Panic of 1819
Much of the goodness went out of the good feelings in 1819, when a paralyzing economic panic descended. It
brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded pesthouses
known as debtors' prisons.
This was the first national financial panic since President Washington took office. It was to be followed by a
succession of others every twenty or so years, in what seemed an inevitable cycle. Many factors contributed to the
catastrophe of 1819, but looming large was overspeculation in frontier lands. The Bank of the United States, through its
western branches, had become deeply involved in this popular type of outdoor gambling.
Financial paralysis from the panic, which lasted in some degree for several years, gave a rude setback to the
nationalistic ardor. Various parts of the country drifted back toward the old sectionalism, as they concentrated on
bailing themselves out. The West was especially hard hit. When the pinch came, the Bank of the United States forced
the speculative ("wildcat") western banks to the wall and foreclosed mortgages on countless farms. All this was
technically legal but politically unwise. In the eyes of the western debtor, the bank soon became a kind of financial
devil.
A more welcome child of the panic was fresh legislation to govern the sale of public lands. The plight of the
western farmer, combined with the evils of land speculation, laid bare the defects of the Land Act of 1800, as amended
in 1804. By its terms a pioneer could buy a minimum of 160 acres at $2 an acre over a period of four years, with a
down payment of $80. When hard times came, entire communities would default on their installments. An improved
Land Act of 1820 lightened the burden somewhat. It permitted the buyer to secure 80 virgin acres at a minimum of
$1.25 an acre in cash--for a total cost of $100. There was less acreage but less outlay.
The panic of 1819 also created backwashes in the political and social world. It hit especially hard at the poorer
classes--the one-suspender men and their families--and hence helped cultivate the seedbed of Jacksonian democracy. It
also directed attention to the inhumanity of imprisoning debtors. In extreme cases, often overplayed, mothers were torn
from their infants for owing a few dollars. Mounting agitation against imprisonment for debt bore fruit in remedial
legislation in an increasing number of states.