Chapter 1-3 Notes
(Test #1)
General Themes:
Progressive Movement
End Results : ended political stalemate
Political Goal: renew the vigor of democratic institutions ( overthrow
political bosses)
Economic Goal: to subject big business to public control (protect farmers,
laborers, consumers)
Social Goal : to advance the notion that the individual counted as or more
than the group and traditional values
Approaches and solutions
Impulses & Varieties
World War I
Neutrality Issues & its Compatibility
 Rival sympathies ( immigrants)
 Economic realities
 Submarine warfare tactics
Neutrality: Economic policies
British vs. German neutrality violations of shipping
British influences & U.S.-German issues: Britain’s hold on American
opinion due to London’s newspapers capital therefore American European
view on events was from British writers. German was avoiding blockade
issue causing submarine warfare.
Why Neutral in 1914, But War in 1917?
Key reasons why U.S. declares war
 Economic investments with allies
 Cultural links with England
 German attacks on shipping
WWI: Impacts
 The end of the progressive era
 Disillusionment and frustration
 The peace treaty and its reparations had a direct impact on the start of
WWII
 A return to US isolationist policy and its impact on the roaring 20s and
its crash
 Indirectly led to the economic chaos of the Great Depression of the
1930
 A direct influence on WWII military and diplomatic strategies.
Key Terms / Events / Individuals:
Progressive Era:
Muckrakers
Lincoln Steffens
Ida Tarbell
Upton Sinclair
Social Gospel
Settlement House Movement : brought urbanization to frontier
Jane Addams & Hull House: gave young educated middle class women
a role
New Woman (Socioeconomic Origins) Frances Willard: women provide
unique moral virtues that can transform society and politics
 Why:
o Loss of economic role at home: jobs
o Public schools: children
o Technology: home appliances
o Smaller families: birth control
o Higher education; high school/college
o Club women: organizations that meet for social purpose
that give them public role
Club Women (Impact) : able to have public role but didn’t challenge
men
City Manager Plan: elected officials hired and outside expert- often a
professionally trained business manager or engineer- to take charge of the
government.
Commission Plan: nonpartisan group of individual that bring up
Robert La Follete: state govt: governor of Wisconsin
 Regulated railroads and utlitilites
Wisconsin Idea
 Regulate corporations and big business (library of stats)
 Election reforms
o legislation
o Secret Ballot
o Direct Primary
o Initiative
o Recall
o Referendum
o Limit campaign contributions
o 17th Amendment: direct election of US senators
Booker T. Washington: NAACP: work for self-improvement
W.E.B. Du Bois: NAACP: fight for rights/ full equality
Louis Brandeis
“Curse of Bigness”
“Good Trusts & Bad Trusts”
Woman’s Suffrage Movement
Carrie Chapman Catt
Two Distinct approaches
National Progressivism:
Roosevelt Presidency: make president central figure. acitivist
Roosevelt’s Vision of Federal Power:
 Arbitrator (mediator) of public good: balance of opposing forces
 President in charge
TR: Square Deal: 3 C’s
 Control corporations (trust buster)
 Consumer protection: Heburn Act, food and drug act
 Conservation: national parks
TR Legacy
 Tried to balance unbridled individualism and paternalistic collectivism
 Greatly enlarged presidential office
 Grandfather of new deal: govt. has right to intervine
TR: New Nationalism: control corporations, consumer protection,
national socialism (income tax, workers comp, social security)
Woodrow Wilson: New Freedom: ideal progressive: small business in
power, state’s rights
Triple Wall of Privilege
 Tariffs (underwood simmons bill)
 Banks ( federal reserve act/system)
 Trusts (clayton anti-trust act)
Federal Reserve Act & system
Federal Trade Commission Act
U.S. Foreign Policy: Twin Themes
 Democratic values
 Economic capitalism
TR: Big Stick (Racial & Economic Basis of Diplomacy)
 Racial and economic basis of roosevelts diplomacy
 Civilized nation v. uncivilized nation
 Wasp and industrialization v. minority and agrarian
U.S.-Japan relations: “Yellow Peril” & “White Peril”
 Yellow peril: Asian nations threat to democracy
 White peril: us are conqueror take away from other culutures
Roosevelt Corollary”: US can oppose European Intervention: step in for
neighbors if necessary
Taft: Dollar Diplomacy :
 Influence without commitment
 Others dependent on trade and finance and would fall without us
Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy:


Democratic values
Graduate to free trade b/c of democracy
World War I:
Total War / Trench Warfare
Why Stalemate?
 Technology ahead of military tactics
 Supplies behind military technology
Wall Street Bankers & Munitions Makers: wallstreet wanted neutrality
to remain forever to continue trade and make money.
Sussex Pledge: Wilson’s threatened announcement on attack of ships
German agreed if they stopped British brigade.
Zimmerman Telegram: German told Mexico they should attack and get
land back and german would back them.
Fourteen Points: Wilsons idealistic vision- 3 broad categories
 Self determination of peoples
 Rules to govt. Of international conduct both political and economic
 League of nations: most important
Woodrow Wilson’s New World Order: germany’s victory destroys this
view
Allied Opposition & Wilson
Paris Peace Conference / Treaty: revenge, punishment, reparations- 4 of
14 pts made it
League of Nations & Senate Ratification Battle
 Isolationists-doesn’t want to be tangled in European affairs
 Disillusioned
 Republicans thought they were left out
 Central issue: some wanted revisions and with revisions they would
vote for it
Henry Cabot Lodge : (head of republicans and foreign relations comity)
modify to help republicans voice
Reservationists: republicans who would accet treaty with certain
amendments or changes (henry cabot lodge)
Irreconcilables : republicans how were opposed to treaty and would not
accept in anyway
Article X: main obstacle in league of nations convention
 If part of league must help other nation if attack
 Takes away sovereignty
Roaring 20’s:
Myth & Reality:
 Myth: affluence, normalcy, middle class represent better world
 Reality: not laissez faire, middle class rose
Modernism & Fundamentalism:
 Modernism: technology: practical

Fundamentalism: traditional values
o New kkk
o Prohibition
o Scopes monkey trial
New Economic Order : technology new and affordable; radio
 New consumer goods and products
 Rising stock market investments
 Economic nationalism ( tariffs)
 Increased productivity
 Higher wages for workers
 Coporate consolidations (Mergers)
 Advertising
 Consumer credit and installment buying
New Culture
 Radio & Movies
 Growing Mass Consumption: buying items for pleasure
Social Impact of Automobile:
 Sense of freedom/independence
 Idea of family vacation
 Suburbs, middle class
 Development of youth culture
o Teens taking car out with friends
Changing Women
 Limited opportunities in business
 Biggest change in concept of motherhood
o No longer an all consuming activity
 Technology and idea
 Companion marriages: partners in marriage
o Middle class wives more social life with husband
o More time in cosmetics
o doesnt’t let children interfere
o Sex for pleasure with birth control
Mass Entertainment
Harlem Renaissance & Jazz
 Marcus garby-poster child for new negro
 United negro association
New Negro: African American pride; development of new culture
Flappers
 Short dresses, short hair, makeup
 Young unmarried at beginning turned to young married
 Speakeasies, night clubs, entertainment.
Speakeasies : secret night clubs
Nativism
KKK: New Klan different
 Targeted immigrants, Catholics, Jews, non-traditional

Not just a southern institutions anymore
Prohibition: reduce violence, bring morals
 Enforcement- lack of
 Battle of American traditional values
 Failed
o Lack of enforcement
o Frustration of public
o Development of gangsters
Wets & Drys
Gangsters : developed from prohibition
Scopes Monkey Trial : teaching of evolution in the classroom
 The way religion has changed
 Battle of way religion should be practiced
Andrew Mellon
 Trickle Down Effect
Great Depression
Causes of Great Depression
 lack of diversification in economy (overproduction)
 misdistribution of wealth
 consumer credit structure (debt)
 declining exports (global depression)
 unstable international debt structure (WWI effect)
Progress of the Depression
 banks collapse
 money supply shortage
 lack of purchasing power
 severe contraction
 less productivity
 unemployment
 agricultural crisis
Global Depression
 under imperialistic system every nation is tied together
 rise of fascism: Hitler comes to power by promising to get out of
depression
Belief in Personal Responsibility
New Deal:
FDR: historical views & Eleanor Roosevelt
3 R’s: Relief / Recovery / Reform
1st Stage (1933-1935) (Launching New Deal)
 industrial: recovery
 agricultural : recovery
 short term emergency relief (money)
2nd Stage (1935-1936) (New Deal in Transition)
 expanded public works
 assist poor and rural areas
 support labor unions
 worker benefits (ss act)
 tougher business regulations
 heavier tax burdens on the wealthy
Idea of the Broker State : federal govt. a mediator in competition
between interest groups.
 Started with wanting to remake capitalism but failed therefor
celebrated what they accomplished.
FDR’s Balance Sheet:
 “goal was relief not recovery” promoted balance of human budget
with economic budget
 Was like both Jefferson and Hamilton; reformed American and got
back on track (Jefferson); was big government (hamilton)
New Deal: Impacts & Key end results
 Expands the power of the federal government
 Expands the power of the presidency
 New and greater expectations of government in American life
Road to World War II
Independent Internationalism
U.S. Isolationism:
 Disillusioned with Wilsons idealism with internationalism as a whole
 WWI was a mistake, we were tricked into it
o Nye committee: brought stats that we went to war for wall
street and munitions makers
o Proposed Ludlow amendment: proposed referendum on going
to war unless we are attacked
 Almost passed showed strong isolationist attitude
Neutrality Acts : avoid repetition of WWI
 Us could not sell munitions or make loans to countries at war
 Us citizens are batted from selling on ships of foreign country at war
Hitler-Stalin Pact (Non-aggression pact)
 Allows Hitler to have free pass to attack western Europe
 Allows stalin to attack poland
Atlantic Charter : secret meeting to plan war aims
Cash & Carry
Destroyer for Bases Deal
Lend-Lease Agreement: eliminate dollar signs lend to nations cital for
defense
FDR’s: Steps to War?
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Cash and carry
Destroyer for bases deal
Convoy escorts
Atlantic charter