Livia Chan
AP US History – Period 3
Chapter 22 – The Battle for National Reform (p.594-607)
Roosevelt’s Background- (p.594) Roosevelt (Republ.) was known for his wild past: NY
legislator, rancher, police commissioner, assistant sec. of navy, commander of Rough Riders; but
as president after McKinley’s assassination, didn’t openly rebel against party leaders – believed
reform was simply way to protect society from radicals
Roosevelt was an
extremely popularNorthern Securities Company- (p.595) 1904 Supreme Court dissolved RR monopoly in NW b/c
president. His
Roosevelt ordered Justice Dpt. to use Sherman Antitrust Act; although Roosevelt made some
popularity may
antitrust lawsuits, didn’t commit self to prohibit all consolidation efforts
have been the
result of his
personality and Legislations passed w/ help of Roosevelt- (p.596) although they were reforming ideas that were
his desire to see
sometimes restricting and sometimes lightly enforced, created dist. b/w Roosevelt and
both sides of
issues. For
conservatives of Repub. Party
example, he
 Hepburn RR Regulation Act – 1906 gave fed. govt. some power over regulation RR rates
wasn’t completely
but was very careful at not angering RR ind.  as result wasn’t enough to satisfy
committed in
destroying all
progressives
trusts but did
 Pure Food and Drug Act – restricted sale of dangerous/ineffective med.
break up a few
 Meat Inspection Act – helped decrease disease caused by impure meat
extremely abusive
ones.
National Reclamation Act- (p.596) 1902 aka Newlands Act b/c sponsor Senator Francis
Newlands, created fed. funding for construction of dams, reservoirs, and canals in west b/c
state/local govt. was unable to settle issue themselves; projects opened up new land for farming
and later power sources; wasn’t very effective in 1st 20 years
The Hetch Hetchy Controversy- (p.598) Hetch Hetchy Valley at Yosemite National Park was
suggested to be turned into reservoir for San Francisco b/c large pop. + fire and earthquake,
Roosevelt gave decision to chief forester Gifford Pinchot who ended up approving construction
of dam despite opposition from naturalists b/c need of city was more important; loss for
naturalists actually ended up helping gain more recognition and support
Panic of 1907- (p.598) caused by overproduction and conservatives blamed Roosevelt’s new
policies; J.P. Morgan proposed plan to help recover economy by allowing U.S. Steel to buy
shares of Tennessee Coal and Iron Company from NY bank  made sure didn’t count as
abusive trust action and soon panic ended; Panic and conservative discontent and Roosevelt’s
promise to retire before = no running for 3rd term
William Howard Taft- (p.598-599) became president in 1909 against William Jennings Bryan,
was widely supported by almost all Republ.; at end of presidency, Repub. was deeply divided
and govt. was under Demo. admin. for 1st time in 20 yrs; presidential failure was b/c failed to
match up w/ Roosevelt’s popularity and ended up pleasing conservatives more than progressives
(went into election as favor of both groups)
Payne-Aldrich Tariff- (p.599) passed b/c Taft wanted to lower protective tariff rates but didn’t
stand up to conservatives so tariff rates only decreased by a little and even increased in some
places; became one of 1st resentments for progressives
Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute- (p.599) Louis Glavis (Inter. Dpt. investigator) charged sec. of int.
Richard Ballinger with giving valuable public coal land to private group for own benefit -> took
issue to Gifford Pinchot (head of Forest Service) -> Gifford took issue to Taft who decided
Ballinger was innocent -> Pinchot asked Congress to investigate -> said Ballinger was innocent
(b/c commission assigned to investigate was mostly conservatives) -> progressives were fully
against Taft
“New Nationalism”- (p.600) 1910 speech by Roosevelt showing his reentering of politics b/c
believed only he could reunite Repub. and was disappointed in Taft; sided w/ reformers and said
fed. govt. should interfere for social justice; supported graduated income, inheritance tax, worker
compensation for work-related accidents, regulation of women/child labor, tariff revision, and
stricter regulation of corporations
Progressive Party- (p.601) formed by Roosevelt and supporters after conservatives who were
controlling Republ. chose Taft over Roosevelt; represented most of progressive causes at time
and chose Roosevelt as presidential candidate
Woodrow Wilson- (p.601) presidential candidate for Demos b/c was widely supported by
progressives; his progressive program was known as “New Freedom” and differed from
Roosevelt b/c ideas for economic policy and trusts – Wilson wanted to destroy all forms of
consolidation
Election of 1912- (p.602) Wilson won against Taft, Roosevelt, and Eugene Debs (Socialist) b/c
won Demo. votes while Taft and Roosevelt split Repub. votes (some supporters of Roosevelt
didn’t leave party)
Underwood-Simmons Tariff- (p.602) proposed by Wilson, lowered protective tariffs in order to
increase competition and destroy trusts  graduated income tax was passed to make up for
losses
Federal Reserve Act- (p.602) 1913 12 regional banks would hold % of member banks’ assets in
reserve for loans for private banks for set rate, regional banks issued Federal Reserve notes
which would become national medium of trade backed by govt., funds could be quickly moved
to troubled areas
Federal Trade Commission- (p.603) agency was created to help business determine whether
actions were acceptable to govt. and had authority to make prosecutions against unfair trade
practices which were up for interpretation, agency could investigate corporate power
“Great White Fleet”- (p.606) group of 16 Amer. navy battleships sent on journey around world
by Roosevelt mainly to remind Japan of U.S. mighty navy b/c Jap. excluded U.S. from trade in
some of its terr.
“Roosevelt Corollary”- (p.606) 1904 Roosevelt added to Monroe Doctrine: U.S. could also
intervene in domestic affairs of neighboring nations if couldn’t maintain order/ national
sovereignty themselves
Panamanian Revolt- (p.606) 1903 engineer of French canal project helped organize/finance
revolution which had U.S. support -> U.S. used military as threat and Colombia didn’t suppress
rebellion -> Panama became ind. nation -> approved building of Panama Canal
Intervention in Nicaragua- (p.607) 1909 U.S. helped revolt and offered large loans to new govt.
(gave U.S. more influence in country); example of “Dollar Diplomacy” (efforts to extend Amer.
investments into less-developed areas)
Intervention in MX- (p.608-609) Porfirio Díaz was dictator of MX but was overthrown by
Francisco Madero in 1910 but U.S. wanted to recognize Victoriano Huerta’s govt. b/c Madero
didn’t support Amer. business in MX but Huerta’s govt. murdered Madero and as new president,
Wilson refused to recognize the Huerta’s barbaric govt.  instead supported Venustiano
Carranza  seized Veracruz (MX port) and strengthened Carranza’s power  Huerta left 
Wilson was ready to recognize Carranza but Carranza wouldn’t accept Amer. guidelines for new
govt.  U.S. temporarily supported Pancho Villa but then changed their mind  Villa was
angry at “betrayal” and killed several Amer.  Amer. expeditionary force searched for Villa but
got into a couple of fights w/ Carranza’s army  almost at war  Wilson withdrew and
recognized new govt. in 1917