Unit 1 Introduction to Biology, Chemistry and Water.
Test Friday
Chapters. 1-3 pages 1-46
Chapter 1
Key terms
Control
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Hypothesis
Replication
Randomness
Theory
Experimental group
Homeostasis
Cell
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Evolution
Atom
Taxonomy
Diversity
Emergent property
Objectives
 Diagram the heirarchy of structural levels in biology.
 Briefly describe the unifying themes of biology
 Explain how science and technology are interdependent.
 Distinguish between deductive and inductive reasoning.
 Write hypotheses meeting criteria given
 Design a controlled experiment while labeling parts.
 Analyze an experiment by determining and labeling parts.
Chapter 2
Key terms
Covalent bond
Ionic bond
Isotopes
Ion
Proton
neutron
electron
trace element
Polar bond
non polar bond
hydrogen bond
half life
Objectives
 State the four elements essential to life that make up 96% of living matter and four elements that
make up most of the remaining 4%.
 Describe the structure of an atom
 Explain the significance of radioisotopes to biologists
 Compare and contrast ionic, polar covalent, nonpolar covalent, and hydrogen bonds.
 State the major components of the earths current atmosphere.
 Describe the early atmosphere as the earth formed.
Chapter 3
Key terms
Cohesion
Surface tension
Adhesion
Capillary action
Solvent
Solute
Solution
Acid
Base
pH scale
Buffer
Heat of vaporization
Specific heat
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Transpiration
Objectives
 Describe how the unique physical and chemical characteristics of water make life on earth
possible.
 Explain how water is able to form a hydrogen bond and why it is significant.
 Draw a water molecule and label its positive and negative delta charges.
 Explain the basis for the pH scale.
 Explain how a buffer works using the bicarbonate buffer system as an example
 Describe the causes of acid rain, and explain how it affects the fitness of the environment
Unit2: Biochemistry and Enzymes
Chapters 4, 5, and 6: Pages 48- 108
Lab 1: Diffusion and osmosis
Chapter 4
Key terms
Functional group
amino group
carboxyl group
Isomer
organic
inorganic
Objectives
 Be able to identify the functional groups
 Draw an amino acid
 Explain the role of Carbon in the molecular diversity of life
 Describe Urey-Miller experiment and its significance
hydrocarbons
phosphate
Chapter 5
Key terms
Polymer
monomer
carbohydrate
starch
Cellulose
sugar
monosaccharides
disaccharides
Sucrose
lactose
Condensation synthesis Hydrolysis
Glycogen
protein
macromolecules
Lipids
Nucleic acids
nucleotides
amino acids
glycerol
Fatty acids
unsaturated fats
triglyceride
saturated fats
Glucose
galactose
maltose
fructose
Storage polysaccharides structure polysaccharides
chitin
Fats
phospholipids
steroids
hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails
peptide bonds
variable R group
hemoglobin
Cholesterol
denaturation
protein conformation
DNA
RNA
ribose
deoxyribose
nitrogenous base
Pyrimidine
purine
nucleoside
double helix
Denature
phosphodiester linkage
Objectives
 Explain the analogy of a string of beads to the structure of a polymer
 Name and explain how macromolecules are synthesized and broken down.
 List the four major macromolecules and describe their structures.
 Draw an amino acid, glycerol, cholesterol, phospholipid, and nucleotide with detail.
 List key examples and functions of each of the macromolecules
 Compare and contrast starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
 the primary, secondary, Distinguish tertiary and quaternary structure of a protein.
 Explain the significance of protein conformation.
 Explain the book’s analogy of software and hardware to DNA and proteins.
 Compare and contrast the phosphodiester linkage and hydrogen bonds in a DNA molecule.
 Explain how the structure of each macromolecule accounts for its function.
Chapter 6
Key terms
Substrate
Specificity
Exergonic
Activation energy
Lab 2: Enzyme catalysis
Lab 4: Plant pigments and photosynthesis
Lab 5: Cell respiration
Catalyst
denature
endergonic
active site
Enzyme
metabolism
exothermic
cofactors
Induced fit theory
free energy
endothermic
coenzymes
Competitive inhibitors
feedback inhibition spontaneous rxn
noncompetitive inhibitors
Anabolism
catabolism
ATP
ADP
Allosteric regulators
saturated
phosphorylation
Objectives
 Explain the relationship between free energy, entropy, enthalpy, and temperature in
determining how a reaction progresses.
 Explain the induced fit theory
 Explain how enzyme activity is regulated by environmental conditions, cofactors,
enzyme inhibitors, and allosteric regulators
 Sketch graphs of reaction/time and free energy/time for uncatalyzed reactions, enzymecatalyzed reactions, feedback inhibitor reactions, and allosteric enzyme reactions
 Discuss the effect of concentration of product, reactant and enzyme on reaction rate.
 Draw the structure of ATP
 Describe the significance of ATP and enzymes in cell function.
Unit 3 Cell structure, Cellular transport, and Cell communication
Chapters 7, 8, and 11 Pages 173-218 and ???????
Chapter 7
Key terms
SEM
TEM
cytology
cell
Cell fractionation
prokaryotic cell
eukaryotic cell
nucleolus
Nucleus
nuclear pore
nuclear envelople
chromosomes
Chromatin
ribosome
vesicles
vacuoles
ER/endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes
golgi apparatus
plasma membrane
Smooth ER
rough ER
phagocytosis
perioxisomes
Mitochondrion
chloroplasts
christae
plastids
Chromoplast
amyloplast
thylakoids
grana
Stroma
cytoskeleton
microtubules
centrioles
Flagella
cilia
9 + 2 pattern
basal body
Microfilaments
cyclosis
intermediate filaments
cell walls
Plasmodesmata
glycocalyx
gap junctionss
tight junctions
Desmosomes
organelle
Objectives
 Explain in your own words why cells must be small.
 Describe the structure and components of the nucleus.
 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the SEM, TEM, and light microscope.
 Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
 Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells.
 Label cell parts and identify their functions.
 Distinguish the three types of plastids
 Describe the structure, monomers, and functions of the three parts of the
cytoskeleton.
 Describe the structure of flagella and cilia.
 Explain how cells communicate with their neighbors.
 Describe the three types of vacuoles and their list their functions
 Describe the structure of the eukaryotic ribosome, mitochondrion, and chloroplast.
 Describe the current model for the endomembrane system and how it provides for
transport and recognition.
Chapter 8
Key terms
Selectively permeable
fluid-mosaic model cholesterol
hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
diffusion
osmosis
active transport
Passive transport
facilitated diffusion water potential
concentration gradient
Osmotic potential
hyperosmotic
hypoosmotic
hypertonic
Hypotonic
isoosmotic
isotonic
proton pump
Sodium potassium pump cotransport
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
Exocytosis
endocytosis
dialysis
plasmolysis
Turgid
phospholipid bilayer integral proteins
peripheral proteins
Glycolipids
glycoproteins
water potential
Objectives
 List and describe mechanisms by which substances cross the plasma membrane.
 Describe the process and people’s work by which the fluid mosaic model was constructed.
 List and describe factors affecting the flexibility and strength of the plasma membrane
 Describe transport proteins and how their structure determines what type they are.
 Explain how the energy from ATP is harnessed during active transport.



Describe the importance of the plasma membrane being able to maintain homeostasis in the
cell
Describe how organisms of different types can maintain osmotic integrity in their various
environments.
List and describe the molecules in the plama membrane that allow it to perform its
various functions.
Unit 3
11 days Chapter 6, 9,10
Test Thursday
Read pages 97-108, 173-178,188-195,199-206,214-218 (39 pages)

Chapter 9
Key terms
Redox
cellular respiration Kreb’s cycle
glycolysis
Electron transport chain pyruvate
lactic acid
acetyl CoA
NAD
FAD
electron carrier
fermentation
Obligate anaerobe
facultative anaerobe obligate aerobe
chemiosmosis
Oxidative phosphorylation
substrate level phosphorylation
Alcohol fermentation
lactic acid fermentation
lactic acid
Objectives
 Explain why facultative anaerobes like us are advanced evolutionarily.
 List and briefly describe the three major steps in cellular respiration, indicate where
they occur in the mitochondrion, and what are the products of each step.
 Compare and contrast fermentation and cellular respiration.
 Write an overall reaction for cellular respiration and fermentation
 Trace the oxygen, carbon and hydrogen through the process of cellular respiration.
 List what is reduced and what is oxidized in cellular respiration.
 Describe phosphorylation and how it is related to ATP doing work.
 Explain how feedback inhibition causes muscle cells to revert back to fermentation when
insufficient amounts of oxygen are present.
 Explain how lactic acid affects the muscles and how lactic acid fermentation might of
evolved to help and protect the organism.
Chapter 10
Key terms
Photosynthesis
light dependent rxn light independent rxn
chlorplast
Chlorphyll
Calvin cycle
spectrophotometer
pigment
Xanthophyll
Carotene
chlorphyll a
chlorophyll b
Photocenter I
Photocenter II
carbon fixation
heterotroph
Autotroph
accessory pigments G3P
RuBP
C3 plants
C4 plantss
CAM plants
stomata
Photorespiration
photoautotrophs
chemoautotrophs
chemosynthesis
Objectives
 List and describe the two major steps of photosynthesis, where they occur in the
chloroplast, and what the products are for each step.
 List the advantages and disadvantages of C3, C4, and CAM plants.
 Trace the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
 Discuss the evolutionary relationship between photosynthesis and the central vacuole of
plant cells.
 Explain the role of water in photosynthesis.
 Compare and contrast the processes of photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and
fermentation
 Explain why the number of mitochondria and chloroplasts vary in different types of cells and
locations in the organism.
Unit 4 Mitosis, Meiosis, Heredity
7 days (Test on Friday Sept. 3)
Chapters 11-14.
Reading: 221-224, 226-229, 234-237 (except diagrams on page 235 and 236), 248-249, 252254, 284-288, DO all self quizzes and problems for chapters 11-14. Read the double helix.
Chapter 11
Terms
Binary fission
Centromere
Mitosis
G1 phase
Interphase
Anaphase
Centrioles
Metastasis
Cleavage furrow
Density dependent inhibition
Chromatin
Kinetochore
Cytokinesis
G2 phase
prophase
telophase
cancer
benign tumor
cell plate
protein kinases
Chromosome
Chromatid
Cell cycle
S phase
metaphase
spindle fibers
malignant tumor
contact inhibition
cell culture
Questions
How does cell division differ for eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
How does cytokinesis differ for plant cells and animal cells?
List the stages of the cell cycle and what occurs in each stage using terminology given.
What conditions lead to cancer?
How does mitosis provide continuity and ability to change at the same time?
Differentiate chromosomes, chromatids, and chromatin.
Do the self quiz.
Go to http://www.biology.arizona.edu Find the online onion root tips project. Identify 30 cells
and print your findings.
Do challenge question 1 a-c on page 239.
Chapter 12.
Meiosis
Gamete
Tetrad
Alternation of generations
Locus
Somatic cells
diploid (2n)
homologous chromosomes
crossing over
zygote
sex chromosomes
asexual reproduction
haploid (n)
synapis
chiasmata
karyotyping
parthenogenesis
sexual reproduction
Questions
Describe the differences between mitosis and meiosis.
List and describe three factors that contribute to increasing the genetic variation in a population.
What is the significance of meiosis?
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction.
Do the self quiz at the end of chapter 12.
Answer question 2 in challenge questions on page 257.
,