Bio30S
Transportation Review Answers
1. Circulation system is necessary because it performs 3 functions – transport, protection, and
regulation. The circulation system transports nutrients to the cell and wastes away from the
cell, it carries hormones throughout the body, it helps protect the body, it helps regulate fluid
levels, and it distributes heat throughout the body.
2.

Arteries have 3 layers
o The innermost layer is the thin and smooth endothelium layer.
o The middle layer is thick and made up of muscle and elastic fibres.
o The outer layer is made up of connective tissue, nerves, and tiny blood vessels.

Veins have the same 3 layers as arteries except that the middle layer is much thinner,
and therefore the walls of veins are thinner than arteries. Veins also have valves in
them.

Capillaries have only 1 layer (the middle and outer layers in arteries and veins are gone)
made up of a single layer of endothelial cells.
3. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood to the heart.
4. Left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle.
5. The left side has to pump blood to all parts of the body, and therefore the left side of the
heart has to work much harder and has greater pressure inside it.
6. SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibres.
7. SA node.
8. The pulmonary vein has oxygenated blood in it.
9. Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries,
capillaries (lungs), pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar
valve, aorta.
10. Inferior vena cava.
11. When the hand is hanging down, gravity is pulling the blood down in the veins. The blood in
the veins are influenced by gravity because there is very little blood pressure in veins and
because the skeletal muscles are not pushing the blood back up the arm if the hand is hanging
(i.e. muscles are relaxed).
12. Pulmonary artery.
13. Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood between the right side of the heart and the lungs.
Systemic circulation is the flow of blood between the left side of the heart and the rest of the
body, except the lungs.
14. The lub sound is caused by the AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid valves) closing when the
ventricles contract. The dub sound is caused by the semilunar valves closing right after the
ventricles relax.
15. Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of the arteries.
16. Arteries are used to measure blood pressure. The most common artery used is the brachial
artery.
17. Veins have the lowest blood pressure.
18. Systolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries as the left ventricle contracts (it is the
top number of a blood pressure reading).
Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries as the left ventricle relaxes (it is the
bottom number of a blood pressure reading).
19. Systole means contraction. Diastole means relaxation.
20. Hypertension is high blood pressure.
21. 1st phase is when the atria are systole and the ventricles are diastole – lasts about 0.15
seconds
2nd phase is when the atria are diastole and the ventricles are systole – lasts about 0.30 seconds
3rd phase is when both the atria and ventricles are diastole – lasts about 0.40 seconds
22. Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.
23. Sphygmomanometer.
24. Stethoscope.
25. Medulla oblongata.
26. Physical activity will cause noradrenalin to be released. It speeds up your heart rate.
27. The ‘fight or flight’ response (being confronted with something that frightens, threatens, or
challenges you) causes adrenalin to be released. It speeds up your heart rate.
28. Capillaries receive blood from arterioles. Capillaries drain blood into venules.
29. The major functions of blood are transportation, protection, and regulation.
30. 55% of blood is plasma. 45% is formed elements.
31. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are the 3 components of blood. RBC make
up 99% of the formed elements.
32. RBC’s carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells in the body. (RBC’s also carry a some of the
CO2 from the cells to the lungs).
33. Erythrocytes.
34. Live or train at a high altitude, or transfuse RBC into your blood (your own or somebody
else’s)
35. Plasma
36. Another term for leukocytes is white blood cells. The 5 types of leukocytes are basophils,
eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.
37. WBC’s are larger than RBC’s. RBC are found only in the circulation system, while the WBC’s
can be found in the circulation system or out of the capillaries.
38. Damaged cells release chemicals that attract platelets
Platelets release thromboplastin.
Thromboplastin causes calcium and prothrombin to combine and form thrombin.
Thrombin joins with fibrinogen to form fibrin.
A fibrin mesh forms trapping RBC and forms a clot.
39. Antigens are proteins or polysaccharides that are found on cells that allow your body to
determine if the cell is foreign or not.
40. Antibodies are proteins in your blood that protect you by combining with matching
antigens.
41. They would have A and B antigens. They would have no antibodies.
42. They would have Rh antigens. They would have A and B antibodies.
43. A– and O–.
44. Rh is another type of antigen found on RBC’s