Community Ecology, BIOL 7083 – Fall 2009
Louisiana State University – Department of Biological Sciences
Reading Assignments and Reference List
I have presented the references under topic headings; the order corresponds to the course
schedule found in the syllabus. For a reference that was used to prepare lectures under multiple
topic headings, its citation appears once under the topic heading for which it was first used.
1. What is Community Ecology?
Assigned reading:
Fauth, J. E., J. Bernardo, M. Camara, W. J. Resetarits, Jr., J. Van Buskirk & S. A. McCollum.
1996. Simplifying the jargon of community ecology: A conceptual approach. The
American Naturalist 147:282-286.
McGill, Brian J., Brian J. Enquist, Evan Weiher & Mark Westoby. 2006. Rebuilding
community ecology from functional traits. TREE 21:178-185.
Ricklefs, Robert E. 2008. Disintegration of the ecological community. The American
Naturalist 172:741-750.
Simberloff, Daniel. 2004. Community ecology: is it time to move on? The American
Naturalist 163:787-799.
Additional references:
Abrahamson, Warren G., ed. 1989. Plant-Animal Interactions. McGraw-Hill Publishing, New
York, NY.
Agrawal, Anurag A., David D. Ackerly, Fred Adler, A. Elizabeth Arnold, Carla Cáceres,
Daniel F. Doak, Eric Post, Peter J. Hudson, John Maron, Kailen A. Mooney, Mary Power,
Doug Schemske, Jay Stachowicz, Sharon Strauss, Monica G. Turner & Earl Werner. 2007.
Filling key gaps in population and community ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and the
Environment 5:145-152.
Barash, David P. 1973. The ecologist as Zen master. The American Midland Naturalist
89:214-217.
Bray, J. Roger & J. T. Curtis. 1957. An ordination of the upland forest communities of
southern Wisconsin. Ecological Monographs 27:325-349.
Brown, J. H. & B. A. Maurer. 1989. Macroecology: the division of food and space among
species on continents. Science 243:1145-1150.
Carothers, John H. 1986. Homage to Huxley: on the conceptual origin of minimum size ratios
among competing species. American Naturalist 128:440-442.
Clements, Frederic E. 1936. Nature and structure of the climax. Journal of Ecology 24:252284.
Cody, M. L. & J. M. Diamond, eds. 1975. Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Belknap
Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. [Dedicated to Robert MacArthur]
Connell, Joseph H. 1961. Effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus, and other
factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Ecological Monographs
31:61-104.
Connell, Joseph H. 1961. The influence of competition and other factors on the distribution of
the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology 42:710-723.
Cowles, Henry Chandler. 1899. The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes
of Lake Michigan. The Botanical Gazette 27:95-117, 167-202, 281-308, 361-391.
Damschen et al. 2005. Visibility matters: increasing knowledge of women’s contributions to
ecology. Front. Ecol. Environ. 3:212-219.
Darwin, Charles. 1859. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
Diamond, J. & T. J. Case, eds. 1986. Community Ecology. Harper and Row, NY, NY.
[Dedicated to G. Evelyn Hutchinson]
Dobzhansky, Theodosius. 1973. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of
evolution. The American Biology Teacher 35:125-129.
Fauth, J. E., J. Bernardo, M. Camara, W. J. Resetarits, Jr., J. Van Buskirk & S. A. McCollum.
1996. Simplifying the jargon of community ecology: A conceptual approach. The
American Naturalist 147:282-286.
Forbes, Stephen A. 1887. The lake as a microcosm. [Reprinted in Bulletin of the Illinois State
Natural History Survey 15 (1925):537-550]
Gleason, H. A. 1926. The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bulletin of the
Torrey Botanical Club 53:7-26.
Gotelli, Nicholas J. 2001. A Primer of Ecology, 3rd ed. Sinauer Assocs., Inc., Sunderland,
MA.
Gotelli, Nicholas J. & Gary R. Graves. 1996. Null Models in Ecology. Smithsonian
Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Gotelli, N. J. & B. McGill. 2006. Null versus neutral models: What’s the difference?
Ecography 29:793-800.
Holdridge, L. R. 1947. Determination of world plant formations from simple climatic data.
Science 105:367-368.
Howe, H. F. & L. C. Westley. 1988. Ecological Relationships of Plants and Animals. Oxford
University Press, Oxford, UK.
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn. 1951. Copepodology for the ornithologist. Ecology 32:571-577.
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn. 1965. The Ecological Theater and the Evolutionary Play. Yale
University Press, New Haven, CT.
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn. 1967. A treatise on limnology. Vol. II. John Wiley & Sons, New
York, NY.
Huxley, J. 1942. Evolution: the modern synthesis. Harper, New York, NY.
Inchausti, Pablo. 1994. Reductionist approaches in community ecology. Am. Nat. 143:201221.
Kaspari, Michael. 2008. Knowing your warblers: thoughts on the 50th anniversary of
MacArthur (1958). Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. October:448-458.
Lawton, John H. 1999. Are there general laws in ecology? Oikos 84:177-192.
Leibold, M. A., M. Holyoak, N. Mouquet, P. Amarasekare, J. M. Chase, M. F. Hoopes, R. D.
Holt, J. B. Shurin, R. Law, D. Tilman, M. Loreau & A. Gonzalez. 2004. The
metacommunity concept: a framework for multi-scale community ecology. Ecology
Letters 7:601-613.
Lewontin, R. C. 1974. The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change. Columbia U. Press, N.Y.
[P. A. Keddy (1992; Keddy & Weiher chapt. 1999, pg. 19) refers to Lewontin’s description
of “the agony of community ecology”]
Lindeman, Raymond L. 1942. The trophic-dynamics aspect of ecology. Ecology 23:399-418.
MacArthur, Robert H. 1958. Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous
forests. Ecology 39:599-619.
MacArthur, Robert H. 1971. Patterns of terrestrial bird communities. Pp. 189-221 in D. S.
Farner & J. R. King, eds. Avian Biology. Academic Press, New York, NY.
MacArthur, Robert H. 1972. Geographical Ecology: Patterns in the Distribution of Species.
Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
May, Robert M. 1986. The search for patterns in the balance of nature: advances and retreats.
Ecology 67:1115-1126.
Matthews, W. J. 1998. Patterns in Freshwater Fish Ecology. Chapman and Hall, NY, NY.
McGill, Brian J., Brian J. Enquist, Evan Weiher & Mark Westoby. 2006. Rebuilding
community ecology from functional traits. TREE 21:178-185.
McIntosh, R. P. 1985. The Background of Ecology. Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge, UK.
Morin, Peter J. 1999. Community Ecology. Blackwell Science, Inc., Oxford, U.K.
Pimm, Stuart L. 1991. The Balance of Nature? Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.
Real, Leslie A. & James H. Brown, eds. 1991. Foundations of Ecology: Classic Papers with
Commentaries. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Ricklefs, Robert E. 2008. Disintegration of the ecological community. The American
Naturalist 172:741-750.
Root, R. B. 1967. The niche exploitation pattern of the blue-gray gnatcatcher. Ecological
Monographs 37:317-350.
Roughgarden, Joan. 2009. Is there a general theory of community ecology? Biol. Philos.
24:521-529.
Shipley, Bill & Paul A. Keddy. 1987. The individualistic and community-unit concepts as
falsifiable hypotheses. Vegetatio 69:47-55.
Simberloff, D. 1983. Sizes of coexisting species. Pp. 404-430 in D. J. Futuyma & M. Slakin,
eds. Coevolution. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
Simberloff, Daniel. 2004. Community ecology: is it time to move on? The American
Naturalist 163:787-799.
Smith, F. A., S. K. Lyons, S. K. M. Ernest & J. H. Brown. 2008. Macroecology: more than
the division of food and space among species on continents. Progress in Physical
Geography 32:115-138.
Strong, D. R., Jr. 1980. Null hypotheses in ecology. Synthese 43:271-285.
Strong, D. R., Jr., D. Simberloff, L. G. Abele & A. B. Thistle, eds. 1984. Ecological
Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton,
NJ. [This volume was in part a reaction to Cody & Diamond (1975), see pg. 4; Dedicated
to Richard P. Seifert]
Turchin, P. 2001. Does population ecology have general laws? Oikos 94:17-26.
Turner, M. G. 2005. Landscape ecology: what is the state of the science? Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 36:319-344.
Urban, D. L. et al. 2002. Extending community ecology to landscapes. Ecoscience 9:200212.
Vellend, Mark & Monica A. Geber. 2005. Connections between species diversity and genetic
diversity. Ecology Letters 8:767-781.
von Bertalanffy, Ludwig. 1968. General System Theory: Foundations, Development,
Applications.
Watt, A. S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. Journal of Ecology 35:1-22.
Whittaker, Robert H. 1975. Communities and Ecosystems, 2nd ed. MacMillan, New York,
NY.
Whittaker, Robert H. & W. A. Niering. 1965. Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains,
Arizona: a gradient analysis of the south slope. Ecology 46:429-452.
Whittaker, Robert H. & W. A. Niering. 1975. Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains,
Arizona. V. Biomass, production, and diversity along the elevation gradient. Ecology
56:771-790.
Woodward, F. I., M. R. Lomas & C. K. Kelly. 2004. Global climate and the distribution of
plant biomes. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 359:1465-1476.
2. Community-level patterns: Species richness; alpha, beta & gamma diversity; some
geographic patterns (e.g., species-area curves), the processes that cause them (e.g., Island
Biogeography Theory), and considerations of scale; etc.
Assigned reading:
Ricklefs, Robert E. 1987. Community diversity: Relative roles of local and regional
processes. Science 235:167-171.
Differing opinions concerning large-scale effects:
Compare and contrast Wright et al. (2003) with Karlson et al. (2004). Wright et al. (2003)
conclude that there is limited large-scale effect, whereas Karlson et al. (2004) show strong
large-scale effect on local diversity.
Karlson, Ronald H., Howard V. Cornell & Terence P. Hughes. 2004. Coral communities are
regionally enriched along an oceanic biodiversity gradient. Nature 429:867-870.
Wright, Justin P., Alexander S. Flecker & Clive G. Jones. 2003. Local vs. landscape controls
on plant species richness in beaver meadows. Ecology 84:3162-3173.
For considerations of scale:
Levin, Simon A. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73:1943-1967.
Additional references:
Brown, James H. 1995. Macroecology. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Caley, M. Julian & Dolph Schluter. 1997. Relationship between local and regional diversity.
Ecology 78:70-80.
Chown, Steven L., Brent J. Sinclair, Hans P. Leinaas & Kevin J. Gaston. 2004. Hemispheric
asymmetries in biodiversity – a serious matter for ecology. PLoS Biology 2:1701-1707.
Colwell, R. EstimateS. [Freeware software for estimating a variety of variables useful for
describing community-level patterns; available at: http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/estimates]
Condit, Richard, Robin B. Foster, Stephen P. Hubbell, R. Sukumar, Egbert G. Leigh, N.
Manokaran, Suzanne Loo de Lao, James V. LaFrankie & Peter S. Ashton. 1998.
Assessing forest diversity on small plots: Calibration using species-individual curves from
50-ha plots. Pp. 247-268 in F. Dallmeier & J. A. Comisky, eds., Forest Biodiversity:
Research, Monitoring and Modeling. UNESCO, Paris, France.
Crist, Thomas O., Joseph A. Veech, Jon C. Gering & Keith S. Summerville. 2003.
Partitioning species diversity across landscapes and regions: a hierarchical analysis of a, b,
and g diversity. Am. Nat. 162:734-743.
Gaston, K. J. & T. M. Blackburn. 1999. Macroecology: A critique. Oikos 84:353-368.
Gaston, K. J., T. M. Blackburn & J. I. Spicer. 1998. Rapaport’s Rule: Time for an Epitaph?
Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:70-74.
Gotelli, N. EcoSim. [Freeware software for a variety of null-model analyses within the realm
of community ecology; available at: http://homepages.together.net/~gentsmin/ecosim.htm]
Gotelli, Nicholas J. & Robert K. Colwell. 2001. Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and
pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecology Letters 4:379391.
Gross, Katherine L., Gary G. Mittelback & Heather L. Reynolds. 2005. Grassland invasibility
and diversity: Responses to nutrients, seed input, and disturbance. Ecology 86:476-486.
Harrison, Susan & Howard Cornell. 2008. Toward a better understanding of the regional
causes of local community richness. Ecology Letters 11:969-979.
He, Fangliang & Pierre Legendre. 2002. Species diversity patterns derived from species-area
models. Ecology 83:1185-1198.
Holyoak, Marcel, Mathew A. Leibold & Robert D. Holt, eds. 2005. Metacommunities:
Spatial Dynamics and Ecological Communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Hillebrand, Helmut. 2005. Regressions of local on regional diversity do not reflect the
importance of local interactions or saturation of local diversity. Oikos 110:195-198.
Hurlbert, S. H. 1971. The nonconcept of species diversity: A critique and alternative
parameters. Ecology 52:577-586.
Karlson, Ronald H., Howard V. Cornell & Terence P. Hughes. 2004. Coral communities are
regionally enriched along an oceanic biodiversity gradient. Nature 429:867-870.
Kreft, Holger & Walter Jetz. 2007. Global patterns and determinants of vascular plant
diversity. PNAS 104:5925-5930.
Lande, R. 1996. Statistics and partitioning of species diversity, and similarity among multiple
communities. Oikos 76:5-13.
Laurance, William F. 2008. Theory meets reality: How habitat fragmentation research has
transcended island biogeography theory. Biological Conservation 141:1731-1744.
Levin, Simon A. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73:1943-1967.
Loreau, Michael. 2000. Are communities saturated? On the relationship between α, β and γ
diversity. Ecology Letters 3:73-76.
MacArthur, Robert H. & Edward O. Wilson. 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography.
Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Magurran, Anne E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Princeton University
Press, Princeton, USA.
Magurran, Anne E. 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford,
U.K.
Niering, W., R. Whittaker & C. Lowe. 1963. The Saguaro: a population in relation to its
environment. Science 142:15-23.
Peet, Robert K. 1974. The measurement of species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics 5:285-307.
Plotkin, Joshua B., Matthew D. Potts, Nandi Leslie, N. Manokaran, James LaFrankie & Peter
S. Ashton. 2000. Species-area curves, spatial aggregation, and habitat specialization in
tropical forests. Journal of Theoretical Biology 207:81-99.
Rahel, F.J. 1990. The hierarchical nature of community persistence: a problem of scale. The
American Naturalist 136:328-344.
Ricklefs, Robert E. 1987. Community diversity: Relative roles of local and regional
processes. Science 235:167-171.
Rosenzweig, Michael. 1995. Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK.
Rossi, Richard E., David J. Mulla, André G. Journel & Eldon H. Franz. 1992. Geostatistical
tools for modeling and interpreting ecological spatial dependence. Ecological Monographs
62:277-314.
Scheiner, S. M. 1992. Measuring pattern diversity. Ecology 73:1860-1867.
Scheiner, S. M., S. B. Cox, M. R. Willig, G. G. Mittelbach, C. Osenberg, M. Kaspari. 2000.
Species richness, species-area curves, and Simpson’s paradox. Evol. Ecol. Res. 2:791-802.
Simberloff, Daniel S. 1973. Species turnover and equilibrium island biogeography. Science
194:572-578.
Simberloff, Daniel S. 1974. Equilibrium theory of island biogeography and ecology. Annual
Review of Ecology and Systematics 5:161-182.
Stevens, Richard D. & Michael R. Willig. 2002. Geographical ecology at the community
level: Perspectives on the diversity of New World bats. Ecology 83:545-560.
Turchin, P. 1996. Fractal analyses of animal movement: a critique. Ecology 77:2086-2090.
Veech, Joseph A., Keith S. Summerville, Thomas O. Crist & Jon C. Gering. 2002. The
additive partitioning of species diversity: recent revival of an old idea. Oikos 99:3-9.
Wardle, David A., Gregor W. Yeates, Gary M. Barker, Peter J. Bellingham, Karen I. Bonner &
Wendy M. Williamson. 2003. Island biology and ecosystem functioning in epiphytic soil
communities. Science 301:1717-1720.
Whittaker, R. H. 1972. Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon 21:213-251.
Wiens, J. A. 1989. Spatial scaling in ecology. Functional Ecology 3:385-397.
Wilson, J. Bastow & Barbara J. Anderson. 2001. Species-pool relations: like a wooden light
bulb? Folia Geobotanica 36:35-44. [“The species pool concept is stimulating, but it is
probably operationally impossible to test. Like a wooden light bulb, it is beautiful and
interesting, but of little use” (Abstract)]
Wright, Justin P., Alexander S. Flecker & Clive G. Jones. 2003. Local vs. landscape controls
on plant species richness in beaver meadows. Ecology 84:3162-3173.
3. Community-level patterns: Relative abundance distributions
Assigned reading:
Hubbell, Stephen P. 2001. The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography.
Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. [Chapt. 2: On current theories of relative
species abundance, pp. 30-47; Chapt. 3: Dynamical models of the relative abundance of
species, pp. 48-75; Chapt. 4: Local Community Dynamics Under Ecological Drift, see first
two pages, i.e., pp. 76-77]
May, Robert M. 1986. The search for patterns in the balance of nature: advances and retreats.
Ecology 67:1115-1126. [See especially the final sections]
Additional references:
Bell, Graham. 2001. Neutral macroecology. Science 293:2413-2418.
Chave, Jérôme, Helene C. Muller-Landau & Simon A. Levin. 2002. Comparing classical
community models: Theoretical consequences for patterns of diversity. Am. Nat. 159:123.
Connolly, Sean R., Terry P. Hughes, David R. Bellwood & Ronald H. Karlson. 2005.
Community structure of corals and reef fishes at multiple scales. Science 309:1363-1365.
de Aguiar, M. A. M., M. Baranger, E. M. Baptestini, L. Kaufman & Y. Bar-Yam. 2009.
Global patterns of speciation and diversity. Nature 460:384-387.
Hubbell, Stephen P. 2001. The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography.
Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
May, Robert M. 1975. Patterns of species abundance and diversity. Pp. 81-120 in M. L. Cody
& J. M. Diamond, eds., Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, Cambridge, MA.
May, Robert M. 1986. The search for patterns in the balance of nature: advances and retreats.
Ecology 67:1115-1126.
May, Robert M. 1988. How many species are there on Earth? Science 241:1441-1449.
McGill, Brian J. 2003. A test of the unified neutral theory of biodiversity. Nature 422:881885.
McGill, Brian J., Rampal S. Etienne, John S. Gray, David Alonso, Marti J. Anderson, Habtamu
Kassa Benecha, Maria Dornelas, Brian J. Enquist, Jessica L. Green, Fangliang He, Allen H.
Hurlbert, Anne E. Magurran, Pablo A. Marquet, Brian A. Maurer, Annette Ostling, Candan
U. Soykan, Karl I. Ugland & Ethan P. White. 2007. Species abundance distributions:
moving beyond single prediction theories to integration within an ecological framework.
Ecology Letters 10:995-1015.
Preston, F. W. 1948. The commonness, and rarity, of species. Ecology 29:254-283.
Preston, F. W. 1962. The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity. Ecology 43:185215, 410-432.
Volkov, I., J. R. Banavar, F. He, S. P. Hubbell & A. Maritan. 2005. Density dependence
explains tree species abundance and diversity in tropical forests. Nature 438:658-661.
Volkov, Igor, Jayanth R. Banavar, Stephen P. Hubbell & Amos Maritan. 2003. Neutral theory
and relative species abundance in ecology. Nature 424:1035-1037.
Volkov, Igor, Jayanth R. Banavar, Stephen P. Hubbell & Amos Maritan. 2007. Patterns of
relative species abundance in rainforests and coral reefs. Nature 450:45-49.
Whittaker, R. H. 1965. Dominance and diversity in land plant communities. Science
147:250-260.
Zillio, Tommaso & Richard Condit. 2007. The impact of neutrality, niche differentiation and
species input on diversity and abundance distributions. Oikos 116:931-940.
4. Pair-wise species interactions: Competition. I. Theory
Assigned reading:
Connell, Joseph H. 1980. Diversity and the coevolution of competitors, or the ghosts of
competition past. Oikos 35:131-138.
Horn, H. & R. MacArther. 1972. Competition among fugitive species in a harlequin
environment. Ecology 53:749-752.
Lewin, Roger. 1983. Santa Rosalia was a goat. Science 221:636-639.
Tilman, David. 1987. The importance of the mechanisms of interspecific competition. The
American Naturalist 129:769-774.
Additional references:
Brown, W. L., Jr. & E. O. Wilson. 1956. Character displacement. Systematic Zoology 5:4964.
Chase, Jonathan M. & Mathew A. Leibold. 2003. Ecological Niches: Linking Classial and
Contemporary Approaches. Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.
Connell, Joseph H. 1980. Diversity and the coevolution of competitors, or the ghosts of
competition past. Oikos 35:131-138.
Grace, James B. & David Tilman, eds. 1990. Perspectives on Plant Competition. Academic
Press, Inc., San Diego, CA.
Hardin, Garrett. 1960. The competitive exclusion principle. Science 131:1292-1297. [Coined
the term “competitive exclusion principle”]
Horn, H. & R. MacArther. 1972. Competition among fugitive species in a harlequin
environment. Ecology 53:749-752.
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn. 1957. Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on
Quantitative Biology 22:415-427.
Keddy, Paul A. 2001. Competition, 2nd ed. Kluwer Academic Pubs., Dordrecht, The
Netherlands.
Lewin, Roger. 1983. Santa Rosalia was a goat. Science 221:636-639.
Pacala, Stephen W. 1986. Neighborhood models of plant population dynamics. II. Multispecies models of annuals. Theoretical Population Biology 29:262-292.
Pacala, Stephen W. & David Tilman. 1994. Limiting similarity in mechanistic and spatial
models of plant competition in heterogeneous environments. The American Naturalist
143:222-257.
Pfennig, Karin S. & David W. Pfennig. 2009. Character displacement: ecological and
reproductive responses to a common evolutionary problem. The Quarterly Review of
Biology 84:253-276.
Rees, Mark & Joy Bergelson. 1997. Asymmetric light competition and founder control in
plant communities. Journal of Theoretical Biology 184:353-358.
Riebesell, John F. 1974. Paradox of enrichment in competitive systems. Ecology 55:183-187.
Taper, Mark. 1993. A new look at competition theory and the structure of ecological
communities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8:308-309.
Tilman, David. 1982. Resource Competition and Community Structure. Princeton University
Press, Princeton, NJ.
Tilman, David. 1987. The importance of the mechanisms of interspecific competition. The
American Naturalist 129:769-774.
Tilman, David. 1988. Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities. Princeton University
Press, Princeton, NJ.
Weiner, Jacob. 1990. Asymmetric competition in plant populations. Trends in Ecology and
Evolution 5:360-364.
5. Pair-wise species interactions: Competition. II. Empirical underpinnings
Assigned reading:
Brown, James H. & Diane W. Davidson. 1977. Competition between seed-eating rodents and
ants in desert ecosystems. Science 196:880-882.
Byers, James E. 2000. Competition between two estuarine snails: Implications for invasions
of exotic species. Ecology 81:1225-1239.
Pacala, Stephen & Jonathan Roughgarden. 1982. Resource partitioning and interspecific
competition in two two-species insular Anolis lizard communities. Science 217:444-446.
Petren, Kenneth, Douglas T. Bolger & Ted J. Case. 1993. Mechanisms in the competitive
success of an invading sexual gecko species over an asexual native. Science 259:354-358.
Additional references:
Antonovics, Janis & Donald A. Levin. 1980. The ecological and genetic consequences of
density-dependent regulation in plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
11:411-452.
Brown, James H. & Diane W. Davidson. 1977. Competition between seed-eating rodents and
ants in desert ecosystems. Science 196:880-882.
Byers, James E. 2000. Competition between two estuarine snails: Implications for invasions
of exotic species. Ecology 81:1225-1239.
Carrascal. L. M., J. L. Terrería & A. Valido. 1992. Habitat distribution of canary chaffinches
among islands: Competitive exclusion or species-specific habitat preferences? Journal of
Biogeography 19:383-390.
Connell, Joseph H. 1983. On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific
competition: Evidence from field experiments. The American Naturalist 122:661-696.
Coomes, David A. & Peter J. Grubb. 2000. Impacts of root competition in forests and
woodlands: a theoretical framework and review of experiments. Ecological Monographs
70:171-207.
Dudley, Tom L., Carla M. D’Antonio & Scott D. Cooper. 1990. Mechanisms and
consequences of interspecific competition between two stream insects. Journal of Animal
Ecology 59:849-866.
Eberhard, William G. 1989. Niche expansion in the spider Wendilgarda galapagensis
(Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) on Cocos Island. Rev. Biol. Trop. 37:163-168.
Ferson, Scott, Pat Downey, Paul Klerks, Marc Weissburg, Irwin Kroot, Steven Stewart, Geoff
Jacquez, James Ssemakula, Richard Malenky & Karl Anderson. 1986. Competing
reviews, or why do Connell and Schoener disagree? The American Naturalist 127:571576.
Goldberg, D. E. & A. M. Barton. 1992. Patterns and consequences of interspecific
competition in natural communities: A review of field experiments with plants. The
American Naturalist 139:771-801.
Grant, P. R. 1968. Bill size, body size, and the ecological adaptations of bird species to
competitive situations on islands. Systematic Zoology 17:319-333.
Grant, P. R. 1972. Interspecific competition among rodents. Annual Reviews of Ecology &
Systematics 3:79-106.
Grant, P. R. 1972. Convergent & divergent character displacement. Biological Journal of the
Linnean Society 4:39-68.
Grant, P. R. 1975. The classical case of character displacement. Evolutionary Biology 8:237337.
Grant, Peter R. 1986. Ecology & Evolution of Darwin’s Finches. Princeton University Press,
Princeton, NJ.
Grant, P. R. & I. Abbott. 1980. Interspecific competition, null hypotheses and island
biogeography. Evolution 34:332-341.
Lawton, John. 1991. Warbling in different ways. Oikos 60:273-274.
Lewis, Simon L. & Edmund V. J. Tanner. 2000. Effects of above- and belowground
competition on growth and survival of rain forest tree seedlings. Ecology 81:2525-2538.
Pacala, Stephen & Jonathan Roughgarden. 1982. Resource partitioning and interspecific
competition in two two-species insular Anolis lizard communities. Science 217:444-446.
Pacala, Stephen W. & Jonathan Roughgarden. 1985. Population experiments with the Anolis
lizards of St. Maarten and St. Eustatius. Ecology 66:129-141.
Petren, Kenneth, Douglas T. Bolger & Ted J. Case. 1993. Mechanisms in the competitive
success of an invading sexual gecko species over an asexual native. Science 259:354-358.
Platt, W. J. & I. M. Weiss. 1977. Resource partitioning and competition within a guild of
fugitive prairie plants. The American Naturalist 111:479-513.
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6. Pair-wise species interactions: Predator-prey, parasitoid-host & parasite-host
interactions
Assigned reading:
Gilbert, Gregory S. & Campbell O. Webb. 2007. Phylogenetic signal in plant pathogen-host
range. PNAS 104:4979-4983.
Loyn, Richard H., Ross G. Runnalls & Gail Y. Forward. 1983. Territorial Bell Miners and
other birds affecting populations of insect prey. Science 221:1411-1413.
Page, Rachel A. & Michael J. Ryan. 2005. Flexibility in assessment of prey cues: frog-eating
bats and frog calls. Proc. R. Soc. B 272:841-847.
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Additional references:
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Agrawal, Anurag A. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species.
Science 294:321-326.
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Nature 280:361-367.
Anderson, Roy M. & Robert M. May. 1979. Population biology of infectious diseases: Part
II. Nature 280:455-461.
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Science 150:28-35.
Byers, John A. 1998. American Pronghorn: Social Adaptations and the Ghosts of Predators
Past. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
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Oxford, U.K.
Dobson, Andy & Mick Crawley. 1994. Pathogens and the structure of plant communities.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:393-398.
Dobson, A. P. & P. J. Hudson. 1992. Regulation and stability of a free-living host-parasite
system: Trichostrongylus tenuis in red grouse. II. Population models. Journal of Animal
Ecology 61:487-498.
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scelionid wasps: strategy and counterstrategy in a host and its parasites. Smith. Contrib.
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U.K.
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Approaches from the Study of Lower Vertebrates. Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.
Gilbert, Gregory S. 2002. Evolutionary ecology of plant diseases in natural ecosystems. Ann.
Rev. Phytopathol. 40:13-43.
Gilbert, Gregory S. & Campbell O. Webb. 2007. Phylogenetic signal in plant pathogen-host
range. PNAS 104:4979-4983.
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predator-prey community. Science 302:866-868.
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communities. The American Naturalist 113:631-641.
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University Press, Princeton, NJ.
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parasitoids and predators. The American Naturalist 140:30-40.
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Didinium and Paramecium. Ecology 76:357-374.
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other birds affecting populations of insect prey. Science 221:1411-1413.
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predator Didinium nasutum. Ecology 54:1320-1327.
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Scientist 71:36-45.
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viral pathogens. Nature 421:625-627.
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specificity and stability of prey populations. Ecological Monographs 39:335-354.
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Plankton abundance and dynamics across nutrient levels: Tests of hypotheses. Ecology
79:1339-1356.
Page, Rachel A. & Michael J. Ryan. 2005. Flexibility in assessment of prey cues: frog-eating
bats and frog calls. Proc. R. Soc. B 272:841-847.
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Nature 405:448-450.
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Local selection and latitudinal variation in a marine predator-prey interaction. Science
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of Biology 66:1–22.
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Ecology 74:1143-1152.
7. Pair-wise species interactions: Herbivory
Assigned reading:
Adler, Lynn S. 2000. Alkaloid uptake increases fitness in a hemiparasitic plant via reduced
herbivory and increased pollination. American Naturalist 156:92-99.
Bond W. J. & J. A. Silander. 2007. Springs and wire plants: anachronistic defences against
Madagascar's extinct elephant birds. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 274:1985-1992. [Notice the ghosts
of herbivory past!]
Coley, Phyllis D., John Lokvam, Kathleen Rudolph, Keryn Bromberg, Tara E. Sackett, Leslie
Wright, Tania Brenes-Arguedas, Dan Dvorett, Seth Ring, Alex Clark, Caroline Baptiste, R.
Toby Pennington & Thomas A. Kursar. 2005. Divergent defensive strategies of young
leaves in two species of Inga. Ecology 86:2633-2643.
Marquis, Robert J. 1984. Leaf herbivores decrease fitness of a tropical plant. Science
226:537-539.
Additional references:
Adler, Lynn S. 2000. Alkaloid uptake increases fitness in a hemiparasitic plant via reduced
herbivory and increased pollination. American Naturalist 156:92-99.
Agrawal, Anurag A. 1998. Leaf damage and associated cues induce aggressive ant
recruitment in a Neotropical ant-plant. Ecology 79:2100-2112.
Belsky, A. J., W. P. Carson, C. L. Jensen & G. A. Gox. 1993. Overcompensation by plants:
Herbivore optimization or red herring? Evolutionary Ecology 7:109-121.
Bennett, A. & J. D. Bever. 2007. Mycorrhizal mediation of plant response to herbivory.
Ecology 88:210–218.
Benrey, Betty & Robert F. Denno. 1997. The slow-growth-high-mortality hypothesis: A test
using the cabbage butterfly. Ecology 78:987-999.
Bond W. J. & J. A. Silander. 2007. Springs and wire plants: anachronistic defences against
Madagascar's extinct elephant birds. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 274:1985-1992.
Coley, P. D. 1983. Herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in a lowland
tropical forest. Ecological Monographs 53:209-233.
Coley, P. D. & J. A. Barone. 1996. Herbivory and plant defenses in tropical forests. Annual
Review of Ecology and Systematics. 27:305-335.
Coley, P. D., J. P. Bryant & F. S. Chapin, III. 1985. Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense. Science 230:895-899.
Coley, Phyllis D., John Lokvam, Kathleen Rudolph, Keryn Bromberg, Tara E. Sackett, Leslie
Wright, Tania Brenes-Arguedas, Dan Dvorett, Seth Ring, Alex Clark, Caroline Baptiste, R.
Toby Pennington & Thomas A. Kursar. 2005. Divergent defensive strategies of young
leaves in two species of Inga. Ecology 86:2633-2643.
Dietz, Hansjörg, Lea R. Wirth & Holger Buschmann. 2004. Variation in herbivore damage to
invasive and native woody plant species in open forest vegetation on Mahé, Seychelles.
Biological Invasions 6:511-521.
Dyer, L. A., M. S. Singer, J. T. Lill, J. O. Stireman, G. L. Gentry, R. J. Marquis, R. E. Ricklefs,
H. F. Greeney, D. L. Wagner, H. C. Morais, I. R. Diniz, T. A. Kursar & P. D. Coley. 2007.
Host specificity of Lepidoptera in tropical and temperate forests. Nature 448:696-699.
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18:586-608.
Farrell & Mitter. 1998. The timing of insect/plant diversification: might Tetraopes
(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae) have co-evolved? Biol. J.
Linn. Soc. 63:553-577.
Feeny, P. P. 1976. Plant apparency and chemical defense. Pp. 1-40 in J. Wallace & R. L.
Mansell, eds., Biochemical Interactions Between Plants and Insects. Recent Advances in
Phytochemistry 10. Plenum Press, USA.
Fine, Paul V. A., Italo Mesones & Phyllis D. Coley. 2004. Herbivores promote habitat
specialization by trees in Amazonian forests. Science 305:663-665.
Futuyma, D. J. 1976. Food plant specialization and environmental predictability in
Lepidoptera. The American Naturalist 110:285-292.
Grubb, Peter J. 1992. A positive distrust of simplicity – lessons from plant defences and from
competition among plants and animals. Journal of Ecology 80:585-610.
Hay, Mark E. 1997. The ecology and evolution of seaweed-herbivore interactions on coral
reefs. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. I:23-32.
Herms, D. A. & W. J. Mattson. 1992. The dilemma of plants: To grow or defend. The
Quarterly Review of Biology 67:283-335.
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Karban, Richard. 1989. Community organization of Erigeron glaucus folivores: effects of
competition, predation and host plant. Ecology 70:1028-1039.
Kitajima, Kaoru. 1994. Relative importance of photosynthetic traits and allocation patterns as
correlates of seedling shade tolerance of 13 tropical trees. Oecologia 98:419-428.
Marquis, Robert J. 1984. Leaf herbivores decrease fitness of a tropical plant. Science
226:537-539.
Marquis, Robert J. & Helen Miller Alexander. 1992. Evolution of resistance and virulence in
plant-herbivore and plant-pathogen interactions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7:126129.
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factors and contingency in community organization. Ecological Monographs 53:291-320.
Novotny, Vojtech, Scott. E. Miller, Jiri Hulcr, Richard A. I. Drew, Yves Basset, Milan Janda,
Gregory P. Setliff, Karolyn Darrow, Alan J. A. Stewart, John Auga, Brus Isua, Kenneth
Molem, Markus Manumbor, Elvis Tamtiai, Martin Mogia & George D. Weiblen. 2007.
Low beta diversity of herbivorous insects in tropical forests. Nature 448:692-695.
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Ecological and evolutionary implications. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
37:191-236.
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exotic herbivores on plant invasions. Science 311:1459-1461.
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herbivores in a Neotropical forest canopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of
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browsing. Oecologia 71:436-438.
8. Pair-wise species interactions: Mutualisms (pollination, seed dispersal, trophic &
defense symbioses, etc.)
Assigned reading:
Bever, J. D. 2003. Soil community dynamics and the coexistence of competitors: Conceptual
frameworks and empirical tests. New Phytologist 157:465-473.
Herre, E. A., N. Knowlton, U. G. Mueller & S. A. Rehner. 1999. The evolution of
mutualisms: Exploring the paths between conflict and cooperation. Trends in Ecology and
Evolution 14:49-53.
Kiers, E. Toby, Robert A. Rousseau, Stuart A. West & R. Ford Denison. 2003. Host sanctions
and the legume-rhizobium mutualism. Nature 425:78-81.
Wheelwright, Nathaniel T. & Gordon H. Orians. 1982. Seed dispersal by animals: Contrasts
with pollen dispersal, problems of terminology, and constraints on coevolution. The
American Naturalist 119:402-413.
Additional references:
Arnold, A. E., Z. Maynard, G. Gilbert, P. D. Coley & T.A. Kursar. 2000. Are tropical fungal
endophytes hyperdiverse? Ecology Letters 3:267-274.
Axelrod, R. & W. D. Hamilton. 1981. The evolution of cooperation. Science 211:1390–1396.
Barlow, Connie. 2000. The Ghosts of Evolution. Basic Books, New York, NY.
Bertness, Mark D. & Ragan Callaway. 1994. Positive interactions in communities. Trends in
Ecology and Evolution 9:191-193.
Bever, J. D. 2002. Negative feedback within a mutualism: Host-specific growth of
mycorrhizal fungi reduces plant benefit. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.
269: 2595-2601.
Bever, J. D. 2003. Soil community dynamics and the coexistence of competitors: Conceptual
frameworks and empirical tests. New Phytologist 157:465-473.
Bever, J. D., S. Richardson, B. M. Lawrence, J. Holmes & M. Watson. 2009. Preferential
allocation to beneficial symbiont with spatial structure maintains mycorrhizal mutualism.
Ecology Letters 12:13–21.
Boucher, D. H., ed. 1985. The Biology of Mutualism. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Boucher, D. H., S. James & K. H. Keeler. 1982. The ecology of mutualism. Annual Review
of Ecology and Systematics 13:315-347.
Bronstein, J. L. 1994. Our current understanding of mutualism. The Quarterly Review of
Biology 69:31-51.
Bronstein J. L. 2001. The exploitation of mutualisms. Ecology Letters 4:277-287.
Bronstein J. L. 2001. The costs of mutualism. American Zoologist 41:825-839.
Bronstein J. L., R. Alarcon & M. Geber. 2006. The evolution of plant-insect mutualisms.
New Phytologist 172:412-428.
Burns, K. C. 2003. Broad-scale reciprocity in an avian seed dispersal mutualism. Global
Ecology & Biogeography 12:421-426.
Clay, K. & J. Holah. 1999. Fungal endophyte symbiosis and plant diversity in successional
fields. Science 285:1742-1744.
Connor, R. C. 1995. The benefits of mutualism: A conceptual framework. Biological
Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 70:427-457.
Currie, Cameron R., Bess Wong, Alison E. Stuart, Ted R. Schultz, Stephen A. Rehner, Ulrich
G. Mueller, Gi-Ho Sung, Joseph W. Spatafora & Neil A. Straus. 2003. Ancient tripartite
coevolution in the attine ant-microbe symbiosis. Science 299:386-388.
Denison, R. Ford, E. Toby Kiers & Stuart A. West. 2003. Darwinian agriculture: when can
humans find solutions beyond the reach of natural selection? Quart. Review Biol. 78:145168.
Freeman, S. & Rodriguez, R. J. 1993. Genetic conversion of a fungal plant pathogen to an
nonpathogenic, endophytic mutualist. Science 260:75-78.
Futuyma, Douglas J. & Montgomery Slatkin, eds. 1983. Coevolution. Sinauer Assoc. Inc.,
Sunderland, MA.
Grime, P. J., J. M. L. Mackey, S. H. Hillier & D. J. Read. 1987. Floristic diversity in a model
system using experimental microcosms. Nature 328:420-422.
Harder, Lawrence D. & Steven D. Johnson. 2009. Darwin’s beautiful contrivances:
evolutionary and functional evidence for floral adaptation. NewPhytologist 183:530-545.
Herre, Edward Allen. 1996. An overview of studies on a community of Panamanian figs.
Journal of Biogeography 23:593-607.
Herre, E. A., N. Knowlton, U. G. Mueller & S. A. Rehner. 1999. The evolution of
mutualisms: Exploring the paths between conflict and cooperation. Trends in Ecology and
Evolution 14:49-53.
Hoeksema, Jason D. & Emilio M. Bruna. 2000. Pursuing the big questions about interspecific
mutualism: A review of theoretical approaches. Oecologia 125:321-330.
Howe, Henry F. 1985. Gomphothere fruits: a critique. American Naturalist 125:853-865.
Howe, Henry F. & Maria N. Miriti. 2004. When seed dispersal matters. BioScience 54:651660.
Janzen, Daniel H. 1966. Interaction of the bull’s horn acacia (Acacia cornigera L.) with an
ant inhabitant (Pseudomyrmex ferrugineq F. Smith) in eastern Mexico. University of
Kansas Science Bulletin 47:315-558.
Janzen, Daniel H. 1985. Spondias mombin is culturally deprived in megafauna-free forest.
Journal of Tropical Ecology 1:131-155. [Notice the ghosts of seed-dispersal mutualism
past!]
Janzen, Daniel H. & Paul S. Martin. 1982. Neotropical anachronisms: the fruits the
gomphotheres ate. Science 215:19-27.
Johnson, N. C., P. J. Copeland, R. K. Crookston & F. L. Pfleger. 1992. Mycorrhizae: Possible
explanation for yield decline with continuous corn and soybean. Agronomy Journal
84:387-390.
Johnson, N. C., J. H. Graham & F. A. Smith 1997. Functioning of mycorrhizas along the
mutualism-parasitism continuum. New Phytologist 135:1-12.
Johnson, N. C., G. D. Tilman & D. A. Wedin. 1992. Plant and soil controls on mycorrhizal
fungal communities. Ecology 73:2034-2042.
Jordano, Pedro. 1995. Frugivore-mediated selection on fruit and seed size: birds and St.
Lucie's cherry, Prunus mahaleb. Ecology 76:2627-2639.
Kersch, Monica Frank & Carlos Roberto Fonseca. 2005. Abiotic factors and the conditional
outcome of an ant-plant mutualism. Ecology 86:2117-2126.
Kiers, E. Toby, Robert A. Rousseau, Stuart A. West & R. Ford Denison. 2003. Host sanctions
and the legume-rhizobium mutualism. Nature 425:78-81.
Knight, T. M., J. A. Steets, J. C. Vamosi, S. J. Mazer, M. Burd, D. R. Campbell, M. R.
Dudash, M. O. Johnston, R. J. Mitchell & T.-L. Ashman. 2005. Pollen limitation of plant
reproduction: pattern and process. Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
36:467–497.
Lanner, Ronald M. 1996. Made for Each Other: A Symbiosis of Birds and Pines. Oxford
University Press, Oxford, UK.
Leigh, Egbert, Jr. 1994. Do insect pests promote mutualism among tropical trees? Journal of
Ecology 82:677-680.
Leigh, Egbert Giles, Jr. 1999. Tropical Forest Ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford,
UK.
Leigh, Egbert Giles, Jr. & Thelma Elizabeth Rowell. 1995. The evolution of mutualism and
other forms of harmony at various levels of biological organization. Ecologie 26:131-158.
Mainero, Jorge S. & Carlos Martinez del Rio. 1985. Cheating and taking advantage in
mutualistic associations. In D. Boucher, ed., The Biology of Mutualism. Oxford
University Press, Oxford, UK.
Memmott, Jane and Nickolas M. Waser. 2002. Integration of alien plants into a native flowerpollinator visitation web. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Londond, Series B
269:2395-2399.
Ollerton, J. 2006. "Biological Barter": Patterns of Specialization Compared across Different
Mutualisms. pp. 411-435 in: Waser, N.M. & Ollerton, J. (Eds) Plant-Pollinator
Interactions: From Specialization to Generalization. University of Chicago Press.
Paszkowski, U. 2006. Mutualism and parasitism: the yin and yang of plant symbioses.
Current Opinion on Plant Biology 9:364-370.
Seifert, E. K., J. D. Bever & J. M Maron. 2009. Evidence for evolution of reduced
mycorrhizal dependence during plant invasion. Ecology 90:1055–1062.
Silliman, Brian R. & Steven Y. Newell. 2003. Fungal farming in a snail. PNAS 100:1564315648.
Stachowicz, John J. & Robert B. Whitlatch. 2005. Multiple mutualists provide
complementary benefits to their seaweed host. Ecology 86:2418-2427.
Thompson, John N. 1982. Interaction and Coevolution. John Wiley and Sons, NY, NY.
Thompson, John N. 1994. The Coevolutionary Process. University of Chicago Press,
Chicago, IL.
Wagner, Diane. 2000. Pollen viability reduction as a potential cost of ant association for
Acacia constricta (Fabaceae). American Journal of Botany 87:711-715.
Wang, B. & Y. L. Qiu. 2006. Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land
plants. Mycorrhiza 16:299–363.
Wheelwright, Nathaniel T. & Gordon H. Orians. 1982. Seed dispersal by animals: Contrasts
with pollen dispersal, problems of terminology, and constraints on coevolution. The
American Naturalist 119:402-413.
Willmer, P. B. & G. N. Stone. 1997. How aggressive ant-guards assist seed-set in Acacia
flowers. Nature 388:165-167.
9. Multiple-species interactions: Food webs; foundation species, keystone species &
ecosystem engineers; higher-order interactions; indirect effects (e.g., apparent
competition); top-down & bottom-up effects; tri-trophic interactions; trophic cascades; etc.
Assigned reading:
Dyer, Lee A. & Deborah Letourneau. 2003. Top-down and bottom-up diversity cascades in
detrital vs. living food webs. Ecology Letters 6:60-68.
Hairston, Nelson G., Frederick E. Smith & Lawrence B. Slobodkin. 1960. Community
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11. Origins and maintenance of species diversity and diversity gradients. II. Phylogenetic
perspectives, assembly rules (including priority effects, and contrasts with ecological filters
or sieves), community-level convergence, extended phenotypes, and etc.
Assigned reading:
Cavender-Bares J., K. Kozak, P. Fine & S. Kembel. 2009. The merging of community
ecology and phylogenetic biology. Ecology Letters 12:693-715.
Losos, Jonathan B. 1996. Phylogenetic perspectives on community ecology. Ecology
77:1344-1354.
Webb, Campbell O., David D. Ackerly, Mark A. McPeek & Micheal J. Donoghue. 2002.
Phylogenies and community ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33:475505.
Wiens, John J. & Catherine H. Graham. 2005. Niche conservatism: integrating evolution,
ecology, and conservation biology. Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution & Systematics
36:519-539.
Additional references:
Ackerly, D. D. & W. K. Cornwell. 2007. A trait-based approach to community assembly:
partitioning of species trait values into within- and among-community components.
Ecology Letters 10:135-145.
Avise, J. C. 2000. Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species. Harvard
University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Barot, Sébastien & Jacques Gignoux. 2004. Mechanisms promoting plant coexistence: can all
the proposed processes be reconciled? Oikos 106:185-192.
Belya, L. R. & J. Lancaster. 1999. Assembly rules within a contingent ecology. Oikos 86:402416.
Blackburn, T. M. & K. J. Gaston. 2001. Local avian assemblages as random draws from
regional pools. Ecography 24:50-58.
Brooks, Daniel R. & Deborah A. McLennan. 1991. Phylogeny, Ecology, and Behavior.
Chicago U. Press, Chicago, IL, USA.
Brooks, Daniel R. & Deborah A. McLennan. 1993. Pp. 267-280 in Robert E. Ricklefs &
Dolph Schulter, eds., Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and
Geographical Perspectives. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
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Cadle, John E. & Harry W. Green. 1993. Phylogenetic patterns, biogeography, and the
ecological structure of Neotropical snake assemblages. Pp. 281-293 in Robert E. Ricklefs
& Dolph Schulter, eds., Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and
Geographical Perspectives. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Cavender-Bares, J., D. D. Ackerly, D. A. Baum & F. A. Bazzaz. 2004. Phylogenetic
overdispersion in Floridian oak communities. Am. Nat. 163:823-843.
Cavender-Bares J., K. Kozak, P. Fine & S. Kembel. 2009. The merging of community
ecology and phylogenetic biology. Ecology Letters 12:693-715.
Chazdon, Robin L., Sonia Careaga, Campbell Webb & Orlando Vargas. 2003. Community
and phylogenetic structure of reproductive traits of woody species in wet tropical forests.
Ecological Monographs 73:331-348.
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Cornell, H. V. & J. H. Lawton. 1992. Species interactions, local and regional processes, and
limits to the richness of ecological communities: A theoretical perspective. Journal of
Animal Ecology 61:1-12.
Drake, James. 1991. Community-assembly mechanisms and the structure of an experimental
species ensemble. The American Naturalist 137:1-26.
Fox, B. J. 1999. The genesis and development of guild assembly rules. Pp. 23-57 in E.
Weiher & P. Keddy, eds., Ecological Assembly Rules: Perspectives, Advances, Retreats.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Futuyma, D. J. & C. Mitter. 1996. Insect-plant interactions: The evolution of component
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Graham, C. H. & P. V. A. Fine. 2008. Phylogenetic beta diversity: linking ecological and
evolutionary processes across space and time. Ecology Letters 11:1265-1277.
Grandcolas, P. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis and the study of community structure. Oikos
82:397-400.
Grant, P. R. & B. R. Grant. 2002. Adaptive radiation in Darwin’s finches. American Scientist
90:130-139.
Grant, Peter R. & B. Rosemary Grant. 2008. How and Why Species Multiply: The Radiation
of Darwin’s Finches. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Hardy, O. J. 2008. Testing the spatial phylogenetic structure of local communities: statistical
performances of different null models and test statistics on a locally neutral community.
Journal of Ecology 96:914-926.
Hardy, O. J. & B. Senterre. 2007. Characterizing the phylogenetic structure of communities
by an additive partitioning of phylogenetic diversity. Journal of Ecology 95:493-506.
Harvey, Paul H. & Mark D. Pagel. 1991. The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology.
Oxford U. Press, Oxford, UK.
Keddy, P. A. 1992. Assembly and response rules: Two goals for predictive community
ecology. Journal of Vegetation Science 3:157-164.
Kraft, Nathan J. B., William K. Cornwell, Campbell O. Webb & David D. Ackerly. 2007.
Trait evolution, community assembly, and the phylogenetic structure of ecological
communities. Am. Nat. 170:271-283.
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Anolis lizards. Evolution 44:558-569.
Losos, Jonathan B. 1992. The evolution of convergent structure in Caribbean Anolis
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Losos, Jonathan B. 1996. Phylogenetic perspectives on community ecology. Ecology
77:1344-1354.
Losos, Jonathan B. 2009. Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation
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Ricklefs, Robert E. & Dolph Schulter, eds. 1993. Species Diversity in Ecological
Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives. The University of Chicago Press,
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Webb, Campbell O., David D. Ackerly, Mark A. McPeek & Micheal J. Donoghue. 2002.
Phylogenies and community ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33:475505.
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Oikos 73:323-335.
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Wiens, John J. & Catherine H. Graham. 2005. Niche conservatism: integrating evolution,
ecology, and conservation biology. Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution & Systematics
36:519-539.
Wiens, John J., Catherine H. Graham, Daniel S. Moen, Sarah A. Smith & Tod W. Reeder.
2006. Evolutionary and ecological causes of the latitudinal diversity gradient in hylid
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12. Diversity-productivity, diversity-stability, and diversity-invasibility relationships
Assigned reading:
Levine, Jonathan M. 2000. Species diversity and biological invasions: Relating local process
to community pattern. Science 288:852-854.
Levine, Jonathan M. & C. M. D’Antonio. 1999. Elton revisited: a review of evidence linking
diversity and invasibility. Oikos 87:15-26.
Mittelbach, Gary G., Christopher F. Steiner, Samuel M. Scheiner, Katherine L. Gross, Heather
L. Reynolds, Robert B. Waide, Michael R. Willig, Stanley I. Dodson & Laura Gough.
2001. What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity?
Ecology 82:2381-2396.
Additional references:
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competition theory predict? Ecology 76:2019-2027.
Benedetti-Cecchi, L. 2004. Increasing accuracy of causal inference in experimental analyses
of biodiversity. Functional Ecology 18:761-768.
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Crutsinger, Gregory M., Michael D. Collins, James A. Fordyce, Zachariah Gompert, Chris C.
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Elton, C. S. 1958. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. Methuen & Co.,
London, UK.
Frank & McNaughton. 1991. Stability increases with diversity in plant communities:
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Gough, Laura, Craig W. Osenberg, Katherine L. Gross & Scott L. Collins. 2000. Fertilization
effects on species density and primary productivity in herbaceous plant communities.
Oikos 89:428-439.
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demands, and the real problems. Senckenbergiana maritima 27:215-226.
Grimm, V., and C. Wissel. 1997. Babel, or the ecological stability discussions: an inventory
and analysis of terminology and a guide for avoiding confusion. Oecologia 109:323-334.
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J. Finn, H. Freitas, P. S. Giller, J. Good, R. Harris, P. Högberg, K. Huss-Danell, J. Joshi, A.
Jumpponen, C. Körner, P. W. Leadley, M. Loreau, A. Minns, C. P. H. Mulder, G.
O'Donovan, S. J. Otway, J. S. Pereira, A. Prinz, D. J. Read, M. Scherer-Lorenzen, E.-D.
Schulze, A.-S.D. Siamantziouras, E. M. Spehn, A. C. Terry, A. Y. Troumbis, F. I.
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Levine, Jonathan M. 2000. Species diversity and biological invasions: Relating local process
to community pattern. Science 288:852-854.
Levine, Jonathan M. & C. M. D’Antonio. 1999. Elton revisited: a review of evidence linking
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13. Disturbance and ecological succession
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Bond, W. J., F. I. Woodward & G. F. Midgley. 2005. The global distribution of ecosystems in
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