
- Albert of Wallenstein
Gustavus Adolphus
- Cardinal Richelieu
Lief Ericson and Eric the Red
-Sultan Mohammed II
Prince Henry the Navigator (Portugal)
- Christopher Columbus
Bartholomew Diaz/ Da Gama/ Pedro Alvarez Cabral - Marco Polo
Amerigo Vespucci
- Ferdinand Magellan
-Cortes/ Montezuma/ and the Aztecs
-Pizarro and the Inca
John Cabot/Henry VII
-Jacques Cartier
Elizabeth Hardwick
- Pope Pius IV
Chief Justice Coke
-Bartolome de las Casas
Ibn Khaldun
-Michel de Montaigne
James I (Jacobean Era)
-Shakespeare
Edmund Spencer/ Sir Philip Sydney/ Christopher Marlow
Peter Paul Rubens
-Bach
Key Questions
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What is the larger thematic context of the Wars of Religion? In other words, what role did they
play in creating the ‘Modern’ world?
Who are the basic Catholic and Protestant ‘teams’ during the wars of religion? Who famously
helped the ‘other’ side and why?
What are the two phases of the wars? Know the dates I gave for their beginning and end. Know
the basic subsets of each phase.
How did the relationship between the French and Spanish change after the Treaty of CateauCambresis? Why?
How did the focus of the Habsburgs change after Charles V retired?
How did warfare after the end of the Habsburg-Valois Wars change?
How did gunpowder change warfare in general during the Wars of Religion?
How and why did the status of French peasants improve in the sixteenth century?
In what sense did Louis I and Henry II solidify royal authority in France?
Why did the French monarchs have money problems? How did they try to solve these problems?
What problems did their solutions create?
How did the Concord of Bologna both guarantee France would stay Catholic and guarantee that
there would be a great deal of Protestantism in France?
Why was Calvin more popular than Luther in France? What type of Frenchmen tended to be
drawn to Calvin?
How did the heirs of Henry II of France contribute to the riots and civil wars in France?
Why does it make sense that many French nobles became Calvinists?
How were the motivations of French Calvinists connected to class?
Why did Huguenots especially attack Catholic statues and relics?
What was the intended effect of the Margaret Valois- Henry of Navarre wedding? What factors
led it to have the exact opposite impact?
How did the War of the Three Henrys end? What were the motivations of the politiques?
Why were the Netherlands a ‘pivot’ point for European politics?
Erasmus is mentioned to demonstrate what feature of life in the Netherlands?
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What were the basic cultural/linguistic divides of the low countries? Understand their political
system and their sources of economic system of the Netherlands before their entry into the Wars of
Religion?
Why did Charles V have a better relationship to the Netherlands than his son Philip II?
When and how was the Habsburg empire split?
Why did Calvinism appear to inhabitants of the Low Countries more than Lutheranism, what were
the various reasons people were drawn to Calvinism, and why was this bad news for the
established power structure?
How did Phillip II’s half sister Margaret manage to unite Calvinist opposition to Habsburg rule in
the Low Countries?
What factors led to the riots in the Low Countries in 1566? What was the impact on the Notre
Dame at Antwerp?
How did the duke of Alva respond to the rioting?
‘To what extent’ (aha…a directive term) did Spain have success in pacifying the Netherlands?
What factors hindered them from complete success? As a result of their mixed success, what
division of the Netherlands occurred and how was this connected to and how did it help form the
culture of the Netherlands?
How were England and Queen Elizabeth I and Mary, Queen of Scots connected to the religious
wars raging in the Netherlands? Why did Elizabeth face such a tough decision regarding the war in
the Netherlands, what did she ultimately decide to do, and why did she decide to do it?
What were Philip II’s views on religious toleration? (They are contradictory and subtle… careful!)
What convinced Phillip II to go to war with England? (there are multiple answers)
What factors worried Phillip II about war with England?
What were Philip II’s battle plans against England? How did the battle go?
To what extent was the defeat of the Spanish Armada a defining moment in European history?
What factors undermined the Peace of Augsburg?
What was the basic religious situation in Bohemia before Ferdinand of Styria? Why/how did
Ferdinand of Styria get into conflict with Bohemia?
Were the first two phases of the Thirty Years’ War better for the Catholics or Protestants? How
did the actions of Albert of Wallenstein hurt the side that was winning?
What larger historical theme is represented by the entry of the Swedes into the Thirty Years War
when it looked like the Catholic Side would win?
Who did France aid during the Third Phase of the Thirty Years’ War? Why should this seem at
first contradictory? How does an understanding of France’s larger foreign-policy objectives help
to solve this contradiction?
Why was the Thirty Years’ War so long? What were the peace terms of the Peace of Westphalia?
What were the long term impacts of the Wars of Religion?
Why was the war (Thirty Years’ War) especially bad for the HRE (several reasons- including
inflation)
What pre-Columbian European exploration does the text mention?
What statistic is used to emphasize the sense of menace felt by Europeans towards the Ottoman
Empire?
Which country took the exploratory lead? What were its central motivations?
What was the general impact on the cannon, both on land and at sea?
Who did the Europeans have to defeat to capture control of trade in the Indian Ocean?
What were the basic motivations of the European explorers? Why is it clear that population
pressure was not a key motivation?
How did the Spanish monarchs win the title ‘Most Catholic Kings’?
What kind of a man was Columbus? What did he make of his voyages?
What was the health impact of the European arrival on the Native Americans?
Why were the French and English discouraged about cross Atlantic explorations?
What was the economic impact of previous metals from the New World on the economy of Spain
and ultimately on the European economy as a whole? Who was helped and who was hurt by the
resultant inflation? How did Spain export its price inflation?
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According to the Spanish monarchy, what was the purpose of the New World colonies? How does
this explain their attempts to stifle ‘native industries’?
Understand the contradictions of the Age of Exploration and the Wars of Religion (Christianity
versus slavery; religious zealotry versus skepticism; Renaissance of knowledge with witch
burnings)
Understand why most Wars of Religion era scholars rejected extra-marital sexual relations.
Understand women’s connection to the household and the related implications.
How did the Catholic and Protestant viewpoint on divorce differ?
Understand the nature of Prostitution, whether it was generally accepted, and the basic arguments
for and against tolerating it.
How was the situation in post-Reformation different for lower and upper class women? In
particular, how did the lives of upper class Protestant women change upon being released from
convents? Should this be considered progress?
In the minds of Early Modern people, what was a witch? What is the connection between the rise
in the persecution of witches and the events of the 16th and 17th centuries? What are some of the
current theories as to why witches were increasingly ‘found’ and persecuted?
How and where was the format for slavery set before the discovery of the New World? How did
slavery in Europe change with the fall of Constantinople and the discovery of the New World?
Why was the New World the ‘perfect’ spot for the new racial form of slavery? What is the
connection to sugar?
Why were Native Americans ‘poor’ slaves?
Where did European attitudes towards Africans come from and what were they?
How was Montaigne’s writing format (the essay) linked to the events of the 16th and 17th centuries
and skepticism in general?
In what sense was Montaigne ahead of his time?
In what way is Shakespeare’s glorification of England a reflection of historical events at the time
of his life?
What was the King James Bible and why was it significant?
What was Baroque, what were its origins and connections to Catholicism, and who were its most
famous artists? How did it echo its times?