Livia Chan AP US History – Period 3 Chapter 22 – The Battle for National Reform (p.594-607) Roosevelt’s Background- (p.594) Roosevelt (Republ.) was known for his wild past: NY legislator, rancher, police commissioner, assistant sec. of navy, commander of Rough Riders; but as president after McKinley’s assassination, didn’t openly rebel against party leaders – believed reform was simply way to protect society from radicals Roosevelt was an extremely popularNorthern Securities Company- (p.595) 1904 Supreme Court dissolved RR monopoly in NW b/c president. His Roosevelt ordered Justice Dpt. to use Sherman Antitrust Act; although Roosevelt made some popularity may antitrust lawsuits, didn’t commit self to prohibit all consolidation efforts have been the result of his personality and Legislations passed w/ help of Roosevelt- (p.596) although they were reforming ideas that were his desire to see sometimes restricting and sometimes lightly enforced, created dist. b/w Roosevelt and both sides of issues. For conservatives of Repub. Party example, he Hepburn RR Regulation Act – 1906 gave fed. govt. some power over regulation RR rates wasn’t completely but was very careful at not angering RR ind. as result wasn’t enough to satisfy committed in destroying all progressives trusts but did Pure Food and Drug Act – restricted sale of dangerous/ineffective med. break up a few Meat Inspection Act – helped decrease disease caused by impure meat extremely abusive ones. National Reclamation Act- (p.596) 1902 aka Newlands Act b/c sponsor Senator Francis Newlands, created fed. funding for construction of dams, reservoirs, and canals in west b/c state/local govt. was unable to settle issue themselves; projects opened up new land for farming and later power sources; wasn’t very effective in 1st 20 years The Hetch Hetchy Controversy- (p.598) Hetch Hetchy Valley at Yosemite National Park was suggested to be turned into reservoir for San Francisco b/c large pop. + fire and earthquake, Roosevelt gave decision to chief forester Gifford Pinchot who ended up approving construction of dam despite opposition from naturalists b/c need of city was more important; loss for naturalists actually ended up helping gain more recognition and support Panic of 1907- (p.598) caused by overproduction and conservatives blamed Roosevelt’s new policies; J.P. Morgan proposed plan to help recover economy by allowing U.S. Steel to buy shares of Tennessee Coal and Iron Company from NY bank made sure didn’t count as abusive trust action and soon panic ended; Panic and conservative discontent and Roosevelt’s promise to retire before = no running for 3rd term William Howard Taft- (p.598-599) became president in 1909 against William Jennings Bryan, was widely supported by almost all Republ.; at end of presidency, Repub. was deeply divided and govt. was under Demo. admin. for 1st time in 20 yrs; presidential failure was b/c failed to match up w/ Roosevelt’s popularity and ended up pleasing conservatives more than progressives (went into election as favor of both groups) Payne-Aldrich Tariff- (p.599) passed b/c Taft wanted to lower protective tariff rates but didn’t stand up to conservatives so tariff rates only decreased by a little and even increased in some places; became one of 1st resentments for progressives Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute- (p.599) Louis Glavis (Inter. Dpt. investigator) charged sec. of int. Richard Ballinger with giving valuable public coal land to private group for own benefit -> took issue to Gifford Pinchot (head of Forest Service) -> Gifford took issue to Taft who decided Ballinger was innocent -> Pinchot asked Congress to investigate -> said Ballinger was innocent (b/c commission assigned to investigate was mostly conservatives) -> progressives were fully against Taft “New Nationalism”- (p.600) 1910 speech by Roosevelt showing his reentering of politics b/c believed only he could reunite Repub. and was disappointed in Taft; sided w/ reformers and said fed. govt. should interfere for social justice; supported graduated income, inheritance tax, worker compensation for work-related accidents, regulation of women/child labor, tariff revision, and stricter regulation of corporations Progressive Party- (p.601) formed by Roosevelt and supporters after conservatives who were controlling Republ. chose Taft over Roosevelt; represented most of progressive causes at time and chose Roosevelt as presidential candidate Woodrow Wilson- (p.601) presidential candidate for Demos b/c was widely supported by progressives; his progressive program was known as “New Freedom” and differed from Roosevelt b/c ideas for economic policy and trusts – Wilson wanted to destroy all forms of consolidation Election of 1912- (p.602) Wilson won against Taft, Roosevelt, and Eugene Debs (Socialist) b/c won Demo. votes while Taft and Roosevelt split Repub. votes (some supporters of Roosevelt didn’t leave party) Underwood-Simmons Tariff- (p.602) proposed by Wilson, lowered protective tariffs in order to increase competition and destroy trusts graduated income tax was passed to make up for losses Federal Reserve Act- (p.602) 1913 12 regional banks would hold % of member banks’ assets in reserve for loans for private banks for set rate, regional banks issued Federal Reserve notes which would become national medium of trade backed by govt., funds could be quickly moved to troubled areas Federal Trade Commission- (p.603) agency was created to help business determine whether actions were acceptable to govt. and had authority to make prosecutions against unfair trade practices which were up for interpretation, agency could investigate corporate power “Great White Fleet”- (p.606) group of 16 Amer. navy battleships sent on journey around world by Roosevelt mainly to remind Japan of U.S. mighty navy b/c Jap. excluded U.S. from trade in some of its terr. “Roosevelt Corollary”- (p.606) 1904 Roosevelt added to Monroe Doctrine: U.S. could also intervene in domestic affairs of neighboring nations if couldn’t maintain order/ national sovereignty themselves Panamanian Revolt- (p.606) 1903 engineer of French canal project helped organize/finance revolution which had U.S. support -> U.S. used military as threat and Colombia didn’t suppress rebellion -> Panama became ind. nation -> approved building of Panama Canal Intervention in Nicaragua- (p.607) 1909 U.S. helped revolt and offered large loans to new govt. (gave U.S. more influence in country); example of “Dollar Diplomacy” (efforts to extend Amer. investments into less-developed areas) Intervention in MX- (p.608-609) Porfirio Díaz was dictator of MX but was overthrown by Francisco Madero in 1910 but U.S. wanted to recognize Victoriano Huerta’s govt. b/c Madero didn’t support Amer. business in MX but Huerta’s govt. murdered Madero and as new president, Wilson refused to recognize the Huerta’s barbaric govt. instead supported Venustiano Carranza seized Veracruz (MX port) and strengthened Carranza’s power Huerta left Wilson was ready to recognize Carranza but Carranza wouldn’t accept Amer. guidelines for new govt. U.S. temporarily supported Pancho Villa but then changed their mind Villa was angry at “betrayal” and killed several Amer. Amer. expeditionary force searched for Villa but got into a couple of fights w/ Carranza’s army almost at war Wilson withdrew and recognized new govt. in 1917