Introduction
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October 2001 BIFM BCSIG Version 1.1 Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Page 3 Thanks 4 Introduction 5 The Need 7 Legal Requirements 8 Design Requirements 8 Types of Standby Power supplies 10 Interfaces 11 Environment 12 Power distribution 13 Risk & Redundancy 14 Commissioning & Training 15 Service and Maintenance 15 19 Palana Designs Contents Types of contract References & Associated Links 2 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Special thanks to those all who helped contribute to this guide Mick Dalton Chris Mills Andy Meek Andy Vigar Colin Pearson Paul Lanahan John Goddard Andrew Martin David Wilkin Kevin Barrett Jeremy Philpot Sarah Noakes Ernst & Young Palana Keemag Alstec BISRIA Schroders Schroders BSRIA Schroders BBC BSC Consulting BIFM Mdalton1@uk.ey.com cmills@palanaco.com Andy_meek@keemag.demon.co.uk Andy.vigar@alstec.com Colinp@bisria.co.uk Paul.lanahan@schroders.com John.goddard@schroders.com andrew.martin@bsria.co.uk; David.Wilkin@schroders.com Kevin.barrett@bbc.co.uk jphilpot@bscconsulting.com Sarah.a.noakes@bifm.org.uk Martin Jolly Eddie Picton Amec IBSec Martin.jolly@amec.com admin.lon@ibsec.co.uk Keith Cook Mitie kcook@uk.ey.com John Taplin Chloride John.taplin@chloridepower.com Martin Jolly Amec martin.jolly@amec.com Palana Designs 3 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies The following information is intended to give non-technical Building or Facilities Managers outline guidance and an overview of facilities information relating to Standby Power Supply Systems. Introduction It does not purport to be authoritative or exhaustive. There are many areas, which have to be treated on an individual case-by-case basis. Of necessity, much information is directly derived from British and other Standards. There are also many instances in which expert advice is advised. This is anticipated as coming from a professionally qualified engineer (most often a member of CIBSE or the IEE), whether from an FM or consultancy background. Facilities and Building Managers are, perforce, generalists. They will often need to seek advice from specialists. Standby Power Supplies for the purpose of this document include; Standby generators, central UPS systems, central battery systems (for example serving emergency lighting), on desk UPS and under-desk UPS. The following are excluded; Integral batteries in fire alarm panels, emergency lights, BMS outstations and the like. Renewable energy sources. Combined Heating and Power (CHP) systems. Generator systems used for peak load lopping. Health and Safety. By their nature, standby power supply systems are noisy and can start automatically without warning. Risk assessments should be in place and maintained regarding their operation and maintenance. Access to areas containing such systems should be strictly controlled. Unqualified personnel should not be allowed access. Qualified personnel should always be equipped with personal protective equipment, such as ear defenders and eye protection. Care must be taken to ensure equipment is used properly for its intended purpose. Moving parts, dangerous voltages, battery explosions etc can cause serious injury. Palana Designs 4 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies The Need Guidance Why have a standby power system? The requirements for standby power supplies are many and various. Statistically every customer in the UK can expect power interruption in a year of a total duration 71minutes (source OFGEM). Presently interruptions of less than one minute are not always recorded. The impact of such interruptions on an organisation or business needs to be considered. A hospital operating theatre cannot afford to have lights and life support machines go out if the power fails, so they would be supported by a UPS (a battery system) and a standby generator. Likewise many businesses rely on computers so consideration needs to be given to the impact of power interruptions to IT systems. Power interruptions can vary from a brief "flicker" to more than 24 hours duration. How long should your standby system support you for? Once again there is no specific answer. A desktop PC may only need a small desktop "brick" type UPS to enable the machine to be powered down in a controlled fashion, so 10 minutes is probably sufficient. A hospital or large financial institution may take the view that it needs to be supported for a day or more. Duration of support is ultimately decided by battery size or fuel storage capacity. Generator or UPS or both? Whilst these are both types of standby system, they fulfill different functions. An Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) consists mainly of a set of batteries and will give a constant (no break) supply until the batteries run down. Depending on the number of batteries installed, the length of support from a UPS can be extended. A UPS provides a continuous additional function of protecting the electrical supply from external disturbances such as harmonic distortion and transient voltages. It is however, very expensive, heavy and space consuming. Also batteries need to be replaced on an approximate three to five year cycle, which is also expensive. Standby generators are comparatively cheaper, with fuel being replaced as it is used; the big drawback is that there is a break between mains failing and the generator coming on line of up to 40 seconds. It is usual to take a layered approach and only support really important or critical equipment on a UPS (main computers and operating theatres for example), and then support less important equipment from a generator. Finally it may be decided that some loads will be ignored completely and not be supported by UPS or generator. This is generally referred to as load shedding. ? Power Quality Palana Designs As well as considering power interruptions, power quality is an issue, which is becoming more important. It is very specialised and expert advice should be sought. 5 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Provision of a system Firstly list all the electrical loads in your building(s). Ventilation plant, lifts, lighting, general office power, special IT loads etc. Next decide which loads cannot be interrupted. In this list it would only be special IT loads (such as servers), desktop PC's would generally be allowed to fail unless they are running a special application, in which case why are they in an office environment? The loads that you or your organisation consider cannot be interrupted are the loads that should be supported by UPS. Then which of the remaining loads can be interrupted briefly, but still need to run? These plus the UPS loads are your generator loads. It would be normal to include life safety systems such as fire alarms amongst the generator loads. Anything left can be load shed. This is the basic process. Once you have decided the above you will need to consult a specialist to sort out the underlying levels of detail. Space for a system All standby systems will require space. It may be possible to purchase systems in containers, which can be accommodated in car parks. You will need to consider structural loads for systems within buildings. You will need to seek expert advice on system sizes and structural capacities. Costs Palana Designs As well as the generator or UPS you will need to consider the cost of additional switchgear, fuel storage, running costs (labour, fuel etc), maintenance and the need for competent personnel to operate. 6 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Legal Requirements Guidance Fuel storage This will need to be agreed with your local planning authority at design stage. Requirements will vary depending on amount of fuel stored. Generally, it is unusual to have bulk fuel storage above basement level, because of risk of leaks. There may be requirements for bunding, leak detection and spill back lines as well. Electrical Electrical installations need to comply with the Electricity Supply Regulations 1989 and the IEE regulations BS 7671. CE Mark All equipment should carry a CE mark to indicate compliance with relevant European regulations. PUWER Equipment will need to comply with these regulations. Supply of Machinery Act Control of Waste Disposal of batteries, oils, filters etc COSHH Working with fuels, batteries etc Clean Air Act The requirements of the ‘off road and stationary engine emissions act’ must be taken into account where standby generators are to be installed Palana Designs 7 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Design Requirements Guidance It is important that the distribution network downstream of the standby power supply be considered at the design stage. A standby power supply will be of little use if it cannot deliver power to the point of utilisation due to a fault in the distribution network within the building or site. All to often the standby power supply is designed to cover for the loss of supply from the local electricity supplier with little or no regard being given to points of failure and the consequences of those failures within the building or site distribution system. Types of Standby Power Supply Package Standby Generating sets These are generally diesel engine generators, with daily service tank (typical 8 hours), simple controls, mounted in an acoustic ISO size container. Often seen in an "on hire" situation, although increasingly seen in supermarket delivery areas. Engines may alternatively be fuelled by gas, in which case fuel tanks are not required. Diverse power supplies Generating sets Palana Designs Larger and more complex buildings and sites may enjoy electrically separate electrical supplies, each capable of supplying the total load. This type of supply would need to be negotiated with your local supplier and you would pay a significant premium for it. You would need to check regularly with your supplier to confirm the arrangement is still valid. The most common type of standby power supply is the diesel engine standby generator. The diesel engine drives an alternator, which generates the power. They are simple reliable devices, which with proper maintenance and regular testing should last for very many years. Do not expect an un-maintained generating set to work when you need it. 8 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies High or Low voltage generators Diesel No Break Set Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) Standby generators most commonly operate at what is known as low voltage (230 / 400V). For very large buildings and loads it is often considered more advantageous to use high voltage (3.3 to 11kV) machines. These give the benefit of space saving, but then will need to supply a load from the high voltage side of the main transformers. The decision as to which is most appropriate is normally taken at design stage. It should be remembered that specially qualified (and thus more expensive) staff are required to maintain high voltage machines. The mains supply drives a motor mounted on a common shaft with a generator, flywheel and diesel engine (via a clutch). When the mains fails the flywheel keeps the shaft and alternator rotating, the clutch is engaged and the flywheel starts the diesel. The diesel then maintains the rotation of the generator. These generally consist of banks of batteries supplied by an inverter / rectifier unit. The batteries store energy and allow an uninterrupted supply to be given to the load, if the mains fail. The length of time the batteries can maintain a load is called the "autonomy". This will vary with load. As load increases, autonomy falls. The relationship is nonlinear. Careful management of loads connected to UPS is necessary to ensure that it will perform its desired function. Static UPS This is the most widely used type of UPS. It uses solid-state electronics to convert mains power to DC for battery charging and then convert and condition DC back to AC for use by the load. Most widely used type but can impose harmonic distortion (power quality problems) on the supply network. Rotary UPS A rotary UPS consists of rectification equipment, which converts the normal AC mains to DC. This is then used to drive a motor mounted on a common shaft with a generator (AC generator). Mostly supplanted by static systems, still has some uses where isolation of the load from the supply network for electrical reasons is a consideration. Online / Offline Online systems operate constantly "in line" between the supply and load, conditioning the voltage to the load. Offline systems "switch in" to supply a load when the supply fails. They do this very quickly so the effect appears to be uninterrupted. There may be a very brief "flicker" which IT loads in particular can be sensitive to. Gas Turbines CHP Fuel cells Palana Designs Normally used to support very large loads. Where such installations exist it is assumed specialist staff will be available. Some CHP systems may serve a dual function as a source of standby supply. At the time of writing this is an embryonic technology, which may become more prominent in the future. 9 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Interfaces Functional (generator) All standby generator systems will require interfacing with the normal mains supply. This will enable failure of the normal supply to cause the generator to automatically start, changeover switchgear to operate, and the generators to be connected to the building load. In addition the generator will need to provide an electrical supply to battery chargers and any fuel transfer pumps. Possible air supply and exhaust fans may also require a supply. Alarms can include oil pressure, coolant temperature, voltage, frequency, mains healthy / mains fail, starter battery condition, fuel level etc. Generators can be "held off" by operation of emergency power off pushbuttons or fire alarms if required. Functional UPS A UPS can usually be regarded as an "in line" device, such that if the input supply fails, the integral battery will maintain the output for a finite period known as "autonomy". Depending on their size and sophistication, UPS can provide a number of information outputs, including mains healthy / mains fail, self-diagnoses reports, associated cooling equipment failure etc. Where necessary these can be used to start generators if these are available. Emergency Stops An adequate number of emergency stop buttons will be required in a standby generator house or UPS room, which when operated stop the machine(s). Releasing the buttons must not allow the machine to restart, there must be a separate reset facility elsewhere. Provision of emergency stops should be decided by experts. <Stop> Palana Designs 10 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Environment Generating sets Generators require the following basic conditions to operate. An adequately sized enclosure with due allowance for maintenance and parts removal. Fuel supply (usually a set or generator house mounted daily service tank supplemented by a bulk storage tank elsewhere and fuel transfer pumps). Adequate supply of air for aspiration and cooling. Exhaust system to safely dispose of combustion products. Normal power supply to operate water jacket heaters and starter battery chargers. Control system to monitor mains, operate changeover switchgear and give start signal. UPS UPS and batteries should be housed in an adequately sized enclosure with adequate allowance for maintenance and parts replacement. There are two main components to a UPS, the inverter / rectifier unit and the batteries. The batteries are most sensitive to environmental conditions. BS6133 sets down a recommended 20ºC for the most commonly used sealed lead acid type. Temperatures in excess of this can severely reduce service life necessitating more frequent costly battery renewal. The inverter rectifier units, being less sensitive to temperature and actually producing most heat, can be located separately, but nearby, ideally next door, thus saving on environmental control. Expert advice should be sought to ensure effective cooling and ventilation is provided. Noise and vibration In respect of standby generators and larger sized UPS, it should be appreciated that they generate noise and vibration. A UPS will generate noise all the time, and room sized equipment will cause enough noise to make the area on the other side of a dry lined wall unsuitable for office use. Generators are only noisy when they are running, but they also cause large amounts of vibration, which can be transmitted through a structure. Both noise and vibration can be largely eliminated by careful attention to detail at design stage, it will add to costs though. << !? >> Palana Designs 11 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Power Distribution Normal power distribution Normal power is distributed through a tree type structure of cables and switchgear to final points of use. These are typically ventilation systems, lifts, and large items of plant, lighting, and floor power. Generator distribution If the generator is large enough to support the entire building then it will provide its supply to "change-over switchgear" at the normal mains supply point. In the more common case of generator only being able to support part of the building then there may be several sets of changeover switchgear at points downstream in the distribution system. This will enable agreed critical loads to be supported. Other loads will be ignored (load shed), and will experience any supply problems that occur. It is important that everybody from senior management down agree what loads and equipment require generator support and which do not. Trying to change things after installation is a difficult, disruptive and expensive affair. Expert advice should be sought once internal agreement is reached. UPS distribution UPS distribution can be as simple as plugging in a small desktop "brick" size unit between a PC and its power supply. At the other end of the spectrum large UPS weigh many tonnes and require dedicated switchgear and specialist design knowledge. Once again it is important that everyone is very clear what needs to be achieved. UPS distribution should be segregated and carefully managed. Loads such as fridges and desk fans can be inadvertently added, which can cause pollution of the UPS output and add unnecessarily to the load. Load shedding Not usually employed in connection with UPS. The practice of automatically or manually disconnecting electrical loads (those deemed of lesser importance), in order to match a load to the output of generators or other standby supply source. Earthing An important and sometimes neglected aspect of electrical installations, particularly with generators. It is generally necessary to independently earth a standby generator installation, unless a formal agreement can be made with the local electricity supply authority. All electrical installations in a building should be connected to a main building earth bar, which is in turn connected to earth electrodes, or earthing grid. Palana Designs 12 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Parallel Generators It is quite usual to have several similar standby generators operating in "parallel". Instead of having one large machine, several smaller machines are used. The voltage and frequency from each machine is matched to the other machines and hence they are "synchronized" and can then be switched to a common output. The advantage of this arrangement is that if one machine fails, there is still some standby capacity, although some loads that would normally be supported may have to be disconnected, either manually or automatically. This should ideally be considered at design stage. Synchronizing to mains It is possible to synchronize the output of generators to the incoming mains by use of appropriate control equipment. This needs expert design input and agreement with your supply authority. The advantage of this arrangement is that a building can be returned to normal mains supply, when it is available without any interruptions to users. Step Loads Generators and UPS equipment cannot accept 100% of their rated load in one step. Therefore arrangements have to be made to present loads sequentially in appropriately sized steps. Attention needs to be paid to the loads imposed on generators by large UPS as in some cases this can tend to stall generators and cause permanent damage. Risk and Redundancy Risk Generally used in the context of the combination of likelihood of an event occurring and the consequences of such an occurrence. Redundancy Generally refers to the ability of a system or group of systems to continue to operate when components or units within it have failed. Often expressed in terms of "N + 1" or dual redundant. Normally achieved by using multiple units (generator or UPS), and parallel paths to give an overprovision, which then allows part of the system to fail whilst still being able to serve the requirement. An important spin off from this is it allows maintenance to occur without having to shut down an entire system. N+1 This terminology is frequently used to describe levels of redundancy within a standby system. It is important to understand that N represents the number of devices (generators or UPS systems) required to meet the stated load and duration. For example a given installation may require 2 UPS units of a given size, so N = 2. Therefore N + 1 would mean installing three units which would give 50% redundancy. However a different installation may require 5 units, so N = 5, and N+ 1 would give 6 units and 20% redundancy. Business Risk The risk that a business perceives as arising from an external event such as a power failure. This risk can be reduced by procedures UPS or generators depending on the severity of the consequences and the cost. External Risk A risk outside a company or organisation over which it cannot exercise any control. A man digging up power cables with an excavator is a classic example. Single point of failure Failure of a single piece of equipment or device within a system which causes failure of all or part of that system, thus denying normal and standby power to all or part of the load. Palana Designs 13 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Commissioning & Training Guidance Full records of testing and commissioning should be kept on site at a readily accessible position. maintenance visits and tests should also be recorded in a log book. Routine Full system schematics should be readily available, together with switching procedures for all operational modes. A change control procedure should be agreed and put in place to keep track of load(s) connected to UPS and generator. Information All loads fed from UPS or generators should be clearly identified for Health and Safety reasons. Log book. This should contain test and commissioning records plus results of maintenance and testing. Record any incidents such as power failures including lessons learnt etc. Ensure any defects are rectified ASAP. Palana Designs 14 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Service and Maintenance Guidance Types of contract Payment Insurance Insurers will expect standby systems to be maintained to recognised standards. General Many companies use their own jargon to describe contracts such as "Gold Standard" or "Premium". At the end of the day most probably fit into one of the categories below. Rather than accept a company's pre printed contract, you may find it easier to define what you need on a sheet of A4 paper and invite quotes. If you do decide to go with a pre printed contract read it carefully, particularly the small print. Comprehensive Should cover routine maintenance, call outs, labour and parts. Monthly or Exclusions should be very limited and clearly stated. Also Quarterly ensure that response times are defined, and that consumables (lubrication oil, antifreeze, filters, belts etc) are included. Term Comments Annual Stipulate whether work is to be carried out in normal hours or at weekends or evenings. Do not expect maintainers to include for fuel or batteries, they will expect to charge extra for these. Quarterly or Annual half yearly Routine or Basic maintenance Palana Designs 15 of 35 Agree call out rates etc in advance © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Service and Maintenance Points to remember Guidance Include Agree when works can be carried out. Agree access procedures - notice for visits etc Agree health and safety procedures, authorizations for testing etc. Agree responsibilities for interfaces with other systems. Examples of these are switchgear, UPS or generator, cooling systems, Building Management Systems, remote monitoring agencies. You may need to include other contractors in these arrangements. Avoiding problems Palana Designs Have system regularly maintained by reputable company. Test systems regularly and fully. Any alterations or extensions should be carried out under the supervision of experts. Do not expect to add significant new loads to a standby system and that it will continue to work. It won't. Make sure maintenance staff is well versed in the operation of standby systems - including regular tests. In multiple occupancy buildings, tenants adding unauthorised additional loads may cause problems. Ensure any defects are rectified ASAP. Have systems in place to control contractor’s activities. If switchgear is worked on or modified ensure standby system is tested immediately afterwards. Maintenance for generators will need to state who pays for oil, coolant, filters etc. Maintenance for UPS will need to include annual battery inspection. Thermographic inspections of electrical switchgear under load can often reveal problems - consider doing annually. 16 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Procedures. Standby Generators Have simple procedures in place such as weekly fuel level, oil and coolant checks. Have fuel quality checked annually. Certain algae and micro-organisms can breed in diesel fuel, particularly when it is stored for long periods. Check generator batteries at least monthly. Check generators, fuel pumps etc are in "auto" mode every week. Test on load (by failing normal building power supply) monthly. This will test all ancillary systems such as switchgear, fuel, cooling etc. Run for two hours. Off load generator testing is detrimental to the generator and a waste of time. Time delay between mains being re-established and switching back from generator to mains should be agreed within your organisation. For example, it may be decided to keep generators going until 19:00 to avoid ant further disruption. Annually test generator against full rated load (load bank) for at least four hours. Keep full records of all tests and rectify any fault immediately. UPS Check unit autonomy weekly, where possible. Check environmental conditions weekly. Have annual battery test carried out by maintainer. indication of expected remaining life. Have bi-annual maintenance carried out. This should detail the battery condition and give some Both Standby Generators and UPS Palana Designs If an incident such as a power failure occurs have an established information cascade procedure in place, remembering not to overload any one individual or group. 17 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Staff should be trained and exercised in the normal and emergency use of the system. Have a simple test sheet made up to record running times, loads, fuel use, hours run etc. Training. Have another sheet for working through a building checking that gas valves, plant and circuit breakers have all been reset after a test or power failure. Ensure that all other building users are aware of tests and load constraints such as IT departments, catering departments and security. Publish the monthly test dates in advance on your intranet site and send out a reminder email a week in advance. Liaison. Obstructions. Palana Designs Do not use standby system plant space for storage as this practice may cause failures and accidents. 18 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies References & Associated Links P 20 P 27 P 27 P 27 P 28 P 30 P 31 P 32 P 33 Books Important Standards UPS Batteries Electromagnetic Compatibility EMC & Power Quality Electricity Generation Electrical Installations Other relevant Standards Organisations Palana Designs 19 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies References & Associated Links Books General UPS The handbook Uninterruptible Power Supplies; www.upspower.co.uk Peter Bentley & David Bond Emergency/ standby power systems Alexander Kusko Power Systems in Emergencies: From Contingency Planning to Crisis Management Upton George Knight, U. G. Knight, Hardcover, 378 Pages, Wiley, John & Sons, 11/2000, ISBN: 0471490164, List Price: $99.95 Palana Designs 200 pages with information and illustrations compiled by experts in the field. This manual is for electrical consultants, contractors, specifiers and computer users, describes in detail the very latest power protection techniques and technologies. How to evaluate the need for emergency power, and choose the right equipment to deliver it. From specifications to performance data, this guide provides a detailed description of emergency and standby power systems designed to serve critical load facilities, such as hospitals, computer centers, office buildings, and remote sites. Covers each major prototype system is analyzed in terms of specifications, procedures, reliability, costs, and benefits. This book covers the operational planning measures necessary to ensure that a power system generating or transmitting electricity will survive any disturbance with minimum impact on its consumers, plant, and current operation. Disturbances addressed ranged from adverse weather conditions, faults in plant, human errors in operation, and planning to industrial action, and sabotage. 20 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Recommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power Systems IEEE 493-1997 - Gold Book, 1997, ISBN 1-5593-7969-3 Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications IEEE 446-1995 - Orange Book, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems (NFPA 110-99), Paperback (June 1999) Provides data concerning equipment reliability and the cost of power outages so that trade-off studies can be conducted. Provides sufficient information so that reliability analysis can be performed on power systems without requiring cross-references to other texts. Information included in the book is the result of extensive surveys of reliability of electrical equipment in industrial plants and the costs of power outages for both industrial plants and commercial buildings. The reliability surveys provide historical experience to those who are not able to collect their own data. Covers many aspects of reliability analysis. The basic concepts of reliability analysis by probability methods, fundamentals of power system reliability evaluation, the economic evaluation of reliability, and cost of power outage data are included in the book. Reliability data, as well as electrical preventive maintenance for different types of equipment, are provided. Some concepts of emergency and standby power, such as reliability compliance testing, are also included. The book also covers the improvement and evaluation of reliability in existing facilities, voltage sags, and a methodology for estimating the frequency of these sags. Hardcover (June 1996); ISBN: 1559375981 Addresses the uses, power sources, design, and maintenance of emergency and standby power systems. Chapter 3 is a general discussion of needs for and the configuration of emergency and standby systems. Chapter 9 lists the power needs for specific industries. Chapters 4 and 5 deal with the selection of power sources. Chapter 6 provides recommendations for protecting both power sources and switching equipment during fault conditions. Chapter 7 provides recommendations for design of system grounding, and Chapter 10 provides recommendations for designing to reliability objectives. Chapter 8 provides recommended maintenance practices. National Fire Protection Assn; ISBN: 999666919X (30 pp., 1999) Provides the latest installation criteria and maintenance practices for emergency power systems. This edition includes new requirements for indication and alarm of low coolant level, clarification of the location requirements for emergency power supplies, modified requirements for periodic EPSS operational load testing, and more! Palana Designs 21 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems, Technical Guidelines to the first 6 parts of the Generating Set Standard ISO 8528 (BS7698) for reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets, (NFPA 111-2001) (14 pp., 2001) Covers performance requirements for stored electrical energy systems consisting of an uninterrupted power supply (UPS) and other components to provide an alternate source of electrical power in buildings and facilities in the event that the normal electrical power source fails. This 2001 edition addresses: Power sources, Transfer equipment and controls, Supervisory and accessory equipment to supply power to selected circuits, Installation, maintenance, operation, and testing as related to system performance. AMPS, (2000) Part 1 Specification for applications, ratings & performance (22 pages) Part 2 Specification for engines (6 pages) Part 3 Specification for alternating current generators for generating sets (6 pages) Part 4 Specification for control gear & switchgear (6 pages) Part 5 Specification for generating sets (26 pages) Part 6 Test Methods (14 pages) A Guide to Earthing of Private Generating Sets up to 5MW single and parallel operation Palana Designs AMPS EL001 (1991) 32 pages 22 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies UPS Uninterruptable power supplies J. Platts and J.D. St Aubyn (Eds), 1992 160pp, Hardback A Guide to UPS and Power Quality Products C L Escombe and F M Escombe A comprehensive guide to the various types of uninterruptible power supply (UPS) available, and how a UPS can be specified and applied for safe and reliable functioning in the working environment. ERA Tech. 1996, ERA Report 96-0525, 384pp, 7 figs. Presents a comprehensive guide to UK suppliers of uninterruptible power supplies (ups) and power conditioners and their products. Follows a discussion of potential power problems with a brief review of the main features of power conditioners and the various types of ups. Lists the names and addresses of over 150 manufacturers, importers and distributors and in a second section presents more detailed information provided by 60 of these companies. The final section presents model details of over 800 power conditioners and ups products currently available in the UK. Buyers’ guide to UPS and powerconditioning equipment Palana Designs ERA Technology Ltd. ERA Tech. 1991, ERA Report 91-0441, 260pp, 2 figs. Comprehensive guide to UK suppliers of uninterruptible power supplies (ups) and power conditioners and their products 23 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Power Quality The BSRIA Power Quality Guide C Pearson and V Uthayanan, July 2000; ISBN:0860225399 Power Quality Solutions: Case Studies for Troubleshooters , Gregory J. Porter (Editor), J. Andrew Van Sciver (Editor) Textbook Binding - 283 pages, 1999 States that a number of high profile electrical failures have highlighted the importance of ‘quality’ in the electrical power delivered to equipment in commercial and industrial buildings. Power quality depends on at least a dozen key features of the electrical supply, including frequency and voltage variations, but the critical feature that is not addressed by existing guidelines is harmonic content. Aims to increase awareness of the problem of harmonic current and voltage in commercial buildings by gathering together information from sources in the UK and around the world. Addresses the subject under the headings - Introduction, Harmonic distortion effects, Causes of harmonics, Identification of problems, Power quality solutions, Case studies, Definitions and theoretical analysis, Management of power quality surveys, Power quality design software, Power quality survey questionnaire, Power quality standards Prentice Hall PTR; ISBN: 0130207306 The scope of power quality problems range from those found in the largest of power plants to the smallest electronic devices, and from the vastness of the nation's power distribution networks to the immediacy of devices sharing a wall outlet. This book was written to offer a practical resource for solving the full gamut of these problems. Avoiding highly technical explanations and theory, the case studies presented provide both end users and troubleshooters with detailed examples of what others have done to solve problems similar to those they are encountering. Each case history is structured to show how the problem was pinpointed, the specific symptoms presented, and how the solution was achieved. Sections include chapters that emphasize design, wiring and grounding, harmonics, and approaches to problem solving Electrical Power Systems Quality, Roger C. Dugan, Mark F. McGranaghan, H. Wayne Beaty, Marek Samotyj, Hardcover - 448 pages 1995 McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing; ISBN: 0070180318; A reference on power quality issues for professionals in the field, including utility engineers, industrial plant technicians, and power quality consultants. Offers detailed information on voltage sags and interruptions; transient overvoltages; harmonics; long-duration voltage variations; wiring and grounding; and monitoring power quality. Includes a chapter on terms and definitions, plus b&w photos. Palana Designs 24 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Power Quality Primer Barry Kennedy, 361 Pages, Published by McGraw-Hill Professional Book Group: 05/2000, Price: $75.00, ISBN: 0071344160 Make power deregulation work for you With deregulation, the vast pool of power customers is up for grabs. As a utility, are you ready to compete? As a customer, are you ready to choose? The book gives specifically designed, ahead-ofthe-curve methods. Utilities will learn how to: Plan successful competitive strategies for every aspect of the business Market proactive solutions to customers before needs arise Improve transmission and distribution system quality, efficiency, and power factor performance Eliminate technical problems such as over-voltages and poor grounding Design and deliver effective simulations Build customer-winning, customer-keeping quality, quality control, and service into all facets of your enterprise As a customer, you'll learn how to pick the utility that meets your power quality needs...solve your own power quality problems and find cost-effective solutions...and perform your own power quality survey Power System Quality Assessment J. Arrillaga, N. R. Watson, S. Chen, Hardcover - 400 pages (February 2000) John Wiley & Sons; ISBN: 0471988650 Understanding Power Quality Problems: Voltage Sags and Interruptions Bollen, Mathias H.J. Power supply quality and its delivery have become especially important in light of current deregulations taking place throughout the world. The increased use of power semiconductor devices in industrial, commercial, and domestic electronic equipment has led to forms of harmonic pollution, all of which are dealt with in this important reference. Introduces power engineers to the state of the art in power quality assessment. Practicing engineers involved in power system design and operation will find this a valuable reference. DLC: Electric power system stability Hardback, 562pp, John Wiley and Sons, IEEE Press Power Engineering Series, 2000 ISBN 0780347137 A practical reference that gives you the theoretical background plus the required knowledge to understand, predict and mitigate some of the disturbances that can occur in supply voltage. It focuses on the most serious power quality issues from a customer's point of view: the so-called RMS variations. This book covers the theory, assessment techniques, equipment behaviour and mitigation methods for the three disturbance types. Power system harmonics are also discussed. This book covers RMS variations such as long interruptions, short interruptions and voltage sags. Also discussed are power system harmonics, an integral part of power quality. Palana Designs 25 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Code of practice for protection of structures against lightning. British Standards Institution BSI, #RS (BS 6651:1992) 111pp, 61 figs, 26 tabs, refs, sp Gives guidance on risk assessment and installation of lightning protection systems. General advice is also given on protection against lightning of electrical/electronic equipment within or on structures. UK, standards, codes of practice, lightning, protecting, structure, designing, selecting, materials, explosives, cranes, testing, maintenance, lightning proofing, lightning conductors, safety, Power Quality Application Guide Copper Development Association, 2001. This Guide will be published in parts to include sections on Costs, Harmonics, Resilience, Voltage Dips and Earthing. It is a unique reference source providing not only background theory, but also the whole range of solutions from industry. It will be constantly updated to reflect current thinking and leading edge solutions in this fast moving field. Batteries Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications Palana Designs IEEE Standard 450-1995, 1995 Maintenance, test schedules, and testing procedures that can be used to optimise the life and performance of permanently installed, vented lead-acid storage batteries used for standby power applications are provided. This recommended practice also provides guidance to determine when batteries should be replaced. This recommended practice is applicable to all stationary applications. However, specific applications, such as emergency lighting units and semi portable equipment, may have other appropriate practices and are beyond the scope of this recommended practice. 26 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Important Standards; UPS BS EN Title, abstract. 50091-1:1993 Specification for uninterruptible power systems (UPS). General and safety requirements. Applicable to electronic indirect a.c. convertor systems with an electrical energy storage device in the d.c. link. BS EN 50091-1-2:1999 Specification for uninterruptible power systems (UPS). General and safety requirements for UPS used in restricted access locations BS EN 50091-2:1996 Specification for uninterruptible power systems (UPS). EMC requirements. This product EMC standard will take precedence over all aspects of the generic standards and no additional testing is necessary. Batteries BS EN 60086-1:2001 Primary batteries. General BS EN 60086-4:2000, IEC 60086-4:2000 Primary batteries. Safety standard for lithium batteries. 397:Part 1:1985, IEC 86-1:1982 Primary batteries. Specification for general requirements. 6133:1995 Code of practice for safe operation of lead-acid stationary batteries. BS BS GBM20 (Electric Lamps, Power Generation, Distribution & Storage) Applies to primary cells and batteries based on any electrochemical system. The objects of the standard are: a) to ensure the electrical and physical interchange ability of products from different manufacturers; b) to limit the number of battery types; c) to define a standard of quality and provide guidance for its assessment. Provides guidance on health and safety aspects for those specifying, supplying, installing, commissioning or using lead-acid stationary cells and batteries. BS 6133:1995 Code of practice for safe operation of lead-acid stationary batteries. Provides guidance on health and safety aspects for those specifying, supplying, installing, commissioning or using lead-acid stationary cells and batteries. Palana Designs 27 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies BS 6290-2:1999 Lead-acid stationary cells and batteries. Specification for the high-performance plate positive type BS 6290-3:1999 Lead-acid stationary cells and batteries. Specification for the flat positive plate type BS 6290-4:1997 Lead-acid stationary cells and batteries. Specification for classifying valve regulated types BS 6604:1985 Code of practice for safe operation of starter batteries Safety and health aspects associated with the handling, usage and charging of batteries for starting internal combustion engines. BS 6745:Part 1:1986 Portable lead-acid cells and batteries. Specification for performance, design and construction of valve regulated sealed type. Performance requirements and methods of test for valve regulated sealed lead-acid cells and batteries for generalpurpose uses are specified. The cells or batteries may be mounted in any orientation for cyclic application and stand-by operation. BS IEC 61000-2-7:1998 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Environment. Low frequency magnetic fields in various environments. Electromagnetic Compatibility, EMC and Power Quality BS EN 50081-2:1994 Electromagnetic compatibility. Generic emission standard. Industrial environment. Provides limits for emission of electromagnetic disturbances from electrical and electronic apparatus intended for use in the industrial environment and for which no dedicated product-family standards exist. BS EN 50082-1:1998 Electromagnetic compatibility. Generic immunity standard. Residential, commercial and light industry. Provides the requirements for immunity from electromagnetic disturbances for electrical and electronic apparatus intended for use in residential, commercial and light industrial environments and for which no dedicated product or product-family immunity standards exist. BS EN 60950 The standard is intended to prevent injury or damage due to electric shock, energy, fire, mechanical, heat, radiation and chemical hazards associated with electrical equipment related to the modern office environment. BS 7484:1991, IEC 610002-1:1990 Guide to electromagnetic environment for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in public power supply systems BS IEC 61000-2-7:1998 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Environment. Low frequency magnetic fields in various environments Palana Designs 28 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies BS IEC 61000-3-4:1998 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Limits. Limitation of emission of harmonic currents in low-voltage power supply systems for equipment with rated current greater than 16 A BS IEC 61000-3-8:1997 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Limits. Guide to signalling on low-voltage electrical installations. Emission levels, frequency bands and electromagnetic disturbance levels BS IEC 61000-5-1:1996 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Installation and mitigation guidelines. General considerations. Basic EMC publication BS IEC 61000-5-2:1997 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Installation and mitigation guidelines. Earthing and cabling BS EN 61000-2-4:1995, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Environment. Compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-frequency conducted disturbances (IEC 61000-2-4:1994) BS EN 61000-3-2:2001, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Limits. Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current up to and including 16 A per phase) IEC 61000-3-2:2000 BS EN 61000-3-3:1995, IEC 61000-3-3:1994 BS EN 61000-3-11:2001, IEC 61000-3-11:2000 BS EN 61000-6-2:1999, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Limits. Limitation of voltage fluctuations and flicker in low-voltage supply systems for equipment with rated current <= 16 A Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Limits. Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public lowvoltage supply systems. Equipment with rated voltage current <= 75 A and subject to conditional connection Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Immunity for industrial environments IEC 61000-6-2:1999 BS EN 55011 Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics. BS EN 55022 Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of information technology equipment. BS EN 60555 Disturbances in supply systems caused by household appliances and similar electrical equipment. BS EN 60950 Safety on information technology equipment including electrical business equipment. Palana Designs 29 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Electricity Generation BS EN 12601:2001 Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven generating sets. Safety BS EN 60034-22:1998 Rotating electrical machines. A.C. generators for reciprocating internal combustion (RIC) engine driven generating sets. Covers use of such generators for land and marine use. Excludes generating sets used on aircraft or to propel land vehicles and locomotives. BS 822-6:1964 Terminal markings for electrical machinery and apparatus. Terminal markings for rotating electrical machinery. Applies only to small power machines. a.c. generators and motors - markings for primary, secondary, excitation and capacitor terminals; colours for connecting leads. Mechanical rotation and phase sequence relationship. d.c. generators and motors - markings for armatures; series, shunt and separate excited field windings; commutating and compensating windings and common terminals. Mechanical rotation and polarity relationship; colours for connecting leads. BS 4999-0:1987 General requirements for rotating electrical machines. General introduction and information on other Parts. Index of all Parts, published or envisaged, together with details of superseded standards and the relationship of the Parts to international standards. BS 5000:Part 2:1973 Specification for rotating electrical machines of particular types or for particular applications. Turbine-type machines. Specifies performance and principal design features and characteristics of turbine type synchronous generators, motors, compensators and exciters without limitation of output or voltage. It includes excitation systems. BS 7698:1993, ISO 8528:1993 Palana Designs Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets. Part 1 Specification for application, ratings and performance. Part 2 Specification for engines Part 3 Specification for alternating current generators for generating sets Part 4 Specification for control gear & switchgear Part 5 Specification for generating sets Part 6 Test Methods 30 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Electrical installations - General BS BS 7671:2001 Requirements for electrical installations Presents the standard, which replaces the 16th Edition of the IEE Wiring Regulations BS 7671: 1992 as amended. Section headings are: Scope, object and fundamental principles, Definitions, Assessment of general characteristics, Protection for safety, Selection and erection of equipment, Special installations or locations, Inspection and testing, Appendices. Palana Designs 31 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Other relevant standards UL 1778 Uninterruptible power supply equipment. UL 1449 Transient voltage surge suppressors. ANSI/IEEE C62.41 Guide for surge voltages in low voltage ac power circuits. ANSI/IEEE C62.45 Guide on surge testing for equipment connected to low voltage ac power circuits. CSA 22.2 Canadian Electrical Code – General requirements. CISPR 22 Limited and methods of measurements of radio disturbance characteristics of information technology equipment. DIN 45635 Measurement of noise emission. IEEE 587 Replaced by IEEE C62.4 Guide for surge voltages in low voltage ac power units. IEC 99 Surge arrestors IEC 146-4 Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial process measurement and control equipment. IEC 529 Semiconductor converters Pt 4. Method of specifying the performance and test requirements of uninterruptible power systems. IEC 801 Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial process measurement and control equipment. IEC 896 Stationary lead acid batteries – vented types. IEC 950 Safety of information technology equipment including electrical business equipment. IEC 1056 Portable lead acid cells and batteries. More information can be found on the web, http://www.bsi-global.com/group.xalter Palana Designs 32 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies Organisations AMPS The Association of Manufacturers of Power generating Systems. Its 20 manufacturers of mobile and standby power systems represent 75% of industry turnover and 80% of exports ANSI American National Standards Institute Not normally used for UK installations. BIFM British Institute of Facilities Management BSI British Standards Institute is the UK's premier centre for building services technologies, information and consultancy CDA Copper Development Association UK, produces guidance on electrical distribution systems, and power quality CEN Centre for Euronorms, European Standards Organisation Palana Designs 33 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies CIBSE The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers CISPR the International Special Committee on Interference CSA The Canadian Standards Association Not normally used for UK installations. DIN German Standards Organisation, also linked with VDE Standards. Not normally used for UK installations. ECA The Electrical Contractors' Association EA Electricity Association ERA runs a Standby power advisory service IEC The International Electrotechnical Commission IEE the institution of Electrical Engineers in the UK Palana Designs 34 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG Facilities Managers Guide to Standby Power Supplies IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc in the USA ISO International Standards Organisation NFPA National Fire Protection Association, in the USA. Not normally used for UK installations. NICEIC The National Inspection Council for Electrical Installation Contracting UL Underwriters Laboratories Inc. is an independent, not-for-profit product safety testing and certification organization. Not normally used for UK installations Palana Designs 35 of 35 © BIFM BSSIG
