Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscle Unit Study Guide
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What is the function of membranes?
Name the four types of membranes, and describe their structure, function, and location.
Explain the difference between visceral and parietal serosa.
What is included in the term “integument”?
What are the functions of skin?
Where is the hypodermis, and what is its function? Is it part of the skin?
Describe the two layers of the dermis and what is found in each (including Meissner’s
corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, pain receptors, glands, and capillaries).
8. Describe the epidermis.
9. Describe the function of the four skin proteins we discussed (keratin, collagen, elastin,
melanin).
10. Describe the function of the sebaceous glands.
11. Describe the location & function of the two types of sudoriferous glands.
12. Describe the structure of hair.
13. Describe the function of erector pili.
14. Be able to identify any of the information from questions 7, 8, and 10 - 13 on a diagram.
15. Explain the phases of hair growth.
16. What are fingernails made of?
17. What is acne and what causes it?
18. What is the difference between first, second, and third degree burns?
19. What is vitiligo?
20. What is albinism?
21. Explain the ABCD’s of skin cancer.
22. Give examples of fungal infections of the skin.
23. What is the function of the skeletal system?
24. What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
25. Describe the four types of bones.
26. Describe the structure of a long bone, including the epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary
cavity, red marrow, yellow marrow, compact bone, and spongy bone.
27. Describe the structure of compact bone, including osteons, osteocytes, lamellae, lacunae,
Haversian canals, and Volkmann’s canals. Be able to recognize them in a diagram.
28. Describe the structure of spongy bone, including trebeculae and red bone marrow.
29. What is the function of red bone marrow?
30. Explain the difference between chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
31. Describe the process of bone formation.
32. What is the importance of the epiphyseal plate?
33. Why are bones remodeled continuously?
34. Explain the process of bone repair including the hematoma, fibrocartilaginous cartilage,
bony callus, and remodeling.
35. Describe and give examples of the structural and functional classifications of joints.
36. What four things are always part of the structure of synovial joints? Be able to recognize
them in a diagram.
37. Given a joint, be able to identify what type of synovial joint it is.
38. Be able to identify the following bones on a skeleton: cranium, clavicle, scapula,
sternum, rib, humerus, vertebra, coccyx, sacrum, coxal bone, radius, ulna, carpals,
metacarpals, phalanges, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, talus, calcaneus,
frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, maxilla, mandible, zygomatic bone, occipital
bone
39. Describe the function of the muscular system.
40. Explain the differences between the three types of muscle tissue.
41. What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?
42. Describe the structure of skeletal muscle, including the epimysium, perimysium,
fascicles, sarcolemma, endomysium, myofibrils, sarcomeres, actin, and myosin. (I
eliminated the Z line, A zone, etc.) Be able to recognize them in a diagram.
43. Describe the steps of a muscle contraction and relaxation in detail (should include
acetylcholine, action potential, calcium, tropomyosin, troponin complex, the sliding
filament theory, acetylcholinesterase, and ATP).
44. What is the difference between twitch and tetanus?
45. What are three ways of powering muscle contractions, and which is most long lasting?
46. What is aerobic exercise and how is it beneficial?
47. What is anaerobic exercise and how is it beneficial?
48. What is the difference between isometric and isotonic muscle contractions?
49. What are the origin and insertion?
50. Describe how prime movers, antagonists, and synergists work together to move your
bones.
51. Describe (or be able to recognize) the following muscle movements: flexion, extension,
circumduction, rotation, abduction, adduction
52. Explain how muscles are named.
53. What is an aponeurosis?
54. Identify the following muscles: trapezius, deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps brachii,
triceps brachii, brachioradialis, gluteus maximus, quadriceps, lattisimus dorsi, rectus
abdominus, oblique, and gastrocnemius