II international Congress of Physical Education Teachers
Welcoming Address of the Minister of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian Federation to
participants and organizers of the II International Congress of Physical Education Teachers
On behalf of the Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian
Federation I would like to welcome organizers, participants and guests of the II
International Congress of Physical Education Teachers. At present physical culture
and sports are facing global challenges. Meeting them requires new strategic
approaches. One of the priority tasks is modernization of physical education in
educational institutions.
In this regard exchange of best practices in physical education of schoolchildren,
forming pro-active attitude, healthy lifestyle promotion are of paramount
importance and up-to-date. I believe that knowledge and expertise you possess in
widely-acknowledged projects are to facilitate addressing crucial social tasks aimed at advancement of
physical culture and sports, forming healthy and harmoniously developed generation of younger Russians.
I wish you all fruitful work and success in implementation of your plans and activities.
Vitaly Mutko,
Minister of Sports, Tourism and
Youth Policy of the Russian Federation
Welcoming Address of the Head of the Republic of Karelia
Dear participants of the International Congress!
Petrozavodsk, the capital of Karelia hosts the International Congress of Physical Education Teachers on June
30 – July 4, 2010. This is already the second forum of PE teachers of primary, secondary and higher
education institutions, experts in physical and health education from across Karelia, Russia, near and far
abroad.
The capital of the Republic of Karelia is not a random choice for carrying out this significant international
event. Raising healthy and physically strong generation has always been one of the priority tasks for the
Karelian Government. The year of 90th anniversary of the Republic is also marked with opening of a new
swimming pool in the city of Kostomuksha, a sports center in the city of Lahdenpohya, a sports gym of the
Sheltozero School, stadiums in the cities of Medvezhyegorsk and Olonets.
The Republic of Karelia is justly considered to be an attractive place for holding international and all-Russia
sport events. 58 kinds of sports are practiced In Karelia, 45 republican sports federations are functioning.
The Republic of Karelia holds the 5th place among the regions of the North-Western District of Russia on the
total number of people engaged in organized forms of regular physical activities.
We are proud of our compatriots, winners of World Championships and Olympics who honored Russia at
various international competitions. Many athletes started their mount to the world top positions from
school physical education classes. So it is a PE teacher who creates the basis of a child’s healthy lifestyle,
promotes pupil’s love for exercising.
Intergenerational continuity in formation of healthy lifestyle skills is a determining factor of human
potential development. That is why physical and health education teachers, trainers of children sport
schools bear responsibility for preservation and promotion of traditions of health saving and conscientious
attitude towards one’s health among children and youth.
The forum of physical and health education teachers is symbolically held within the Year of a Teacher. The
government is interested in bringing up healthy young generations, and PE teachers are at the forefront of
fulfilling this goal.
I believe that the Second International Congress of Physical Education Teachers is to be a vivid event
facilitating promotion of regular exercising, sport activities and healthy lifestyle among the population.
Head of the Republic of Karelia
Sergey Katanandov
Congress as a form of uniting physical education teachers
A.Voronov
Dean, Faculty of Physical Education,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
Both in Russia and many European countries approaches to promotion of healthy lifestyle among the
younger generation by means of physical education are revised at present. The President of Russia has set
up an urgent objective: “by 2020 every other citizen of Russia has to engaged in regular systematic physical
exercising and sport activities. This figure should be not less that 80% among students”. The role of a PE
teacher is of utmost importance in this regard. So a congress of PE teachers is a highly relevant event aimed
at addressing the aforementioned tasks.
This movement started in 2006 with the cooperation of the Faculty of Physical Culture of the Karelian State
Pedagogical Academy and the Association of Physical Educators in Finland on implementation of the
project “Promotion of healthy lifestyle by means of PE classes in schools of the Republic of Karelia”. First
pilot schools were the Lyceum #1, the School #46 and the School #48 of the city of Petrozavodsk. In 20062009 PE teachers of Karelia participated in several international courses, seminars, conferences on physical
culture held in Estonia, Finland, Italy. These were organized by the Association of Physical and Health
Educators in Finland under the auspices of the European Physical Education Association (EUPEA). The latter
was established in 1991 for development of physical education in the whole Europe. EUPEA considers
physical education to be one of the central objectives of the school educational system, as motor
development and promotion of lifelong physical exercising is crucial for modern society where
opportunities of these activities are shrinking. The objectives set by the Association are the following:
uniting efforts of academics and teachers for development of physical culture and healthy lifestyle
promotion, advancing art of teaching, sharing experience, working out new approaches to organizing
physical training, and in prospect establishing unified standard of physical education in all European
countries.
Need in physical education quality improvement is also highlighted. The emphasis here is balanced school
curricula that anticipates elevated teachers’ attention to extra motor activity of pupils including one
organized within extra-curricular activities. Curricula stipulate at least 3 hours a week for physical and
health education classes during the whole study period.
Member of the Association are also concerned with the quality of professional training of a teacher. So for
example, a primary school teacher should accomplish special training in theory and methods of physical
and health education in amount of at least 1000 academic hours (60 ECTS), a PE teacher in secondary
school – at least 4000 academic hours (240 ECTS).
Members of the Association are convinced that unity of efforts of school teachers, parents, local
communities in promotion of physical culture and healthy lifestyle are demanded. Networking of PE
teachers from different countries has to be established and developed.
Even though education and educational policy are filed of competence of every single country, issues of
physical education are common for the whole Europe. EUPEA unites associations of PE teachers of 29
European countries. Results of its activities have been presented on international congresses, seminars and
courses in Austria, Belgium, Sweden, Hungary, Italy, Estonia, Finland, etc. Unfortunately Russia is not in the
list of these 29 states. Anyway it does not infer that we are not concerned with well-being of our children
and youth. At our workplaces, in a sports gym or on a sports ground, everyone of us, PE teachers, tackles
definite tasks, one of them is to promote love to physical exercises for every pupil, to work out such culture
of behavior that everyday physical activities become an inherent part of his/he life. Anyway we have to
unite in order to make results of our work more visible.
Adopting experience of European associations of PE teachers and having enlisted their support we
established the Karelian Regional Non-Governmental Organization “Association of Physical Education
Teachers of the Republic of Karelia” in March 2008. Later the Union of Karelia, Finland and Estonia in the
filed was established.
The first major event organized jointly by the Association and the Karelian State Pedagogical Academy was
the First International Congress of Physical and Health Education Teachers held on June 24-30, 2008 under
the support of the Government of the Republic of Karelia and the Association of Physical and Health
Educators in Finland.
416 physical education specialists participated the Congress representing from 15 regions of Russia,
national associations of Italy, Finland, Estonia, Canada, the USA, Lithuania, Sweden, being driven by the
aspiration to share experience and new ideas on physical and health education development.
The Congress program involved:
- Scientific-research activities (plenary sessions, presentations of new approaches to physical and
health education);
- Practical activities (master classes for PE teachers);
- Dissemination of results of the project “Promotion of healthy lifestyle in schools of the Republic of
Karelia”.
100 master classes, lectures and seminars were carried out within the week. The participants received
immense amount of knowledge in the field, shared experience, learnt various methods, reenergized, got an
inspiration to create at PE classes. In follow-up of the Congress a videofilm was made; collected works in
two languages were published; journals “Physical Culture at School”, “Sports at School”, “Health at School”
devoted their issue to the event.
A foundation meeting of a new Inter-regional Association of Physical Education Teachers was held within
the framework of the Congress. Representatives of 15 regions of Russia unanimously established this
Association and made a decision to attract other regions to the organization. So one of the goals of the
Second International Congress is promotion of establishment of all-Russia union of physical education
teachers. The Organizing Committee has prepared a concept and graft regulations of the union. The union
activities are to be aimed at:
-
Active promotion of physical exercising,
Modernization of school physical education system,
Activation of exchange of pedagogical experience, ideas, methods, modern technologies,
information amid physical education teachers,
- Improvement of physical education teaching in educational institutions,
- Contribution to creation of contemporary sports facilities, working our recommendations for
equipping,
- Elaboration of efficient system of extra-curricular sport work, organization and holding of fitness
and sport events,
- Contribution to advancement of qualification, training and re-training of physical education
teachers,
- Promotion of a status of a physical education teacher in Russian educational system,
- Elaboration of criteria for assessing work of a physical education teacher and an incentive scheme,
- Development of cooperation among regional, national and international organizations of physical
culture.
For this end a systematic work has to organized involving holding seminars, master classes, conferences,
meetings, congresses, publishing, collaboration with higher and secondary educational institutions, the
Ministry of Education, the Ministry for Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy, NGOs, etc.
The Union of physical education teachers of Russia should become a full-fledged member of the European
Physical Education Association. It may not stew in its own juice, but adopt positive experience of European
countries and promote national methods. This is particularly important in the period of integration of
educational spheres.
Lapta, an old Russian game
E. Abramova,
School №15,
city of Naberezhnye Chelny
The younger generation's state of health is an important indicator of the country and society's wellbeing, but spirit and traditions are also very important. No doubt, spiritual and moral health is closely
connected with physical one. Insufficient motor activity and computer mania lead to decrease in both
intellectual and physical working capacity of the younger generation. So, it is very important to get pupils
interested in physical training. A game can be one of motivation ways.
I searched for the game which could be interesting for all children, despite of the age and individual
peculiarities, and could better develop pupils' motor and learning abilities. I chose a Russian national game,
"Lapta". Lapta has become the most popular and favourite game at our school. To play lapta you need only
a lawn or any sports field, a bat and a ball. The number of players and size of a field are not limited.
Lapta is included in the programme on physical training for comprehensive schools by the Ministry
of Education and Science of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Let's teach children to play lapta.
Russian lapta: history and development stages
Lapta is an ancient Russian game. Lapta was mentioned already in ancient Russian chronicles. It
was named after a bat used while playing, "lapta". So, lapta has been played for more than a thousand
years. It is necessary to mention that lapta is not only a Russian game. The Norwegian archeologists found
lapta bats used by Vikings. Games similar to lapta exist in many countries: cricket in England, baseball and
softball in the USA, pelota in Cuba, etc.
At the time of Peter I lapta was not only a favourite game, but was also included in the program of
physical training of soldiers of Preobrazhenskiy, Semenovsky and Shevardinsky regiments. Alexander
Suvorov also used lapta to train soldiers.
In 1926 the USSR High council on physical training tried to formulate official rules to play lapta, but
lapta was not recognized as a kind of sport though it was popular with people. And only in 1957, thanks to
enthusiasts' efforts, the first official lapta competition took place. The first championship of the Russian
Federation in 1958 helped to develop the game more. However in the 1960-70s lapta development
stopped.
And only by the end of the 1980s lapta was revived by the USSR State Committee on Sport's
resolution “On baseball, softball and Russian lapta development” carried in 1987. In 1994 lapta was
included in the Unified Russian sports classification. In 1995 the new rules of competitions were developed.
Since 1997 the inter-regional public organisation, Federation of Russian lapta, has operated. Now lapta is
popular in more than thirty regions of Russia. Lapta is especially popular in Amur, Irkutsk, Tyumen, Tomsk,
Saratov, Bryansk, Omsk, Volgograd, Tula, Novgorod, Moscow, Belgorod territorial units, as well as and in
the cities of Krasnoyarsk and Krasnodar and in the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Lapta is a dynamic kind of sports, and it develops to adapt to various situations. So, minilapta has
occurred. It is possible to play it in any conditions. There is a beach lapta as well. At our school we play
volleyball lapta.
Lapta rules are constantly becoming simpler, and this makes it more available. I use the following
rules to play lapta:
Game rules
Field: flat, in the open air, 30-60 m long, 20-40 m wide.
Equipment: a tennis ball, a bat (length: 60-110 sm, width: 8-13 sm, a rounded handle, weight: not more
than 1500 gr)
Number of players: 10-30 people
Game time: to the certain score.
The goal of the game is to hit the ball, served by a player of the opposite team, with the bat and send
the ball as far as possible, then run across the field to the kon line, and if possible to run back to the gorod
line.
The running player should try to avoid being hit with the ball, which is thrown by the opposing
team members. For successful runs, the team earns points. A team wins by either getting more points
during the scheduled time or by having all its players complete runs.
Civil society opts for healthy lifestyle
I.Achepovsky, honored teacher of the Russian Federation, School #48,
A. Pavlov, post-graduate student, the Department of Pedagogics, KSPA,
city of Petrozavodsk
If you want to learn something you should do two things:
meet your teacher and find a student in yourself” (ancient proverb).
The key point in upbringing a new generation should be revival of traditions of Russian educational system.
Children should have an opportunity to reveal their abilities, prepare already at school for living in the hitech competitive world.
Current statistics of schoolchildren health is terrifying. During school study period 70% of children
functional disorders turn into chronic pathology. By the time of school graduation visual organs and
locomotor system diseases incidence increases in 4-5 times, digestive organs morbidity – in 3 times,
number of neuropsychic disorders – in 2 times. By leaving school 80% of girls have chronic diseases, what
later may affect their ability to give birth to a health baby. Academic day of a senior schoolchild lasts for 1012 hours.
School study period predetermines lifelong health status of a person. Children spend a greater part of a day
at school, hence pedagogues should take care of their health. Individual approach minimizing health risks
within educational process has to be utilized.
Participation of civil society organizations in implementation of priority national projects is one of the key
ways of addressing the healthy lifestyle issue. Various mechanisms of collaboration of non-governmental
organizations engaged in promotion of healthy lifestyle are being considered, as well as role of mass media.
Healthy lifestyle formation is a field of mutual interests and mutual responsibility of a state, society and
personality. So the central issue is the role of public organizations in elaboration and implementation of the
state strategy on healthy lifestyle promotion.
It is obvious that efficient collaboration of the state and the society is an essential condition for harmonious
development of the both of them. What is more the population is awaiting more active and efficient work
from the both of them, considering their equal partnership demanded.
Various public mechanisms of development and implementation of nation health promotion programs are
being discussed, involving means of creating and functioning of a uniform public information system of
Russia which is aimed at healthy lifestyle image formation, promotion of healthy lifestyle and cutting edge
knowledge and expertise in this field. Healthy lifestyle formation and nation health improvement should
become a national purpose uniting all social classes. Governmental social strategy is needed to be
elaborated and implemented.
Social-economic measures on addressing demographic problems, improvement of nation physical and
moral health and the quality of life have become a priority of the governmental policy in Russia. Running
national projects have significantly increased state investments into human capital, meeting the population
needs in health care and education. Participation of public organizations in these activities is an important
characteristic of these projects.
The national projects are only a first step towards continuing and systemic modernization of the social
sphere. Still comprehensive solutions are needed for combating demographic crisis, increasing birth rate
and lowering death rate, improving people’s health and quality of life.
Only 15-30% of the newly born are healthy, what is a matter of deep concern. General health indicators of
Russian children are one of the worst in Europe. Health status of grown-ups is also unsatisfactory. The
alarming fact is that about half of all deaths occurs within working age. Mortality from cardio-vascular and
oncological diseases, digestive organs pathology is rapidly increasing. The number of people subjected to
smoking, alcoholism and drug abuse does not decrease. Physical activity and physical training of the
population is still at a low level. People’s commitment to preservation of health as a basis of material
welfare has not become a sustainable and comprehensive system of conduct yet.
The “Nation Health” program developing ideas of the national projects should be adopted for the aims of
significant improvement of physical and moral health of a person. Every level of governmental
administration should have specific goals: death rate decrease, birth rate increase, lowering morbidity,
prolonging life expectancy, achieving certain criteria of quality of life, environmental advancement,
eliminating negative aspects of a lifestyle. Am important requirement for achieving these goals is meeting
interests of all the parties: society, government, family, employers, different medical, pedagogical, sport,
creativity groups.
Elaboration of state educational standards for all levels of education has to be completed in the shortest
time possible, as achieving these standards is a result of the educational process. Contemporary school
should provide more comprehensive training of pupils on all main subjects, ensure acquisition of key social
and professional competences and skills. Curricular may differ, including individual curricular adjusted to
peculiarities and abilities of a child.
The system of school meals is also under question. Only a small part of primary school children get
wholesome nutrition at school. Nutrition culture strengthening health and assisting prophylaxis of diseases
is not promoted well enough. There multiple reasons of this situation, but the solution seeks for a
comprehensive approach attracting legislative and executive authorities, medics and teachers, food
technologists and the general public.
The work of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health Care and Social Development on
elaboration of sanitary regulations and norms regulating educational process at school should be fairly
coordinated. The issue of production of ecologically safe goods should be addressed through imposing
relevant standards and state supervision system.
The state should provide all the necessary conditions for massive choice for the healthy lifestyle. Social
status of physical training and sport should be elevated, state and private investments attracted for
establishing tourism and recreational sport infrastructure, all the public initiatives in combating alcoholism,
smoking, substance abuse be supported.
Physical health of a person can not be considered neglecting moral and mental health. All the mechanisms
of mental, moral, patriotic, cultural and behavioral education for citizenship being at the disposal of the
society should be utilized. Cultural heritage accessibility and mass media public utility are the key features
for achieving this purpose. As well as collaboration in elaboration of political decisions in health care,
education, demography, environmental protection, information policy is highly needed for the aims of
principal nation health improvement.
EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN RURAL SCHOOLS
G. Akhmadyrshin,
Svetlyanskaya rural school,
Republic of Udmurtia
Modern social life is undergoing serious changes. Health issues have always played an important role
in people’s lives. Individual health is considered to be 70 % dependent on a person lifestyle. Today school
has set priorities to concentrating teachers’ efforts to form healthy habits among schoolchildren. School
years are favorable time for developing the necessity of physical activity. School education forms the
cognitive, mental, health improving basis of further life. School education can ruin children’s health so that
they will never need mathematics, Russian, physics later. But school life can also improve pupils’ health and
form a positive attitude towards physical activities and sports through the effective system of physical
education.
According to some authors (V. Baltsevitch), fulfillment of health improving tasks is not effective at
school. Mental workload, computers, a great load of homework take too much of children’s time and it
results in diseases caused by physical inactivity.
Starting the experiment at our school we wanted to make sure that our work would bring positive
results and improve health.
The work improving physical health is based on curricular and extra-curricular activities.
Interconnection of these activities makes it possible to achieve good results in physical education.
The lesson is the main form of organizing physical education at school. At PE lessons learn basic
knowledge and they develop skills in different kinds of sports, they get interested in physical education and
sports. Extra-curricular activities help to fulfill the following tasks: drawing children into sport sections and
clubs, participating in sport competitions, improving sport skills, organizing leisure time. Cooperation of
these activities makes it possible to achieve good results in children’s physical education and improving
their health.
Schools in rural areas are very specific in regard to physical education. Such features as vast territory
of dwelling, when settlements are situated far apart, make teachers find out new forms of work in schools
in the countryside.
In my article I would like to highlight the links between curricular and extra-curricular forms of work
aimed at improving physical health in rural schools. It is unlikely to find integrity in physical education at
school without cooperation of these two systems. All school work is aimed at implementation of the
integrated approach to physical education. Having worked at school I have always asked myself what
concept of physical education should be paid more attention to: improving health, achieving high results in
sports or teaching technically sound movements.
Every school chooses the concept according to its resources. What results can be achieved when all
the trends are being developed together?
Lesson as the main form of school work. The most important task of every PE lesson is to get
children interested in doing sport. At our lessons children were taught all activities given in the curriculum
in track-and-field, gymnastics, sports games, skiing. Extra-curricular activities were also included in PE
lessons: shot put, discus and javelin throwing. High-jumping included “Fosbury-flop” style. School
championships in all these kinds of sports were held. Schoolchildren were taught to play volleyball,
basketball, soccer, tennis and chess at sports games lessons. The school team was a prize-winner in these
kinds of sports at the district sport competitions. Special lessons in chess were included in the school
curriculum.
Much attention was paid to educational process in primary school. Future results and interest in
doing sports are considered to be formed at the age of 6 – 9. Children of this age group learned basic
elements of many kinds of sports. Special attention was paid to technically correct doing of different
elements. If pupils do not do exercises in the right way, they will be very difficult to correct later.
Experiment as a way to creative work. Teacher’s job is a creative one; they can not stop working;
that is why teachers have to experiment, to find out new forms of work. Experiment is carried out through
the following stages: the stage of ideas, the stage of practical performance, the stage of experience
evaluation.
Some experimental programs give a start to new programs, some of them die out, but some others
continue working. Any experiment is also difficult from the psychological point of view. New ideas are
always accepted with distrust and there are always opponents to them. Great efforts should be taken to
persuade parents, schoolchildren and teachers to try new forms, methods and ways. During my work at this
school the following experiments were held:
- making oneself fit;
- developing special running abilities;
- evaluating primary school children’s activity at the lessons without marks;
- evaluating secondary school children without marks.
The experiment “Making oneself fit”. The aim of the experiment is to improve every child’s physical
health. The most important task is to reduce the number of children who very often catch cold.
All the PE lessons were held in the open air at the stadium. The lessons were held indoors only in
nasty weather. Only 8 lessons in gymnastics were organized in the gym, all the others were held outdoors
because sports facilities at the stadium make it possible to organize gymnastics exercises according to all
standards. Schoolchildren wore shorts and T-shirts until it became cold outside. Special procedures that
help to make oneself fit were used at the lessons. All children did morning exercises in the open air near
the school. “The Olympic hour” after the third lesson was introduced into the curriculum. At this time all
children came to the stadium and did some physical exercises: they played soccer and other active games,
skied, ran. The results of this experiment are convincing. While many schools in the district were closed on
account of flu epidemic, children in Svetlyanskaya school missed less lesson for that reason than before.
The experiment “Developing special running abilities”. The aim is to improve the general
physiological endurance. The general endurance is also a priority in other kinds of sport. We organized
many exercises in cross-country racing. When children practiced skiing distances were made longer. In the
end of the experiment school-leavers could run a 10-km cross-country race and 20-km ski cross-country
race with less effort.
The experiment “Evaluating secondary school children without marks”. The aim is to evaluate
children’s results in physical education from all points of view. Schoolchildren were not given marks at PE
lessons; they were given points for completing standards, for achieving a certain sports category, for
attending sports sections (clubs), for participating in school, district and republican competitions, for
learning theoretical material on the subject. Children were encouraged to use their creative abilities. As a
result, children became more interested in PE lessons; they stopped breaking discipline at the lessons and
quit missing PE lessons. Pupils also achieved better results in sport, and a great number of children started
training in sports sections.
The experiment “Evaluating primary school children without marks”. The aim is to form a thoughtful
attitude towards the learning process (knowledge for the sake of knowledge, not for the sake of marks) in
primary and, as a result, in secondary school. Children are not given marks at the lessons, in the end of the
school term and year.
Extra-curricular activities. Extra-curricular activities should be taken very seriously. One week a
month was devoted to sports and health-improving work. The program of sports events was developed in
the beginning of the school year and it was given to classroom teachers. Competitions were organized so
that every pupil could take part (and took part) in school sports contests 6 times during the sports week of
the month. That is why every child at our school became a volleyball-player, basketball-player, chessplayer, soccer-player, skier, track-and-field athlete. As a result, every school-leaver learned about 12 – 15
kinds of sport and could participate in sports events in these kinds of sport after finishing school. The aim
was to give every pupil in Svetlaynskaya school a chance to take part in official district and republican
competitions. The aim was successfully achieved. 12 – 15 competitions were held at school during the year.
Schoolchildren also participated in contests organized by the local administration. “Friendly matches” were
held, too. On the whole, pupils of our school took part in 35 – 40 different sports events during the year.
The work of sports sections was organized so that every pupil in the forms 5 through 11 could attend one of
them two times a week. The results of sport meetings were announced at the Last Bell Party with parents
having been invited. The best classes, parents, pupils and teachers were awarded.
Teaching physical education during the lessons. Morning exercises were done by pupils before
lessons. They were organized by PE leaders. In the middle of every lesson there was an interval for physical
exercises. Pupils of secondary forms also organized physical exercises and games during the breaks. There
was a 40-minute “sport hour” every day after the third lesson. The classrooms were aired and cleaned at
this time.
Sports and health-improving work among the teaching staff. The teachers of our school took an
active part in school sports festivals. The teachers’ team participated regularly in local, district and
republican competitions in different kinds of sport. Teachers also practiced sports in sections two days a
week in the evenings.
Achievements. The schoolchildren made much progress in physical education. Most of them reached
high standards in PE. Nearly all children stopped smoking (there are no smoking children at school).
According to the medical reports, children’s posture is constantly becoming better. Pupils did not miss PE
lessons. The school was not closed on account of the flu epidemic as it happened in many other schools of
the district. Pupils missed fewer lessons in case of an illness or a disease. Schoolchildren were not seriously
injured during the school year. Even pupils with some problems of their health took an active part in
physical activities and competitions. Children’s physical activity increased during a month: PE lessons – 8
hours; sports activities – 8 hours; “sports hour” – 20 hours; morning exercises – 15 minutes * 25 days = 6
hours; interval for physical exercises at the lessons – 3 minutes * 130 lessons = 6 hours; participation in
school competitions – 1,5 hours * 5 times = 7,5 hours; participation in local, district and republican
competitions – 1 hour * 10 times = 10 hours. Totally it is 45 hours of organized physical activities during
every month.
Sports achievements. Sports results also became better. Schoolchildren won Udmurtian republican
personal and team championships in track-and-field. Pupils of our school are in the district basketball,
volleyball, table tennis and chess teams. The school team won prizes for several times in team
championships in track-and-field, cross-country racing among secondary schools of Udmurtia.
Summary. Well-organized sports and health-improving activities help to fulfill different tasks of
children’s physical education at school:
- to help children make better progress in studies;
- to reduce the number of smoking pupils;
- to solve the problem of colds;
-
to organize children’s leisure;
to achieve better results in sport.
References
1. V. Balcevitch. Physical education for everyone. – M., PE & S, 1988
2. L. Lubysheva. The concept of formation of human’s physical culture. – M., GTIPK, 1998
3. A. Matveev. Essays on theory and methods of teaching schoolchildren in the field of physical
education. – M., PON, 1997
Sports holiday dedicated to the Day of Health.
«Fun races» for primary school pupils.
S. Apanaeva,
School №38,
city of Naberezhnye Chelny
To the strains of the sports march, the commands appear on the sports stage. The captains hand in the
emblems of their commands to the jury.
The music ceases, the physical education teacher says: «Parade, dress! Attention! Front and center!»
The teacher marches to the headmaster and reports: «Dear ... (the headmaster's name)! The participants
are ready for the sports holiday devoted to the Day of health. The PE teacher, Ivanov!»
The headmaster greets everyone: «Good morning, children!»
The pupils answer: «Good ...!»
The headmaster congratulates them on the holiday, wishes them sports successes, health and a fair sports
victory.
The PE teacher: «To the National flag lifting! … Attention!»
The flag is lifted by the captains of the commands. The children go to the flagstaff and rank in one line.
The PE teacher: «Lift the flag!»
The captains lift the flag. The Hymn of the Russian Federation sounds. (Flag lifting should be rehearsed
under music the day before) Upon termination of the hymn, there is applause and shouts «Hurray!»
The PE teacher: «Dear children, our pupils have come to congratulate you on the holiday».
Sports schools representatives' performance (basketball, karate, acrobatics).
The PE teacher reads a poem.
«Fun races»
1 - "Relay race": the first pupil in a command runs holding a baton, overtakes a stand, comes back to
the end of the command and transfers the baton through his/her legs.
2 - «Chinese sticks»: a pupil holds a ball between two gymnastic sticks, runs to the stand and transfers
the ball to the next pupil.
3 - "Hockey": a pupil dribbles the ball with a stick round stands.
4 - "Tunnel": a pupil goes through a bag without a bottom, overtakes a stand and transfers the baton.
The PE teacher: "Dear sports fans, a musical present for you! You are welcomed by a dancing cheer
team. Your applause to the girls!"
The girls dance. Calculation of preliminary results. Announcement of the results. Then «Fun races»
proceed.
5 - «Potato setting»: the first participant sets potatoes (pouring out tennis balls from a bag in a hoop),
the second one collects them.
6 - "Biathlon": the participant (biathlonist) puts on a number, a cap, mittens and skis, runs to a basket
with balls, throws one ball and comes back. He/she transfers everything to the following biathlonist.
7 - "Erudite": each participant brings one letter to the command. Then the pupils make a word of these
letters.
So, «Fun races» have come to the end. The referees count the points and define the winner.
The PE teacher: «Line up for rewarding of the winners!» The commands line up. The visitors are around.
The photographers take pictures to prepare the holiday exhibition.
The PE teacher reads a poem.
The PE teacher: «Dress! Attention!» Rewarding ceremony begins. Diplomas and prizes are handed in.
The flag is lowered by the winner command. The Hymn of Russia sounds.
The music stops, the flag is lowered, the PE teacher says: «At ease! Dismiss!»
The holiday is finished.
Seasonal motor activity dynamic of 5-7 year old children with visual disorders in polar area.
Elena Arsenyeva,
teacher,
“Northern College of Physical Culture and Sport”,
degree-seeker of the Department of Adapted Physical Culture,
Saint-Petersburg National University named after P. Lesgaft.
Key words: children with visual disorders, motor activity, movements.
Seasonal variations of physiological functions in the High North have been studied pretty thoroughly,
anyway almost no research was devoted to seasonal dynamic of children physical fitness and motor
activity. The relevant objective of physical education is awareness of motor activity normative criteria,
ensuring sufficient all-seasonal physical fitness and labor capacity of children.
Research of age motor peculiarities shows the paramount importance of a child motor activity for
development and formation of the basis for further behavioral response development. Motor activity in a
preschool age is the central factor for the metabolic activation. What is more, the body responds to every
exercise load not merely with the compensation of the consumed energy, but with overcompensation, so
excessive restoration occurs.
The theoretical researches on the adapted physical culture indicate the important role of physical training
in prophylactic, multimodality therapy and rehabilitation of the sight disabled. Many experts specify that
motor activity, muscle work is a biological developmental factor and an obligatory condition for a disabled
child development.
Reluctant decrease in motor activity, muscular underdevelopment, associated illnesses, continuing
musculoskeletal disorders are typical for children with vision disorders. in the High North the decrease in
children motor activity is also predetermined by the climate conditions. Frost-free season accounts
averagely for 83 days, the snow cover stays for averagely 218 days annually. Average annual temperature is
from -4° to -5° C.
The solar radiation is known to have a great health-improving impact. It raises body resistance to catarrhal
diseases.
In Polar regions long winter and polar night lasting for 59 days (the “biological darkness” period) lead to
increase in children morbidity rate and rapid fall in their motor activity.
The analysis has shown that the daily movements duration of 5-6 year olds living in the High North amounts
to 4-5.5 hours, what is 80-100% of the normal rate. The motor duration of children with vision disabilities
accounts for 2.5-3 hours, what is 50-60% of the normal rate.
The daily movements duration of 6-7 year olds living in the High North amounts to 4-5 hours, what is 80100% of the normal rate. The motor duration of children with vision disabilities accounts for 2.5-3 hours,
what is 55-60% of the normal rate.
The indicator of the motor activity is the amount of movements (the number of steps) per a certain time
(per day).
The daily motor activity analysis has shown that the amount of movements of 5-6 year olds living in the
High North accounts for 10,000-13,000 steps, what is 86-90% of the normal rate. The motor duration of
children with vision disabilities accounts for 7,000-9,000 steps – 60-63% of the normal rate.
The amount of movements of 6-7 year olds living in the High North accounts for 13,000-16,000 steps, what
is 80-86% of the normal rate. The motor duration of children with vision disabilities accounts for 8,00011,000 steps – 50-53% of the normal rate.
The analysis has indicated that life in the High North leads to motor activity decrease. The amount of
movements of 5-7 year olds without vision disorders has accounted for 80-90% of the normal rate, and of
ones with vision disorders – 50-60%.
Negative aftereffects of the High North climate need to be overcome. The most efficient method, by our
opinion, is the motor activity increase of children with vision disorders living in the High North.
Hence there is a necessity to elaborate and introduce a comprehensive health-improving program for fullfledged motor activity provision for visually impaired living in the High North.
General endurance at PE classes in 9-11 grades
(Guidelines based on experience of Karelian teachers)
Leonid Baitman,
Honored worker of secondary education of the Russian Federation,
Honored worker of physical culture of the Republic of Karelia,
The high level of a person general endurance is extremely demanded today due to constantly accelerating
pace of life. Information flow, constantly increasing intellectual load, rapidly changing pace of life and work,
all these factors impose stricter requirements to a person’s physical condition.
Notion of general endurance in life has been changing significantly lately. It is not simply aerobic
performance, not only ability to exert monotonous load for a long time.
General endurance of a person in conducting his/her practical activities is understood as ability and
possibility to carry out big load, particularly of different kind and character, for example in an industry:
porterage, movement with cargo, multiple repetition of strong short-term actions with short intervals, and
what is the most important thing, high working capacity. So the notion of general endurance gets broader,
more general.
So that’s why development of this general comprehensive quality, what is a result of a healthy lifestyle,
continuing training and load, is demanded.
Amount of exercises on general endurance in 9-11 grades should be systematically increased applying
various methods and techniques.
These exercises can be carried out in any season. Taking into consideration that the 9-11 grades syllabi are
based on development of physical qualities, the complex class form should be used. Circuit training is
particularly suitable for achieving these goals, as it requires use of different equipment, regulation of speed
and load. PE classes in the 9th grade in the beginning of a study year start with running training. Classes are
conducted outdoors, at a stadium or a sports ground.
Alternation of walking and running in different modes, ranging from slow to fast, at 50-200m distances.
50m smart walk, 100m slow run for 3-4 minutes, 6-8 stretching exercises: bending body, body turning, long
steps.
50m smart walk, 200m slow run for 8 minutes, relaxation exercises, swings.
6-8 minute power exercises, floor dips, knee bending, stream jumping on 30-50m distances.
Walk and run conjoining during September-October should be prolonged till 15-20 minute duration with
making 1km distance for 5.5-6.5 minutes.
In November-March all exercises of indoor complex and circuit training classes, including vigorous
exercises, acrobatics, apparatus gymnastics with low bar, parallel bar, wall bars, should be repeated 4-6
times by series of 10-15 times with 2-3 minutes break.
In ski training is conducted in December, January, February, then the process should be organized by the
principle of interchange of 200-800m distances run with different speed and skiing modes.
A pupil should cover from 6 to 10km distance within a single class. Anyway the speed of the motion should
vary throughout the pace.
In a fitness gym all exercises on machines should be done with 40-60% load in 4-6 series of 8-12 moves with
1.5-2 minutes break. Such exercises should interchange with relaxation exercises, body bending and
arching post-legged.
Continuing increase of load by duration and amount of repetition requires home task to be carried out as
well. Home tasks accustom a pupil to systematic keeping fit and physical qualities development. As home
tasks the following can be recommended: walking on foot only, not using public transport. But the speed
walk should vary – from slow to smart walk; everyday abdominal and arm building exercises, exercises for
foot, knee bending.
General endurance development work should be carried out at sport games classes as well, i.e. volleyball,
basketball, football. Play exercises should interchange with running. The tempo of execution of ordinary
elements should be high and done in series of 15-20 repetitions.
The content of a PE class remains the same in 10-11 grades, but increasing the amount and tempo of
execution.
All classes should contain exercises for basic groups of muscles, legs, abdominals, pectoral muscles, muscles
of back and arms; they should be repeated 12-15 times, 5-6 series.
Experience has demonstrated that this method of conducting classes (even if there are only 2 classes a
week) contributes to significant improvement of fitness, general endurance, work capacity of
schoolchildren.
Now upon the introduction of the 3rd weekly PE class the load will comply with methodic and physiologic
demands and principles. Thus physical education is to become the basis for creation proper skills of healthy
lifestyle.
Peculiarities of students psychological-pedagogical training at the Faculty of Physical Culture
E. Bystritskaya, E. Tupikin,
Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University,
Research Institute for Professional Education Development of the Department for Education of the city of
Moscow
Psychological-pedagogical training of physical culture faculties students at pedagogical universities has
an aim to create the system of psychological-pedagogical competence. This system consists of:
- pedagogical orientation of activity of a specialist in PE (system of motives, that determine personal sense
of some kinds of pedagogical activity and the whole activity not specified by kind.)
- the basis of pedagogical competences. (What I know, what I can, what I want and what I am able to do in
my professional field.)
- the system of personal characteristics that are important for the implementation of pedagogical activity in
the field of physical education and sport.
All the components of the system mentioned before are formed in the process of studying the subjects
of psycho-pedagogical block of disciplines in the field of all the forms of student’s activity. This preparation
is divided into several parts- invariant part which is necessary for every prospect teacher; variant one for
every particular pedagogical specialty; personal part which depends on peculiarities of psychic setup, the
personality itself, experience and conditions of life of every particular student.
Such division is justified in accordance of future teachers of natural-science, mathematics, the Arts
because on these lessons teachers will form the pupil’s identity in similar situations of educational activity.
Psycho-pedagogical cycle, studied by the students of such specialties, consists of similar disciplines. This
cycle is also fulfilled with methodological subjects.
But the structure of psycho-pedagogical preparation for the teachers of Art-cultural subjects and of PE
is different. They are to form pupil’s identity under the circumstances of two independent types of activity
that occurs simultaneously. In a case of art or music – the types are educational and creative one. For the
PE as a subject and for the physical activity as such it is intrinsic to form the body and the identity through
the means of sporting and educational activity.
During the education the students of the Faculty of Physical Culture are studying three types of subjects
that bring the main investment into their psycho-pedagogical competence. The first group of subjects is
psycho-pedagogical cycle, general for all the faculties. To this we can include general theory of education,
the history of the theory of education, general psychology and the history psychology, age-specific
psychology and pedagogical psychology, the course of corrective-pedagogy disciplines and others. To the
second group belong such subjects, which are aimed at formation of special pedagogical competences.
These competences assist the realization of professional activity in the sphere of PE – psychology of sport
and the theory of education of PE. The third group is subjects of methodological block. They form physicpedagogical orientation and competences that are necessary to possess for a specialist in PE. Personality
component of psycho-pedagogical competences is formed, as a rule, by accomplishment of creative
student work pedagogical researches.
Thereby, the main features of psycho-pedagogical preparation for the students from physicpedagogical departments flow from the special features of physical activity itself. The main pedagogical
postulates, ideas, consistency and principles refracting in it, get new features. These peculiarities of the
process are intensified and initialized by the originality of initialization of pedagogical activity in the sphere
of PE.
Let’s have a good look at these peculiarities.
The PE pedagogue’s activity is aimed at the formation of terminal values. Irrelatively is this pedagogue
a teacher, a trainer or an instructor, the main value is health. Meanwhile the program of general subjects is
aimed at formation of values of knowledge. Other values for PE teaching are friendship and nature and
many others. The aim to create a foundation of healthy life style is achieved not only by PE teachers but
also by teachers of biology. But the main difference is that they are doing it theoretically and only on the
courses of anatomy and physiology. And the teacher of PE does it not only in theory but in most cases in
practice. They develop not only the body of their student but the identity of a person as well.
Another special-purpose program of educational activity is team building. This team formation is built
on the lessons of PE not only due to the pedagogical skills. On the first stages of team development - team
formation is an aim of work of a teacher, but later this team is a mean of identity formation. But in the
practice of a PE teacher the case is absolutely different. Here the formation of a team in a section sport
games is the main aim of activity during all the time of work. At the same time this purpose is not on the
first stage when we are speaking of individual kinds of sport or martial arts.
The golden pedagogical rule, on which the whole base of evaluation is founded. declaims: one can not
compare a student to another. One must compare the results of a student in accordance with his or her
own progress. It is an interesting fact that physical activity denies this golden rule. That happens because
the essence of sport lays in comparison of the results of rivals. The main motto for all the competitions is:
‘faster, higher, stronger’. However, this discrepancy is only superficial, visual. The sport activity consists of
two processes – training and emulative ones. In the educational field there is no such division.
In the basement of training process lays educational activity, where this golden rule is completely
complied. The results of every person are taken into supervision, thanks to what every person is taken into
combined team in accordance with their own growth, successes and work. Here the absolute result of
individual work is of high importance.
In emulative activity – during heats, games and other competitions, where not the absolute but
comparative result is of high importance, the presents of rivals is one of pedagogical condition of selfappraisal and external evaluation of a sportsman or a team: ‘We performed better than on the previous
competition’, or ‘We were better prepared for the competition that is why we won.’
It is to be marked that all the teachers of the Art subjects are teaching their pupils from every
beginning, form zero. Let’s take for example chemistry. Children before studying it don’t make any chemical
experiments and have only theoretical fragmentary knowledge. What concerns PE, the case is different.
Before coming at PE lesson a pupil already has some motion experience, which is impossible not to be
taken into consideration while organizing educational activity, which is reasonably called sport-educational
activity.
Everything mentioned before makes the creation of special pedagogical conditions on PE lessons very
important. These circumstances must provide for the psycho-pedagogical preparation of future specialists
in PE area in accordance with appropriate modern requirements of competence-module approach. This
approach allows for the variety of forms of professional activity for these specialists. For the realization of
this approach the research is held. This research is dedicated to the designing of didactic-methodological
system of examination of subjects from psycho-pedagogical block. The block is based on the usage of
didactical principle of substantial profiling that considers all special features of professional activity of every
concrete specialist (of a sport trainer, a PE teacher in primary school, an instructor of preuniversity’s
institutions etc.). The approbation of elements of this system has already given its first positive results.
Military-patriotic education in Gymnasium #13 of the city of Tomsk
I.Bystritskaya
Gymnasium #13,
city of Tomsk
In later years the issues of rise of military-patriotic education of the youth has been discussed a lot. This is
determined by many reasons. First of all, changes in economic, political and legal systems of Russia and civil
society of the recent decade has made not only positive effects on life of the country but introduced acute
challenges. These are:
- Demographic crisis,
- Family crisis, as many parents face problems in upbringing children,
- Unwillingness of the majority of governmental and non-governmental organizations to fulfil
upbringing activities,
- Increase of personal and social apathy, rise in crime and drug abuse, lose of qualities of a citizenpatriot capable successfully implement own duties in peace and war time.
Military-patriotic education in Tomsk region is implemented on the basis of the Regional Target Program
“Patriotic Education of citizens of Tomsk region”. Central goals of the Program are:
- Development and strengthening of patriotism of residents of Tomsk region,
- Formation of profession related qualities, skills and ability to use them in different spheres of life,
- Promotion of allegiance to constitutional, military duties in peace and war time.
Moreover military-patriotic education program is needed because of some negative trends in today’s
Russia. Number of misdemeanors committed by young people is rising, as number of drug addicts, moral
values deteriorate, etc.
Thus upbringing of the younger generation and training for the defense of the country is crucial.
Military-patriotic education of the youth is carried out by a number of organizations. In the city and the
region there are many clubs and associations. Nonetheless educational institutions are at the forefront of
this activity. This is reasonable as educational institutions embrace the greater share of the youth under 18.
Great attention is devoted to military-patriotic education in the Gymnasium #13.
First of all I would like to say that the Gymnasium has worked out a Program of military-patriotic education,
and almost all events held at school have patriotic emphasis.
An example is annual economic game “Trinlandia”. One of its central chapters is military-applied kinds of
sports. The game is aimed at adapting children to mew conditions of life in the country. Pupils earn money
– trins – by establishing commercial entities. Among enterprises there can be game clubs of military-applied
kinds of sports, for instance, hand-gun range, armwrestling club, fitness gym, etc.
Pupils interested in history of nuclear weapon participate classes conduced by S. Ashurova and O. Pulinets
devoted to research and peaceful use of atomic energy. Life safety and Basics of military service classes are
integrated with chemistry, history and social studies classes in different aspects (fpr example, protection of
toxical agents, history of Armed Forces of Russia, legal status of military men).
Veterans of the Great Patriotic War and flash points combatants often visit our Gymnasium.
The Gymnasium always participates military-sport game “Rubezh” (Frontier). It consists of three stages
taking 2 days. The game involves ski accelerated march, submachine gun shooting, ceremonial review,
shuttle runs. Pupils put on proudly military outer garment and show it to other schoolchildren. Almost all
personnel of the Gymnasium takes part in training for the Game. Parents – military men assist render
assistance with special equipment.
Pupils of secondary school take part in military-sport game “Zarnitsa” (Summer lightening). In 2001 the
Gymnasium team occupied the 1st place in regional competitions. Ceremonial and song reviews are
constantly held for pupils of 1-8 grades. Annually on the Children’s Day competitions on military-applied
sports (airgun shooting, grenade throwing, race, etc) are held as well as exhibitions of means of protection
(chemical protective equipment, protective outer suits, respirators, etc) and exhibitions of patriotic
literature.
Gymnasium pupils take part in city military-patriotic program “Pamyat” (Memory). The program is a year
long and consists of several stages. Fall and winter obstacle courses and ceremonial review are particularly
popular. Program members also participate in Guard of Honor of the Post #1 by the Monument of Battle
and Labor Honor of Tomsk Dwellers in Lagerny Sad on the Victory Day. During last two years they stand
Guard of Honor on May, 8 by the Monument to the Hero of the Soviet Union Ivan Chernykh.
In the Gymnasium there is a club of history of the Armed Forces of Russia. Recent quizzes on Stalingrad
battle and Defender of the Motherland Day proved that pupils know history of the Armed Forces good
enough.
The Gymnasium has a magazine “Gumanitariy” (Humanitarian) with a supplement “Pamyat”. This
supplement is made up of military-patriotic materials.
We see the result of the military-patriotic activity of the Gymnasium that a number of school leavers
entered and graduated from military higher educational institutions. For example, M. Nerovny and R.
Gizmatullin graduated from Tomsk Higher Military Academy of Communicaions; V. Tchaikovsky studies at
Tomsk Military-Medical Institute. All school leavers upon retiring from the Army visit the Gymnasium, meet
schoolchildren, tell them about military service and their plans for the future.
The process of professional activity adaptation by students of physical culture and pedagogy
majors as a component of the system of psychological-pedagogical competencies
E. Bystrickaya, O. Boycova,
Nizhny Novgorod State University
To give the generalized characteristics of teacher’s work one uses the following terminology:
“professionalism”, “art of teaching“, “qualification”, “professional abilities”. For the characterization of
teachers’ professional and personal qualities the notion of “professional (pedagogical) competence” is
used. In different definitions of “professional (pedagogical) competence” different details are accentuated:
teacher’s activity is emphasized (a teacher must possess knowledge, skills and techniques); other
definitions put emphasis on teachers’ personal qualities. On the basis of the notion of the “professional
(pedagogical) competence” we will rely on the following definition:
Professional (pedagogical) competence is a teacher’s integrative quality including the possession of
knowledge, skills and techniques, the ability to apply his/ her professional knowledge in practice and
teacher professional attitude.
There are six levels of professional competence. The first level is a trainee teacher: the introduction
to professional work, testing one’s own abilities. The second level – a teacher: acquisition of professional
basics, usage of theoretical methods and knowledge, positive efficiency and effectiveness. The main
emphasis is put on knowledge, not on students’ progress. The third level – an expert: competent usage of
methodology in theory as well as practically; stable high efficiency and optimality; a tendency to take
students’ progress into account. The fourth level – an innovator teacher: searching for and using special
methods or integrated educational systems; creativity; effective usage of innovations; orientation on
students’ individuality and mental development. The fifth level – a researcher: determination and ability to
learn and appraise the values of other teachers’ ideas and innovations; appraisal of efficiency and
optimality. Level six – a professional: constant longing for psychological self-development; positive
experience on the previous levels; a psychologist working “from a student” and “for a student”; a
researcher able to evaluate the effectiveness of new ideas; an innovator; a master possessing knowledge
acquainted to the cutting-edge science.
Physical training specialist’s transition from one level to another can be characterized by different
means of adaptation for accomplishments in their professional sphere.
There are several types of professional competence. They show one’s professional adaptation degree
in the professional activity:
- Special competence. A good command of professional activities on high level; the ability to plan
one’s professional progress;
- Social competence. The ability to participate in co-operative work and be responsible for
consequences of the work.
- Personal competence. Ability for individual self-expression and self-development; means of
counteracting professional deformation of a personality
- Individual competence. Ability for self-actualization and development of one’s individuality in one’s
work; readiness for professional and individual development, self-organization and self-rehabilitation.
apply different kinds of professional activity, though they have much in common. The process of
adaptation plays an important role in forming personal qualities of physical training teachers. These
qualities are crucial for accomplishment of professional aims.
The notion of “adaptation” as a psychological-pedagogical competence component is usually
understood as an adjustment of one’s psyche and personality to the purposes of this or that kind of activity.
It is worth mentioning that physical culture and sport professionals. This problem can be solved taking all
the basic physical culture-pedagogical majors into consideration.
Nowadays in Nizhny Novgorod State University students are taught in 4 main physical physical
culture-pedagogical majors: “Physical Training” (after graduation students become physical training
teachers); “Physical Training and Sports” (students become heads of sports sections, clubs and other sport
associations); “Adaptive Physical Training” (highly-educated specialists in physical culture and pedagogy
who work with the health impaired); “Recreation and sport-recreational tourism” (professional activity in
recreation rooms, recreational institutions, sanatorium-and-spa institution, travel agencies etc.
All the specialists go through the following stages of adaptation for their professional activity:
1)
Adjustment – is characterized by optimism, excited attitude towards the new sphere of
activity;
2)
Overcoming behavior (frustration phase) – so-called “shock caused by inability to solve
problems in a usual way;
3)
Assimilation and “recovery” – growing conflicts with the new environment and the ability of
reflection;
New adjustments – the last stage of adaptation process; the “usual” feeling; no anxiety; new
standards of behavior and activity; occurrence of psychological neoformation; for example, professional
pedagogical attitude, personal pedagogical communication style, pedagogical review, pedagogical intuition
etc.
All the stages are carried out in corpora; the final stage continues even when an alumnus becomes a
young specialist. There are individual features of the adaptation process and also the features that depend
on future profession’s specialization directly.
Physical training teachers to be go through the first stages of the adaptation process at a slow pace
because of the adjustment to different pedagogical activities types. For example, holding sessions for
different age groups, sports’ basics teaching, class teacher duties, acting as a health-improving activity
provider. This process of adjustment takes quite a long time and forms different professional adaptation
directions.
In comparison with physical training teachers, coaches (instructors) have got limited options of
professional activity which mostly depends on the training content and competition(s). It means that the
first stages of adaptation process are quite short but the frustration phase is longer. It can be easily
explained by the fact that each coach works with personalities and needs to find an individual approach to
each of the sportsmen on the basis of their abilities, temper and character peculiarities, willed selfregulation degree and goals.
If we talk about adaptive physical training specialists, the stage of assimilation is the most important;
work with the health restraint and as a consequence their psychological and personal features may lead to
a longer stage of professional perplexity and shock. Judging by practical experience, this specialization is
usually chosen by the people who have already got secondary medical education, experience of working
with the health restraint. That’s why the first stages are usually very intensive and short and during the
assimilation stage the abilities of reflection, empathy are developed; voluntary activity is growing and a
teacher’s humanistic professional attitude is formed.
Students specializing in “Recreation and sport-recreational tourism” usually have an active positive
perception of their future work. They see it as an easy and pleasant job connected with rest, positive
emotions and health improvement. But such an understanding of their professional duties is incomplete
and when compared to practical experience it leads to the loss of professional motivation. Consequently
the stage of active reformative behavior comes later. The stage of shock is shorter and less noticeable.
That’s why the main aim of the university’s professors is to activate students’ adaptation process.
All the above mentioned peculiarities of the process of students’ adaptation to professional activity
cause the necessity of using efficient methods of psychological-pedagogical impact. To improve the
orientating adaptation of future physical training teachers, professors should apply new methods of work.
For example, methods developing thinking flexibility; judgements and deeds flexibility (problem solving,
discussions etc.) Concentration, self-regulation and reflection trainings, development of empathy towards
different age groups of students and other methods should be applied in the educational process.
For the optimization of adaptation process of future coaches such methods as practical training,
independent work (development of activity, purposefulness, endurance and stamina) are useful. Besides, it
is important to hold business games increasing students’ motivation. Trainings of stress resistance and
sensitivity increase are also highly efficient.
A specialist who works with health restraints should possess the following qualities: high self-control
degree, adequate self-acceptance, self-control, high resistance to stress, low level of anxiety and
pedagogical optimism. All these qualities can be formed with the help of such methods as dialogs,
discussions, psychological diagnostics and self-diagnostics.
To increase the success of adaptation to professional activity for students specializing in “Recreation
and sport-recreational tourism” advanced level tasks must be used. The efficient tasks are psychological
case study, leadership trainings and practices etc.
For specialists in the sphere of psychological-pedagogical education the process of adaptation to
their professional activity is an integral part of physical training professional competence system. This
process entails 3 levels:
1.
Staging (more or less typical of all physical training specialists);
2.
Intensity and duration of stages (typical of all the psychological-pedagogical specializations)
3.
Individual features of adaptation (typical o every student and a young specialist).
For shaping an adequate system of professional pedagogical competence for physical training
teachers, coaches and instructors of recreation and sport-recreational tourism we should take all the
peculiarities of this process into consideration and conveyed in educational net amount, content and
teaching forms combination.
Peculiarities of special medical group activities in a comprehensive school
T. Chekhunova,
Municipal Educational Institution Secondary Comprehensive school №37,
city of Tomsk
Nowadays upon starting school many children already have one or several chronic diseases thus falling into
special medical group by their health status. During school life health indicators of the majority of pupils
continue to deteriorate. The number of children of special medical group increases within school years.
According to statistics about 20 % of pupils have physical development of «above the average» level, and
only a few - "high", generally these are schoolchildren engaged in sports sections and clubs. The number of
pupils with "average" level of physical development does not decrease, and but instead increases.
Therefore it is necessary to establish the system of physical training in special medical groups (SMG) for
pupils with chronic diseases. Often the problem of these children is not addressed. These pupils, as a rule,
sit on a bench during a PE class or do not participate it at all.
Poll of teachers of educational institutions (n = 45) was conducted for the purpose of determining reasons
of no SMG physical training in a school. The analysis of its results has detected the following reasons:
- a teacher does not know methods of conducting of SMG classes good enough;
- no regular medical control system in a comprehensive school;
- schools have in 2 – 3 study shifts what creates difficulties for the organization of SMG classes;
- parents do not fully understand the importance of physical training for children with various
chronic diseases;
- payment system for teachers conducting SMG classes is not clearly defined;
- business of sports halls;
The analysis of diseases dynamics of school №37 pupils has shown that the number of pupils with different
diseases has during increased in the later years, including illnesses of cardiovascular system, nasal organs,
digestive system, liver, psychological diseases, and also tuberculosis.
The Federal Law «On Education» emphasizes the importance of preservation and promotion of health of
the younger generation and role of educational institutions in addressing this issue.
So 9 groups SMG were formed in the school № 37.
The following problems have encountered by conduct of SMG physical training:
- Children have 2 – 3 diseases;
- Study is carried out in two shifts;
- children of different age, physical development, physical condition fall into one group;
Therefore all pupils were divided into groups not by diseases, and by parallels (1–2 grades, 3–4 grades,
etc.). SMG physical training classes were carried out in all 1 to 11 grades.
The “Program of physical training for schoolchildren of SMG” has been elaborated taking into account the
results of the poll. The authors are I. Slesareva, T.Chehunova.
Table №3
Distribution of study time by program parts for SMG pupils
Grades
Part of the program
Theory
Gymnastics
Track and field
Basics of sport games
Active games
Total hours:
1-2
5-7
a class
34
10
14
14
8-9
34
10
28
3-4
during
34
10
10
18
72
72
72
72
34
10
14
14
The program mainly included: gymnastic exercises, active games, basics of sport games, track and field
elements, respiratory gymnastics, exercises for correction of posture, strengthening of muscles of back,
abdominals. Speed, strength exercises were limited, run distances reduced, the following exercises
excluded: rope climbing, pull-up and acrobatics. Classes were conducted twice a week for 40 minutes.
The analysis of the results indicated improvement of physical condition of SMG pupils already within a year
of training (> 0.05).
Medical examination showed that 2-4 pupils from everyone SMG consisting of 15 persons were transferred
into a preparatory group, and 1-2 persons – into the basic one.
It is should be mentioned that SMG training during three years provoked the trend to decrease of
musculoskeletal diseases, the number of SMG themselves reduced from 9 to 3. Thus, three year long SMG
training experience contributed to 66 % decrease of pupils falling into SMG category by their health status.
Seminars for PE teachers of Tomsk and the Tomsk region on topics: “Humanization of physical training and
goal-oriented development of motor skills and techniques”, "Peculiarities of special medical group (SMG)
training”, “Experience of carrying out of Final Examination of pupils of SMG” were held for introduction and
promotion of the experience on SMG training and the elaborated “Program of physical training for
schoolchildren of SMG” had been held.
In 2007 the «Program of physical training for schoolchildren of SMG» became the winner of
correspondence round and was presented on internal round of the International Fair of social-pedagogical
innovations in the city of Otradnoe of the Samara region.
Now only few educational institutions of Tomsk have SMG PE classes. So the problem is crucial.
References:
1. «Физическая культура для учащихся 4 – 10 классов и школьников, отнесённых по состоянию
здоровья к СМГ», М., «Просвещение», 1981 г.
2. «Физическое воспитание учащихся 1 – 11 классов с направленным развитием двигательных
способностей», В. И. Лях, Г. Б. Мейксон.
3. Материалы II научно-практической конференции «О ценности спортивного образования в
физическом воспитании», Томск, 2000 г.
4. Министерство образования Российской Федерации (рекомендательное письмо) «Об
оценивании и аттестации учащихся, отнесенных по состоянию здоровья к специальной
медицинской группе для занятий физической культурой», М., 2003 г.
Youth voluntary fire-brigade functioning within comprehensive and extended education systems
integration trend
T. Chekhunova
Municipal Educational Institution Secondary Comprehensive school №37,
city of Tomsk
The youth voluntary fire-brigade of the school # 37 in Tomsk has been functioning for a long time.
Youth voluntary fire-brigades are created as measures for educational purposes, aimed at
preventing children’s pranks which may cause fires, helping the State fire inspection and voluntary fire
society in carrying out preventive work and fire abandonment.
Youth voluntary fire-brigades consist of brigades, parties and units. The school fire-brigade consists of 16
members who are divided into two parties, including 8 people, taking into consideration their age. Then the
brigade is divided into 4 units. There is a special curriculum, according to which the classes are held three
times a week and continue for 2 hours. The program is aimed at teaching the basis of the firemen matter to
attract the students to the work on the fire prevention in the time of holidays, celebrations, summer
vocations and so on. Also it is aimed at helping at fire extinguishing. Young firemen hold different
propaganda classes with teens and children. They learn how to organize and hold different competition,
contests and quizzes on fire safety among students of different classes. A drawing contest called “the
telephone number of safety – 01” has been held for two years already. In this contest the young brigades
not only organized it, but also take part in it. Older students who have received the knowledge and skills in
fire precaution and how to do first aid in different situation, help in judging in the section “I am the lifesaver”, which is the ground course of the “school of the navigator” in the youth regional forum of the youth
initiative, called “Russia is us” which is held annually.
Annual preparation and taking part in the fire contests and competitions have become a good
tradition since 1998. It is necessary to provide for the validity of the rules on the safety methods at
practical classes, because the students do exercises, which are approximate fighting ones for example:
“development of the fire engine”, “climbing the fire escape”, “the relay race of the firemen”. The race
consists of 4 stages, the last one is connected with extinguishing a pan in fire.
In 2008, at one of the annual school educational-practical conference, Levashov, Pavlov presented a
report in “Is fire a friend or an enemy?”. It was considered to be the best report at the section of physical
education and the basis of the fire safety.
Taking part in the voluntary fire-brigades helps the children doing important and necessary thing. It
gives the children an opportunity to try themselves as life-savors in practice, who help others too.
The children receive organizational and communicational skills. They try different roles, learn to
find out, analyze and represent information.
There has been created a video film, called “make friends with sport”, to propagandize healthy life.
Games in teaching track and field elements in primary school
E. Chupahina,
Municipal Educational Institution №23,
city of Naberezhnye Chelny, Tatarstan
A child can learn many things quickly by playing. Children like to play, they want to play, that’s why I use
different games in my work. Playing active games they learn to value give-and-take techniques, team spirit,
abide by game rules.
A toy is something valuable, even domestic for primary school pupils, so I often use it in my methods. I ask
children to bring a toy of particular size with which they will do exercising and then take it back home.
After running I conduct a warm-up with toys addressing at once goals of general and specific warm-up. So
these aims children make up two columns, everybody holds a toy or two toys.
Warm-up exercises address the following objectives: development of fine motor skills, coordination
abilities, strength qualities, flexibility, perseverance, hard working.
Exercises:
1. Hand twisting with a plush toy rightward, leftward, arm pulling backwards and frontwards.
2. Throwing a toy up and catching with the same hand, the same with both hands, alternately and
both hands.
3. Change over of a toy over the head from the initial position of arms held sideward.
4. Catching of a toy from the initial position of toys down, arms forward – a child has to catch a flying
toy.
5. The same exercise but a toy is in a right hand, to catch it with a left one.
6. Toy juggling, juggling of two toys.
Teaching elements of throwing.
1. Acceleration to a toy thrown over the head with two hands or one hand forward and another
upward. A child has to catch a toy.
2. Pair exercises. One of children throws a toy, another one catches it. The second one has to start
from various initial positions: crouch start, crouch stand, front support, etc.
Shuttle run teaching.
A toy of the first child standing in a column is on the finish line. By a “Go!” command a participant runs,
takes his/her toy and brings it to the start line, then runs to the finish line. The second person goes the
same way, but on his second way to the finish he takes the toy of the first person and brings it to the
master. The last competitor takes his/her toy and a toy of the previous child and runs with both of them.
Jumping exercises.
1. A toy between the knees, hands of the nape, two legs jumping forward, backward.
2. Crouch stand walk, a toy between the knees or under the knees.
Arm building exercises.
Arm walk from the initial position of front support, a toy between the knees. Only arm walk, straight legs,
feet strained in.
Posture exercises.
1. Initial position – a toy on the head, walk on toes arms extended sidewards forward or backward.
2. Stand body twisting.
3. Crouch stand walk, squatting.
Nestitherapy as a method of impaired body metabolic processes restoration
S. Davydov, M. Lizenko,
Petrozavodsk State University
In the later decades ecological disturbances, nutritional disorders, poor drinking water quality, excessive
use of drug therapy have become most frequent negative factors affecting health of the population.
Lifestyle change also affects health status i.e. nervous overfatigue, stresses, hypodynamia trend. All these
features lead to metabolic disorders particularly impaired carbohydrate and fat metabolism, overweight,
blood pressure rise, thus formation of so called metabolic syndrome. Allergic diseases have become more
frequent (dermatitis, vasomotor rhinitis, bronchial asthma).
All these factors lead to the necessity to revise treatment of such patients. A trend to use nonmedical
therapy, eg reflexotherapy, physiotherapy, kinesitherapy, diet therapy is evolving. One of the kinds of the
latter is fasting-dietary treatment, i.e. known from the ancient times hunger cure, or nestitherapy. It has
been proven that shifting from exogenic (external) nutrition to endogenic (internal) is followed by
regeneration of tissue structures of a human body, clearance of toxins and allergens, body systems
improved functioning.
Our rich experience (more than 20 years) of applying nestitherapy in clinical practice showed that all 68
persons subjected to 9-21 days of fasting demonstrated positive dynamic in such pathological processes as
bronchial asthma, allergic dermatitis, lungs sarcoidosis, hypertensive disease, degenerative disk disease,
psoriasis. As metabolic processes are inherent in the majority of these diseases, nestitherapy as one of
sorption methods is an alternative to drug therapy.
In-depth study of sanogenic impact of nestitherapy on fat metabolism embraced 88 patients suffering from
bronchial asthma. 13 persons (or 14% of the total, all females from 18 to 60 years old, mean age – 41)
subjected to nestitherapy; 35 persons (40%) took glucocorticosteroids, 40 persons (47%) – “usual” therapy.
Lipid composition of blood serum (total cholesterin of blood serum, cholesterin of high- and low-density
lipoproteins, phospholipids incl. lecithin) and red-cell membranes of every patient was measured.
Nestitherapy was conducted in line with the methods of Y. Nikolaev in modification of the Saint-Petersburg
Pulmonary Center of 10-14 days duration. Generally well-being of patients upon nestitherapy was
improving already at the end of the first week, with choking fits ceasing upon finish of patients’ acidotic
crisis.
Within an observation a fact of regeneration of qualitative and quantitative composition of membrane
lipids upon use of nestitherapy was indicated. The increase of total phospholipids, including first of all
lecithin, which is the main component of cell membranes and lung surfactant, was determined. At the same
time decrease of total lipids, mainly by cholesterin and triglycerids, is recorded. This changes were
statistically valid in comparison to such figures of other patients receiving drug therapy, including systemic
glucocorticosteroids.
The results gained let us regard nestitherapy as a multi-purpose method of after-care:
- It preserves and even increases cell membranes immunity as significantly improves the composition
of their main components (increase of phospholipids especially lecithin);
- Positively affects cholesterin metabolism (decreasing its level and the level of triglycerids), thus
reducing the risk of atherogenesis;
So nestitherapy, competently conducted, can be considered one of the promising and quite safe healthimproving aids, applicable to a range of pathological processes accompanied by metabolic disorders.
Psychological aspects of female idiopathic infertility survey
N. Dementyeva,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy (Petrozavodsk) –
V. Behterev Research Institute (Saint-Petersburg)
Among different types of female infertility patients with so called unexplained infertility fall into a specific
group. According to data from different sources number of such women varies from 4 to 40% of all infertile
females. The diagnosis of unexplained (psychogenic, idiopathic) infertility is made if a patient and her
regular partner passed standard minimal medical examination on detection of biological reasons of
reproductive disorders and it indicated that the couple was biologically fertile.
There are two opposite points of view on female unexplained infertility. The first one is that there is no
unexplained infertility but it is an unascertained causation what means that a woman was not fully
examined or there are no proper tools for conducting such an examination. The second point of view
highlights the search of psychological causes hindering and (or) eliminating impregnation possibility upon
healthy reproductive system of a woman.
Anyway regardless of gynecologists’ notion of infertility aetiopathogenesis, if a woman can’t get a precise
answer about the infertility cause, she is stuck in a peculiar psychological situation. Occurring crisis feelings
are thus targets for psychological correction.
138 women took part in the survey. 78 of them constituted basic group, 60 – control group. The survey was
conducted in cities of Karelia.
All survey participants had higher or secondary professional education. During the survey period the
majority of them had regular job with only little percentage being housewives.
Age limits of the basic group were from 25 to 41 years old. The basic group consisted of 36 women with
diagnosis of primary functional sterility of explained etiology. Medical examination data ruled out any
disorders according to set infertility criteria of the rest 42 women of the basic group. Nonetheless 30 out of
them had no pregnancies, but 12 females formed a group with so called “secondary unexplained functional
sterility” as they experienced induced termination of pregnancy.
All patients filling the basic group have regular partners (in a wedlock – 63%, out of wedlock – 37%). Every
infertile couple was thoroughly examined according to standard medical procedure.
The control group included women of 25-40 years old all of them having a least one child and no
impregnation and carrying problems in their history.
The survey was held in two stages. Clinical-psychological data collection method was prevailing during the
first stage, and experimental-psychological – at the second one.
Experimental-psychological stage involved testing patients by: life history multimodal inquiry, ego-structure
test of G. Ammon; Freiburg personality inquiry (FPI); nervous-mental tension, asthenia, low mood
estimation; personal differential, mental health estimation methods; marriage contentment test-inquiry (V.
Stolypin, T. Romanova, G. Butenko); graphical research methods (drawings of “My future child”, “My
condition”, “My childhood”).
All the data was processed with STATISTICA application program package.
Several parameters were used for making social-psychological descriptions of two groups of the patients:
with determined cause of sterility and with unexplained female infertility. In particular characteristics of
personal meaning of infertility, peculiarities of emotional condition and personality, relations with close
relatives (a spouse, parents).
First of all it should be pointed out that according to experimental and clinical conversation data healthy
women are distinctive from infertile ones mostly in tolerant reality attitude, broad time scope vision. They
are more organized and predictable in their wishes and actions. Women with infertility diagnosis are more
dependent on their emotional condition in comparison to healthy ones, they experience difficulties in
handling their emotions. Infertile women suggested at a conversation that negative emotions are more
typical for them, while healthy females have brighter rich emotions ranging from negative to positive. The
ego structure of an infertile woman is characterized by infantilism, dependence on certain factors (mother,
marital relations, work conditions, human relations, domestic comfort). Infertile woman also limits her
contacts with people, avoiding new ones and experiencing no content from communication.
Unlike a healthy woman, already has a child or can deliver a baby, an infertile one has to be able to work
harder for preservation of her marriage. Constant and quality care of a spouse mostly at the expense of
own interests, brilliant housekeeping, continuing self-fulfillment are considered as compensating factors.
We suggest that any serious disease including infertility forms a new quality of life of a person. Sterility
exerts significant influence on life of a woman changing self-image, creating an obstacle to her
development and self-actualization. She is confronted with a new challenge to adapt to life with infertility
status, find new life meanings, transform of future without loss of femininity.
Patients with determined cause of sterility are fully aware of their diagnosis and peculiarities of own
reproductive function. Female infertility is already an accomplished fact, a reality for them. They know its
cause and possible ways to change a childless family status.
Medical examination of women with unexplained infertility can’t determine their reproductive status.
Patients do not get expert’s advice on family planning and possible ways of overcoming a childless family
status.
So women with unexplained infertility are constantly in a kind of marginal situation, awaiting a change with
every monthly period and every examination, living in uncertainty. Women with unexplained infertility tend
to suppress emotions, demonstrate emotional states due to a fear of not being understood but rather
obtrusive, delusioned to other people. Such patients consider shame as the most recurring emotional state;
compare to women with determined sterility cause who name grief, woe, sorrow. Women with
unexplained infertility experience fear to people for a strange disease, to parents and a spouse for
uncertainty, to oneself for being ill.
A woman with unexplained infertility in comparison to those with determined cause of sterility show higher
degree of critical attitude to oneself, lower self-acceptance, lower self-estimation, lower trust to one’s
feelings, senses, and thoughts. They have reduced social contacts, lose professional interests, aspirations
and skills, again unlike those with determined cause of sterility who fulfill themselves in occupation,
hobbies. Women with unexplained infertility have enough strength for maintaining marital relations. Hence
such marriages often suffer from household and sexual-personal problems. As a rule all life of these women
is devoted to awaiting a pregnancy or finding out an exact cause of a childlessness.
Judging on data acquired through clinical conversation and experimental-psychological methods I suggest
that constant awaiting, a situation of strained uncertainty mostly influences behavior, emotional state,
personality traits, and relationship system negatively.
A situation of unexplained infertility with undetermined medical cause increases psychological
sensitiveness of such patient, significantly changing perception and self-consciousness of a woman. She
perceives herself not only as a patient with a reproductive disorder, but also as a patient with distractive
mentality what may destabilize her emotional and personal status.
Doctors and psychologists of maternity welfare clinics family planning centers are aware that at present the
number of women with unexplained infertility despite the advancement of instrumental and laboratory
examination methods stays at the same level. What is more, patients unexplained infertility are not
provided with psychological guidance, consultations, psychological correction.
This category of women, like many other patients with different diagnoses, is in a situation of
incompleteness, uncertainty of a disease. Uncertainty factor is an extra mechanism which may hamper
correct functioning of physiological and psychological resources of a patient. New efficient methods in
obstetrics and gynecology enabling successful solution of childless marriages problems appeared in later
years. Anyway there is a high necessity in serious psychological work with “conditionally infertile” women.
Certainly psychological-correctional work should be targeted, differentiated and minimize influence of
social-psychological destabilizing factors and activate adaptive mechanisms of a patient.
References:
1. Актуальные вопросы акушерства и гинекологии: сб. научных трудов. Петрозаводск, 2007. 219
c.
2. Ананьев В. А. Психология здоровья. СПб., 2006. 384 с.
3. Бесплодие в супружестве / под. ред. И. Я. Юнды. Киев, 1999. 344 с.
4. Вопросы репродуктологии: сб. научных трудов. Харьков, 2003–2008.
234 c.
5. Кулаков С. А. Основы психосоматики. СПб., 2003. 288 с.
Promotion of healthy lifestyle among adolescents through self-massage.
Igor Divak,
Massage therapist of higher category,
Senior lecturer, Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Education and Gymnastics,
Faculty of Physical Culture, Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
Everyone is aware that health is priceless fortune of a person and society as a whole. Sound health
preserved and improved by a person him/herself ensures long, joyful and active life. Cultivating this need in
children and teenagers is a serious pedagogical challenge. Pure theoretical knowledge are enough here.
Experience of previous generations is to assist in this activity. 30-40 years ago self-massage techniques was
popular and wide-spread across the country. Every person could learn it. Self-massage was particularly
popular among tourists, athletes and healthy lifestyle enthusiasts. Nowadays self-massage is self-sustaining
and high-efficient system of positive impact on a human body. Massage possible impacts are very broad,
such ancient thinkers as Hippocrates and others wrote about necessity of using massage. Unfortunately
many contemporaries do not even suggest that face self-massage contributes not only to decrease number
of wrinkles, but also to prevent them and different injuries. Self-massage assists to remove or at least to
relieve pain, noncontact massage – to remove fatigue and improve body condition in general.
In a modern school, both sport and comprehensive one, self-massage can be used as health-improving
method, as well as during tourist journeys on foot, physical training. The advantage of self-massage is that
it can be performed almost in any place, its intensity depending on own well-being and feelings. Its
teaching does not require any special equipment. Self-massage demands abiding by all basic rules and
hygienic requirements of classic massage. Contraindications are the same of classical massage. These can
be skin lesions, acute inflammatory processes, unexplained pains, etc. In some cases contraindications are
temporary due to acute period of an illness or exacerbation of a chronic disease. By time passing having
acquired initial technique a schoolchild is able to advance it adding various medical, sport, and ethnic
massage techniques to classical one under a teacher’s supervision. Development of skills, acquisition of
new knowledge and its wise utilization are extremely relevant. It should be emphasized that self-massage
should be performed only after consulting a doctor. Teaching of this techniques can be organized at
physical and health education classes, within extra-curricular activities, in clubs particularly sport ones. In
tourism activity self-massage is highly relevant even for secondary school pupils as its applied character is
obvious.
Those eager to use experience of previous generations and up-to-date science achievements are to reveal a
great space for utilization and advancement of infinite possibilities of a human body.
Administrative project «Sports-oriented physical training as one of school priority activity areas»
M. Dyuzhikova, I. Akhmetyanov, Z. Zakirova,
School №28,
city of Naberezhnye Chelny
Our school was opened in 1976. It has magnificent sports traditions and results. The athletics
Olympic champion Lilia Nurutdinova, the Olympic games participant in swimming Aleksey Zatsepin, the
participants of the International competitions in judo Radik and Ramil Rashitovs, the international class
masters of sports and participants of the Acrobatics World and Europe Championships E. Tsybulkina, A.
Ploskova and D. Vihryanova, and many other top athletes studied at our school.
Pupils of sports schools go to the 4th grade of our school every year. Additional meals are organized
for such pupils, and their academic schedule is made according to their sports trainings schedule. Every
year lots of our school leavers enter the Academy of physical education. Having analyzed this data,
administration and school faculty decided that it is necessary to work out the administrative project called
«Sports-oriented physical training as one of school priority activity areas». The project implies cooperation
between Kamsk State Academy of Physical Education, Sports and Tourism, sports schools, institutions of
additional education and families. The project goal is to promote pupils’ professional self-determination
and their self-realisation. The project objectives are the following: 1. On the basis of teachers-innovators’
theoretical experience, to develop conceptual positions defining strategic directions of pre-specialised and
specialised training of pupils. 2. To carry out the system analysis concerning professional selfdetermination, pupils’ attitude to various kinds of physical and sports activity, examination of pupils’
health. 3. To develop the program of Pre-specialised and specialised training on "Physical education", to
introduce it into educational process and prove its efficiency on practice. 4. On the basis of the received
results, to develop scientific and practical recommendations for teachers of educational institutions.
Stages of the project implementation
1. Theoretical and search stage: working out of defining strategic directions of pre-specialised and
specialised training of pupils; carrying out of an experiment to learn about pupils’ physical and mental
health state, motivation for physical training, pupils’ attitude to physical and sports activity; interviewing of
parents, teachers and school administration.
2. Experimental stage: working out of the program of pre-specialised and specialised training and its
approbation.
3. Estimating stage: profound analysis and systematisation of the received data, presentation of the results
in central press, at conferences, in scientific papers.
The programme of Pre-specialised and specialised training on "Physical education"
It is necessary to study pupils’ professional self-determination in the context of age processes dynamics at
various ontogenesis stages (A.P. Matveev).
1) Informative stage (1-4 grades)
The stage goal is to perfect the health-improving system at primary school by developing informative and
activity components of physical training.
The stage objectives: 1. To create propitious conditions for pupils’ health improving. 2. To advance physical
education on the basis of developing of healthy lifestyle and steady interest and need for regular sports
doing.
2) Investigation stage, specialised classes introducing (5-7 grades)
The stage goal is to interest pupils in physical and sports activity.
The stage objectives: 1. To acquaint pupils with a great number of kinds of sports to choose from. 2. To
organize physical and sports training and education of pupils. 3. To acquaint pupils with the theory of
physical education and sports.
3) Professional-oriented stage (8-9 grades)
The stage goal is to motivate pupils for real estimation of their own abilities and achievements and for
choosing a direction of physical and sports activity.
The stage objectives: 1. To provide pupils with necessary conditions to promote physical and sports training
values taking into account their bents, abilities, requirements, interests and physical fitness. 2. To organize
physical and sports training and education of pupils. 3. To deepen knowledge in physical training and
sports.
4) Professional-adaptive stage (10-11 grades)
Senior high school pupils with major in sports already have high sports categories and are members of city,
Republic and Russian sport teams. Due to great physical load and frequent competition trips, they miss a lot
of lessons. Therefore the basic educational components for such pupils are getting practical experience in
professional sphere (introduction to a profession), gaining knowledge and learning ways of its organisation,
developing conditions for active self-knowledge and putting this knowledge into practice within the
selected professional activity (professional test).
The stage goal is to provide pupils with a rational combination of studying at comprehensive school and
profound training at sports school.
The stage objectives: 1. To realize education of pupils based on cooperation with institutions of additional
education, colleges and higher educational institutions. 2. To deepen knowledge in physical training and
sports. 3. To develop professionally important physical and mental qualities and skills.
School leavers can choose the higher educational institution to study futher. They can go to the Kamsk
State Academy of Physical Education, Sports and Tourism or Physical Training College.
Improvement of physical fitness by means of individual practice within the physical education discipline
Т. Efremova, Candidate of Medical Sciences,
T. Verina, Docent,
Pedagogical Institute, Southern Federal University,
city of Rostov-on-Don
Nowadays the matters of developing the physical culture and healthy lifestyle skills among the
young people have gained particular importance and urgency. The attitude to one’s own health and
physical self-perfection characterizes the level of general culture and education in the respective area
among the young generation.
The increase in the efficiency of the physical education process in educational institutions is closely
connected with the justification of the role, place and evaluation criteria of the pupils’ and students’
independent practice.
Individual practice is considered as a purposeful, active and independent students’ activity. It is selfcontrolled and analyzed by the students who organize and manage it on their own in view of individual
cognitive motives and at the time which they consider the most suitable [3]. Individual practice can be
exercised either under the tutor’s supervision and on his instructions or on the students’ own initiative
during lecture hours and their spare time, it is also to be concluded by a certain result.
In order to improve individual practice in physical education we applied the main methods
optimizing the teaching process developed by Y. Babansky [1]. They presume the successive going through
the following stages: goal-setting, planning and specification of aims, prognosticating the close results on
basis of the initial students’ level of development estimation, the choice of the activity methods, means and
contents.
The choice is made taking into consideration the following aspects: the motives, the peculiarity if
aims, the students’ capabilities and the studying conditions. On the program realization stage they carry
out its operative adjustment. The practice analysis both by the student himself (auto-evaluation) and by the
tutor is an indispensable condition of its success. The entire individual practice program realization system
is attended by the evaluation and auto-evaluation of the training process, which may include operative
adjustment of the practice course and the assigned tasks results analysis.
When working out the individual practice system the most important matter is the one of impartial
and standardized evaluation of physical fitness which is adequate for the students’ capabilities and of
developing clear criteria for individual practice in the “Physical Education” discipline general evaluation.
In practice we usually come across two approaches to the evaluation of physical fitness:
1 – on basis of the empirical data they determine the standards for tests or checking exercises
results. The grade is given depending on the student’s results correspondence with the model
characteristics of each given test;
2 – the results of the tests bank reduced to a common system and expressed in points are
compared to the specific results of particular students.
The analysis of scientific publications that we have done revealed that the former method
frequently used in practice is not impartial enough when evaluating the pupils and students with a different
level of physical development and physical fitness [2, 4, 5]. The method which is more appropriate for
evaluating the level and course of physical fitness is the centile method based of the non-parametric
technologies and leaving out complicated calculations. Besides, when evaluating according to this method
we can take into account regional and age-related particular qualities of the pupils and students together
with the development of particular physical characters.
Relying on the data obtained from a three year’s pedagogic observation we have worked out
centile tables of physical fitness of the students of Shakhty Medical College. By their means one can scheme
the individual physical fitness profile and evaluate limiting factors and reserves of a person’s body. The
evaluation of physical fitness constitutes a component part of the diagnostic module, which also includes
the evaluation of physical development and the body’s functional condition.
On the basis of centile analysis of a person’s physical fitness we scheme and specify the tasks and
prognosticate achievable results. The student chooses the methods, means and intensity of exercise
together with the tutor within the framework of practical methodological lessons in order to put the
individual program of physical self-development into practice. These activities constitute the content of the
theoretic methodological module.
The time for individual practice is provided for at the end of lectures, within the sectional
framework and during the spare time within the studying hours (studying and practical module).
An integral part of the physical self-development process is auto-evaluation and the activity results
control carried out by the tutor (the control module). Auto-evaluation is performed via a vivid presentation
of the initial and the achieved levels of physical fitness represented in the self-control diary. The main
criterion of the individual practice efficiency is the conformity of the predicted and the achieved results.
Table 1
nd
The evaluation of the physical development level of the 2 -year student O. Ivanova (example)
Centiles
3
10
25
50
75
90
97
21,43
19,80
18,70
17,80
17,00
16,40
15,80
14.16
13.40
12.50
11,42
11.05
10.38
10.13
125
135
147
160
170
175
190
Rising the body from a lying on the
back position for 1 min (number of
times)
15
20
25
30
35
40
44
Rising the body from a lying on the
stomach position (number of times)
14
16
20
24
27
31
40
Bending forward from a standing
position (cm)
-5
4
9
12
15
19
23
2
5
7
12
16
20
26
Aspects
100 m race (sec)
2000 m race (min, sec)
Long jump from the spot (cm)
Press-ups (number of times)
Legend:
125
– initial level
135
– achieved level
The effectiveness of the developed individual practice planning and evaluation system is confirmed
by the data of the pedagogical experiment carried out throughout an academic year in the G. Kuznetsova
Shakhty Medical College. Among the College students there were composed a control group (n=80) and an
experimental one (n=78). The initial test results before the experiment do not show any reliable difference
between the control and the experimental groups with the exception of some exercises (Table 2).
Comparing the level of physical fitness after the experiment showed better average results in the
experimental group. The result difference possess high reliability in all the given aspects (p<0,001).
The control group students show positive dynamics only in two exercises which demonstrate the
stamina of the abdomen and back muscles (Tables 3, 4). In other tests the members of the control group,
unlike the experimental one, show either the decline of the results or minor changes (p>0,05).
Table 2
Students’ physical fitness evaluation
Before the experiment
After the experiment
EG
100 m race (sec)
CG
17,79 
t
p
EG
1,90
>0,05
18,18 
CG
17,45 
18,34 
0,16
0,13
688,73 
733,10 
0,15
0,14
711,19 
727,45
5,87
 6,37
5,75
5,54
11,51 
12,08 
11,29 
12,13 
0,10
0,11
0,10
0,09
Long jump from the
spot (cm)
159,55 
154,99 
165,45 
155,08 
1,64
1,73
1,67
1,62
Rising the body from
a lying on the back
position for 1 min
(number of times)
29,47 
27,44 
34,71 
28,69 
0,87
0,67
0,77
0,79
Rising the body from
a lying on the
stomach
position
(number of times)
23,31 
21,33 
31,62 
22,33 
0,75
0,48
1,13
0,65
Bending
forward
from a standing
position (cm)
12,00 
10,76 
14,40 
10,61 
0,70
0,83
0,59
0,92
Press-ups
of times)
10,72 
9,36 
15,65 
9,14 
1,27
0,58
2000 m race (sec)
(min, sec)
(number
1,88
1,91
1,85
2,22
1,14
1,19
0,94
>0,05
>0,05
>0,05
<0,05
>0,05
<0,05
0,65
t
p
4,32
<0,001
5,56
<0,001
4,46
<0,001
5,46
<0,001
7,13
<0,001
3,47
<0,001
4,66
<0,001
Legend:
EG
– experimental group
CG
– control group
Table 3
Physical fitness data dynamics (experimental group)
100 m race (с)
Before the
experiment
After the
experiment
 ðàçí
x ðàçí  m ðàçí
t
p
17,79  0,15
17,45  0,16
0,75
0,35  0,08
4,10
<0,001
2000 m race (sec)
711,19  5,87
688,73  5,75
(min, sec)
11,51  0,10
11,29  0,10
39,32
22,46  4,45
5,05
<0,001
Long jump from the 159,55  1,64
spot (cm)
165,45  1,67
10,46
5,90  1,18
4,98
<0,001
Rising the body from a 29,47  0,87
lying on the back
position for 1 min
(number of times)
34,71  0,77
6,50
5,23  0,74
7,11
<0,001
Rising the body from a 23,31  0,75
lying on the stomach
position (number of
times)
31,62  1,13
11,32
8,31  1,28
6,48
<0,001
Bending forward from 12,00  0,70
a standing position
(cm)
14,40  0,59
3,23
2,40  0,37
6,56
<0,001
Press-ups (number of 10,72  0,94
times)
15,65  1,27
6,00
4,94  0,68
7,26
<0,001
Table 4
Physical fitness data dynamics (control group)
Before the
experiment
After the
experiment
 ðàçí
x ðàçí  m ðàçí
t
p
100 m race (sec)
18,18  0,14
18,34  0,13
0,66
0,16  0,07
2,15
<0,05
2000 m race (sec)
727,45  6,37
733,10  5,54
22,54
5,65  2,52
2,24
<0,05
(min, sec)
12,08  0,11
12,13  0,09
Long jump from the 154,99  1,73
spot (cm)
155,08  1,62
5,88
0,09  0,66
0,13
>0,05
Rising the body from 27,44  0,67
a lying on the back
position for 1 min
(number of times)
28,69  0,79
4,21
1,25  0,47
2,65
<0,01
Rising the body from 21,33  0,48
a lying on the
stomach
position
(number of times)
22,33  0,65
4,28
1,00  0,48
2,09
<0,05
Bending
forward 10,76  0,83
from a standing
position (cm)
10,61  0,92
3,38
0,15  0,38
0,40
>0,05
Press-ups (number of 9,36  0,65
times)
9,14  0,58
2,82
0,23  0,32
0,71
>0,05
Thus, the suggested system of planning and evaluating individual practice in the field of physical
self-development allows us the following:
- to determine the students’ motional possibilities and the direction of their correction,
- to carry out an individual and varied approach when planning the students’ physical load and
evaluating each pupil’s or student’s work;
- to evaluate the physical self-development work impartially on basis of the level of physical fitness
dynamics;
- to finally form the skills of voluntary physical self-development exercise and managing one’s own
state of health.
References
1. Y. Babansky, M. Potashnik. Questions and Answers on the Optimization of Teaching Process. – Kiev:
Radyanska shkola, 1984.
2. Y. Puzyr. Physical Development Control in Educational Institutions Based on the Monitoring of the
Physical State: Thesis abstract. ... Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences: Moscow, 2006.
3. E. Sakharchuk, G. Sorokina. Individual practice in the system of professional training of a physical
education teacher // Physical Education. Scientific and methodological journal. 2005. №4.
4. S. Simonov, P. Gritskov. Organizational and metrological aspects of building the standard background of
schoolchildren’s physical fitness // “Current innovation research: science and practice” (electronic scientific
edition). – 2009. - №2.
5. A. Shklyar. Typological peculiarities of a medical college students’ physical development and functional
state throughout the academic period: Thesis abstract. ... Candidate of Medical Sciences: Volgograd, 2006.
PHYSICAL AND SPORT EDUCATION IN ITALY
Luca Eid, ANSAS (Italian National School Agency),
Ministry of Education, University and Research, Milan, Italy.
Nicola Lovecchio, FARC (Functional Anatomy Research Center), Morphology Human and Biomedic Science
“Città Studi” Department, University of Study, Milan, Italy.,
Marco Busetti, MIUR (Ministry of Instruction, University and Research),
Physical Education Office of Milan, Italy
Italy is an European Parliamentary Republic of 60 million people, it is a over 1000 km boot shaped peninsula
that, in the second half of the 20th century, improved from an economical point of view, mainly in the
northern area of the country. Despite a well developed and almost cost-free social welfare, which reduced
the infant mortality, the country has a limited birth rate. Nowadays, only the 20% of the population is aged
below 20 years, and a 23% aged more than 60. Italy is a member of the most industrial nations group (G8
and G20 organizations) with a Gross National Product coming for a 33% from industry, for a 63% from
services and for a 4% from agricultural sectors. Italy is still experiencing a significant development and
richness gap between the northern industrial regions, where the unemployed rate is around the 7%, and
the southern agricultural ones, where in some areas it is even over the 20%.
Like in other countries, the prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly, it is now estimated at around 14% in
adults. Over half of the adult population is overweight. The consumption of alcohol appears to be
increasing and the number of smokers is still relevant.
It is estimated that 19% of population is practising sport like regular lifestyle, versus a 41% that never
practises any sport. Sedentary habits are increasing.
FIG 1: THE SHAPE OF ITALY
EDUCATIONAL FRAMEWORK
State schools are free, but State-authorised private schools also exist where tuition fees are required.
Education is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, involving 5 years of primary school, 3 years of lower
secondary school, and 2 years of high secondary education. The university, according to Bologna Process, is
generally based on two levels: a 3 years bachelor degree and a 2 years master degree with the options of
further special courses. A reform has been introduced recently to achieve the EU standards.
The new system is based on a minimum of 12 years education divided into two cycles: the first cycle starts
at the age of six and lasts 8 years (5 years primary and 3 years lower secondary school). After the age of 14,
it starts the second cycle: students can choose different tracks involving various combinations of study
with, in same case, professional training. Continuation into university is direct if the student has selected a
lyceum or one additional preparatory year is required if the curricula was professional.
FIG 02: SAMPLE OF ANNUAL COMPULSORY AMOUNT OF HOURS IN LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL (11-13
YEARS)
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Physical Education (PE) is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education, University and Research
(MIUR) and is a compulsory subject in the 13 years of basic education, even for the disabled people with
appropriate adaptations.
PE was introduced in 1859, formerly named “Gymnastics”, then “Physical Education” and now “Motor and
Sport Sciences”.
Physical Education in Primary School
Guidelines: ‘The body as a value’. So, it is not a dress but a whole way of being and acting in the world and
the society.
Targets: construction of his own identity in relation to his self-knowledge and to the others and the
orientation of his own life project.
Contents: parts of the body, senses and perceptions, motor and postural schemes (learned through games),
nutrition guidance, personal care, environmental problems and unhealthy habits (pollution, smoking,
sedentariness).
Evaluation: an evaluation document including a portfolio of individual skills and assembling all the
documentation collected during the entire school period.
Teacher: PE is taught by the general teacher. In some schools a PE specialist teacher works with the
generalist teacher.
Physical Education in the lower secondary school
Guidelines: the national curriculum specifies the essential level that must be granted by all school, the
number of compulsory hours (2 hours per week) and the quota reserved to autonomy of each school (up to
a maximum of the 20% of the whole curriculum).
Targets: becoming aware of his own physical efficiency through the self evaluation and basic norm for
accident prevention.
Contents: improvement of coordination and motor skills, self evaluation of skills and performance, highway
code for cycles and motorcycles, training methods, body expression and communication.
Evaluation: a mark of 6 on 10 or more allows to access to the next class; a lower score entail a ‘debt’ that
will need to be fulfilled at the beginning of the new year; at the state exam (taking place at the end of the
cycle) the evaluation can also involve PE with a written or oral test.
Teacher: PE is taught by PE specialist teachers.
PE in the higher secondary School
Guidelines: more or less the same of the middle school.
Targets: learning the basic principle and techniques for sport performance, well being and physical
improvement.
Contents: structure and rules of individual and team sports, basic principles of training theory and
methodology, principle of nutrition in physical activity, doping health problems versus an appropriately
physical training.
Evaluation: the portfolio of the acquired skills concurs to form the final credit score that will contribute to
the result of the final evaluation at the state exam (maturità).
Teacher: PE is taught by PE specialist teachers.
FIG. 03: TOTAL AMOUNT OF PE AND SPORT HOURS IN THE STUDENT CARRIER (FROM 6 TO 18 YEARS) IN
SOME EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Total amount of PE and Sport hours in the student carrier (from 6 to
18 years) in some European countries
Italia
810
Austria
1,500
Germany
1,450
Poland
1,620
France
1,680 (PE) - 2,600 (PE + Sport)
(Censis Servizi su dati MUR, 2007)
Extracurricular sport activities
Already in primary school, the children can join physical education and introductory sport activities that are
free and elective. They are supported through the funding for the widening of educational offerings.
In the secondary school, school sport activities are well structured and are supported through the special
funding from the Ministry of Education and the Regional School Offices for the widening of educational
offerings, allowing students to train and prepare for competitions. Forms of sport integration are organised
for disabled students.
The sport activities concur in the definition of the student’s curriculum and acquired competences as well
as in the final mark attributed at the State Exam.
According to a recent monitoring, it appears that about 72% of the first-level and 76% of the second-level
schools prepare their students and allow them to take part in the student sport competitions.
Sport Education in Primary school
No physical education teacher is required in the primary school that sees 2,6 million students with an
average of 20 children per class. The play/sport programmes are defined and implemented by the local
school institutions in collaboration with a number of stakeholders such as: local administrations, CONI
(Italian National Olympic Committee), national sport federations and local clubs, both in the context of
school activities and out-of-school programmes.
This causes a wide diversity of variously co-financed initiatives that frequently lack of systematic approach
and continuity, mainly because year over year budgets are not always maintained. Only recently, with the
2003 school reform, the Ministry of Education introduced a PE graduate specialist role in the primary
school in order to improve action and give to sport sciences equal dignity compared to the other
disciplines.
Sport Education in Secondary School
There are 5,2 million students in the secondary school. PE is a compulsory study involving students two
hours per week, that can be individually defined for disabled. Teachers must have a master degree in
Physical Education and a proper teaching habilitation. Additional hours of sport practice are included in the
Educational Formative School Plan (max 6 hours not compulsory) concurring to the student’s curriculum
and to the evaluation score at the end of the secondary cycle. Throughout the 8 years of the secondary
cycle, school sport activities are well structured allowing students to try and participate to the various sport
student competitions.
The sports most widely practised are: Cross Country Races and Track Races, Swimming, Gymnastics, Alpine
Skiing, Orienteering and among the team sports: Volleyball, Soccer, Basketball.
Although PE teachers and school structures/administrations are the basic actors of the Student’s sport
activity in the Secondary school, their effort is lacking of the necessary effectiveness because of the limited
lesson time per week. They are only able to help and encourage those students that are already selfpractising sports in external Sports Clubs (in the sport federations or non-profit sport associations), with
only limited success in their mission to improve the ‘sport mentality’ among the student’s population. The
regular sport practice is common among the 55% of the surveyed sample aged 11-14, but many children
drop-out of sport practice around adolescence (age 14), mainly because of uneasiness and problematic
situations.
FIG. 04: SEDENTARINESS IN ITALY (% AND AGE)
Physical Education evaluation
In the first cycle (primary and lower secondary school), the evaluation of pupils takes place through:
 An evaluation document called “the pupils Personal Record”, recording the periodic assessments
and the final assessment made at the end of years 1, 3 and 5;
 A Summary Report reporting whether pupils has been admitted to the next class
 The Portfolio of Individual Competencies, which is the document where the educational team, the
pupil and the family record the documentation assembled during the entire school path.
For disabled pupils, an Individual Educational Plan is designed jointly by the educational team with the
family and the responsible medical officer. The evaluation refers to the differentiated path the pupil must
have followed with the help of support teacher.
In the second cycle (higher secondary school) each teacher makes specific periodic and final assessments
through a mark in tenths. A mark of 6/10 or over allows access to the next class, otherwise a lower mark
entails a “debt”. The periodic assessment made by PE teachers involves the areas of motor learning and the
pupil’s physical abilities. The assessment is generally organised as an integrated process combining:
 Observational techniques and motor tests, so as to evaluate the motor competencies attained;
 The written and oral tests to evaluate the knowledge of disciplinary contents.
At the State Exam taking place at the end of the cycle, the evaluation can also involve movement and sport
sciences. The calculation of school credits includes the sport credits acquired in out-of-school contexts and
contribute to the final evaluation.
Additional contexts for physical and sport activities
Extracurricular Physical Activities
They are school sport activities, taking place out of the school hours, conducted by PE teachers with school
pupils, even with classes different from their own. They typically refer to the promotion and practice of an
educational sport, which involves competition but in which competition is not seen as an aim of its own and
which rather offers the opportunity to play and feel at ease with the others, promoting social cohesion.
Extra-School Physical Activities
The sport activities offered are various; they are sometimes offered to sport associations. In this case,
families pay a share of the costs
Out-of-School Physical Activities
Sport associations, Federations and private subjects can organise sport centres offering introductory
courses to various sports. Generally the families must bear the costs of participation. One of the activities
most widely practised is soccer.
Training
Physical Education Teachers
To be qualified as a PE teacher a University master degree is needed plus one year of teaching training
(3+2+1). This is provided by Faculties of Physical Education.
Sport instructors
They are trained at the National Federations in a multi-level qualification path, from the initial level of
Assistant Instructor to, after several intermediate steps, Federal Technicians. Access does not require any
school degree.
Volunteer sport operators
Volunteering is a valuable asset, particularly for the non-élite sport sector. This involves many associations
which are almost all non-profit, typically very small and run by volunteers. A sport association can be
established without necessarily having a qualified sport technician, although those who work as instructors
generally have a qualification.
FIG. 05: PE AND SPORT UNIVERSITY DATA
PE and Sport University Data in 2006/07
Students
24,000
Bachelor Courses
98
Master Courses
22
(Censis Servizi su dati MUR, 2007)
Italian PE Teachers Association (CAPDI)
Our National PE Teacher Association has more than 30 local/provincial PE Teacher Association with more
than 3.000 membres.
Capdi represented PE Teachers to the Ministry of Education.
Capdi provides in service training for PE teachers and generalist teachers of nursery and primary school.
Capdi is a member of Eupea (European PE Association).
FIG. 06: DISTRIBUTION OF PE TEACHER MEMBERS OF CAPDI IN ITALY
Perspectives
Physical Education
We are working:
- to have at least one PE teacher in each primary school. Actually is not compulsory;
- to keep 2 hours per week in the curriculum from 11 to 18 years;
- to found Sport School Association in each secondary school.
Sport
The central role of Italian Olympic Committee has been reduced in various ways: there has been a
reduction in the incomes and in term of responsibilities because National Federations have acquired private
status autonomy and the Regions have been granted full powers.
The Regions and the local bodies have become the main partners in the area of education and sport. They
organise financial interventions aimed at widening sport practice and developing sport facilities.
References
Klein G., Hardman K., Physical Education and Sport Education in European Union, Dossier Eps,
Edition Revue Eps, Paris, 2008.
Eurybase. The Information Database on Education Systems in Europe, The Education System in Italy
2007/08, European Commission, Bruxelles, 2008.
C.O.N.I. 1° Report Sport & Society, C.O.N.I. Roma, 2008.
40° rapporto sulla situazione sociale del paese 2006, 40th report on the social situation of the
country 2006 / CENSIS, Roma, 2006.
Annuario statistico italiano 2006= Italian yearbook of statistics, 2006 / ISTAT. - Roma, 2006.
I percorsi formativi della scuola secondaria di secondo grado statale tra corsi di ordinamento,
sperimentazioni e utonomia, Educational pathways in upper secondary schools, among formal
courses, sperimentation courses and school autonomy / Servizio statistico del Ministero della
Pubblica Istruzione, MPI, 2007.
Istruzione superiore e professioni: Guida 2006 ai corsi di primo livello= Higher education and
professions. Guide to courses of the first level, 2006. / Università IUAV di Venezia; CIMEA della
Fondazione Rui, MIUR, 2006.
La scuola in cifre 2006= Data on the school system, 2006 / Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione, MPI,
2006.
La scuola statale: sintesi dei dati - Anno scolastico 2005/2006= Public school: data in brief
2005/2006, Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione, 1, Roma, 2006.
-
-
-
-
Notiziario sulla scuola secondaria di I e II grado: A.S. 2006/07= Newsletter on lower and upper
secondary school, Servizio statistico del Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione, MPI, 2007.
Piani di studio della scuola secondaria superiore e programmi dei trienni: Le proposte della
Commissione Brocca, 2, 1083, Studi e Documenti degli Annali della Pubblica Istruzione, 59/60, Le
Monnier, 1992.
Rilevazione sugli scrutini ed esami di Stato conclusivi del I e II ciclo= Data on assignement of marks
and on State exams at the end of the first and second cicle, Servizio statistico del Ministero della
Pubblica Istruzione, MPI, 2007.
Strutture dei sistemi di istruzione, formazione professionale e educazione degli adulti in Europa,
Italia, Structures of education, vocational training and adult education systems in Europe, Italy,
Unità italiana, di Eurydice,ISFOL, Eurydice, 2006.
http://www.eurydice.org
http://www.pubblica.istruzione.it
http://www.cimea.it
Socio-psychological aspects of pupils’ healthy lifestyle
M. Elmurzaev,
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Docent,
North-Western State Technical University,
city of Saint-Petersburg
While developing a complex human science, various methodological paradigms integrating
historically developed and newest knowledge of natural, public and humanity sciences occur. In 1960s last
(ХХ) century, a relatively new scientific paradigm was a paradigm of a lifestyle. In that case the lifestyle was
treated widely enough. A lifestyle is a way people organize their life activities in the system of existing
social and economic relations (I. Levykin, 1980). The term "lifestyle" reflects components which compose a
person’s life, borders between these components, and their substantial characteristics and interrelations.
Among the main determinants of a lifestyle we can state natural, economic, political, socio-historical
factors, and as components - working conditions, living and leisure conditions, educational level,
infrastructure development of cultural leisure institutions, etc. A lifestyle includes also social-hygienic and
medical and preventive aspects of a person’s health.
So, a lifestyle is defined not only by environmental factors, but also by a state of a person’s health.
A person’s health is defined by their biological essence, and also by social-psychological one. A person’s
health and healthy lifestyle are different terms but they have close cause-and-effect interrelation. Healthy
lifestyle is a process of physical, psychological and social self-development of a person when he/she gets
more universal ways of adaptation to constantly changing conditions of natural and social environment.
Healthy lifestyle developing assumes also creation of acceptable, comfortable external conditions, and
involving a person in such forms of activity that living a healthy lifestyle becomes his/her natural and vital
necessity.
"Health" is a most general, umbrella term concerning the person, has no accurate borders, and has
different semantic meaning and criteria of its estimation. Therefore it is hardly probable to give any general
definition of health in which the laws studied by different sciences would be reflected, or to try to study
this phenomenon from the point of view of any “integrative science” that is now considered to be
medicine. Nowadays representatives of human science find the medical model of health insufficient and
limited.
It is necessary to notice that a person, understanding the importance of health, does not have
enough knowledge about its protection and promotion. The basic recommendations to live a healthy
lifestyle are the following: avoiding of bad habits and stressful situations, personal hygiene rules
observation, a balanced diet, optimisation of physical activity, etc. These factors allow the person to
support homeostasis of his/her internal environment and his/her physical health. But all the
recommendations are relative, for individuals differ on sex-age and personal characteristics, and life
experience. But personality development is defined by his/her lifestyle indirectly, through psychological
style of his/her lifestyle. So, criteria and norm of a person’s health can be various at each life stage. For
example, children and teenagers do not have sufficient life experience to correct and regulate their state of
health. The norm of health is not constant; it changes at different life stages.
To be healthy means to have possibility to realize yourself. Health is mostly defined not by
biological, but by sociocultural factors, and the mail factor here is the universal culture. A person can be
recognized healthy only if he/she is harmoniously included in the sociocultural environment and is realized
there adequately. It is impossible to imagine any area of a person’s life (education, leisure or physical
education and sports activity) beyond culture. Studying of sociocultural and socio-psychological health
problems and a healthy lifestyle is considered to be a priority kind of research in education and selfeducation spheres (D.I. Feldshtein, 2004).
Physical education (PE) lessons take an important part in health protection and promotion. PE is a
sphere which reveals a person’s lifestyle, as well as develops it. In modern scientific researches the term
"physical culture" is considered to be a scientific abstraction, a name of a social phenomenon, an umbrella
term. It is realized by means of its kinds – physical education, sports, physical recreation, physical
rehabilitation and adaptive physical training (V.M. Vydrin, 2004; J.M. Nikolaev, 2006; R.M. Kadyrov, 2008).
Physical activity is intrinsic to all physical culture kinds, but they differ on aims, display conditions and
means of physical activity organization. On PE lessons at school, mainly pedagogical aims are realized, such
as development of pupils’ physical qualities and physical skills.
Nowadays pupils are more interested not in compulsory PE lessons, but in doing sports in their free
time. In modern scientific researches physical activity in free time has been called physical recreational
activity. A variety of physical recreational activity forms, their availability and freedom of choice allows to
involve pupils of different sex, age and physical development level in this physical activity. Physical
recreational activity in leisure sphere gives a young person lots of opportunities to display his/her
personality, needs and abilities. In modern conditions physical recreation is enriched by new functions and
it is considered to be a multidimensional phenomenon, an area of an objective reality where a person’s
biological, psychological, spiritual and social activities are realized. Physical recreational activity is an
important part of a pupil’s healthy lifestyle.
Leisure has a number of functions in a modern pupil’s life. An educational function is connected
with enlargement of pupils’ cognitive possibilities, developing of informal communication skills, learning
skills of psychological state self-control and developing of new forms and kinds of activity. A healthimproving function of leisure combines physical, psychological and social components of pupils’ health. A
sociocultural function of leisure includes social experience (socialisation) developing and cultural values
(including physical culture values) learning. Cultural leisure becomes a real factor of cultural development
of pupils through practical physical activity. A hedonistic function of leisure is expressed in getting pleasure
and positive emotions from physical activity. Leisure is the most important sphere in healthy lifestyle
development.
The aim of physical recreational activity in leisure is recreational physical culture developing of a
person. It includes the following components:
Educational (cognitive) - steady knowledge of the health, ways of its protection and promotion.
Axiological (emotional-value) - perception of health as higher human value, motivation-value
orientation to health protection and promotion.
Behavioral – realisation of the knowledge in practical activities. This component is expressed in
labor, life and leisure culture, in attitude to his/her health and living a healthy lifestyle.
Productive – achievement of satisfaction from physical activity and informal communication with
people of the same age (J.E. Ryzhkin, 2008).
The question of leisure and physical recreational activity interrelation is difficult. In many scientific
researches and in everyday practice these two terms mean practically the same. It is possible to state that
recreation is one of leisure functions; it always includes activity. Physical recreation is composed by physical
activity and cognitive processes serving and regulating it.
The problem of values orientation is essential in pupils’ leisure physical activity. The value of
physical recreation is its entertaining (hedonistic) character. It not only lets relax and regulate pupils’
mental pressure, but also makes it possible to express lots of positive emotions. Informal leisure
communication makes up for its shortage at school and is an alternative form of such social interactions as
teacher-pupil, parents-teenagers, and social institutions-pupils.
The main value of physical recreation is pupils’ health promotion through interaction of physical,
psychological, spiritual and social components. For primary school pupils, the main value of leisure physical
activity is entertaining. For teenagers, the most important is informal communication, as well as
recognition and self-affirmation in surrounding society. Senior high school pupils find the following factors
important: further physical development, achievement of physical perfection and the body’s beauty. They
choose the forms of physical recreational activity which are connected with competitiveness, though less
often with high sports result achievement. The values of pupils of different age have mainly a sociopsychological character. They make a basis of pupils’ healthy lifestyle and serve as important condition of
their health developing.
Estimation of respiratory system functional parameters of female students studying at the Faculty of
Foreign Languages.
D. Evtropkova,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
Health status of students is of great concern today. Interest to students health status examination is
caused by the need to define the amount of physical activity for each lesson in accordance with the
requirements
of
the
physical
education
syllabus[7].
Efficiency of handling a physical education process depends largely on the experience, knowledge and skills
of a teacher conducting these classes. Search for prevention and correction methods of a student’ body
functional condition is one of important scientific and practical tasks. In spite of the fact that students fall
into relatively healthy shape of population, their way of life is associated with physical inactivity, unhealthy
diet, significant neuro-psychological stress [2]. Therefore, students are often observed to have deviations of
the respiratory, digestive and other systems, which proves by non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, poor
work capacity, acrimony, sleep disorders, etc. [6]. Foreign researchers relate this to chronic lack of sleep,
decreased
interest
in
active
sports
and
tourism
(A.
Yampolska,
1993).
Such diseases as pneumonia, ear disease, dental disease and oral cavity[1] affect physical development
very negatively. Correlation of physical development and academic achievements [11, 12] is of particular
concern. However, there is no clear notion of this issue. Many authors see connection between students’
geodynamics disorders and the deterioration of academic performance. Performance may be affected by
some other shortcomings of physical development. Thus N. Belopolskaya and co. (1975) showed that
mental peculiarities of underachievers occur backed by the central nervous system disorders and a
weakened somatic status. Other authors relate students progress mainly to their individual characteristics
of
higher
nervous
activity
(V.
Lastovchenko).
Functional condition is defined as the central nervous system (CNS) background in particular
conditions. In labor physiology functional status is estimated by the results of work [8] and its physiological
value (level of energy demands). These figures are considered as the most integral indicator of functional
condition
[5,
8].
In this regard functional condition can be defined as an integral characteristic of human condition enabling
assessment
of
efficiency
and
physiological
cost
of
the
proposed
activity
[5].
Respiratory system respond promptly to any impacts. The respiration function is characterized by its
extreme mobility. Breathing capacity may change several times upon working depending on labor intensity.
Prompt supply of a body with needed amount of oxygen is possible only upon reorganization of respiratorycircular
system
functioning,
its
adaptation
to
increased
requirements
[4].
The facts presented above have identified the main goal of this study - studying health status
(functional condition of respiratory system) of 1st-2nd grade students of the Faculty of Foreign Languages.
The following tasks have been stated in accordance with the main purpose of the study:
1. To examine functional condition of respiratory rate of 1st-2nd grade female students.
2.
To
compare
the
results
obtained
at
1st
and
2nd
grades.
3. To estimate the respiratory system status of female students of the Faculty of Foreign Languages.
4. To compare data on respiratory system status in health with the data obtained as results of the study.
5. To determine the level and harmonious physical development of the tested.
The importance of functional studies [8] of respiratory system with the use of controlled activity is
determined by the fact, that body abilities are fully revealed not in motionless state but during muscular
activity
and
after
it,
i.e.
in
conditions
of
a
body
increased
demands.
st nd
76 students of the 1 -2 grade of the Faculty of Foreign Languages of the Karelian State Pedagogical
Academy are involved in the present study (38 people per grade). The study was conducted before the start
of physical education classes. Serkin three-phase test was used [1] as a functional testing technique. In the
first phase the time of breath-holding at breath-in in a sitting position was measured. At the second phase
the breath was measured in standing after 20 squatting in 30 seconds. Then a person rests for one minute
in a standing position. At the third phase of the test the time of breath-holding in a sitting position was remeasured.
Also,
the
study
used
methods
of
mathematical
statistics
[1,
3].
The
result
of
the
study
was
the
following:
st
st
st
At the 1 grade 15 girls (13%) out of 38 tested at the 1 phase can be referred to the 1 category - healthy
trained people (breath-holding more than 60 seconds). 19 people (50%) as a result of breath-holding test
(40 to 60 seconds) fell into the 2nd category - healthy, untrained people. And the result of 14 girls (37%) out
of 38 was less than 40 seconds, what can be referred to the 3rd category - those with circulation
inefficiency. During the 2nd phase of the test no one (0%) of healthy trained humans (category 1) out of the
38 girls could hold his breath after exercises for more than 30 seconds; 29 people (76%) to the healthy
untrained people (2nd category) could hold breath from 15 to 30 seconds; and 9 persons (24%) out of those
with circulation inefficiency – (Category 3) completed breath holding for less than 15 seconds. At the 3rd
phase of the test 4 people (10%) could be referred to the 1st category (breath-holding for more than 60
seconds); 20 people (53%) - to category 2 (breath-holding from 35 to 60 seconds); and category 3 (less than
35
seconds)
was
the
result
of
14
girls
(37%).
st
At the second year out of 38 tested persons at phase 1 of the test, 11 girls (29%) fell into the 1 category;
the 2nd category - 20 girls (53%); and the 3rd Category - 7 persons (18%). As a result of the 2nd phase of the
tested 2 persons (5%) were in the 1st category; 25 persons (66%) - in the 2nd Category; and 11 people (29%)
- in the 3rd Category. At the 3rd phase of conducted test 3 people (8%) out of 38 belonged to the 1st
category; 21 girls (55%) - to the 2nd category; and 14 girls (37%) - to the 3rd category.
Thus we can make the following conclusions: the findings of our study have shown that the adaptation
degree to specific living conditions is better detected by functional tests in form of graduated exercise.
At the 1st phase of the test functional indicators of the respiratory system are mostly within the
physiological norms; the same can be said about the 3rd phase - performance after some rest (recovery).
Anyway we cannot say the same about the 2nd phase of the test, where the breath was held immediately
after the load. If we compare the figures of the 1st and the 2nd grades, it is obvious that figures for the 2nd
course are higher than those for the 1st grade in all 3 phases. At the second phase of the test the same
trend is observed. And there is a number of tested persons (5%) at the 2 nd grade who can be referred to
healthy
people
trained
(at
the
1st
grade
it
is
0%).
rd
A similar situation is observed at the 3 phase - a second-year rates are higher than the first-year ones.
That is the characteristic of the functional indices of the respiratory system dynamics at the 2 nd grade
higher than at the 1st one. By the second year students are more trained and more accustomed to physical
and neuro-emotional stress; they have higher body adaptive abilities. All this was proven in all functional
parameters of the test.
References
1. Аулик И.В. Определение физической работоспособности в клинике и спорте. М.: Медицина,
1999.
2. Бальсевич В.А., Запарожанов В.А. Физическая активность человека. – Киев.: Здоровье, 1997.
3. Виру А.А. Функциональная устойчивость и физиологические резервы организма // В кн.:
Характеристика функциональных резервов спортсмена. Сб. науч. Тр. Л.: ГДОИФК, 1982.
4. Горанский А.И., Кирилина В.М. Адаптация дыхательной системы организма к физическим
нагрузкам в условиях европейского севера // Сб. Механизмы функционирования
висцеральных систем. СПб: РАН, 2001.
5. Данилова Н.Н. Психофизиологическая диагностика функциональных состояний. М.: МГУ,
1992.
6. Иващенко Л.Я., Страпко Н.П. Самостоятельные занятия физическими упражнениями. - Киев:
Здоровье, 1986.
7. Ильинич В.И. Студенческий спорт и жизнь. Москва 1995.
8. Кирилина В.М., Горанский А.И. Влияние стажа работы на адаптацию системы
кровообращения у мужчин-учителей разных специальностей // Успехи геронтол. 2010. Т. 23.
№ 1.С. 125-130.
9. Кирилина В.М., Элиляйнен Н.В. Влияние физической нагрузки на физиологические
механизмы кардиореспираторной системы у учителей в условиях европейского севера.
//Экология и жизнь 2000. С 17.
10. Реабилитация здоровья студентов средствами физической культуры: Учебное
пособие/Волков В.Ю., Волкова Л.М. –СПбГТУ, СПб., 1998.
11. Физическое воспитание студентов и учащихся. Под ред. Н.Я. Петрова, В.Я.Соколова. Минск
1988.
12. Физическая культура студента. Учебник для студентов вузов/ Под общ. Ред. В.И.Ильинича. –
М.: Гардарики, 2003.
13. Физиологические основы физической культуры и спорта: учебное пособие/Давиденко Д.Н..
– СПб., СПбГУ, 1996. – 134 с.
Attitude of the 2nd grade students of the Faculty of Physical Culture to polyathlon
Elena Feshina,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
Polyathlon is all-round event, contributing to harmonious physical development of population. Polyathlon
exerts impact on all systems of a body; it is an excellent means of developing basic physical abilities:
strength, speed, endurance, flexibility and movements coordination. Polyathlon classes are aimed at
improving national health status. These classes also help draftees and boys of preinduction age obtain all
the necessary skills for military service.
Since 2008 the "polyathlon" discipline has been introduced to the curriculum of the Faculty of Physical
Culture, KSPA. In this regard, there is a need to analyze students attitude to the new subject.
In order to identify indicators of students contentment with the content, exams passing requirements and
subjects study results, as well as relationships with fellow students and teachers we conducted a survey of
the 2nd grade students. Survey was conducted in January 2010. A month after the subject examination.
In measuring the degree of students contentment or discontentment we used 7-point scale by L.Likhachev
(1982). The study covered 43 students. We determined arithmetic means in points for each questions
block.
We found out that the characteristics of overall contentment with the study of "polyathlon" discipline
amounted to 5.3 points; contentment with classes organization and conducting - 5 points.
Among the factors influencing the effectiveness of students professional training, allocate them to a
conscious positive attitude toward the process of obtaining knowledge and skills in specific disciplines.
According to E. Ilyina (1987) and L. Likhachev (1982) a person’s interested attitude to a learning process is
largely determined by the formation of his/her contentment feeling with this activity. These authors define
the contentment (or discontentment) as a sustainable and long-term attitude towards performed activity
(as a whole and its different aspects). The latter is called specific contentment.
In this regard, we have estimated in our work peculiarities of relations between the 2nd grade students
general contentment and specific contentment with the "polyathlon" discipline.
We developed a questionnaire for this purpose. It focuses on students general contentment, and the
following types of specific one: contentment with facilitiess, content and results of the training, interrelations with peers and teachers. Total number of contentment indicators provided in the questionnaire
was 34. The degree of students contentment or discontentment was measured in a range from 1 to 7
points by the scale proposed by L. Likhachev (1979).
The results of the first part are given in Table 1 (only general indicators of different types of contentment).
Table 1
Indicators of the 2nd grade students contentment with “polyathlon” training
Types of contentment
Points
1. General
5.3
2. Facilities
5.0
3. Content
5.5
4. Results
5.3
5. Inter-relations with fellow students
5.9
6. Inter-relations with teachers
6.0
The table data shows that the characteristics of the overall contentment of the participants are not high –
5.3 points. Even less students are content with the facilities - 5 points. This is due to, primarily, the absence
of premises for shooting; there is no possibility to provide students with bullets; classes are often held
outdoors in bad weather. Contentment with the content of educational activities is significantly higher (5.5
points). This is due to high students contentment with content and quality of lectures (5.9 points), the
classes in a range (5.0 points), gym (4.1 points), the organization of physical development and functional
preparedness improvement (5,4 points).
Students are less content with the results of training than the content of training activities (5,3 points). This
is observed in the assessment of contentment with polyathlon practical part examination passing results
(5.9 points) and its classification requirements (4.9 points). However, the results of the theoretical section,
students rated highly enough – 6.2 points.
Students rated contentment with inter-relations with teachers as the highest one - 6 points. They evaluated
inter-relations with fellow students a bit lower – 5.9 points.
Thus indicators of students general and specific contentment with polyathlon training presented in the
Table 1 show that their attitude to the individual components of training activities and to all activities in
general is positive.
On initial level of swimming of KSPA 1st year students
V. Gavrilov,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
It is known that accountancy of the initial level of swimming preparedness of students is considered among
the factors contributing to the efficiency of swimming training. It, in turn, underlines the need for an
objective diagnosis of swimming skills of students at the early stage of the process of swimming training.
Specialists figure out such an integral index as swimming at the time. It is not accidental that the entrance
examinations for the faculties of Physical Culture typically include speed swimming.
In this regard, we established a goal to develop the regulatory requirements to assess the initial level of
preparedness of first year students in swimming and to set the level of preparedness of first year students
in swimming for Faculty of Physical Culture of the KSPA according to the results shown in a distance of 50
meters by freestyle.
Swimming was conducted in 25-meter pool waterstart. The study involved students of the four first courses
of the years 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009. The total number of subjects accounted for 222, including 66 girls and
156 boys.
We used traditional statistical methods of calculating the average arithmetic mean, average errors,
standard deviations, and a statistical criterion of differences t-Student.
All calculations were made separately for each course in the men's and women's groups.
To develop benchmarks for swimming for first year student there was used a standard scale, involving the
calculation of an average square deviation, and using of it to establish graduation of assessments and
standards.
The results of this part of the study are presented in Table 1.
Table 1.
Benchmark in swimming at 50 m
Mark
Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
Women
56
73
81
Men
43
51
56
Analysis of this table shows that the time interval between assessments "Satisfactory" and "Excellent" for
men 13 seconds, while the same gap for women is twice as higher - 25 seconds. This comparison indicates
that the initial level of preparedness of female students in swimming is significantly lower that the same
indexes for male ones.
As the result of determining of the swimming preparedness level of first year students there was found
(Tables 2 and 3) that the rates of the overall success of achievement of speed standard by FPC students in
the four-year period in both male and female groups have some differences. In particular, the female group
of the year 2006 had an average result in swimming better for 12.63 seconds than the female students
entered in 2007. In turn, the girls entered the faculty in 2009 lose 11,44 seconds by a similar indicator in
comparison with female students of 2008 (in both cases, the differences of arithmetic means of the
considered indicators are statistically significant at P <0.05 (Table 2).
Characteristics of swimming preparedness of the FPC first year female students.
Year of entrance
Indicator
2006
2007
2008
2009
Time of swimming for
59,79 ± 2,30
50м (sec)
72,42 ± 4,60
58,38 ± 3,30
69,82 ± 6,78
Success
rate
of
performance of high4,20 ± 0,14
speed standard
(in points)
3,52 ± 0,24
4,15 ± 0,24
3,83 ± 0,41
In male groups, as compared with female ones performance of speed swimming remain more stable over
the entire four-year period. An exception is the average rate of the high-speed swimming of students
entered in 2006, which is better than the similar indicator for a group of 2007 to 5.77 seconds (P <0.05,
Table 3).
Characteristics of swimming preparedness of the FPC first year male students.
Indicator
Year of entrance
2006
Time of swimming for
44,52 ± 0,94
50м (sec)
Success
rate
of
performance of high4,21 ± 0,12
speed standard
(in points)
2007
2008
2009
50,29 ± 1,16
44,45 ± 1,6
46,63 ± 1,05
3,60 ± 0,14
4,25 ± 0,15
4,00 ± 0,16
More stable performance of high-speed swimming among male groups, are proved by the arithmetic mean
of the marks for initial testing of their swimming preparedness(tables 2 and 3).
Only in the male group of 2007, the arithmetic mean of estimates for high-speed swimming have significant
difference from the same indicator of other groups (P <0.05, Table 3).
Thus, the study data indicate that the first year students of the KSPA FPC generally demonstrate initial
swimming preparedness equal to standards for marks "good" and "satisfactory".
On organization of school health teams
O. Gavrilova,
Teachers Training Institute of the Republic of Karelia,
city of Petrozavodsk
One of the main strategic objectives of the demographic policy of the Russian Federation is the increase of
people’s motivation for healthy lifestyles and the development of the responsibility for their own health.
Nowadays health is a vital value, which makes our topic really up-to-date. Schools must help pupils acquire
the knowledge and develop the skills they need to lead a healthy way of life. So a competent selection and
presentation of the teaching materials about healthy lifestyles is socially necessary.
Not a single school can be considered successful if the educational achievements are obtained by causing
health problems to children.
A school is an ideal place for health education and the development of healthy habits. It has an
opportunity to solve the tasks of preserving children’s health as far as all children study at school, their
studies last long, and studying (at school and at home) takes most of children’s active time. However, a
school is quite a conservative social institution which can not change quickly. Any change in the educational
process must be carried out systematically, because a child's capacity is limited.
A school can not substitute a hospital, it can not provide children with medical service, but it must create
the environment that is safe and enhances health by integrating health promotion into every aspect of the
curriculum, introducing healthy programmes and practices into schools' daily routines, improving working
conditions.
School health teams
Creating a school health team (in the program "The European Network of Health Promoting Schools" they
are called "school groups of health") might be one of the first steps in combining education and health
promotion in order to realize the potential of both.
The concept of school health teams is based on the ideas laid out by the European Network of Health
Promoting Schools about 15 years ago. A positive experience of the Finnish experts in health promotion at
schools is well - known in Russia.
The aim of a school health team is to teach children how to keep to healthy habits and to create a
responsible attitude to health.
For this purpose it is necessary to solve a number of problems:
o Create a team;
o Identify problems and determine needs of the school to plan health promoting activities;
o Assess school facilities and resources that are not used in full;
o Create training materials for teachers in topics such as health education and health
promotion;
o Devise, carry out, evaluate and report on activities to improve school environment, to
make schools better places to learn and work for pupils and school staff
o Create the environment that is safe and enhances health;
o Monitor the results of the activities.
Health Team
The team may include
o Coordinator,
o Headmaster,
o headmaster assistant in charge of extra-curriculum activities,
o physical education teacher and biology teacher,
o nurse or doctor,
o psychologist,
o parents,
o students,
o teachers that have specific training,
o class mistresses.
The participation of the Headmaster in the activities of the Health Team makes its work important and
ensures the implementation of its activities. A group might consist of 6-10 people. When it is needed, the
group may also invite other participants to join - partners and professionals from medical and social
institutions, youth and other public organizations, members of the municipal level and the media.
School Coordinator
A school health team is headed by a coordinator – a person responsible for the number of qualified
personnel. A school coordinator provides the management of the school health team, helps to plan its
activities, coordinates its work, communicates and cooperates with external organizations, parents,
students and other partners.
The role of the health team (group)
School health team uses such basic techniques as
o leadership
o planning and evaluation,
o communication,
o training and education,
o marketing and publishing,
o supporting and organizing a network,
o Influencing its actions and behaviour.
Health team activity
At the first meeting it is necessary to plan the activities of the Health Team. The tasks mustn’t be given to
one person, it is better to divide responsibilities among all participants. Health Team work should be as
open as possible, and it is necessary to announce its activities widely. Health Team needs the whole school
support.
Topics for reflection in the school community are:
What is a safe school that promotes health?
What is health? What is welfare?
Who is responsible for health?
How valuable is health?
What would you like to change?
What is a safe, healthy and successful school community/ environment?
Activities for students
You can propose health-related topics for students’ projects and essays about an ideal school in which they
would like to study. Discussions, debates, class meetings will also help to solve this problem. Exercises in
which one must find 10 criteria of a healthy school environment will be quite effective (first, the criteria
might be discussed in pairs, and then as a whole class and selected the best ones by voting), short plays
about school life and its problems, followed by a group discussion. You can also ask students to create
multimedia materials using information and communication technologies (presentations, videos, flash
animation), etc.
To start working with parents organize a meeting which must result in a draft activity plan.
A plan to promote a healthy school environment should be based on the needs of a school. It is better to
set one goal.
Example activities of a school health team
1. The organizational work (planning, determination of aims and objectives, distribution of
responsibilities)
2. Cooperation with partners
3. Information activities
4. Organization of extracurricular activities
5. Consultation on the planned activities
6. Meetings & Events
7. Monitoring
You can find out more details about the activities of a school health team in a teaching aid (a handout) for
teachers called ' How to teach about healthy lifestyles. Responsibility for the Future ", which was created by
a group of Finnish and Karelian specialists. You will also find there a checklist to identify needs and
problems of educational institutions to determine areas for creating a healthy school environment. This
checklist can help to include all the school staff in the activities.
The most important condition for this work is motivated and experienced teachers, tutors, headmasters
and interested parents who create children’s values and can influence heads of local governments as well.
The composition and activities of the teams vary as much as the physical circumstances and historical and
cultural traditions of the schools. It depends on the number of pupils, teaching staff, the geographical
position of a school, a school building, its comfort, parents, their cooperation with teachers and many
other reasons.
While launching the project of a healthy school environment, it is necessary to understand that this is not a
single event, but everyday work that requires constant training of those who do it. This is a multi-stage,
continuous process which starts in a primary school and continues until the end of school. Certainly, this
work should be supported by the government and those people who implement the work.
This work can be made easier if special training courses and training activities both in topics such as health
education and health promotion and in skills in such areas as communication, active teaching and learning
methods are organized for school teachers. It would be helpful to visit neighboring schools, participate in
seminars, conferences, exhibitions and competitions on health related topics.
This work will be successful if there are a lot of educational materials on health related topics, if the
activities are aimed at the development of the cognitive activity of children and adolescents and the
formation of their needs and abilities in maintaining their health and keeping to healthy habits.
Unfortunately, educational institutions which try to create a healthy school environment do not have
necessary facilities. Despite these difficulties, we can do a lot to be sure that our children are healthy. Our
task is to teach children and their parents the basics of a healthy lifestyle.
Preserving the health of schoolchildren is one of the main areas of strategic policy in education, which is
reflected in the national educational programme called "Our new school".
Thus, to address the problem of preserving health of all participants of the educational process we need:
 headmaster and teachers personal interest;
 families and pupils personal interest;
 training workshops for teachers, pupils and their parents;

succession of work from primary school to graduation classes including taking into account schools
characteristics, its facilities and etc.
Activity forms at a PE class focused on social and physical health improvement
L. Gladkikh,
PE teacher,
Secondary School of Yubileiny settlement
Having graduated from advanced training courses on the topic "Conjugate psychological and physical
development of younger pupils at physical education classes" I have decided to test static exercises system
with 2-4 grade pupils. Mental and physical health of schoolchildren is largely dependent on their social
skills. The society is aggressive; there are a lot of misdemeanors committed by schoolchildren; the cult of
physical culture was replaced by the cult of computers, videos; not only physical but also mental health
issue has become a serious problem (the use of psychotropic substances, drug addiction, alcoholism,
stress). Pupils with different social backgrounds study at our school. Many children come from
disadvantaged families, single parent families. The feeling of anger, prejudice, jealousy makes them angry.
But in wealthier families permissiveness becomes a major challenge for those children. In order to
strengthen not only physical health but also somatic and mental health I use innovative means of physical
education: static exercises (postures), folk outdoor games, creative exercises in which students create new
combinations of motor activity, facial exercise, breathing exercises, mental qualities developing exercises,
muscles tension and relaxation exercises, rhythmic exercises, relaxation exercises.
The effect of special motor modes on child psychology can be very different. Much depends on type of
personality, temperament and attitude towards one or another motor activity type. Use of this technique
promotes physical development of children, development of their intellectual abilities and formation of
social skills. I have been working in this direction for three years and I can assure the effectiveness of the
work. Pupils’ morbidity rate has decreased (2-4 grade pupils). Results in mental sphere are also obvious.
Training in line with this technique occupies 26% of the total hours of physical training (68 hours a year)
and conducted within study of "Acrobatics", "Gymnastics".
In the sports-game project "acrobatic exercises" the task: to develop the creative initiative of students.
Children’s goal within these games is to be able to fulfil their potential in acrobatic exercise. The
introductory phase is aimed at preparing students for upcoming workload, strengthen muscle and
ligaments, circulation and respiration organs.
Main phase of a class consists of is under construction sketches music. Then pupils go smoothly to final part
of a class. Children do a pose of shavasana - or how I call it "dead pose". This pose is important for rest and
relaxation. The second task of a pose, asana, is to depict a monkey on a rope and a ball. In the final part
called "Fakir" children sit on mats or rugs cross-legged, relaxing music (3-5 min).
At home: look carefully at an item, close eyes, describe it.
Development of communication skills at a health class at the 4th grade called "Obstacle course" under the
motto "All shall overcome!" A class includes asanas (poses), creative exercises, conjugate nature exercise.
In the main part of the lesson I conduct "the ball is rolling forward” exercise in order to consolidate front
roll, and "the ball is rolling backward" exercise to consolidate back roll. The obstacle course should include
age relevant exercises. After the obstacle course I conduct an exercise "weightlifter": chidren tighten
muscles, raise a barbell, slightly bend legs, barbell on a chest, raise above a head, straighten and bend
arms, barbell on a chest and bend a body, bar to the floor.
In the final part of a class I use exercises for developing communication and organizational skills.
Active games are of great importance at a class.
Game is the main type of activity which provides a variety of types of movements (running, jumping,
crawling, throwing, etc.).
Games can be divided into two groups: purpose-oriented (to maintain posture, strengthen muscles of a
back) and mobile aimed at general development.
Substantial improvement in posture can be reached by a combination of general developmental specific
corrective exercise with massage of a back. A teacher can use these games: "Slow but steady wins the
race"," Ball in a circle "," Do this - do that" and so on.
The role of a class supervisor in youth physical development
Yevdokiya Gudalina,
Honored teacher of the Russian Federation,
Municipal Institution of General Education “Lyceum # 67”,
city of Tolyatti
The significance of physical education during one’s school years relies upon providing the foundations
for overall physical development, health improvement, and motor skills development. All this leads to the
appearance of objective preconditions for one’s harmonious development. Full development of school
children is almost impossible without active physical classes. It has been found out that the deficiency of
motor activity causes the intense deterioration of children’s health, weakens their protective abilities, and
does not provide full physical development.
Our country and our society need healthy, courageous, enterprising, competent people who are
ready to study and work for the welfare of their motherland and to defend it in case of need. There have
been serious changes in the political, economic and social spheres of our country in the 21 st century. These
changes have led to the serious exacerbation of social relations in our society and the psychological state of
people. And the main cause of anxiety is the fact that such social evils as crime, drugs, and alcohol drinking
attract younger people. One of the reasons is that young people have plenty of free time which has
appeared as a result of the considerable reduction of sport sections and schools, various clubs and also
drastic deterioration of the financial well-being of most families. Not everybody can afford paid lessons.
It is not a secret that schoolchildren’s today’s state of health leaves much to be desired. According to
the numerous data of medical and ecological studies the level of children’s physical development tends to
fall. The facts show that a lot of illnesses have become “younger”. For instance, while in the past mainly
elderly people suffered from high blood pressure, nowadays more high schoolchildren, secondary
schoolchildren and even primary schoolchildren suffer from it. More and more abnormalities in the
musculoskeletal system (poor posture and flat feet) and increase in catarrhal illnesses are recorded. The
main reason is decrease in motor activity and lack of physical activity leading to health problems among
pupils.
We also know that nowadays our children get more information and that it has a negative effect on
them. That is why we should think of organizing leisure time activities for children. Sometimes it is enough
for a pupil to start doing sports, to become a member of a sports team working under the supervision of an
experienced trainer in order to gradually become fit, polite, to study well and to get rid of bad habits.
Sport can serve as an important means of moral upbringing. Such renowned traditions of Soviet
athletes as deep love for the motherland, rejection of own interests and benefits in order to provide victory
for your team, mutual aid, adherence to principle and honesty in competitions, respect for the rival help to
form high moral qualities.
Finally, sport teaches children not to be afraid of difficulties and in order to achieve their aim to
overcome all the obstacles which appear in their way. It helps them to develop the will to win, confidence
in their power and resistance to failures. However, they should not do useless things; they should have
some reasonable goal and certain aspirations. And if a child does some activity that does not bring them
any pleasure, they quit it very quickly. Thus, in order to realize all the significance of their activity,
teenagers must understand its prospects. And aiming at success, they will do sports with pleasure.
Aspiration to success is the main incentive. The aim of a teacher is to help all their pupils to achieve success
in their activity.
In sports competitions teenagers can usefully apply their energy, natural desire to compare their
power with that of their friends, show their bravery and agility. Sport accustoms schoolchildren to regular
physical exercises, i.e. to training which provides the development of one’s will and physical qualities.
Sports classes have a great emotional influence on a child. Perhaps it is difficult to name something more
exciting for schoolchildren than sport.
This fact determines the choice of such important organizational types of work with children as
sports events.
The analysis of the educational process in the sphere of physical education of schoolchildren has
shown the following:

It is important to take into account the individual physiological age- and gender-specific
characteristics, demands and personal qualities of schoolchildren.

The formation of only physical qualities badly influences the development of a child’s
personality and distorts the genuine idea of physical education.

Not only motor activity but also moral, intellectual and overall cultural upbringing plays a
great part in the effective physical development of schoolchildren.

We should remember that physical culture is an important part of the general culture of
society and its aim is not only to perfect one’s physical state.
Physical education should help children to determine a permanent motivation and demands for
concerning about their health and good physical state, full development of their physical and mental
qualities, for the creative use of means of physical education and leading a healthy lifestyle. That is why it is
very important to include physical breaks, sports competitions, sports festivals, and lessons in sports
sections and clubs in a schoolchild’s daily routine.
Various activities, especially in the open air, are an active type of rest after mental work at school and
doing one’s homework. Such rest calms one’s nerves and strengthens the nervous system, improves a
child’s mood and considerably increases their capacity for work.
The aim of these activities is:

to form a person’s physical culture, to prepare graduates for their future life (for socioproductive work, for serving in the army, for upbringing their own children);

to make a person understand the necessity of physical activity, of having an attractive body
and of optimal physical development and good health;

to develop skills in using physical culture as a means of upbringing of the youth, to unite the
future family and to popularize a healthy lifestyle.
During A. Pushkin’s school years spent at lyceum there was no such subject as “physical education”.
As a matter of fact such a concept did not also exist before the revolution. The subject “sport” was not
included in the curriculum. But how did lyceum students spend their time? They got up at 6 a.m. when the
bell rang. On Wednesdays and Saturdays they had fencing and dance classes. By the emperor’s order, in
1816 horse riding and swimming were included in the curriculum. Lyceum students took physical education
quite seriously. For example, Vladimir Volkhovsky had wanted to become a soldier since his childhood and
prepared himself for a hard life. Being weak from birth, Volkhovsky managed to reach physical perfection.
He got up long before 6 a.m., sponged down and did morning exercises to warm up his muscles. He always
slept on bare planks; while doing morning exercises he put heavy dictionaries on his head in order to
increase the load. With these dictionaries on his head he walked about the room trying to develop the right
step and a good posture.
Nowadays the development of physical culture is at the most difficult stage; so much has already
been missed. The number of PE lessons cannot satisfy the shortage of motion of children and teenagers.
Trying to find a solution to this problem, we could include the third PE lesson in the curriculum.
However, teachers face considerable problems connected with it. Firstly, there is no thoroughly worked out
and well-grounded programme for this third lesson. Secondly, as a rule, there is no extra room equipped
for such classes. There are many other pitfalls which are still important, though they are of secondary
significance.
Up-dated physical education suggests the following structure: two PE lessons oriented to education,
the third PE lesson aimed mainly at health improvement, home physical exercises with the aim of
upbringing, extra-curricular physical activities (health improving physical activity, school sports sections)
the main purpose of which is the development of schoolchildren.
We should find a special approach to the child of every age. And a homeroom teacher should know
the age-related and individual mechanism of personality development of schoolchildren, problems and
difficulties which appear at every stage of becoming mature. One should point out that the period of
education at secondary school coincides with the stage of pubescence. This period is characterized by
heightened excitability and the instability of the nervous system. The individual peculiarities of the physical
development of schoolchildren are determined according to the results of medical control. Physiological
abilities of the same aged children can differ a lot. That is why it is important to find an individual approach
in the process of physical education.
In comparison with other school subjects, physical education has its specific character and this
demands special requirements for organizing and conducting PE classes.
Physical education of schoolchildren plays a great pedagogical role. It encourages pupils to lead a
healthy lifestyle, helps them to achieve success in the future and be ready to face difficulties. Physically
educated children become healthy people and true members of our society.
I have been working as a PE teacher for 48 years already and have always been a homeroom teacher.
I always start getting acquainted with my class by looking through their documents. It is interesting for me
to learn who and what their parents are and what hobbies they have, what illnesses their children have had
and whether they have had any injuries. Then I get to know the children directly and individually. I talk with
them a lot, attentively watch every pupil at PE lessons, take into account the abilities of each of them, give
them and write down individual tasks. I check how they do their tasks and then advise them what sports
sections to choose taking into consideration their abilities. And only a month or a month and a half after, I
start getting acquainted with their parents inviting them to an individual talk. I give them advice on how to
bring their children up. Afterwards I hold a parent-teacher conference aimed at bringing up the pupils of
my class taking into account their state of health and abilities, help to organize their work (connected with
schooling and sport). I try to do my best so that the children will not have much free time. After all, when
they have a lot of spare time, they can easily get into trouble. I conduct homeroom meetings to which I
invite famous athletes, mainly my former pupils (Alexandr Ryabov, a member of Russia’s Olympic team;
Alexandr Gerunov, the repeated champion of Europe and the world; V.P. Kokshin; Oleg Kiryakov; etc.)
At the first parent-teacher conference we agree to hold a competition called “Mother, father, and me
are a sporting family”. The winners get some prizes. At weekends we often organize outings in the open air.
There we play games, recite poems; sometimes we take a cross-country walk. One of the compulsory forms
of physical education is a hike. We can go on a hike on the so called “health days” or after classes. Practical
skills and abilities, as well as physical qualities, are developed during a hike. It helps to get to know the
children better and, what is also important, to get to know their parents. And then I know what I can rely
on and what support I can receive from them. I seek to encourage all my pupils to keep in touch with the
heads of the sports sections they attend so that the children will not skip their lessons. I inform the trainer
when somebody is ill. Visiting parents at their place, I have an opportunity to learn the whole family of my
pupil, their relationships better and sometimes even to help them to save their family from breakup. After
a school year, beginning in the fifth from, we go on a two-night-and-three-day hike. After such an active
rest the relationships with the children and their parents improve even more. One can learn a lot about the
children. Now we do morning exercises together and even some of the parents join us.
On holidays we go to tourist centres or on a three- or four-night hike. So, every year we make our
hikes longer. By the end of secondary school our hikes last 10-12 days. This gives us an opportunity to study
the history and beauty of our native land. Besides PE classes, we have interesting homeroom meetings. We
take part in all school events, attend exhibitions, performances, concerts, go to other towns/cities the
culture and history of which attract us. As a result, the atmosphere in the class becomes friendly and the
children feel comfortable.
During all the years spent by my pupils at school, I keep in touch with the physicians of our lyceum. If
initially some children have abnormalities in physical development, by the end of secondary school 90% of
them become absolutely physically healthy. Moreover, many of them get more physically developed.
All parents want their children to be healthy, strong, agile, fit, hardy, and to study well. The
comprehensive education of a child, the development of their spiritual and physical qualities, and their
personality development depends a lot on their parents. One of the main aims of family education is to
take care of children’s health and their proper physical development. It is easy to imagine how happy
parents are if they have no problems with their children’s upbringing. By the 11th form the children become
really nice. I love them a lot and I like my job. I am glad to hear that other children want to study in my class
and ask the headmaster and their parents about it.
Physical education has recently become a vital problem. According to the order of the President of
the Russian Federation special conditions (social and economic) must be provided to persuade people to
lead a healthy lifestyle. Money is allocated for the development and reconstruction of sports complexes;
television, radio and other mass media popularize a healthy lifestyle. In his speech, taking into account the
results of the participation of Russian athletes in the winter Olympic Games, Dmitri Medvedev pointed out
that our country possesses all the necessary resources for achieving good results in sports and involving as
many people in sport as possible. He also demanded to create conditions to encourage 50% of Russia’s
population and at least 80% of children to do sports. This fact shows how essential this problem is in
modern Russia. Accustoming people to an active lifestyle, we will not only make our life longer, but will also
promote the longevity of our country.
My opinion is that being a homeroom teacher, a teacher of physical education will be more
successful in making children healthy, strong, and friendly, and in helping them to become real patriots of
their motherland.
Prophylaxis of degenerative disc disease with dynamic and isometric exercises
S. Guz
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
According to World health Organization data (2000) spinal disorders incidence reached epidemic level and
became one of the central economic losses reasons even in developed countries.
Epidemiologic watch indicates no difference in musculoskeletal system diseases incidence between
genders. Lifespan incidence is a little higher among females than males. Musculoskeletal system diseases
are more widespread among those subjected to prolonged standing or walking.
It is known that pain syndrome of spinal disorders is determined by muscle and ligament dysfunction,
degenerative disc disease, spondylosis, herniated discs. Disc degenerative changes are usually located in
lower cervical and lower lumbar spine as these are overloaded and make greater amount of movements.
Treatment of musculoskeletal system diseases is challenging. At present the majority of men suffering from
these illnesses are conservative treatable. Conservative therapy is considered the basic one and includes
use of medicines, orthopedic and physiotherapeutic healing methods, manual therapy, exercises therapy
and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (G. Ivanov, 1994, S. Chapman, C. Defranca, 1999).
Basic types of treatment at present are the following:
1. Rest,
2. Using spine immobilization bandages,
3. Special mattresses,
4. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
5. Muscle relaxants,
6. Manual therapy and massage,
7. Reflexotherapy,
8. Traction,
9. Physical exercises,
10. Training programs in patient care,
11. Psychological correction,
12. Surgical decompression.
Physical exercises are used for restoring normal muscle tension, improvement of lymph and blood
circulation in a disease segment, toning up muscles of back, abdominals, and elimination of fault in posture.
The initial period of exercise therapy focuses on loosening up muscles being in protective tension and
improvement of anatomic relations of spinal structures thus contributing to decrease of pain syndrome.
The ultimate goal of the course is spine stability increase.
Spine traction is an important method of pathogenetic therapy of pain syndrome (Y. Popelyansky, 1962, B.
Dubnov, 1967, E. Salganik, T. Bashkina, 1971 and others). Treatment by traction method is usually
conducted through: spine relief by intervertebral distance broadening, rippling muscle disease easing, intradisc pressure decreasing, intervertebral foramen height increasing, what leads to root decompression and
edema fall, eliminating intervertebralis subluxation thus making decompressing effect.
Anyhow many experts suggest that the majority of methods provoke only temporary ease of pain
syndrome, but do not solve the problem itself.
3 year long survey studied efficiency of dynamic and isometric exercises as means of degenerative disk
disease prophylaxis. All 80 persons took part in it, mostly schoolchildren of 12-17 years old.
The bulk of 45-58 year group, according to specialists’ data, had been suffering from degenerative disc
disease from 7 to 15 years. Competitive sports players (20-30 year group) had had various injuries
accompanied with pain syndrome in spinal zone upon physical exercising. The majority of schoolchildren of
12-17 year old participating in the pedagogical experiment had round shoulders, scoliosis, etc.
The elaborated training methods included exercises for strengthening body muscles alternating with
constant spine traction. Hyperextension (facedown thigh lying, legs fixed, bending of the body and trunk
extension) was used as a key measure to strengthen muscles of back. The training involved as dynamic as
isometric exercises. Usually training program included not more than 4 exercises each of them done the
following way: first week – 2 times by 10-15 repetitions, second week – 3 times by 10-15 repetitions, third
week – 3-4 times by 10-15 repetitions. The load was increasing gradually within 3 weeks (trainings were
held once on 2 days). First trainings were devoted to no weight hyperextension: firstly 5-7 repetitions
dynamically, then holding for 10-15 seconds body parallel to the floor, then again 5-8 dynamic repetitions.
After 3 trainings (from the second week) the load was gradually enhanced to 5-10kg. The elderly were still
doing no weight hyperextension in dynamic mode, but carried out 10-15 seconds body holding with the
specified weight. Upon completing a set of exercises everybody had to do bar hang of 5-10 seconds
duration. The exercise complex also included exercises for abdominals, muscle of back, lateral exercises.
The sample program of week strength training (for degenerative disc disease prophylaxis) is shown below.
It should be pointed out that all experiment participants were doing other exercise sets as well with weight
aimed at development of different groups of muscles: leg, arm muscles, pectoral and deltoid muscles.
Day 1
Warm up: 5min stationary cycling, calisthenics, flexibility development exercises.
1. Bench lying, leg raises – 3 * 10
2. Hyperextensions – 3 * 10
3. Sitting, vertical row to chest (lats exercise) – 3 * 8-12
4. Standing, bending sideways with a dumbbell – 3 * 8-12
5. Gymnastics – 10min.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Day 2
Warm up: 5min stationary cycling, calisthenics, flexibility development exercises.
Sitting, body bending on a machine – 3 * 8-15, no weight
Straight-leg deadlift (back) – 3 * 8-10
Standing, bending sideways with a dumbbell – 3 * 8-15
Hyperextensions – 3 * 10-15
Sitting, horizontal row (lats exercise) – 3 * 8-15
Gymnastics – 10min.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Day 3
Warm up: 5min stationary cycling, calisthenics, flexibility development exercises.
From bar hang, knee chip-ups to chest – 3 * 5-15
Hyperextensions – 3 * 10-15
Standing, barbell on shoulders bending – 3 * 5-8
Sitting, vertical row to chest (lats exercise) – 3 * 8-12
Standing, bending sideways with a dumbbell – 3 * 8-15
Gymnastics – 10min.
The survey results have indicated that almost all experiment participants experienced rapid decrease of
pain syndrome, flexibility and lumbar-spine mobility increased significantly. Before the course the majority
of patients of above 40 years group said that forward bend produced acute back pain. After 3 week training
by the program the bulk indicated that pain syndrome had gone. Flexibility, especially active flexibility, of all
participants improved. Participating schoolchildren improved their posture. Almost all pupils indicated
significant improvement of well-being (insomnia, anxiety presentations, mood swings, etc decreased or
disappeared) and increase of dynamic and static endurance, decrease of spine pain syndrome recurring
after 6-8 school classes.
Every participant upon completion of the course received a specially elaborated memo bearing description
of not only preventive measures, but also exercise sets for home training. What is more the majority of
them repeated the course every 6-12 months.
Judging from the survey results I can make a conclusion that the proposed methods of degenerative disc
disease prophylaxis and dynamic and isometric exercises, in particular, are the absolute efficient.
The conducted survey has shown that this activities are promising and thus have to be continued attracting
experts of health care and other fields for a comprehensive evaluation of dynamic and isometric exercises
as means of degenerative disc disease prophylaxis and elaboration of specific recommendations.
Health of our children is our common concern
S. Ilyinova, Principal, Chupinskaya Secondary Comprehensive School,
G. Pevtsova, PE teacher, Chupinskaya Secondary Comprehensive School
“The only beauty that I know I know is health”, H. Heine
Education is a necessary, almost vital element of social-cultural and economic development of a country.
Thus one of the objectives of education is physical, psychological and moral well-being of younger
degeneration.
The School Development Program stipulates principle of preservation of pupils’ physical and mental health
and use of health saving technologies as priority measure.
In 2007 the school participated in the Republican Contest of Comprehensive Institutions introducing
innovative educational programs. It was awarded the First Certificate and received state budgetary aid
from the Republic of Karelia.
Elaboration of health improving measures is an important part of school work. The school has set up a goal
of pupils’ health preservation thus creating a mechanism of health saving environment formation. This
concerns organization of the educational process and study day regimen, abiding sanitary norms and
hygienic requirements to study conditions, provision of motor activity, proper medical services, and meals.
Efficient and simple methods of health improvement are utilized at our school; these are vitamin therapy,
iodized salt use, nearsightedness prevention by special eye exercises during a class, systematic change of
pupils’ sitting order, illumination and ventilation control, wet cleaning, correct furniture arrangement.
Proper motor activity amount is provided by PE classes, health-improving warm-ups and PT breaks in the
first part of a day, participating sport clubs.
Diagnostics of schoolchildren health status is carried out by school medical assistant and specialists of
Chupa out-patient department. In-depth medical examination ensure comprehensive analysis of organs
and systems condition, estimate a pupil’s individual development, determine type of a group for PE classes
and further conduct monitoring of children health.
Acquisition of skills a schoolchild should possess is of paramount importance for health saving environment
functioning. So a range of activities aimed at combating smoking, preventing alcohol and drug abuse,
venereal and infectious diseases.
The “Health” program embraces and coordinates the work of the pedagogical staff on pupils’ healthy
lifestyle promotion. Family of a child play an important role in this activity. The comprehensive “Health”
program unites efforts of teachers, administrators, school medical assistant, pedagogue-psychologist,
pupils themselves in supporting healthy lifestyle and children physical development.
The goal of the program is to determine reasonable measures for preserving and improving health of
schoolchildren, creating pupils favorable attitude towards healthy lifestyle as a key point for achieving
success.
Central objectives of the program are the following:
 Formation of pupils conscious attitude towards their physical and mental well-being;
 Formation of key social skills contributing to successful social adaptation and prevention of bad
habits;
 Promotion of healthy lifestyle, broadening pupils’ outlook in sport and physical training.
Participants of the program are:
 Pupils;
 Class supervisors;
 Subject teachers;
 School medical assistant;
 Pediatrist;
 School specialists (pedagogue-psychologist, social pedagogue).
The objectives of the pedagogical staff are:
1. To create conditions for preservation of physical and mental health of pupils;
2. To form negative attitude to bad habits;
3. To develop environmental awareness;
4. To form sport-recreational system;
5. To advance field trips;
6. Master new forms of work with schoolchildren’s parents for involving them into the process of
addressing the problems specified.
Health saving pedagogy is not an alternative to all other systems and approaches. Its main distinction is
competent care of pupils’ health as a central feature of the educational process.
Regular physical training assists in preventing many diseases, fruitful work, interesting life. Physical
education is obligatory not only for pupils’ acquiring motor experience but also formation of a persons’
motor activity foundation. Regular PE classes are conducted twice a week in line with v. Lyah methods
implying that pupils already have basics of physical culture compounded of sound health, proper physical
development, reasonable level of motor abilities, physical training skills and knowledge.
In you school we teach pupils physical exercises within the system of health-improving fitness aimed at
increase of body functional systems’ resources. Physical exercises of the system are divided into several
groups:
a. Various traditional aerobic exercises,
b. Alternating continuous (stream) gymnastic exercises,
c. Strength exercises,
d. Relaxation and recreation exercises (for active rest and general relaxation, breathing exercises, etc).
Valeological issues have been introduced partly to different school subjects in particular Life Safety. Study
materials contain crucial data on health saving needed for everybody.
Key term in valeology is harmony. Class supervisor collaborates with pupils also via valeological breaks, or
short conversations aimed at formation of positive attitude towards one’s health and useful health saving
habits.
Our school participated in the “Evaluation and introduction of drug prevention model in pilot
comprehensive schools” project. Our school elaborated the Program of drug prevention “Future without
drugs”.
The school carries out a range of mass events: Health Marathons, sports events, contests like the Best Sport
Class, the Healthiest Class, Athlete of the Year, etc. Our schoolchildren perform successfully in School
Olympics of the Loukhi district. In 2010 school team took the 3rd position in Ski Race within the Republican
School Olympics. Sports events like “Me and my folks are sporty!”, when pupils and their parents
participate joint competitions, journeys on foot, etc, have become a good tradition.
An old saying reads “Let your doctors be these three: easy going manner, comfort and life confidence”, this
is to be facilitated by healthy life style, physical training and sport.
Basic techniques used for development
of personality of students whose major is not physical training.
C. Ivankov, S. Litvinov,
Moscow City Pedagogical University,
city of Moscow
Nowadays the term “the professional development of personality” of students whose major is not physical
training is often used in the teaching-methodological aids.
It’s important to notice that one of the criteria of development for a person is the display of his or her
personal qualities during physical training. Physical training and sport play important role in the
development of a future specialist. Besides, they are the significant means for achieving goals. Different
kinds of physical training might be demanded for achieving goals in other spheres of life by a future
specialist. Physical training and sport give an opportunity to students not only to develop their physical
qualities, but also such kinds of qualities as intellectual, moral, aesthetic, social and psychological. That’s
why it’s so important to take age and individual characteristics of students into consideration. Physical
education influences also the social status of a person.
Breaking the personal development into stages is one of the serious problems of higher education. It
consists of three stages: 1.career choice, 2. shaping professional skills and traits of character of a specialist,
3. aiming at self-development and self-improvement.
It’s necessary to point out, that low level of physical education and the lack of awareness of the physical
culture as a value prevents students from an adequate attitude to their health and the development of
their physical qualities. As consequences, graduates that don’t get some knowledge can’t be professionally
developed in a proper way.
During PE lessons professional development of students whose major is not physical training is based on
educational and personal development. And every student has an opportunity to display his or her aiming
at individualization and self-improvement. In this case, individualization is work that is aimed at
development of the personality of a student and that is connected with personal improvement. And the
improvement goes along with getting knowledge about physical training and sport, about modern society,
besides, it is bounded with self searching. Staging of a person forming depends on the aims of a particular
student.
Rating as a form of complex assessment of students’ results is of great importance. It consists of 4
components: 1. attendance, 2. evaluation of the quality of students’ unassisted work (a report, an essay) in
a form of rating, 3. participation in sport activities that the department organizes, 4. rating of students’
physical skills. Tests for checking of students’ physical skills must meet some requirements such as
practicality and economy; also, they shouldn’t take a lot of time for preparing and holding. As a result, tests
are to be easy to interpret and interesting for students.
Adoption of this system of assessment will solve the following problems:
1. The development of physical training as an educational process.
2. The motivation rise.
3. The improvement of unassisted students’ work.
4. The problem of an objective grade.
To solve problems of higher education, that the students whose major is not physical training get, we
should use information technologies at PE lessons that is not widely-spread nowadays. The using of
information technologies includes: a preparation for lessons, an educational process, control, research and
writing learning aids.
Science-proven organization of an educational process at PE lessons plays important role in the
professional forming of a student. Nowadays using of exercises and tests, informational technologies and
rating as a form of assessment is the prerequisite for the professional forming of the students.
References
1. Бальсевич В.К., Лубышева Л.И. Концепция информационно образовательной компании по
развертыванию национальной системы спортивного ориентированного физического воспитания
обучающихся в общеобразовательных школах Российской Федерации // Теория и практика
физической культуры. – 2003. – № 4. – С.11-16.
2. Загревская А.И. Рейтинговая система оценки качества образования по физической культуре //
Теория и практика физической культуры.2007.-№ 3.– С.9–14.
3. Сырвачёва И.С. Информационно-аналитическая система оценки качества образовательной
деятельности по дисциплине «Физическая культура» // Физическая культура: воспитание,
образование, тренировка. – 2009. - №1, - С.68 – 71.
4. Ильин Г.А. Психолого-педагогические основы профессионализации личности // Ориентир. -№4. –
2006. – С. 24-38.
5. Левитан К.М. Личность педагога: становление и развитие. – Саратов, 1991.
School Physical Education in France
Claude Jouber,
La Rochelle, France
We, the Frenchmen, are followers of the Latin saying “mens sana in corpora sano” (a spund mind in a
sound body). Anyway this approach has not always been the priority, but only since 1936 when the
Government of the Socialist party headed by Leon Blum and the People’s Front introduced pay leaves,
attitude towards sports has changed.
Nowadays sports are very popular in France; moreover they are supported by the government caring about
nation health and by means of social insurance. In later years certain health problems have exacerbated
naming extra weight of the younger generation, ageing of population. These have been caused by
increased time of watching TV, eating unbalanced “convenience food”, use of new communication
technologies, multiple stress factors.
Physical Education at school.
Physical education at a French school is based on the age of pupils.
There are no any particular methods of PE and specially trained teachers for carrying our physical education
with junior children (kindergarten from 3 to 6 years old and primary school from 6 to 10/11 years old).
Primary school teachers are responsible for physical education of pupils. This practice means that if a
teacher him/herself is engaged in sports, he/she attracts children to this activity. But if he/she favors
“intellectual” classes, schoolchildren are not much involved in sport activities or even not involved at all.
Kindergarten and primary school curricular stipulate equal share of time for sports and arts. Even though
teachers tend to opt for painting or singing, but when it comes to motor development they leave pupils on
their own with balls.
Physical education teacher as a separate post appears only in the system of secondary education, starting
from the Collège – from 6th to 3rd grade (in France the numbering is in reverse order) and further in the
Lycée – from 2nd to Terminale (preparatory grade for passing Bachelor entry exams) grade.
At the Collège:
A PE teacher works 5 hours per week in 6th and 5th grades and 3 hours per week in 4th and 3rd grades.
Notably for the first time teachers of more “intellectual” subjects did not take PE teachers seriously, but
now the situation has changed. The truth is that physical activity of a pupil is often an element “restoring
the balance”, eliminating such incidents of behavior as violent acts. Sports become a type of regulator of
behavior: a child loosens up and gets positive motivation, stress decreases, opportunity of success
increases.
A PE teacher is able to view a schoolchild from a bit another point of view that teachers of academic
subjects. He/she notices peculiarities of conduct in a group, a community and personal characteristics.
At the Lycée:
A PE teacher has the same status as other teachers, because PE can be chosen as an examination with “2”
coefficient for entering Bachelor degree studies. I should emphasize that some pupils succeeded in
Bachelor exams thanks to a mark for PE.
Since introduction of PE exam parents’ attitude towards this subject has changed a lot. Specific
scientifically based program are used since 2nd grade for preparing a pupil for the exam. These programs
involve performing various kinds of sports (group and individual): handball, basketball, gymnastics,
athletics, tennis, swimming, yachting. Parents watch carefully progress of their child in physical training, as
credits earned in PE can compensate for subjects difficult for a pupil.
The Minister of National Education Luc Chatel is engaged in elaborating a new reform. According to the
central idea of the reform (presumably it is to start in September 2010) approximately 100 French Lycées
will devote after-lunch time to sport activities. The President N. Sarkozy has assured that he believes in
“educational values of sports”, so prelaunch time is to be for academic subjects while after lunch – culture
and sports.
The Ministry of Education does not supervise sport activities by networks of sport clubs and associations.
This choice is up to a child and nothing is obligatory. Boys mostly choose football, rugby or handball, in brief
ball games. Girls opt for gymnastics, dancing, horseriding. The choice can be determined by living
conditions or where a pupil lives – in a city, in mountains, by the sea.
Sport activities in clubs and associations have the reverse side: it is easy to start exercising, but soon a child
is to compete wit others, he/.she has to constantly advance achievements. The training occupies more and
more time. Injuries, incidents happen. When a high level of sportsmanship is achieved, doping becomes an
inherent part of further progress. If only the goal of sport activities could be reaching of equilibrium
between physical and moral aspects of life, harmony, well-being and freedom. But sport clubs and
associations function thanks to their champions. Otherwise they would not gain any financing.
Financial aspect of sport activities depend on many factors: where a club is situated – in a big city or a small
village, what equipment it has, etc. Anyway parents of little athletes bear all the expenses.
Training of high profile athletes:
Sports elite is formed in two ways:
- Within the frames of national Education system – sport sections (usually in Lycées).
- “Poles of France and hopes”.
School sport sections provide an opportunity for young athletes, selected by National Leagues in their
events, continue school study adjusting the schedule to requirements of this particular kind of sports. In La
Rochelle there is a section which has helped many its athletes to achieve the rank of national and Olympic
champions.
“Poles of France and hopes” is continuation of sport section at a higher level – for the “Elite” category (1625 years old). Athletes holding national and international awards fall into this group. All the activities of this
group is specifically equipped and supervised.
The Government and local authorities control a broad network of sport institutions and associations.
Thanks to this system almost every person has an access to sport activities. Every community has its own
sports gym, where clubs and association carry out various sport activities. If a community is too small, it is
united with other communities. Communal budget holders are aware of how much money are to be
allocated to sports in order to meet needs of the voters in these activities. That’s why sports element is
usually significant.
As an example I would like to tell about most popular sports among La Rochelle residents:
- Yachting with our international champions and Olympic champions, as well as within traditional
regatta which have excellent reputation,
- “Rupella” basketball club (2nd national division),
- Rugby with “Stad Rochle” (the club is in the list of 14 best French clubs who have own stadium),
- November marathon (the second in France),
- Swimming with “Canal Rochle” (regional level competitions).
Sport life of La Rochelle involves not only excellent professionals (teachers, trainers, instructors), sports
provides employment for many people: administrators, managers, businessmen, plus people engaged in
organization of active leisure (entertainment parks, recreation facilities). Among entities attracting tourists
La Rochelle and our Department of Coastal Charente occupy the third place in France after Paris and Mont
Sant-Michelle. This is the example how sports and active leisure can become important factors of regional
development.
Alcohol and the youth
V. Kalabin, T. Kalabina,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
Fighting alcohol abuse is a crucial social and medical goal of any state. Even small amounts of alcohol can
be the reasons for significant troubles: injuries, accidents, family disruptions, reproductive disorders, loss of
ethical values thus as a consequence endangering national security.
More and more young people are getting abused with drinking beer. As in public opinion beer is not almost
alcohol, but it is cool. Need to have a drink of beer does not provoke any serious concern among the youth,
as need for drinking vodka, for example. Beer abuse progresses more subtly, than vodka abuse, but its
consequences are much more serious. Developing gradually it transforms into beer alcoholism. Beer
drinking subculture leads to formation of an addiction what may result in degradation of the person and
whole generations. Beer alcoholism afflicts brain cells more severely than vodka, thus leading to intellectual
and mental disorders.
Beer alcoholism forms a particular lifestyle with its rituals and habits. In this respect drinking beer
can be compared to smoking: a beer alcoholic finds it extremely difficult to get rid of a habitual bottle, as a
smoker — of pack of cigarettes. Moreover beer is affordable and available to all.
Raising students’ awareness on consequences of drinking alcohol and its social impact is a crucial matter.
Success of preventive work among schoolchildren and students depends on acute determination of
prevalence of drinking beer among them.
Students of the Karelian State pedagogical Academy, 54 students of 4th years of the Faculty of Physics and
Mathematics (FPM) and 56 students of 3rd year of the Faculty of Physical Culture (FPC), have taken part in a
survey.
Despite the fact that 100 % of polled consider beer an alcohol drink and recognize all the health hazard
provoked by it, it is the most popular alcohol drink among the students. The majority considers possible
drinking alcohol “for the company” (FPM - 57 %, FPC - 51 %). Almost two thirds of polled consider drinking
alcohol at weekends possible (FPM - 60 %, FPC - 61 %). By the age of 14 about half of polled had already
tasted alcohol, the majority had done it with friends. Students of FPM of KSPA drink alcohol more often
than students of FPC. This is presumably linked with doing sports and sognificant physical activity. Students
of FPC are also more informed about the influence of alcohol on health, they know consequences of
alcoholism. Students consider family to be a central factor influencing a person’s attitude to alcohol; a full
family makes it better. It can be pointed out as a positive fact that the majority of the polled have learnt
about harmful impact of alcohol from parents (FPM — 41 %, FPC - 70 %).
Students are well informed about the link between alcohol abuse and rise in crime (FPM – 92.8 %, FPC -94.4
%). About one third of students answered positively the question on compatibility of alcohol and sports
(FPM – 41.4 %, FPC - 37 %). The majority said that the alcohol is a factor conducing contagion with sexually
transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS (FPM - 71.4 %, FPC - 67 %). All respondents also realize the threat
alcohol bears to offsprings (FPM and FPC – 100 % of replies).
Last year trend is obvious: more and more students give up drinking alcohol completely, proximately 15%
of the polled. 92 % of the polled consider it necessary to inform children on danger of alcohol.
As the state is fighting against drug abuse a lot nowadays, alcohol abuse is neglected. So we see a lot of
beer advertisements and its great consumption. Beer alcoholism is a problem frequently addressed by
narcologists these days. More and more young people become addicted to beer. Anti-drugs campaign
attracts a lot of attention what favors alcohol manufacturers.
The results of the survey have shown that even among students of the higher pedagogical educational
institution, the majority considers it possible to drink alcohol, beer in particular, pretty regularly. Therefore
this problem needs its further addressing, organizing and carrying out anti-alcohol work with youth.
Physical condition peculiarities of middle school age mentally retarded pupils
V. Kalabin, M. Karpovich,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
Mark
Mark
Mark
Mark
The data of clinical psychology prove that nowadays one of the most wide-spread forms of
anomalies of the psyche in early ontogenesis is mental retardation. The number of mentally retarded
children is increasing, that is why researchers are becoming more and more interested in the problem.
Mental retardation is a kind of dysontogenesis which implies delayed development, and light
intellectual impairment.
Mentally retarded children are physically retarded as well. Musculation underdevelopment,
muscular and vascular tension deficiency, and growth inhibition are intrinsic to such children.
School has to correct the defects a child has.
Lots of specialists believe that physical education lessons not only help to overcome mentally
retarded children’s physical defects, but also reduce difficulties in mathematic education, cognitive, speech
and sensory development.
This work is devoted to defining of middle school aged pupils’ level of physical condition and finding
out the differences in physical condition of mentally retarded children and ordinary ones.
The research was done on the base of School #14, of the city of Petrozavodsk, in a standard sports
hall. 23 pupils took part in the experiment: 7 mentally retarded pupils (grade 9G) and 16 ordinary pupils
(grade 9A). To evaluate pupils’ level of physical condition (physical alertness, alertness&strength, tolerance)
ordinary tests were used: 30/60/1000 m races and a standing long-jump.
The results were processed with the help of mathematic statistics methods. Arithmetic mean value
and Student’s validity coefficient were estimated.
The research consisted of three stages:
1. preparation;
2. organization, technical and methodical support of control tests performing, record sheet
completing;
3. mathematic processing of the results and analyzing.
The results show that ordinary pupils’ level of physical condition is higher than mentally retarded
pupils’ one. The difference is significant:
Mean value
Mean value of
Mean value of
Mean value of a
of 30 m race
60 m race
1000 m race
standing longjump
Mentally
5.0 sec
3
9.6 sec
3
284 sec
2
204 sm
5
retarded
pupils
Ordinary
4.8 sec
4
9.2 sec
4
248 sec
4
208 sm
5
pupils
So, ordinary pupils’ results are the following: alertness&strength – “5”, physical alertness – “4”,
tolerance – “4”, while mentally retarded pupils’ results are: alertness&strength – “5”, physical alertness –
“3”, tolerance – “2”.
The difference in levels of physical condition must be taken into consideration while planning the
work on physical education with mentally retarded pupils. The choice of the most effective means and
methods of conducting a lesson with reference to mentally retarded pupils’ individual peculiarities implies
correction and coping with defects a pupil might have.
Comparative study of physical health level of the 5th and the 6th grade pupils engaged and not engaged in
sport activities
O. Kapustkina,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
Diseases of cardio-vascular and musculoskeletal systems are on the rise, what is to a greater extent
predetermined by insufficient motor activity accompanied by poor environmental conditions and
imbalanced nutrition, as well as unawareness of health preservation and disease prevention issues. One of
priorities of educational institutions work is provision of improved and increased motor activity of pupils,
holding extra-curricular fitness and sport events, promotion of healthy lifestyle. Central goal of a school is
prepare a child, an adolescent for an individual life giving him/her all the necessary skills.
The issue of physical (somatic) health of children has always bothered parents and teachers. Within a
school study period the number of absolutely healthy children decreases in 4-5 times, particularly in 4-5
grades when pubescence and increased educational load coincide. High intensity of school study,
insufficient motor activity result in rapid decrease of emotional and mental condition and work capacity of
pupils, increase of anxiety level.
Nowadays demographic situation in the Republic of Karelia is negative. It is proved by worsening physical
health of population, increase of alcohol abuse, smoking and drug abuse particularly among youth.
In the Republic of Karelia the share of people engaged in sport activities or physical training accounts for
13.4% (101 thousand men) out of total population, while in economically developed countries this figure
amounts to 40-60% (A. Voronov, 2008). Physical exercises play an important role in preservation and
promotion of health of younger generation, ensuring high labor capacity. Researches of different authors
prove that reasonable physical load accompanied with balanced nutrition and healthy lifestyle is the most
efficient way of preventing many diseases and prolonging life expectancy (N. Amosov, 1987, A.
Agadzhanyan, 1989, R. Motylyanskaya, 1990, Matveev, 1991, V. Gnevushev, 2000, V. Luk’yanenko, 2001
and others).
The objective of the present research is to determine an opportunity to increase the number of PE classes
and their influence on schoolchildren physical health improvement. For achieving this objective the analysis
of physical health of 5-6 grade pupils was conducted (in Secondary Comprehensive School #14 of the city of
Petrozavodsk where since 1982 3 additional classes of PE have been introduced to curriculum. These
classes, each 45 minutes long, focus on track and field exercises).
Track and field exercises contribute to comprehensive physical development, health promotion. Popularity
of track and field is determined by its affordability and a wide range of exercises, easy methods, possibility
to change load and train all year long.
The survey of physical (somatic) health was held twice a year. It also embraced parallel study groups who
had no additional PE classes for collecting control figures. Express estimation was carried out by pretty
simple indicators available for any user and not requiring sophisticated diagnostic equipment. This complex
program includes 5 morphofunctional indexes (of Ketle, Robinson, Skibinsky, Shepovalova, Rufie) related to
level of adaptive-energetic potential of a person. Apart from general estimation of physical health the
program enables evaluating of every indicator and index separately, determine weaknesses of s pupil’s
body and give personal recommendations based on these estimations.
The survey results have indicated (pic1) the following figures of physical health. Boys from sport class
groups: 0% - low physical health level, 16% - below the average, 5% - average, 31% - above the average, 0%
- of high level. Boys from control class group: 29% - low physical health, 33% - below the average, 28.5% average, 9.5% - above the average, 0% - high level.
Pic1. Physical health of 10-12 year old boys
The same situation is with girls. (pic2)
Girls from sport class group: 12.5% - low physical health, 6% - below the average, 69% - average, 12.5% above the average, 0% - high level.
Girls from control class group: 20% - low level, 27% - below the average, 53% - average, 0% - above the
average and higher.
Pic2. Physical health of 10-12 year old girls.
The results of the research let us deduce that the level of physical health who have additional PE classes is
higher than of those 5-6 grade pupils who have standard curriculum. More physical activity and greater
load is recommended to children with low indicators in order to harmonize their development and improve
energetic potential of a body.
The results of the present research coincides with point of view of many authors that motor activity is one
of the key factors of 10-12 year old children health lifestyle formation.
Schoolchildren physical education at a sports ground
V. Kayumova
Physical education at a sports ground is an inherent element of physical education system. It is focused on
children health improvement and tempering, development of their vital physical qualities and skills,
fostering pupils’ interest to and habits of everyday physical exercising, formation of sanitary-hygienic and
organizational skills, etc. Physical education at a sports ground bears own specific features which should be
considered while organizing fitness and sport events. These are limited duration of a class at a sports
ground, different age and health status, physical development and alertness of pupils, as well as more
opportunities for active outdoor games, other kinds of sports. Effective tempering of children can be
achieved only at a sports ground.
All fitness and sport events are conducted taking into consideration age, health status, physical
development and alertness of children. These events are to meet pupils’ needs and interests, promote
development of their initiative and independence what are key principles of work at a sports ground.
Successful physical education at a sports ground is implemented only upon active participation of a
teacher.
Here I propose a program of a summer event called “Runner Day”. This event can be organized in any
school by PE teachers with senior schoolchildren as volunteers.
The Runner Day scenario
Preparation.
1. To prepare question related to the World Environment Day and A. Pushkin birthday:
a. What is the day today?
b. Who reads a poem by A. Pushkin?
c. What fairy tales were written by A. Pushkin?
2. To prepare a venue for a competition
3. To bake a sweet award-surprise
4. To prepare indexes to direct where the award is hidden
5. To prepare costumes for a fairy godmother, angry grandpa.
Holding an event.
1. Forming of participants, welcoming address, announcing the program,
2. Selecting children by age,
3. Race of preschoolers,
4. Race of 1-3 grade pupils,
5. Race of middle age children,
6. Game “Award-Surprise Stealing”,
7. Forming and awarding winners.
The scenario may include sport games. In our school we have been using a plot of stealing the awardsurprise from a “fairy godmother” by an “angry grandpa”. “Spies” selected from best runners, have to
guided by indexes find the award. In order to get indexes children had to fulfil particular tasks: answer
questions (related to birthday of A. Pushkin (June, 6) as the Runner day was held at the beginning of June),
take part in a race, do press-ups and other exercises. Upon awarding winners all the participants of the
event get sweet award.
Student Sports Union
R. Kemza, N. Kemza,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
Student sports in Russia has more than a hundred year history. Its establishing went through several stages.
Contemporary stage, started in connection with the period of reforming of social foundations and economy
transition to market relations, is characterized by appearing of new tasks in higher school physical
education aimed not only at improvement of students physical abilities but at stimulation their interest to
physical culture and sports, elaboration of values of healthy lifestyle, where physical activity is a necessary
condition.
In October 1993 by the initiative of State Committee on Sports, Ministry of Education of the Russian
Federation and the Olympic Committee of the Russian Federation the Russian student sports union (RSSU)
was established which continued activities of the All-Soviet Union Volunteer sport community
“Burevestnik” discharged in 1987.
The major goal of RSSU is rendering assistance to the government in youth policy strategy implementation
by effective management of student sports system in the Russian Federation and development of
international cooperation in the sphere.
General partners of RSSU are Federal Agency on Physical Culture and Sports, Ministry of Education and
Science of the Russian Federation, Olympic Committee of the Russian Federation, national unions on
sports, Russian Rectors Union, Russian Students Union. Vigorous activity is being carried out to create
departments of RSSU in districts and regions of Russia.
We should mention the role of executive bodies in the sphere of physical culture and sports of the subjects
of the Russian Federation in developing and promotion of student sports. Especially active policy is being
conducted by the Government bodies of Moscow, Saint-Petersburg and the Republic of Tatarstan.
RSSU unites sport clubs and organizations of more than 700 higher and 2500 secondary educational
institutions in the country. Currently the Union cooperates with 15 student leagues and sports federations.
About 10 thousand specialists hold regular lessons on physical culture and sports with students. In higher
educational institutions more than 60 sports are being represented, the most popular of them are
badminton, basketball, boxing, gymnastic, skiing, track-and-field, swimming, several combat sports,
fencing, football, table tennis, chess. Since 1994 RSSU holds massive competitions on these and many other
sports for students – Russian Championships among students.
All-Russia Universiade-2007 included 75 sport events held in different cities and regions of the country. The
program of competitions consisted of 52 sports. High skills of participants of student competitions are
testified by registered in an unbiased manner results at the level of national expansion teams. Each
competition became a real triumph of youth, sport and health.
Since 1995 Russian students – sportsmen have successfully performed at World Universiade and in
unofficial team classification they steadily enter the top three teams.
In summer 2009 in Belgrade the XXV World summer Universiade was held. July 5, 2009 a student from the
Karelian State Pedagogical University Alexandr Balandin won gold in exercises on the rings with total sum of
points equaling to 15,675. It was the first gold won by the Russian national team at the Universiade.
Except the Universiades theRussian national team defends the countries honor at the European and World
Championships among students.
Since 2004 3 world student championships in Russia, 3 scientific symposia have been held; from 2007 to
2008 2 world championships, 2 championships of Europe and 2 European cups among students have been
carried out.
One of the central projects in the sphere of student sports in Russia was nominating of the city of Kazan as
a capital of the World Summer Universiade-2013. In may 2008 Kazan got the right to host this competition.
Russian representatives actively participate in international sports organizations activities. The head of
RSSU is a member of the executive committee of the International University Sports Federation and the
European University Sports Association.
In February 15, 2008 in Petrozavodsk a constituting conference on creating a sport union of the Republic of
Karelia was held. During the conference a charter, a development program for student sports in the
Republic were adopted. The participants of the conference elected executive committee of the Union and
its president.
The first competition held within the Union was a match meeting on weight-lifting between the students of
the Petrozavodsk State University and the Karelian State Pedagogical University. In a hard-fought struggle
the Petrozavodsk State University won.
During 2008-2009 the Student Sports Union of the Republic of Karelia organized more than 20 sport
competitions where 15 higher educational institutions took part.
In May 27, 2009 the Student Sports Union of the Republic of Karelia work results were summarized. During
the ceremony winners in 5 nominations were named: 1. Winners and awardees of student sport
competitions, 2. Breakthrough of the year, 3. The best sport team, 4. The best coach-instructors 5. The
most sport-oriented educational institution.
The winners were awarded by a deputy Chairman of the State Committee on Physical Culture and Sports V.
Filin, head of the Department of the Committee S. Malashev, Dean of the Faculty of Physical Culture of the
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy A. Voronov and by the President of the Union R. Kemza. The State
Committee on Physical Culture and Sports provided all the competitions organized by the Student Sports
Union of the Republic of Karelia with prizes for winners and awardees.
The Student Sports Union of the Republic of Karelia was revived a year ago by the initiative of the State
Committee on Physical Culture and Sports and the Faculty of Physical Culture of the Karelian State
Pedagogical Academy. It is headed by R. Kemza, a chairman of the Department of Sport Discipline of the
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy. He stated that during a year 20 sport competitions with participation
of students from 15 educational institutions of the city were held; sport volleyball and basketball Leagues
were revived, but the main point was that students had desire to do sports and coaches had a desire to
train champions.
Among 5 winners of the “Breakthrough of the year” there were 2 students from the Karelian State
Pedagogical Academy – G. Potanin and E. Porygina. G. Potanin, a prizewinner of the competitions on
weight-lifting, was awarded the title of Master of Sports.
The best sport teams were three teams from the Karelian State Pedagogical Academy in five-a-side (the
second rank among student teams in North-Western Federal District), female basketball team and female
volleyball team, male basketball team from PetrSU and male volleyball team from the Petrozavodsk
Railway College (PRC) (the winners in student volleyball and basketball leagues). Seven coaches A.
Varlamov and V. Dement’ev (PRC), A. Samoilikov (Petrozavodsk Civil Engineering College), R. Matveev
(Petrozavodsk Pedagogical College), V. Losev (Petrozavodsk River College), M. Krainov and O. Kruglova
(Petrozavodsk Municipal Services College) were also awarded with diplomas for their work. The winners
and awardees were congratulated by female gymnast from the Department of Rhythmic gymnastics of the
Children Sports School #1, fitness aerobics team “Assorti” – prizewinners of 2008 Russian Championship
among students, and by the “Northern region” breakdance crew.
All speakers pointed out that student sports is promising, that the revived Students Union is a training pool
of champions. Representatives of the State Committee promised to render support to sportsmen and
wished them new records and victories.
Comprehensive alertness of an athlete to achieve high sport results
L. Kenareva,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
Formation of a personality within sport activity is articulated in relation to practical need in psychological
training of athletes. This problem was raised for the first time in 1956 at the First All-Union Conference on
Sport Psychology by A. Lalayan in his report "On psychological training of athletes for a competition".
Psychological training for an athlete personality formation has its own peculiarities. First of all, like all types
of training (physical, technical, tactical, integrated) formation of personal qualities provides high quality
training and psychological stability during competitions regardless any circumstances.
Psychological process of formation and improvement of sports relevant personality traits and their
underlying mental qualities has been considered by contemporary scientists G. Gorbunov (1986), Ukrainian
psychologists G. Lozhkin, O. Silsenko (1992). Summarizing different approaches to this problem they have
concluded that development of sports relevant personality traits and achievement of their stability makes a
person able to perform tasks in full accordance with the professional skills (knowledge, skills and abilities).
Another feature of the athlete characteristics’ formation is to develop qualities which provide high
performance in a particular sport.
Numerous studies of personal qualities contributing to success in sports show that athletes with different
capabilities can achieve success.
Leading scientists (N. Levitov, V. Myasischev, 1960) define human psychological phenomena and
psychological readiness to compete by the following elements:
- Self-confidence,
- Striving for the achievement of competitive goals, victory aspirations;
- Optimal level of emotional arousal;
- High noise resistance;
- Ability to control own actions, feelings, behavior.
Thus readiness of an athlete to compete is determined by his willingness to maximum exertion of will and
volitional effort in the process of competition, the existence and expression of personal and emotional
qualities specific to competitive struggle. So we should point out a significant role of emotional and
intellectual level of an athlete training.
We can distinguish several stages of training for majorcompetition:
- General psychological training involving formation and development of personal qualities and potential,
- Special psychological training – formation of a complete willingness to participate in competitions aimed
at maximizing physical, functional, technical and tactical abilities for sport achievement;
- Correction of psychological readiness for a specific competitive stress.
The most important stage of training is to create a comprehensive athlete's readiness to participate in
competitions. It promotes development of skills, abilities and knowledge for efficient self-regulation in
difficult conditions of a competitive struggle. They in their turn are the basis of personal qualities of an
athlete and characterize potential psychological readiness.
Some elite sport researchers suppose that functional readiness and efficiency of qualified athletes
competitive actions are greatly affected not only by the use of various training facilities, but also the states
of their performance readiness. In order to do this we must be able to analyze accurately the competitive
conditions, particularly physical and mental stress, major motor qualities, specialized competitive action,
commitment, and other moments that define successful accomplishment of own tasks.
Thus a process of development and education of individual athlete's specific activity qualities is focused on
efficient overcoming of physical and mental stress in order to achieve the highest sport results.
.
Importance of labor scientific management in saving health of physical education and sports institutions
personnel
Sh. Khubbiev,
Russian State Pedagogical University named after A. Herzen,
city of Saint-Petersburg
The sphere of physical culture and sport (PhC&S) is undoubtedly socially important. Its material and
spiritual values are popular in the modern society. Nowadays PhC&S functioning and development
efficiency is being increasingly dependent on its organization and management. Sound organization and
management of PC&S within the market economy can promote its progress or lead to stagnation or even
recession. Certainly the society is interested in progress of PhC&S. That’s why the PhC&S institutions
activities should be based on up-to-date organization theory and practice.
The paramount importance here is attached to organizing and self-organizing of activities by personnel of
PhC&S institutions, implying scientific management of labor (SML) of executives, their deputies, personnel
of departments and agencies, teachers and students of PC&S educational institutions. Scientifically
managed labor, sound communication system, management, education and sport-pedagogical activities
are conditions of quality improvement of professional training of physical educators and their work in
different PC&S institutions.
Higher quality of educational institutions work can be enabled upon determination of a needed input of
every personnel member and student into a final result of educational and sport-pedagogical activity. For
these means SML mechanisms should be applied.
The issue of SML in PhC is not a new one. K. Voronova (in 1974) and Sh. Hubbiev also addressed this issue in
their dissertation theses. But in 80s of the 20th century this problem was neglected even though its
importance is obvious. At present the solution of this problem is highly relevant. Unfortunately now there
are no specific researches conducted on the matter within PC organizations modernization processes. Some
aspects of SML in PhC are addressed in works of Russian and foreign authors.
We have to admit that traditional approach to organization of educational, training and competitive
activities of pedagogues and students is outdated. Applying of SML is to improve the situation.
SML in PhC&S institutions can be defined as time and expansion regulation of content and human
communications in educational, sport-pedagogical and competitive activities.
Nowadays introduction of SML into PhC&S institutions activities are predetermined by a range of
circumstances. Its introduction may promote health saving effect.
1. Human development principles are the basis for elaboration of SML directions ensuring systematic
collaboration of all subjects of physical education and sport-pedagogical activity. According to I.
Pavlov a human is a supreme product of nature, a sophisticated accurate self-regulating system.
This point of I. Pavlov gained its articulation in the dissipative structures theory explaining selfregulation processes in complex systems (a human, nature, society). Self-organization programmed
by nature is a mechanism of human biological and mental development. Educational and sportpedagogical activities are social phenomena complying with self-organization principles. So SML
based self-organization conditions are needed for personnel efficient work in PhC&S institutions.
SML regulated activities are based on principles of practicability and rationality, abiding by legal
norms, resources saving, economic feasibility, time management and its efficiency, devolution of
powers, work eurhythmy, healthful labor organization, devoting time also to self-education,
personal development, personal health improvement, etc. so we can argue that SML contributes to
health saving of personnel in line with principles of nature and social congruence.
2. Actors of PhC&S institutions are constantly formally and informally directly or indirectly collaborate.
Result of their joint activity depends on labor organization, its content and communications, that is
on SML. The anticipated health-improving effect of such a collaboration concerns socialpsychological factors and can be manifested in sympathies and antipathies. Relevant and precise
addressed communication can contribute to social welfare, but unregulated communication – vice
versa. SML creates conditions for social welfare, excluding for example emotional burnout
syndrome.
3. All levels of organizational structure of a higher educational institution need SML, when a chief
executive directly influences his/her deputies, heads of departments and agencies, and through
them – teachers and students, and gets a feedback. This scheme enables in time informing of
decisions made and controlling progress and implementation results, ensuring quality and
efficiency of educational and sport-pedagogical activities. Successful functioning of different levels
of a PhC&S institution’s structure creates potential for of mental and social health of executives,
teachers and students. Their mental health stems from modes of thinking, concentration and
memory, inner and moral aspiration to creativity, emotional stability, volitional and axiologicalmotivational attitudes to social conditions, common peace of mind, relevant behavior. Social health
of personnel and students of PhC&S institutions affects personal qualities and characteristics
harmonizing them with social needs, proper state of consciousness and mind, orientation to selffulfillment, conscious labor attitude, social acts of adaptation, creativity, mission, behavior, activity,
live outlook.
4. Actors of physical education and sport-pedagogical activity should be aware that all the documents
on decisions and orders regulate PhC&S institution functioning overlooking detailed time, place,
content scheduling of every employee’s work. That’s why fulfillment of a program, a plan, an order
requires actors’ organization and self-organization. This is impossible without proper SML system.
Introduction of SML in PhC&S institutions favors to moral health contributing to forming of
motivation and demands – values, convictions, attitudes and society behavioral motives,
occupational choice, professional advancement, longevity, professional adaptation and work and
study dependability, stress resistance and study and work safety.
5. Transmitted to lower organizational levels information should be detailed and relevant for use in
educational and sport-pedagogical activities of personnel and students. The upward flow in
information requires its processing at every administrative level for elaboration of decisions and
actions. Introduction of SML in PhC&S institutions creates conditions for such information exchange
and cohesion in educational and sport-pedagogical activities, minimizing unreasonable losses. As a
result social, mental and physical health of educational and sport-pedagogical actors improves.
6. Introduction of SML is to contribute to stress decrease or avoidance, regulation of work and
colleagues relations, all in all to mental well-being of educational and sport-pedagogical actors.
7. State policy on physical culture and sport is aimed at physical education quality and physical
training improvement. Market conditions hinder spread of physical culture values and healthy
lifestyle among the population. It is difficult to address these tasks without relevant SML system. Its
introduction to PhC&S institutions can provide for planning of work, finding time resources for
personal development and self-education, avoiding tension, overload and overfatigue, thus
favoring social, mental, physical well-being of personnel and students.
8. Now PhC&S institutions are getting more state financing as well as non-budgetary investment in
their development. So it is extremely important to use these funds and administer an institution
efficiently, properly organize work of personnel and students life.
9. Market economy has complicated administration of PhC&S institutions multisided activities due to
getting more freedom in choice of own development strategies, educational trends. Up-to-date
education of specialists and sportsmen is impossible without SML introduction to decision making
and implementation processes.
It is worth pointing out that influence of SML on PhC&S educational and sport-pedagogical actors
health saving is connected firstly with mental and social health, as well as with physical health.
The aforesaid proves that SML introduction to PhC&S institutions bears not only administrative, but also
health saving effect regarding all educational and sport-pedagogical actors. Degree of SML in such
institutions depends to a greater extent on scientific organization of labor of a chief executive
him/herself, on his/her commitment to scientific organization of educational and sport-pedagogical
activities of subordinates and students. If these characteristics are adhered to then we can agree on a
health saving orientation of this PhC&S institution policy.
References:
1. Войнар Ю., Подготовка физкультурных кадров. Традиции, реалии, перспективы: Монография /
Ю.Войнар [Текст]. – СПб. : РГПУ им. А.И. Герцена, 2000. – 228 с.
2. Пономарев Г.Н., Высшее профессиональное образование в области физической культуры:
состояние, предпосылки и направления обновления: Монография / Г.Н.Пономарев [Текст]. – СПб. :
Изд-во РГПУ им А.И. Герцена,2003. – 262 с.
3. Жолдак В.И., Кварталов В.А. Менеджмент спорта и туризма [Текст]. -М. : Советский спорт,2001.416.
4. Переверзин Н.И. Менеджмент спортивной организации : Учебное пособие – 2-е, перераб. и
доп. [Текст]. – М. : «СпортАкадем Пресс,2002. 244 с.
5. Воронова К.А. Научная организация труда в аппарате областного (краевого, АССР) комитета по
физической культуре и спорту : автореф. дис. ... канд. пед. наук / Воронова Клара Алексеевна; Гос. инт физ. культуры им. П. Ф. Лесгафта. - Л., 1974. - 21 с.
6. Теория и организация физической подготовки войск: учебник для курсантов ВИФК. – 6 изд. /
Под ред. В.В. Миронова. - СПб. : ВИФК, 2006. – 594 с.
7. Щетинина А. Самоменеджмент тренера: http://lib.sportedu.ru/gettext.idc? txtid=425.
8. Коуинг: руководство для тренера и менеджера/С.Тор, Дж.Клиффорд [Текст].-СПб. :Питер,2004.204 с.
9. Жумабаев К.М., Камысбаева Д.К., Бакенов К.С., Умирбаев К.А. Физическая культура – залог
здорового
образа
жизни:
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NPM2006/Sport/1zhumabaev.doc. htm.
10.. И.Пригожин Самоорганизация в неравновесных системах: От диссипативных структур к
упорядоченности через флуктуации [Текст]. - М. : Мир, 1979. – 512 с.
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с.
12. Реализация здоровьесберегающих образовательных технологий в учебном процессе
http://www.orenipk. ru/kp/distant/ ped/ped/zdzb.htm
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Здоровье и образование: Материалы IV научно-практической межвузовской конференции/ отв. ред.
Г.Е. Гун. – СПб. : ЛОИРО,2007. – 236 с.
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В.Зорин. «Евразийская мудрость от а до Я», толковый словарь: http://terme.ru/
dictionary/470/word.
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личности. – М.: Изд-во СГУ, 2009. – 180 с.
Track and field judging algorithm
V. Kiselev,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
Track and field judging is an important aspect of professional training of students of the Faulty of Physical
Culture majoring in track and field. This is carried out within the following subjects: track and field,
pedagogical fitness-sport advancement. At academic lectures students have to acquire specific judging
knowledge: composition of a jury, duties of judges, and rules of basic track and field events. Students apply
their academic knowledge at practical judging sets held at study trainings.
Next stage of students’ training is carried out at pedagogical fitness-sport advancement classes, open
classes, and during practical training in the Child-Adolescent Sports School #3 of the city of Petrozavodsk.
Students are involved in judging competitions of an annual competition schedule of the Child-Adolescent
Sports School #3.
Students study judging technique in a classroom and at extra-class activities. In a classroom they acquire
theoretical knowledge on rules and methods of judging, preparation of equipment, etc. during extra-class
activities students acquire practical skills, participate in competitions judging. Here students may
encounter difficulties in applying theoretical knowledge to practice.
One of the trick a teacher may use in order to prepare a student for judging a competition can be charting
by a student an algorithm of track and field judging. We see the algorithm as a sequence of actions of a
judge while judging a competition.
It is clearly visible that judge panel and every judge abide by a particular sequence of acts. For example,
javelin judge panel firstly assesses three preliminary trials, then three final trials. Master judge approve
trials by rising a white flag. An athlete makes a trial, a judge determines whether a trial is held correctly,
and then measures a result. This algorithm is repeated at every trial. Such sequence of actions is defined by
competition regulations and judging peculiarities of every track and field event. Judging algorithm is also
affected by the level of a competition, sport facilities, number of judges and participants.
Hence if a student is capable to picture to him/herself a sequence of a judge’s actions he/she can conclude
a judging algorithm, thus making a shift from theoretical knowledge to practical skills.
Before charting an algorithm a student has to study a competition judging sequence. He/she has to attend
several competitions, watch thematic videos, define a composition of a jury and duties of every judge,
discuss judging peculiarities. Then initial judging algorithm is charted, a student makes it jointly with a
teacher. Firstly actions scheme of a master judge is charted. A sample algorithm is below. It is elaborated by
3rd year students of the Faculty of Physical Culture of the Karelian State Pedagogical Academy.
Master judge actions algorithm in javelin.
Master judge
«Начинаем соревнования»
White flag sideward
Trial
Is a trial successful?
«-»
Red flag “NO”
«+»
White flag “YES”
Result measuring
Results announcing
Then a clerk’s algorithm is charted.
Clerk’s actions algorithm in javelin.
Clerk
Announcing of a
participant’s trial
Trial
After 3
trials
Is a trial successful?
«-»
«+»
“Х” to score-sheet
Determining finalists
Writing down result
8 best results
Ranking
Algorithms of other judges actions are charted the same way.
At this stage a teacher has to determine major mistake in actions sequence, make corrections and write
additions to algorithms. For example, master judge’s algorithm is missing finals entry list checking. Clerk’s
algorithm should be added with a point of changing trials sequence to an order from the worst score to the
best one. A clerk has to define three awardees upon the final of a competition.
A student may introduce his/her wishes to an algorithm, for example additions to judges’ actions by arrow
lines, etc.
Upon completion of personal algorithms of every judge a comprehensive judge panel’s algorithm is
charted. A student has to combine separate charts into a single entity.
3rd year students make algorithms of sprint, long jump, high jump, javelin judging. While charting an
algorithm a student analyses competition rules, pictures to him/herself judges actions, collaboration within
a judge panel.
Competition judging is made up of several stages: preliminary, competition judging itself and final.
Algorithms presented above describe judge panel actions just within a competition stage. Hence it is
possible to expand a chart and make more comprehensive algorithms including preliminary and final stages
of judging.
Basics of Tourism as a possible Physical Culture discipline content element arranged within a regional
component of a curriculum
E. Klochkova,
Dagestan State Pedagogical University,
city of Makhachkala
The traditional approach to the use of tools and techniques of physical education, namely the use of model
programs of physical culture in the classroom is not always sufficient to increase the functional capacity in
children and effective development of basic motor abilities. Currently there is a process improvement
programs for physical education students, developed its new kinds of sports, recreational and educational
orientation [Y. Zheleznyak, E. Blekhman, L. Savinykh, 2002; E. Litvinov , M. Vilensky, GI fortune, 2004; B.
Prokudin co-authored, 2003, 2006].
However existing publications on the use of means and methods of tourism at PE mainly relate to
secondary school children and adults. Works on the foundations of physical education on the basis of
tourism for the junior and middle school age on the lessons of physical culture are scarce.
The efficiency of motor and functional training in the learning process can be significantly improved by
streamlining procedures, using mainly means and methods of tourism. We have identified research tasks:
experimental proof of the effectiveness of the developed technique of tourism on the physical education
class with students of 3-6 grades of secondary schools.
To solve the problems we used the following methods: the method of theoretical analysis and synthesis,
teaching methods (teacher observation, teacher testing, teaching experiment), statistical methods.
The study implemented in practice teaching students of a boarding school for orphans and children left
without parental care in Makhachkala.
The main work at the initial stage was to collect basic empirical pedagogical research, conducted in a
boarding school for orphans and children left without parental care in Makhachkala. It was aimed at
addressing the following objectives: to study baseline physical training, tourist knowledge and pedagogical
experiment.
In the pedagogical experiment 43 students 3-6 grades were attended. The study covered two groups control and experimental. In the control group there were 21 persons; and in the experimental group - 22
persons. In the control group PE lessons by the integrated program were conducted, which provides two
lessons of physical education per week. In this group, we conducted anthropometric measurements, 2
times a year and organized the testing of physical skills and abilities. In the experimental group lessons
were also by the program of state educational standards, 2 times a week, but with the use of tourism and
tourist and local lore activities (games and exercises that do not require special expensive equipment).
Assessment of results was performed using tests and measurements of anthropometric data. Activities
provided for Weekend trips to the nearest natural area with the tourist relay races, festivals, tours, both in
control and in the experimental groups. The experiment was composed exemplary program.
This program implies a logical connection of two parts: basic and variative ones. Basic part was derived
from a comprehensive program of physical education fir students 1-11klassov (2005 V. Lyakh, A.
Zdanevich). The elective component of tourism is the author's design. The contents of this part of the
materials on tourism in the form of partition is a special preparation of the "Fundamentals of tourist
activity. A special part of the program developed and tested elements of the evaluation of the special
physical and technical training, as well as the criterion requirements to the "pillars of tourism and guidance
on training them.
During the experiment was to record an increase in the number of children who had not suffered even
once in relation to the frequently ill. And also to calculate the health index for the scheme proposed by the
Laboratory "Theory and methodology of physical education" Institute of Physiology in the experimental and
control groups. While the number of sick children in the experimental group decreased by 14.29%, in the
control group at 9,13%, the number of students who had not suffered even once in the experimental group
increased by 11,1%,and in the control group at 3, 29%. Health index in the experimental group for 20082009 proved to be 1,5 times higher than in the control group and for 2007-2008.
During the teaching experiment, physical training the experimental group improved significantly compared
to controls, as evidenced by the performance gains strength, endurance, agility and coordination abilities.
Carried out study provides a basis to recognize the practical importance of the developed program and
pedagogical experiment.
Estimated distribution of teaching time for various types of program material physical education class in
grades 3-6
Program chapters and
3 grade
4 grade
5 grade
6 grade
topics
Study hours
1. Basics
Within every class
2. Physical activity types
Gymnastics, acrobatics
Track and field
Race
Active and sport games
3.Variative part
Basics of tourism
4.Qualification
requirements
TOTAL:
Totaling:
8
10
8
20
8
10
8
20
8
10
8
20
8
10
8
20
20
20
20
20
2
2
2
2
68
68
68
68
272
Tourism as the means of orphanages and boarding schools pupils’ social adaptation
E. Klochkova,
Dagestan State Pedagogical University,
city of Makhachkala
Physical training and sport are specific human activities, and their main task for a long time was
healthy physical person education. At present a lot of specialists are trying to solve the problems,
connected with the role of physical training in personality formation. And there is the question: how to
transform physical training through pedagogical system. Modern process of personality formation is much
more difficult, than traditionally based on didactic principles educational process.
Initial adaptation is mostly important for every person when basic phycophysical and moral qualities
are formed. Parents take superior position to their child, coming through the process of adaptation.
According to Chunaev (1999), physical training appears to be the priority and value of a child’s life, it
is one the opportunities of real adaptation in primary school, it is the means to enlarge the opportunity to
learn languages, nature and other sciences, and also can and should become one of the main principles
organizing a school.
Different specialists work on this problem of adaptation of boarding schools pupils, and most means
of this work are various kinds of labour education, discussions, during which there is no positive emotional
disposition, also orphanages and boarding schools pupils’ consumer attitude is negative towards the
outward things. The main question in this education is social adaptation demonstration, which shows
following: limitation of communication with children of their age, limitation of contact room, reduced
scope of information, absence of family. At the same time, as specialists think, child development goes in
peculiar way when he has no family, and peculiar character traits are formed, and we can’t say they are
better or worse, than the same ordinary child has, but they are different.
One of the problems of personality formation at orphanages and boarding schools is communicative
development. As a rule, it is expressed in two aspects:
1)
“grown-up – children” communication – it is characterized with some mutilations, which
show that, on one hand – children feel a need for attention and benevolence of grown-ups,
positive contacts with them; and on the other hand – total dissatisfaction of these needs;
very few contacts of grown-ups and children, reduction of personal treatment, their
emotional deficiency and content uniformity, which mostly are directed to behavior
regulations.
2)
“children-children” communication – constant communication with one and the same group
of children (they are mostly equal in their age or development, and they live in the same
room, or area) do not have a positive influence on the “children-children” communication
development (because the communication develops as in a family).
At the same time, primary pupils of orphanages and boarding schools are distinguished from the
children of their age by intellectual impairment and voluntary behavior underdevelopment.
Sport and fitness activity supposes such situations, where traits character traits of orphanage and
boarding schools pupils are critically shown; for example, greater proneness to conflicts and aggression. But
for all that, some of the main targets of person development which require necessary work are: selfactualization, sustainable self-acceptance, needs for self-study, increase of self-assertion. The main factor
for any pedagogical influence increase to children is motivation.
Nowadays all the job with children - orphanage and boarding schools pupils – is held according to
state programs, adapted to individual psycophysiological characteristics of such children. This job analysis
displays that specialists (social workers, psychologists, pedagogues) show their worth by fulfilling specific
tasks. But for all that, they do not solve the problem of social adaptation of pupils. But tourism and regional
studies can eliminate all these negative demonstrations.
As senior specialist in children’s tourism Konstantinov (2002) thinks, various forms provide with
comprehensive educational and health-improving tourism and regional study activities, tourism also has
wide opportunities for children’s creativity, such as sport, scientific, artistic, technical, social and even
pedagogical.
Motor education, health promotion, receiving and consolidation of household skills while
constructing “family life” and cooking, patriot formation with regional studies, learning the history of
pupils’ region, ecological knowledge formation, communication increasing, development of socially
significant skills – these are the main tasks of “Social adaptation orphanage and boarding schools pupils by
means of tourism and regional studies”.
Considerable practice working with orphanages and boarding schools pupils allows emphasizing main
courses, which involve major part of pupils and continue for a long time. Some of the most efficient courses
are “Homeland” All-Russia tourism regional movement and republican actions “Namus”, “The art from the
deep ages”, “Vanishing villages”. Different activities allowed attracting 80% of pupils, everyone, in spite of
their age and training, could see themselves needed in different fields. Teenagers took part in weekend or
two-days journey on foot to picturesque historical places of Dagestan. The competition of pictures, photos
and handicrafts contributed to pupils’ creativity development. Regional studies targets were solved by
looking for secret places of untouched nature, communication with Caucasus people, and also contacting
those people, who have talent making unique articles from metal (Kubachi goldsmiths).
Without doubt, every tourist journey has large impact on emotional, cognitive, health-improving
sphere of each child, but for orphanages and boarding schools pupils it is also a good practice, when they
acquire communication skills, household skills while constructing “family life” and cooking, and increasing
positive motivation. Tea is finished – there is much brier, thyme, John’s wood, raspberry and mint in the
mountains; got soaked to the skin – good fire will help; a child on duty oversalted porridge – next time he
will do it better.
What do teenagers long for during their tourist journeys? We can find the answer to this question in
pupils’ replies ( from Mahachkala boarding school and orphanage # 7 from town of Izarbash):
During the tourist journey I have a rest, but I also have to work a lot… I would like to say, that the best
memories about journeys are… sitting around the night bonfire and singing merry songs and playing the
guitar…I would like to learn to cook… just because of nature… I would like to swim in a waterfall… I would
like to know more about history of our ancestors and examine my self and my potential… you can learn to
do lots of things in a trip…
Social pole of orphanages and boarding schools pupils showed that they realize necessity of tourism
for forming life necessary skills and personal traits.
Striking example of complex solution of educational tasks on the basis of sport and physical training,
where priority was given to sport, fitness-recreational and patriotic activities, is the project – 12-days
historical-ethnographical travel on foot Mahachkala - Kolo-kareish - Kubachi – Amusgi – Itsari – Derbent.
So, evident positive motivation of most boarding schools pupils to different sport and fitness
activities in complex with other means of development assumes significant focused activity efficiency
enhancement to formation socially demanded personal traits.
References
1. Комков А.Г., Лубышева Л.И. Социологические основы здорового образа жизни и физической
активности детей школьного возраста // Физическая культура: воспитание, образование, тренировка.
2003, №1.
2. Константинов Ю.С. О проблемах развития туристско-краеведческой деятельности в
общеобразовательных учреждениях // Теория и практика физ. культуры. 2002, №11.
3. Лубышева Л.И. Социология физической культуры и спорта: Учеб. пос. - М.: Издательский центр
"Академия", 2001. - 240 с.
4. Чунаев А.А. Физические упражнения в формировании личности ребёнка в начальной школе //
Физическая культура: воспитание, образование, тренировка. 1999, № 3, 4.
Schoolchildren health-improving physical training
A. Komkov, E. Kirillova
Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture
Health-improving physical training is an educational component of physical education syllabus for 1-11
grades of a comprehensive school. It stipulates fulfillment of core requirements of physical education
syllabus by schoolchildren. Is also assists teachers in their activity of preparing pupils for passing evaluation
in accordance with the state educational standard and of formation of pupils’ sound health and physical
condition.
The better way to promote schoolchildren’s lifelong sound health is to conduct physical education in
schools properly. Health-improving physical training syllabus is aimed at improving school physical
education, up-to-date training of PE teachers for creating uniform approach to physical education focused
on health promotion within the program of health-improving physical training.
Health-improving physical training program is elaborated first of all for updating knowledge of PE teachers
on the basis of efficient strategies for pupils’ acquiring knowledge, forming skills, conducting evaluation and
strengthening commitment to lead active health lifestyle. Its content is about use of PE methods of
teaching which ensure addressing age peculiarities and adaptation requirements and different games and
motor activities.
The goal of the health-improving physical training program is to assist schoolchildren in acquiring
knowledge, developing skills and techniques, and promote positive attitude towards physical culture and
commitment to active healthy lifestyle.
The objectives of the program are:
- Stimulating the process of physical activity not emphasizing the level of physical condition of a
pupil,
- Define the goals stimulating physical activity and achievable by schoolchildren.
- Form basic motor skills so that pupils feel themselves competent and confident in carrying out
motor activity,
- Informing pupils about their achievements thus contributing to increase on their commitment to
physical activity,
- Convincing schoolchildren to conduct physical training by themselves as well and learning
techniques of self evaluation of one’s physical condition,
- Utilizing physical condition testing results for defining a pupils’ individual development,
- Attracting parents thus creating a comprehensive approach to preservation and promotion of
health of pupils.
Technology of physical activity commitment formation is essential for managing this process. This feature is
divided into the following successive stages which constitute health-improving physical training program:
- The first stage (1-2 grades) - regular physical exercises contributing to a habit of exercising and
getting pleasure out of it,
- The second stage (3-5 grades) – physical training assisting in learning criteria of its health-improving
value and setting reasonable personal goals,
- The third stage (6-7 grades) – doing personal sets of physical exercises aimed at making a personal
choice of motor activity types and its evaluation,
- The fourth stage (8-9 grades ) – self-evaluation of own fitness-sport activity linked with testing own
physical condition and interpreting of tests results,
- The fifth stage (10-11 grades) – addressing own problems and implementing these decisions what
are the basis of individual program planning and learning information needed for these aims.
1. The program emphases positive impact of physical activity, not diseases prophylaxis,
2. We offer emotional reasonable program of health-improving physical training enabling pupils to
use the acquired knowledge in their daily life,
3. Pupils learn basis motor skills which are needed for use of full range of motor activities and
movements.
Health-improving physical training should be targeted at a definite age group and an individual pupil. For
example, group study and formation of basic general motor skills, especially elementary locomotion, is
suitable and relevant for 1-4 grade pupils.
5-9 grade schoolchildren should be focused on formation of special skills and strategies enabling motor
activity efficiency increase. Actual elaboration of detailed individual plan of physical training is relevant for
10-11 graders.
Health-improving physical training is different from traditional physical education by the features aimed at
providing the following effect:
 Educational – pupils learn to apprehend why physical activity is so important and it benefits them
now and within the life span;
 Health-improving – emphasizes health related physical training in addition to tradition approach of
motor skills formation;
 Personified – pupils are not regarded in comparison to each other but rather individual
development of every one is in focus. Thus ensuring self-fulfillment of each pupil. At the same time
traditional physical education provides the same guidance for all schoolchildren;
 Sufficient – pupils are evaluated by personal self-fulfillment not by his/her competitive
achievements or the age normative standard. Use of testing results in the health-improving
physical training program implies assisting pupils in better understanding health issues of training
and shaping personified goals of physical advancement. Traditional physical education uses testing
results for giving marks;
 Pleasing – physical activity is understood as an activity type which gives pleasure to a pupil and
provides him/her with a opportunity to make a choice every time possible. Traditional physical
education utilizes the same exercises and games regardless of pupils’ wishes and not giving them
an option;

Realistic – pupils learn many different health-related types of physical activity and improving
physical condition so that they could use these skills in real life. Traditional physical education
offers a strict syllabus often repeating the same exercise for years without proper successive
development of skills.
Health-improving physical training program is complemented with two elective courses for 8-9 and 10-11
graders.
The offered elective course of bodybuilding is focused on elaboration of values related to healthy lifestyle
formation, body physical advancement, as well as elimination of negative features of life the youth,
especially bad habits. It is for male pupils of 8-9 and 10-11 grades. If this course is taught in school with
physical culture major the it is focused on developing pupils skills in carrying out individual fitnessrecreational and sport activity.
The goal of the course is purposeful physical training in bodybuilding the results of which can be used in
future education, occupational choice, professional work, military service. The second goal of the course is
organization of individual exercising by making bodybuilding exercise sets aimed at promotion of health
and healthy lifestyle.
The program is based on learner-oriented educational approach. This means that bodybuilding training
considers a pupil’s individual characteristics, physical condition, health status, as well psychological
development peculiarities. The fundamental experience of J. Vader system is practically applied in this
course.
The elective course program enables implementation of health-improving – corrigent approach. The way it
is organized provides transition from basic (fundamental) physical qualities development to specific ones
thus ensuring practical application of acquired knowledge and skills. Practical content of the course consists
of physical exercises set integrated with basics of bodybuilding knowledge and physical characteristics of an
adolescent.
The initial stage is devoted to motivation preferences in fitness-sport activity and interest of senior
schoolchildren in bodybuilding classes. The introductory phase consists of basic means and methods of
strength training, as well as its principles and patterns. Variety of training management techniques depends
upon knowledge of body physiological processes and peculiarities of load performance.
The first phase includes basics of bodybuilding, safety instructions, description of goals and objectives of
bodybuilding. Specific objectives of the course are formation of positive attitude towards bodybuilding,
importance of vitamins and minerals in nutrition, auto-training skills. The information on pharmacologic
drugs for restoration of physical fitness and impermissibility of hormonal agents and other prohibited drudg
is provided.
The second phase illustrates types of physical activity in bodybuilding. Particular methods for determining
physical qualities (strength, endurance, power endurance) are used, as well as apparatus movement
technique and weight assessment.
Methods are predefined by constitutional peculiarities. The content of program involves considering the
following aspects: purposefulness of a class, characteristic of load, number of classes per week, duration of
a class, number of repetitions, load intensity, load power, methodical principles, basic types of physical
activity (strength exercises, stretchers).
Elective course of rhythm plastics is for girls and is considered as a system of athletic, dance calisthenic
routine and conscious actions transforming within motor activity for comprehensive harmonious body
development, what is particularly important for female students of higher educational institutions. The goal
of the course is formation of physical culture of a female student by which she is able to function is the
society confidently, to express and fulfill herself in different activities.
The content of the program has interconnected components: a basic one, ensuring formation of physical
culture basics, and a variative one, enhancing the basic one and considering individual peculiarities of a
female. The offered content of the course is aimed at stimulating and regulating of student activities by
means of cognition and self-actualization, control and self-control.
The part of special training consists of exercises of rhythm plastics, focusing on targeted teaching of
choreographic and dance elements, ensuring full body-control. The program also includes elements of
implementation of the course contents in real educational process. So this program may be a tool for
fulfilling educational goal.
The concept which has been the basis for the program is aimed at reaching reasonable level of physical
health via traditional and non-traditional measures used at PE classes and within individual work of a
female student. The program is based on the system by N. Droen, consisting of conscious dance actions and
breathing transforming within form building, motor activities advancement with regard to type of a
constitution.
The program involves various exercises of Oriental gymnastics, choreography, folk, modern, ball dances,
sports acrobatics, bodybuilding, stretching, callanetics, respiratory gymnastics and shaping elements. It also
includes some elements of classic and folk dances, rhythmic gymnastics accompanied with music.
After first stage of general and dance-gymnastic training exercises are getting more personified; more
difficult coordination exercises are introduced. This approach emphasizes problem method of teaching,
development of creativity within group and individual exercising.
References
1. Alexander Komkov, the Federal State Institution “Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Physical
Culture”, Deputy Director, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor.
191040 Saint-Petersburg, Ligovsky Ave., 56E. Ph.: (812) 600 41 15
2. Elena Kirillova, the Federal State Institution “Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Physical
Culture”, Senior Research Fellow, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Docent.
191040 Saint-Petersburg, Ligovsky Ave., 56E. Ph.: (812) 600 41 15
Implementation of the “Schoolchildren Health and Behavior” international program
A.Komkov
Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture
Cooperation in the field of sports organized by the Council of Europe is carried out in partnership with
governmental and non-governmental organizations within the Committee for the Development of Sports
(CDDS), established in 1977. The International Council on Sports Sciences and Physical Education (ICSSPE) is
a link between Sports Sciences and Physical Education. Main objectives of the Council are to promote
apprehension of human values inherent in sports; to promote improvement of health status and increase
of physical activity; to promote development of physical education and all over the world.
Children and teenagers are predisposed to physical activity, it is necessary for them to gain experience of
motor activity in the childhood before they become adults. These facts form the basis for perfection of
physical education process contents. Children should understand that learning by doing is the best way of
study.
Efficient physical education has the following characteristics: child oriented approach, not sports oriented.
Working out of an international obligation, capable to ensure such a practice that all children would
receive praise, training and support needed for active healthy lifestyle. International documents depict that
despite convincing academic evidence about significance of physical activity and the fact that in 1978
UNESCO entrenched them in the Charter of Physical Education as a fundamental human right, physical
education is endangered in all regions of the world.
Some national governments have either excluded physical education from national curriculum or reduced
its time within a curriculum. Shortcuts of budgetary financing have negative impact on time and resources
necessary for qualitative physical education. Unfortunately physical education is not considered as a
priority within the educational sphere. At present it is under serious threat has to compete for study hours
within a school curriculum.
The International Council on Science, Sports and Physical Education has elaborated proposals including the
following: development of a system of permanent monitoring and evaluation of progress of different
countries in implementation of measures and recommendations of international summits on physical
education; expansion of physical education best practices exchange; establishment of programs of research
of physical training value evidence and exchange of academic research results in the field; working out of
guiding principles for creation of representative organizations on physical education and propaganda
materials; elaboration of international criteria for school PE educational programs quality for guiding local
and national authorities in their working out and implementing of their policy.
Great importance in improvement of physical education of children of school age is being attached to
social-pedagogical monitoring which is understood as a form of the organization, collection, storage,
processing and distribution of information about pedagogical system and social infrastructure providing
continuous tracing of educational process conduct and living conditions, and enabling prediction of their
development.
The specified approach is carried out jointly by participation in the «Health and Behavior of Schoolchildren»
international project implemented under the aegis of the World Health Organization and the European
Regional Bureau the WHO. Participation in working out of a standard version of a questionnaire for carrying
out of sociological survey within the program provides an opportunity to accumulate foreign scientific
experience in addressing schoolchildren health promotion and applying sociological and behavioral
sciences’ methods in these purposes.
International research within the project is aimed at addressing the following issues: improvement of
awareness and regular monitoring of children health and health-related; revealing of interrelations of
school, family and other social institutes and pupils lifestyle; assistance to development of social programs
and implementation of children health promotion policy; expansion of interdisciplinary health and health
lifestyle research via an international network of researchers.
The specified research activities imply the following actions: discussion of their importance in regard to
health; the description of some health and behavior related measures; display of similarities and
differences between countries and regions, age groups and genders.
Research activities within the Health and Behavior of Schoolchildren project were initiated in 1982 and
have been carried out every 4 years. 3 countries participated in the first survey, while 42 states in the
current one (2010). Every country conducts project surveys in accordance with the quality standards
specified in the research protocol (the Russian Federation has participated in the program since 1990).
The central elements of the technology are: 1300 children of every age group (11, 13, 15 years old) are
examined in every participating country; random sampling representativity is defined by schools and grades
within a country and a region (with population of no less than 1 million); data is collected on a no name
basis by filling in a questionnaire during a class in accordance with polling requirements; international
standard questionnaire is utilized in all participating countries; survey results are processed and undergo
formatting for putting into an international databank.
The questionnaire composed by the international program members consists of standard (permanent
within the program lifespan) questions and specific (added and altered every 4 years by a new survey
round).
Physical activity question block elaborated by the Federal State Institution “Saint-Petersburg Research
Institute of Physical Culture” includes the following aspects: values (motives, needs and interests); physical
activity (study, sport, play, active leisure); attitude to a PE class (importance, contentment, knowledge);
doing sports (kind of sports, sports achievements); self-evaluation of physical condition (in general, physical
qualities); self-evaluation of physical development (weight, height, form).
Data of social-pedagogical monitoring should be used not only for addressing academic issues, but also on
increase of the educational process efficiency, advancement of pupils’ fitness-sport needs, motives and
interests. Social-pedagogical surveys are divided by territory and content principles.
Social-pedagogical monitoring of pupils’ physical culture indicators is aimed at performing the following
functions: pedagogical awareness of the content, forms and methods of physical education; promoting
health and cultural development of children; studying of psychological-pedagogicla peculiarities and
conditions of physical culture formation; defining interests and needs in physical training.
Representation of children interests in physical education advancement is based on collection of
information about their needs via mass sociological polls, diagnostic and prognostic surveys. The collected
data is used for informing administrative and pedagogical staff on schoolchildren physical activity degree,
for healthy lifestyle promotion, providing physical activity opportunities. It can be also used in socialpedagogical and social-psychological education services, specialized children institutions, NGOs and various
foundations, municipal bodies and agencies, valeological, fitness-recreational and rehabilitation centers.
Practical implementation of social-pedagogical monitoring concept is based on scientific study and
information analysis, administrative, social-pedagogical maintenance. General model of social-pedagogical
technology can be described as follows:
1. Socially oriented evaluation of basic peculiarities of formation of a pupils’ personal physical culture;
2. Social-pedagogical supervising of individual physical self-advancement of pupils of different gender
and age groups;
3. Conclusion on a social-pedagogical problem related to pupils physical education advancement;
4. Predicting development of social-pedagogical processes and conditions of pupils’ physical activities
organization.
Information analysis system is set as a result of social-pedagogical monitoring performance. It includes
database on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pupils’ physical activity, self-evaluation and
lifestyle indicators, as well as social factors determining formation and effectiveness of physical activity.
Information analysis system containing pupils mass poll database enables conduct of a multifold analysis of
social-pedagogical conditions of pupils of different age physical activity formation.
Physical activity is an important factor of health improvement of not only younger generation but the
whole nation. The survey has indicated key physical activity factors. It is also indicated that physical activity
level decreases by age, particularly this affects females. Factors related to physical activity of children,
adolescents and youth have been determined: demographic (greater activity in the early age especially of
boys),psychological (self-evaluation of own competence and getting pleasure), social (approval of parents,
relatives and peers), environment (available infrastructure and programs).
In the later years the issues of intensity and scope of physical activity for mass event have been widely
discussed. The bulk of these discussions has concerned adults not teenagers, but the acquired results can
be applied to both of these groups. It is emphasized that physical activity of moderate intensity carried out
for pretty log time can affect health positively. In 1997 a group of international experts retested
recommendations for adolescents and offered two key provisions.
The first one is: youngsters leading sedentary lifestyle should devote at least 30 minutes per day to physical
activity. Moderate intensity has been defined as physical activity equivalent to smart walk when a person
feels warming and mild dyspnoea. The second, and the most important one is: all youngsters should
theoretically be engaged in such activity for 1 hour a day. Twice of three times a week a person should do
exercises for muscle strength, dorsal spine mobility and locomotor apparatus.
There are obligatory criteria for examining school within the Health and Behavior of Schoolchildren project:
the amount of time a school may devote to physical exercising, acceptable amount of questions and
necessity of logical coherence with other questionnaire chapters. So it means that physical activity related
questions should be limited in number.
Collected data enables objective evaluating of efficiency of running and elaborating of a new syllabus of
“Physical Education” subject, as well as adjusting social-pedagogical technology of this process.
The result of social-pedagogical monitoring is determination of actual level of physical activity of
schoolchildren from different Russian regions, near and far abroad countries. Sociological surveys database
handling system has been created. It has become the foundation of information analysis system.
Standard tools for mass schoolchildren poll conducting has been experimentally tested for the aims of
studying social-pedagogical conditions of formation of schoolchildren physical activity. The results of the
survey contributed to elaboration of the elements of social-pedagogical technology of handling the process
of physical activity formation, physical education syllabus advancement, increase of PE teacher activity
efficiency.
Persons engaged in elaboration of a strategy should handle up-to-date data on key health evaluation
criteria. Mass media as well as specialized media has great influence on the society thus on decision makers
and public institutions. They are particularly important for this survey by disseminating the results and
promoting it to the public.
The conditions for increase of physical activity should be provided thus positively influencing health of
children, adolescents and youth. Decision makers have to be aware of major hindrances and available
evidence of intervention efficiency. Politicians have to devote more attention to addressing social problems
like affordability of teaching aids.
On the results of forecasting and planning of study-training, recreational and sport activities aimed at
tourism development in the Petrozavodsk State University
Y. Lanev,
Head of the “Sampo” tourist club, master of sports,
city of Petrozavodsk
The profession of a teacher is the ..easiest one in the world. It is the most natural occupation. As every
human being is a teacher from his/her birth to some extent. We all have fundamental pedagogical
skills/sense. It is one of our abilities, like hearing, voice, thinking. This pedagogical sense is the basis of
human communication, universal communication which continually transfers knowledge, expertise,
wisdom, benignity. The humankind would not have survived without it. So we, the pedagogues, have taken
this joyful duty to simply manage this wonderful sovereign process of knowledge and expertise transfer.
Pedagogues have been lucky to carry out humanistic activities even in harsh times – to educate and show
the way to life. Any lesson is by itself throwing a lifeline to every pupil, incentive to create his/her own
future without fear, as you, the pedagogues, are always by their side.
I was about 26 when they offered me a position at the Department of Physical Education at the
Petrozavodsk University. It happened in 1964. So I have devoted already 46 years to physical training of
students, faculty members and university employees. “Sampo” tourist club has become a great part of my
life. The point was not merely to create a game, but put all the efforts to let all the students understand its
rules. The most important result of this game is viable well-being. So that during every single journey on
foot students could apply and advance their skills and techniques. The beginnings of active tourism
encountered the necessity to clarify the priorities. Indeed travelling as an ancient amusement of the
humankind. But a pedagogue has to take into consideration the need to constantly address various serious
challenges.
In 1964 the University had no tents, sleeping bags, any other touristic equipment. I guess many beginners
were shocked with the first tasks set by the pedagogue:
1. To train a master of sports within 10 next years,
2. To conduct first club journey on foot in Kamchatka in the following 10 years,
3. To go international and carry out first international journeys on foot during the next 10 years.
Now I do realize that the pedagogue indicated precise challenging goals not only for the students, but first
of all for himself. Moreover we had to develop our internal ideology only relying on the term “life success”,
without great achievements in our archives. Our aim has been to educate students achieve highest results
even in harsh circumstances, act reasonably and decisively, thus collecting journey on foot expertise for
decades, as well as transfer this expertise from generation to generation.
Surprisingly, these tasks were completed ahead of schedule. Two first master of sports received the honors
in 1972. The first journey on foot (of the 5th category of difficulty, leader – Vareliy Vlasov) was conducted in
1978. The first international ski journey (10 citizens of the USSR, 10 Finns, 800km distance, 16 days: 8 days
in Russia, 8 days in Finland) was carried out in 1990.
Meeting these challenges proved that the bulk of the “Sampo” club members were professionally excited
and able to address difficult, but amazing tasks. During these years we have succeeded in teaching our
students to handle their life energy, reveal inner reserves both physical and intellectual. Everyone has great
life energy potential. Nonetheless one has to pursue his/her life journey with reasonable caution. I recall it
very clearly how happy students were upon completing their first 50 km ski distance. Later another student
group completed 70 km way. The distance of the 1977 ski marathon was 102 km per day. Males completed
150 km and females 120 km within another 20-hour ski trip. We skied for 176 km per 24 hoursin our joint
endeavor with Kondopoga fellows. We were planning to go from Medvezhyegorsk through Tolvuya, Kizhi to
Petrozavodsk covering the distance of 204 km in 26 hours. Unfortunately that year not the whole Onego
lake was in ice, that’s why we had to cancel this journey. 25 ski marathons lasting for several days and
covering distances from 500 to 2,000 km were conducted during these years in the “Sampo” tourist club.
It is not accidental that Finnish skiers participating 800 km journey from Russia to Finland emphasized
excellent physical condition of the students of the Petrozavodsk University. Olympic champion, Vyacheslav
Vedenin, also pointed out the same feature while taking part in one of our Russia-Finland ski endeavors.
The “Sampo” tourist club has carried out about 900 classified ski, on foot and by water journeys. The aim
was to train activists overcome major difficulties. So we were fostering philosophy of a winner in them,
enriching training with proficiency aspirations and energy promoted by the slogan “Beyond!” we also had
to educate students work for the present moment and for the future sharing responsibilities and elevating
self-esteem.
Training of active commercial and sport tourism professionals is implemented in 2 directions. These are
training of “Tourism of Russia” badge awardees and training of tourism instructors. This system has assisted
the “Sampo” tourist club in promoting tourism among Karelian schoolchildren, students, faculty members
and employees of the Petrozavodsk University for 45 years.
During last 9 years (2001-2009) the “Tourist of Russia” title was awarded to 3,747 persons at our university
(according to data available on January, 1 2010). This achievement contributed to successful provision of
recreational journeys on foot in the Petrozavodsk State University. 160,700 persons participated weekend
campaigns during the 10 years (1998-2008).
Sport classification stipulates stricter requirements for training of tourism instructors. 2005 persons have
been trained in the “Sampo” tourist club for 45 years, including 13 masters of sports, 30 Candidates in
Master of Sports, 118 sportsmen of first degree, 437 sportsmen of second degree, 1407 sportsmen of third
degree.
858 classified journeys on foot including 321 – of first category of difficulty, 289 – of the second category,
132 – of the third, 64 – of the fourth, 44 – of the fifth have been conducted during all the described time.
The administration and the Department of Physical Education of the Petrozavodsk State University, the
“Sampo” club activists have created the atmosphere and conditions for tourism development ensuring that
tourism classes and outdoor activities are useful and interesting for Karelian schoolchildren, students,
lecturers and university employees.
Polyathlon as an affordable physical training event
O. Lisov,
Vice-President of All-Russia Polyathlon Federation,
Internationally Certified Judge,
city of Ryazan
Polyathlon is a complex all-round aimed at endurance and strength development. Its distinctive features
are affordability, health improvement, availability for all ages.
There two types of polyathlon – summer and winter one. Winter polyathlon can be a double-event or
triathlon. Summer one - double-event, triathlon, quadrathlon or pentathlon. It is worth pointing out that
polyathlon popular in the CIS states is getting an international kind of sports.
Polyathlon is interested and useful not only for athletes but also for amateur people who lead or try to lead
healthy lifestyle, as well as for those who want to try several kinds of sports.
The Russians know polyathlon as a follower of a patriotic complex of GTO (Russian acronym translated into
English as “Prepared for Labor and Defense”). Polyathlon is by its essence a successor of GTO complex
practiced in the USSR since 1930s. The content of the complex is the following: shooting, throwing,
swimming, strength exercises, cross and short distance race.
Let us track the history of polyathlon. All-USSR sport complex GTO was established March 11, 1931 and
used to be a state system of national physical training standards. It implied comprehensive physical
development of a person, preservation and promotion of health, training for high-performance labor and
defense of the country, contributed to formation of a moral image of a Soviet citizen.
Norms and standards of GTO changed several times, for example, in 1934, 1940, 1947, 1955, 1959, 1965.
Last PT complex GTO was adopted by the decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1972. It involved 5 stages defined by age limits
with particular standards for every age: first stage – 10-11 and 12-13 year olds, second – 14-15, third – 1618, fourth – 19-28 and 29-39 males and 19-28 and 29-34 females, fifth – 40-60 males and 35-55 females.
In 1948 there were 139 physical culture associations and 7.7 million physical culturists, in 1977 –already
219 thousand PC association and 52.3 million physical culturists. In 1972-1975 more than 58 million people
fulfilled GTO norms. According to level of accomplishment a person could have been awarded with golden
or silver badges of GTO, a person who had fulfilled norms for several years in a sequence – with a badge of
“GTO Honorary Lapel Button”. Physical culture associations of employees of various plants, agencies, etc
could have received a badge “For achievements in GTO”.
Since 1974 All-USSR GTO competitions were held. For example, in 1975 37 millions took part in mass starts,
about 500 persons – in finals.
GTO PT complex was interconnected with the Uniform All-Union Sport Classification. Sport categories and
titles were awarded upon fulfilling GTO norms by athletes.
In 1980s GTO complex was altered again, so that every trainee could opt for a set more suitable for
him/her. GTO all-round was preserved during the years of the USSR dissolution.
Development of polyathlon is connected with the name of Gennady Galaktionov. In 1989 he was elected
the President of All-Union GTO All-Round Association. In 1992 after the USSR collapse first CIS GTO winter
all-round championship was held. In CIS states GTO all-round were kept alive under the aegis of the
International Polyathlon Association. Mr. Galaktionov was elected the President of this Association in
February 29, 1992. The same year GTO winter all-round was renamed into polyathlon and the first
international winter polyathlon championship was held. Next year, in 1993 the first World Championship
on summer polyathlon was held in Chernigov, Ukraine. 324 athlete took part in it representing 11 states.
Since 1994 World Cups on summer, and later winter, polyathlon have been conducted. Since 1997 World
Championships among men and women on summer polyathlon have been held. Nowadays calendars of
international and national polyathlon competitions consist of about 10 winter events and 20-25 summer
ones for all ages.
In Russia since 1993 sport classification on polyathlon (till Master of Sports of International Class) has been
in operation. Since October, 2004 All-Russia Polyathlon Federation’s head quarters has been situated in the
city of Ryazan. Polyathlon is practiced in 47 regions of Russia.
Race distances are 2000-3000m for men and 1000-2000m for women. Running is an inherent part of
training of every athlete. It is one of the most affordable physical activities which can be performed in any
park, for example.
Ski race distance are 10km for men and 5km for women. Grenade throwing is a military-applied standard.
In Russia it has almost a hundred year history and plays important role in schoolchildren training for
military service. By time passing grenade throwing has developed into a full-fledged sport event with its
specific methods and records.
Swimming distances are 50 or 100m (depending on a competition level, the higher level – the longer
distance). Usually a competition is held in a standard 25m swimming pool, but sometimes in open water as
well.
Strength exercises are pull-ups (for men) and push-ups (for women). On the one hand, pull-ups and pressups are not a separate kind of sports but on the other hand, these are an inherent part of every athlete
training process. Moreover almost no equipment is needed for performing these exercises. This event has
its won champions and leaders. For instance, recently Daria Vas’kina from Ryazan set the Record at the
Championship of Russia on winter polyathlon accomplishing 164 press-ups within 4 minutes.
Sprint in polyathlon is 50-60m race (indoor) or 100m (outdoor). As this is a short period race the utmost
importance is attached to fast start and good reflexes of an athlete.
10m air rifle is carried out to a 5cm of 25cm target by 5 or 10 shots. Air rifle develops a person’s
psychological stability, self possessing abilities.
Polyathlon results assessment sheets enable objective tracking of physical development as results achieved
by a person are transferred into scores. Individual performance progress is clear by considering results of
different years/time periods.
Modern youth is eager to lead healthy lifestyle. In particular this proves the fact that young people want to
do physical exercises and sports thus improving their physical capabilities and enriching their leisure with
useful and interesting activities and competitions. Polyathlon addresses these issues. Thus polyathlon has
an important applied significance for athletes not engaged in other kinds of sports – it contributes to sport
longevity and achievement of high results also in several sport events at once.
Relying of polyathlon programs, our human resources and organizational potential the All-Russian
Polyathlon Federation is ready to contribute to the state’s activities in addressing national issues such as
training of the youth for military service, population physical health testing, combating bad habits,
comprehensive physical training of all sections of population.
Finnish-Karelian project on Health Education in schools of the city of Petrozavodsk and the Republic of
Karelia
Nikolay Listkov,
Teacher-supervisor, Honored worker of education of the Republic of Karelia, Lyceum #1,
city of Petrozavodsk
Finnish-Karelian project on Health Education in schools started in 2006 with approval of pilot schools in the
Ministry of Education of the Republic of Karelia. These were Lyceum #1, Comprehensive School #46 and
Comprehensive School #48. First seminars conducted by Pertti Helin and Vladimir Kuivanen were held in
Lyceum #1, then shifted to School #48. All seminars were carried out in business-friendly atmosphere.
Some time later Comprehensive Schools #39 and #42, Lyceum #13 joined the project. Thanks to these
seminars the majority of city school learnt about the project and its progress. The same year the first
seminar for PE supervisors of the Republic of Karelia was held in School #48, event being organized by a
representative of the State Committee of the Republic of Karelia on Sports S. Malashov. Information about
the project was presented by N. Listkov and I. Achepovsky to representatives of 16 districts of the Republic
who transmitted it to PE teachers of their home cities. Later the First International Congress of Physical
Educators held in Petrozavodsk in July 2008 welcomed speeches by PE teachers of the Republic and
Petrozavodsk: G. Subbota, T. Surina, I. Krotova, E. Korsakas, G. Pevtsova, N. Listkov, N. Savolainen (Lyceum
#1), I. Achepovsky, I. Pavlov (School #48), N. Skibina (School #46), Z. Chekunova (School #39), S.
Cheremukhin (School #33),on their work within the project.
In August 2009 at its meeting Methodic Association of Teachers of Petrozavodsk reached a decision of
attending advanced training courses, held within the project and organized by the Faculty of Physical
Education and its Dean A. Voronov, by all PE teachers of the city. In 2009 due to this courses many city
schools joined the project, its representatives successfully completing the training. PE Teachers Association
of the Republic of Karelia, established in May 2008, also made a contribution to the Health Education
project: its representative delivered lectures within the advanced training courses on topics of “School
health teams: principles, goals, forms of work” and took part in polling held by Finnish party to the project
and the Faculty of Physical Culture. Many republican and Petrozavodsk schools established their own forms
of work with the project. Here I bring to your notice a healthy lifestyle monthly plan implemented in the
Lyceum #1.
Monthly plan of action dedicated to healthy lifestyle
Grades
Event
Responsible
persons
Data/time/
venue
Extra info
5–6
Exhibition of
drawings of 5-6
grades on Health
Lifestyle
Class supervisors, March 1–24 Works
arts teachers,
preparation in
social pedagogue
line with study
schedule
8–11
Social advertising
contest
Organizing
pedagogue,
March 1–24 Best works to
be honored at
social pedagogue
the final
ceremony
Russian language March 1–24
and literature
teachers, social
pedagogue
Best works to
be at exhibition
“Health of
Karelia – 2010”
5–9
Essay on Healthy
Lifestyle
8–9
Making media
Life safety
presentations on “My teacher, social
dream school”
pedagogue
March 1–24 Authors of best
works to make
presentations
in other class
groups, final
ceremony
5–7
Learning songs
Elena
dedicated to healthy Vladimirova
lifestyle
March 1–24 Best teams to
perform at the
final ceremony
8–11
Photo-cross
Organizing
March 20,
pedagogue,
Drevlyanka
social pedagogue district
7–9
“healthy morning”
journey on foot
Class supervisors, March 27,
organizing
pedagogue,
social
pedagogue, life
safety teacher,
specialists of
“Bogatyrskaya
Zastava”
teenagers’ club
Class Training-seminar for
supervi class supervisors on
sors secondary and senior
school
7–9
Trainings on healthy
lifestyle
Specialist of the
Center of Family
Planning and
Reproduction
March 29–
30
Social
pedagogue,
volunteers
At school
classes
Topics: “Sexual
and
reproductive
health and
rights of a
teenager”;
“Prevention of
bad habits”
8
7–8
Lection-conversation Specialists of
on drugs
Republican
Narcological
Dispensary
At school
classes
Lection-conversation Specialists of
Clinic Friendly to
Youth
March 16–
18
Ceremony of
announcement of
results of contests
held within the
monthly plan
March 25
Topic
«Hygiene. Мy
body»
Optimization of the physical education process for primary school pupils with health disorders
L. Lushpa, A. Lushpa
Kuzbas Regional Institute of Advanced Training and Re-training of education workers,
city of Kemerovo,
Kemerovo State University, the city of Kemerovo
The period of school study creates the basis for comprehensive personal development and formation of
adaptive abilities. As the school age is a foundation for further development of psychomotor qualities of a
child which represent themselves the basis for sustaining of physical and mental health.
At once for the period from 1998 to 2008 the rate of pathologic prevalence (total prevalence rate of
functional deviations and chronic illnesses) among primary school pupils has increased by 54,5%, including
59,8% growth of spread of functional deviations and 31,8% growth of frequency of chronic illnesses. One of
the reasons for that is generally declining level of motor activity of a child after starting the school
education. Deficit of motor activity accounts for 35-40% already in primary school. PE classes hardly
compensate for (at 10-18%) the deficit of motor activity. That is not enough for prevention of health
disorders (V. Kuchma, L. Suhareva and co-authors, 2009).
The purpose for physical education in schools is to promote comprehensive personal development by
forming pupils’ own culture of physical activity. The components of the physical culture are sound health,
good level of physical development, proper amount of motor ability, knowledge and skills in the sphere of
physical culture, motives and acquired techniques of carrying out of health and fitness activities
(J.Kuramshin, 2004).Out of this definition, the process of physical education cannot be limited with school
lessons only but it demands the particular system of teaching of pupils, especially those with different
health deviations.
We took the comprehensive school #94 of the city of Kemerovo, which bears rich expertise in work with
children who fall into special medical group (SMG) due to their health status, as the platform for our
research (G. Tushina, E. Kazin anc co-authors, 2004). The number of SMG pupils has increased during recent
10 years from 2% to 16% out of the aggregate quantity of pupils.
The educational institution is addressing the following matters in order to more efficient pedagogical
impact aimed at health support and promotion, provision of psychoemotional well-being and
comprehensive development of a child who has continuing or temporary health deviations:
1. Carrying out of analysis of medic-biological, psychological and social-pedagogical factors affecting
physical and mental health and development of a child;
2. Introduction of measures for improvement of physical development, correction of risk factors and
gradual control of the level of physical and mental health of pupils;
3. Formation of the philosophy of healthy lifestyle and commitment to it among pupils and their
parents.
The school has the following facilities which are utilized for addressing the aims mentioned above: a
swimming pool, a correctional gymnastics gym, a sports gym, a functional diagnostics office, center of
medical control, dental office, physiotherapy office, relaxation room.
Forming of special medical groups is carried out jointly by a school doctor, a psychologist and a P.T. teacher.
They take into consideration health documentation and results of psychophysiological testing which
indicates the level of anxiety, fatigability, and individual characteristics of a child. Due to a small number of
pupils with similar illnesses the groups are formed by age criteria, regardless of a type of illness, for
example, out of pupils of 1-2 and 3-4 grades. The number of pupils in a group is about 10-15.
The following techniques and methods are used for work with children with health deviations:
 Participants of the educational process learn about the health status of school pupils;
 Provision of convenient learning environment including control of the study load, schedule of study
with respect to efficiency and fatigability of a pupil, use of P.T. breaks during classes and
afterschool, introduction of dynamic breaks;
 Conducting Health Classes and Weeks;
 Carrying out of individual and group work with parents;
 Provision of active rehabilitation and diagnostic activities aimed at forming of physical and mental
health of a pupil and its gradual control;
 Health improvement of pupils during vacations in the Health and fitness center of the school.
Children from special medical group have two P.T. classes per week which are conducted by the special
elaborated program, including the following components: breathing exercises, corrigent gymnastics, antistress gymnastics, motor education, body-conditioning. If a SMG pupil has no contraindications he/she can
also go in for recreative swimming to the school swimming pool.
The basis of P.T. classes for SMG pupils is type of illness of a pupil, functional capabilities of his/her body,
peculiarities of physical development and physical condition, what helps to take correct exercises and
determine the load. Medically fragile pupils can be overloaded physically, that’s why a pupil is supervised
by a teacher and controls his/her pulse and respiratory rate. Testing is conducted in order to get
information on pupils’ health. Testing is carried out via particular exercising permissible for such pupils.
P.T. teachers and specialists of Health and fitness center systematically supervise the functional health
status and physical development of a child. The use of automated cardiorhytmographic program in the
diagnostics office ensures conducting evaluation of the efficiency of an impact motor activity on pupils,
determining of “physiological value” of the study process.
We have found out that schoolchildren with reduced functional capabilities need more personalized mode
of motor activity that pupils with satisfactory level of adaptiveness. Change of the mode of study activity,
control of the impact of motor activity, correctional work with a psychologist, constant iatric advice – all
these measures help schoolchildren in easier adapting to school study, and further in compensating for
significant overload when leaving primary school and entering a secondary one.
The schedule of the study process can be organized in a cycle mode for the aims of prophylactic of
overfatigue of schoolchildren and teachers, increase of work capacity, nonspecific resistance of a body.
Every cycle includes 3 parts: traditionally organized educational process (duration – 4 study weeks);
intensive process creatively arranged (duration – 1 day); rehabilitation part (duration – 1 day). This cycle
mode also includes 1 hour per week dedicated to health of a teacher.
During study in primary school the number of SMG pupils with harmonic physical development has
increased at the expense of decrease of the quantity of children with extra weight and underweighted, the
physical condition of pupils has improved. Positive impact of motor activity on somatic status of a child
leads to changes in psycho-physical development. According to the conducted survey the indexes of
personal and state anxiety have significantly decreased, memory and concentration have improved. This
has contributed to higher level of qualitative achievements. During the observation period the infection
rate of schoolchildren has decreased, including decrease in number of upper respiratory diseases and cases
of exacerbation of chronic illnesses.
To sum up, according to the conducted research change of the mode of study activity, special organization
of motor activity, psychological correction assists to increase of adaptive-compensatory capabilities of a
person and as a consequence it assists the improvement of health of pupils from special medical group.
References:
1. Курамшин, Ю.Ф. Теория и методика физической культуры / Ю.Ф. Курамшин – М.:
Советский спорт, 2004. – 464 с.
2. Кучма, В.Р. Школы здоровья в России / В.Р. Кучма, Л.М. Сухарева, И.К. Рапопорт и др. – М.:
Издатель Научный центр здоровья детей РАМН, 2009. – 128 с.
3. Тушина Г.И. Основы валеопедагогического руководства физическим воспитанием
школьников / Г.И. Тушина, Э.М. Казин, Л.Г. Лушпа // Валеология. – 2004. – № 4. – С. 56-60.
Paintball, a sport game
V. Malinen,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
In the twenty-first century most people lead very busy lifestyles. Permanent rush and hard work result in
individual and emotional stresses. This condition can originate as if from nowhere, in circumstances where
no activity is done. But its consequences - a change in the status of an individual and the emergence of
aggressive reactions - can be quite real and serious, not only for individuals but also for social communities
and even for a society. However, such tensions may last long, without showing itself, and one day it may
suddenly explode in conflict on some at first glance insignificant reason. The state of stress results in
depression, hysteria, nervous breakdowns, as well as in quarrels, hurt feelings, decreased performance and
unintentional aggression toward people.
Sport fits perfect to combat these negative trends. Sport is one of the main sources of vivacity and energy.
Many sports fans have experienced a state of euphoria, causeless joy after exercise. It is also a kind of
stress management. We can say that people who do exercises regularly, boost immunity to stress. It is well
known that physically active people are less prone to various diseases than sedentary people.
One of many sports used to combat stress is paintball. According to a widely accepted definition, paintball
- is a "sport and technical extreme game, simulating transient firing contacts in a limited space." The basis
of this game is engagement of people in some extreme situations, in which they must get rid of negative
emotions. At the same time it is not dangerous for players.
Paintball, like any other sports game has not only supporters, but opponents. It might be explained by the
fact that paintball competition does not seem likely to any other known sporting event. Besides the usual
balls, much smaller than say in football, paintball assigns a big part to use of firearms. Despite the fact that
these arms shoot not with bullets, but with quite edible balls, yet some people associate this game with
bloodshed and violence, and opponents of paintball make more than rigid and clear statements: "This is
legalized bestiality," "What can be good in a game where you have to "kill" rivals?", "Is it good for children?
It causes cruelty! "," This game is promotion of violence! "
And if there is a huge number of examples of antisocial behavior as a result of distortions of personality
under the influence of computer games or watching fighters and horror movies - you can not say anything
like this about paintball, which in addition to its safety has also confirmed rallying effect. There are no
examples of serious crimes related to paintball.
All sports involve injury in a varying degrees: bruises, sprains, abrasions - sometimes something more
serious, it is part of the sport. Accident in rugby can lead to paralysis or even death, in hockey it can be a
traumatic brain injury. As for paintball - there is no direct physical contact. Only a ball can touch the other
player. Physical contact puts a player under exclusion and team penalties.
In addition, there are plenty of evidence that paintball promotes harmless release of negative energy and
aggression.
Turning to psychology, paintball contains two types of stress management: firstly, it provides an arena
where players are free to express their accumulated aggression, releasing physical and mental stress, and
secondly, it gives you an opportunity to evaluate the reaction, accompanying high-stress situations.
Paintball increasingly begins to occupy the leading position among the active forms of collective
recreation. Recently only certain categories of people could do this sport, now paintball is available for all
sectors of society due to opening of numerous paintball clubs, providing rent of special equipment at a low
price and inexpensively sell balls with paint (consumables). Many consider paintball a kind of simulator for
employees of companies serving the alarm systems, or special forces soldiers. But the popularity and
availability of it is much wider.
First, it is difficult to find a more exciting game, which is so rich in new experiences and adventures. Each
new match differs from a previous one. It's impossible to predict how new rivals will behave, and how you
will play with a new team. In addition, the relaxing effect of paintball after a week in the office at the
computer is incomparably richer than the rest on the sofa watching television.
Secondly, what can rally the team better than paintball? Team play helps to know the staff from a new
point, gives an opportunity to feel the corporate spirit, to see and estimate friends in different
circumstances. The success of a team depends on the ability to feel teammates in the game. The goal is not
only to attack and defeat the enemy team. It is also necessary to keep enemies away from the symbol of a
team - its flag. Protection of objects is a very difficult task, and only a consolidated team can cope with it.
Another important fact is that paintball is able to remove tension and negative emotions accrued during
the work, thus bring a person out of stress.
A single session of the game is enough to replace irritation, aggression, and depression with good mood,
optimism and a new charge of vivacity and health. Influence of fresh air, physical activity, vivid impressions
after the victory over the enemy team is huge. But losing a game does not deject spirits as well. It's just a
funny collective game for adults, behaving as children, stained with paint and allowed not to limit their
emotions. But how pleasant feeling of relaxation after physical fatigue is! Problems and troubles seem to
be all gone, and undermined relations with colleagues are improved, and the world looks not so gray and
gloomy, and you consider your friends as the most reliable.
Another proof that paintball can be considered as an alternative to aggression, is that children and
wayward teenagers who join the game change for the better. They do not become more aggressive and
warlike, as it would be if paintball promoted cruelty and violence. Their behavior, on the contrary,
improves. The game unites and captures children so that they are trying hard to show their the very best
qualities only, which subsequently help them to go through difficult life journey.
Health saving technologies in higher education
Tatiana Martirosova,
Siberian State Technological University, Docent, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Department of
Physical Culture and Valeology,
Lyubov Yatskovskaya,
Siberian State Technological University, Docent, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Department of
Physical Culture and Valeology,
Siberian State Technological University,
city of Krasnoyarsk
The health saving educational technology is a system creating optimal conditions for preservation,
improvement of health and ethical, emotional, mental, personal and physical development of all the parties
of the educational process (students, teachers, etc).
Utilization of health saving technologies in higher education, which qualitative component – education and
development – does not affect negatively students’ health, is one of the key objectives of all parties
involved.
Central components of the health saving technology are:
- Educational component, divided into 3 group:
o Organizational-pedagogical technologies which determine the structure of the educational
process, partly stipulated by the Sanitary Regulations and Norms, prevent overfatigue,
hypodynamia and other disadaptive conditions;
o Psychological-pedagogical technologies which determine the way a teacher conducts a
lesson, and the impact a teacher makes during this lesson on students.
o Educational technologies which include health education and students health culture
formation programs, motivating them to healthy lifestyle, prevention of bad habits, extracurricular activities.
- Axiological component, which implies awareness of students of the paramount importance of their
health, conviction to healthy lifestyle enabling fulfillment of one’s goals and utilization of mental
and physical abilities. Carrying out of the axiological component is done through formation of
outlook, inner convictions, determining reflection patterns and acquisition of a particular system of
ethical, vital, medical, social and philosophical knowledge relating to physiological and
neuropsychological age peculiarities; learning laws of a human mental development. Thus
education is aimed at forming of value system of health, health saving as an inherent part of an
outlook.
- Epistemological component, which means acquisition of needed health saving skills and
techniques, self-actualization, learning own potential abilities and capabilities, own health
awareness, learning literature on health issues, health-improving methods. This process is focused
on forming of scientific and practical knowledge system, every-day healthful skills. This is resulted
in one’s care about his/her health, leading healthy lifestyle, foresee and prevent possible negative
aftereffects.
- Health saving component, involving values and mental sets shaping a system of healthful skills and
habits necessary for a body functioning, as well as for community and environmental well-being.
The particular attention within this component is paid on day, dietary, work and leisure regimens
what contributes to prevention of bad habits, functional disorders. The component includes
psychohygiene, psychoprophylaxis of the educational process, utilization of environmental healthimproving factors and some specific health-improving methods.
- Emotional-volitional, covering expression of psychological mechanisms – emotional and volitional.
The preset condition for preservation of health is positive emotions, experiences which make a
person lead a healthy lifestyle. Will is a mental process of cognitive control of activity of
overcoming difficulties and obstacles for achieving a goal. A personality through the will can
perform control and self-control of his/her health. The will is very valuable particularly at the
beginning of health-improving activity, when healthy lifestyle has not become an internal need of a
personality and qualitative and quantitative indicators are not obvious yet. The emotional-volitional
component aims at acquisition of experience of personality – society interrelations. It forms such
personal qualities as self-management, discipline, duty, honor, dignity. These qualities enable a
person’s viability in a society, preservation of as individual as collective health
- Ecological component, noting that a human being as a biological species lives in a native habitat,
which provides his/her with specific biological, economic and productive resources. Moreover it
ensures physical well-being and ethical development. So we see the dependence of physical and
mental well-being on ecological conditions. Hence formation of skills and techniques of ecological
adaptation is an inherent part of health saving education. Unfortunately ecological environment of
-
-
-
-
educational institutions is not always favorable for students’ health. Natural habitat surrounding a
school is a powerful health-improving factor.
Fitness - health-improving component means knowing how to increase motor activity and avoid
hypodinamia. Moreover this component ensures body conditioning and advanced adaptive
capabilities.
Medical-hygienic component concerns human health, competences of health professionals, quality
of health care system. Even though the “health” term is a cornerstone of medical sciences, medics
deal with various diseases, not health promotion and health improvement. The proposed approach
of priority of prophylaxis over treatment is still vain wishes. One may try this by simply asking a
physician on how to promote health. The answer would to be like: eat healthy food, spend more
time outdoor, avoid stress. But provision of health promotion programs in educational institutions
is of paramount importance, even compulsory.
Medical-hygienic technologies involve control and provision of proper hygienic conditions in
accordance with the Sanitary Norms and Regulations. A medical station carries out vaccination and
sanitary-hygienic education of students, provides consultations and emergency care, watches
students health status dynamic, conducts prophylactic measures expecting an epidemy (of flu), as
well as other activities related to its competence. A doctor of a medical technician participates
psychological-pedagogical consultations dealing with a particular student health issues, especially
of those of special medical group. Establishment of a dentist’s, a physiotherapist’s offices for
rendering every-day assistance for lecturers and students, creation of juice bars, conducting
exercise therapy classes are the elements of this component.
These two mote groups of technologies which are traditionally implemented our of a higher school,
but now more and more often they are introduced to extra-curricular activities.
Social adaptation and personality development involve technologies forming and strengthening
students’ psychological well-being, advancing personality psychological adaptation resources.
These include various social-psychological trainings, social and family pedagogical programs what
implies attracting not only students but also their parents and pedagogues.
Medical – health-improving technologies are medical-pedagogical knowledge. These involve
medical pedagogy and exercise therapy what influence students’ physical health resumption .
Elaboration of health saving technologies within the system of higher education took several
stages. The first one was from 1996 to 2000 when a new subject of valeology was introduced to the
State Educational Standards for Higher Professional Education (Order of the State Committee of the
Russian Federation on Higher Education № 380 of March, 4 1996).
So departments of valeology have been founded in different higher educational institutions. But
the elaboration of health saving educational technologies was hindered by the absence of uniform
notion of valeology as a teaching subject and significant differences in running educational
programs. Some programs emphasize basic of medical knowledge (E. Vainer, 1993), others – family
and healthy life style issues (L. Pankova, 1994) or psychophysiological and pedagogical basics of
human health (G. Zaitseva, V. Kolbanov, M. Kolesnokova, 1994).
If we compare different approaches, methods and techniques of health saving technologies the
most important and efficient is fitness – health-improving technology which is precisely aimed at
physical development of humans, eg body conditioning, power, endurance, speed, flexibility
training.
The aforementioned technologies are interconnected. So if a study schedule is compiled incorrectly
neglecting health requirements, it is almost impossible for students to avoid overfatigue and
maintain to high work capacity.
Comparative characteristics of contemporary school physical education syllabuses
A.Matveev
At present the content of an educational program of the Basic Curriculum is determined by so called
didactic lines.
The physical education subject matches up with two main didactic lines, these are the line of professor V.
Lyakh (with biological orientation of study content) and the lone of professor A. Matveev (with of
culturological study content). Every line is embodied in relevant syllabus naming “Comprehensive Program
of Physical Education for 1-11 grade pupils” (V. Lyakh) and “Educational Program of Physical Culture for
Primary, Basic, Senior and Specialized Schools” (A. Matveev).
These programs are recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation as
alternative, reflecting different approaches to elaboration and contents of the subject of physical
education. So for practical application teachers should know provisions of these programs and how differ
from each other, what are the theoretical and methodical basics of them.
The first distinction is difference of conceptual foundations of programs. The Comprehensive Program of
Physical Education is based on the concept of sensitive periods focused on purposeful physical qualities
development in definite age periods. In its turn the Educational Program of Physical Culture is worked out
in compliance with basic provisions of the concept of a leading activity type in ontogenesis. In accordance
with it program content considers and is relevant to developmental peculiarities of a pupil. Summarizing
two concepts it should be concluded that the first program worked out by V. Lyah is focused mostly on
physical training of schoolchildren, while the second one, by A. Matveev, on fostering pupils’ interest to
physical exercising.
The second distinction is the ultimate goals of the programs.
One of the central objectives of the State Standard on Education Content is promotion of health 0f
students. The Comprehensive Program by V. Lyakh addresses this issue through physical education process,
when acquisition of study material at PE classes implies pupils’ health improvement as well. In its turn the
Educational Program of Physical Culture by A. Matveev is aimed at purposeful teaching schoolchildren of
skills to personal health improvement. This is realized by means of particular content of an educational
process involving physical exercises themselves, related knowledge and techniques of individual activity.
The third distinction is difference in structure of the subject. The Educational Program by A. Matveev
includes an extra chapter “Individual activity techniques”. It describes not only main ways of pupils’ health
improvement within individual exercising but also provides understanding of own peculiarities of physical
development and physical condition. This chapter is focused on development of self-reliance and creativity
of schoolchildren, formation of skills of team activity and communication.
The distinctions figured out characterize specific features of these didactic lines and hence differences in
program contents, as well as choice of particular methods and forms of teaching.
So main means of learning within the Comprehensive Program are mostly physical exercises aimed at
physical qualities development. While the Educational Program involves apart from physical exercises
knowledge and skills of individual physical activities. That’s why successful completion of the Educational
Program requires study books and other extra methodical and visual aids. PE study book is utilized at PE
classes and at home for doing homework related to physical qualities and motor development. Study books
are not so necessary at PE classes within the Comprehensive Program. This is reasonable because repeated
typical assignments and time-proven content do not a lot in common with the study book material;
moreover they do not require much individual work and creativity from trainees.
The Comprehensive Program stipulates rather tough structure of a PE class divided into 3 obligatory parts.
Every part of a class is related to a particular phase of physical workability. Preparatory part correlates with
warm-up phase; main part – sustainable workability phase; final part – temporary decrease of workability.
Such structure of a PE class reminds the structure of a workout session where a trainee has to complete a
significant physical load. The Educational Program by A. Matveev offers different forms of structuring a PE
class. It proposes in line with classes of training type, classes of educational focus which can be multicomponent thus escaping dynamics of physical workability.
Speaking about classes of educational focus it should be pointed out that their content involves teaching of
not only particular physical exercises movements, but also skills and techniques of individual physical
activity. Educational focus classes where pupils are separated into groups and assigned different tasks are
the most efficient. Tasks not pupils distinguish by the difficulty level. This approach of multilevel
organization of classes facilitates a teacher’s pedagogical activity, provides more attention to more
complicated tasks leaving control of easier ones to children.
Utilizing group organization of classes a teacher divides each group in pairs or in threesome where one
child performs exercises and another one controls and analyses it. Pupils’ control and analysis of exercises
performance is conducted on the basis of material of the study book and any other didactics.
We have to admit that methodical support of educational focus classes is not sufficient yet, in comparison
to training type classes. That’s why many teachers conduct classes in conformity with the Comprehensive
Program of V. Lyah. Anyway State Standards on Education more emphasize culturological line providing an
opportunity for schoolchildren to elevate own creative activity on health promotion and leading healthy
lifestyle.
Theoretical-methodical foundations of school physical education contents
A.Matveev
Introduction. Domestic science teacher, whose role has always increased at a crucial stage of development
of society, proposed a number of methodologically sound regulations and conceptual solutions to reform
school. Basically, they all reflect the common need of society in the formation of diverse personality able to
realize the creative potential in a dynamic socio-economic conditions, both in their own vital interests and
the interests of society.
In accordance with the general target setting, formulated objective of general secondary education in
physical culture, which orients its objective content on the formation of versatile physically developed
personality, able to actively use the value of physical training to strengthen and maintain long-term health,
optimizing its own work in a dynamically evolving socio- economic conditions.
Problem. It is no secret that during the pre-historic stage of physical education as a cultural phenomenon,
seen mainly in the society from the standpoint of pragmatic units set up by the system of physical
education and obeyed in its development of its decision purely utilitarian task to improve the "biological
nature of man. Developing in the assignment of this system, physical culture, in fact, "losing" their own
socio-cultural forms and functions, and salute in the mind of man as the essence of the identity of the
process of physical training that relates to "direct" only with the practice of "preparing to work and defend
the homeland." Such transformation of physical culture of the phenomenon of culture-based holistic
development of personality, one of the means of physical preparation has identified the problem today of
content of the national standard of education in physical culture, the possibility of a full realization of its
objective in the modernization of national schools.
Adoption of the new target set for the education of physical culture, predetermined objective "translation"
of the vector of content of the school subject physical education with the paradigm of education in the
paradigm of education. As a consequence, as the basic grounds of content of the school subject of physical
culture are established, which are determined from the target plant, ie "Education", "personality", "physical
culture". And of course, before you work out the structure and content of physical education as a subject, it
is necessary to analyze the substance of the basic concepts presented in the general pedagogy, and theory
and methodology of physical education.
The analysis of the key concepts for education (education, personality, physical education), allowed us to
conclude that the problem is structural and of content of the subject of physical culture in schools is
related, including, and with today's development of categorical system of pedagogical sciences, in the first
place , an integral part of the theory and methodology of physical training:
1.B general pedagogy category "education" is revealed through the processes of learning, education and
development, ie in the same design and with the same filling as the concept of "holistic pedagogical
process", which by definition includes training, education and development (JK Babansky, 1989). Hence,
education and holistic pedagogical process are identified, i.e. are like the essence of one and the same and,
therefore, targeting an objective of education is equally true of the very process of education and a holistic
educational process.
2. In modern pedagogy, the notion of "education" as disclosed in the so-called "Broad interpretation", ie as
a system organized social phenomenon, under which, inter alia, is incrementally younger generation to an
active life. This training is provided in a variety of organizational forms of education, upbringing and
education, which are saturated with relevant content, age-biological, psychological and social
characteristics of students (VA Slastenin, 1987). Consequently, in this case, education is viewed through the
prism of education, training and development, but appears as a socially organized system, it focuses on
training people (graduate school) to participate actively in social processes.
Thus, in modern pedagogy, education, or is associated with a holistic educational process and empowers
learning, educating and developing functions or relates to the social system designed to prepare people
(graduate school) to an independent life. Own the same generic function of the process of education, its
place, role and impact on the effectiveness of holistic teaching process in pedagogic practice is not
disclosed.
3. General pedagogy does not considered the term of "education in the field of physical culture". Instead it
uses the concept of "physical education" which is revealed not in the paradigm of proper upbringing, but
through the processes of health and physical development. As a consequence, physical education outside
the educational structure and outside the focus of its targets, is perceived as an independent phenomenon,
developing in accordance with its rules, laws and set targets.
4. In the modern theory and methodology of physical culture the term of "education of schoolchildren in
the field of physical culture", its objectives and forms are not considered. As a consequence we see that the
problem of education emphasis on formation of a pupil’s personality and the problem of content of this
process are addressed in the theory.
5. "Physical education” is a basic category in physical culture theory and methodology; it is defined as a
synonym for physical training and is characterized by processes of learning motor actions and physical
qualities fostering. In this case the last one is viewed as a "... combined anatomical and morphological
properties of a human ..." (i.e., bones, muscles, etc.) and a factor contributing to "... development of a
pupil’s personality...." Hence the purposeful development of students’ "biological nature" is identified in
the physical culture theory and methodology with the process of forming pupils’ personalities.
6. Despite the fact that secondary school curriculum involves the "physical culture" subject the study
process is carried out in line with the physical education programs, which are, essentially and by definition,
physical training programs (V. Lyakh, 1993-2003). As a consequence the basis of the physical culture subject
is physical training, i.e. fitting a pupil’s physical condition to the relevant specified samples (standards),
rather than a person’s active work in order to improve his/her own physical condition.
Thus modernization of a national school within the education paradigm and relative insufficiencies of the
existing physical culture theories and methods to be actively involved in the modernization process have
led to an objective need to develop a concept based on the structure and content of schoolchildren
education in physical culture.
The purpose of this article is presenting to broader discussion the concept and approach to the definition of
the basics of school physical culture education content, the validity of their use in the elaboration of the
state secondary education physical culture content standards.
Determination of basics of schoolchildren education in physical culture structure and content of was carried
out through the analysis of the pedagogical theory basic conceptual categories and provision and was
correlated with the existing notions of physical education pedagogy. The initial reasons for working out of
the physical culture structure and content were the following:
- pedagogical process as a prerequisite for a personality development;
- a pupil as an active subject of pedagogical process;
- a school subject as a means of pedagogical process focused on personality formation.
Pedagogical process is a comprehensive entity which includes the unity of the processes of teaching,
upbringing and education. Each of these structural components of the pedagogical process basics is
determined by its own functional orientation, content and technology of impact on physical, mental and
social sphere of a student:
- Teaching - basic (generic) function is revealed through the formation of meaningful socio-historical
experience and reflected in acquiring appropriate knowledge and skills;
- Upbringing - basic (generic) function is revealed through the formation of socially significant attitudes,
concepts, principles and values; it is manifested in the acquisition of personal philosophy and outlook,
stable character traits and ways of interpersonal communication;
- Education - basic (generic) function is revealed through the development of creativity and thinking; it is
manifested in acquisition of cognitive and substantive activities, the development of skills for active selfrealization for individual and public interests.
In a comprehensive educational process none of its components (teaching, upbringing, education) can not
be isolated from one another.
Socialization of a schoolchild underlies the formation of his/her personality and is characterized as an active
process of his/her inclusion in a variety of social relations which may manifest themself in several
interrelated images:
- Identification - the process of entering into real activities measured by identifying with other people and
entering into relationships with them;
- Individualization - a process of self-development in a real activity measured by the acquisition of
distinctive characteristics and abilities, the active inclusion in interaction and cooperation with others on
the basis of shared interests, purposes and acquired quality properties;
- Personalization - a process of self-realization in real creative work within the integrity of the acquired
variety of quality properties and abilities, expressed in social attitudes of other people, active influence on
them even outside their direct interaction.
In comprehensive pedagogical process each of its components through its own generic functions stimulates
a particular focus in a pupil’s socialization. Learning tasks focus stimulates the identification process;
upbringing issues focus - the individuation process; education issues focus - the personalization process.
Dominating pedagogical founding principles can be determined by the basic concepts of ontogenesis
leading activity revealing age-specific manifestation of students activity at different stages, as well as
identify the characteristics of the relationship between the components of the pedagogical process and
identity formation (Table 1) .
Table 1
Dominating pedagogical founding principles
by education stages
Indicators
Activity types
Structural
components of
pedagogical process
Socialization
components
Primary school
Basic school
Senior school
Study
Socially useful
Prefessioal-study
Teaching
Upbringing
Education
Identification
Individualization
Personalization
The teaching subject of physical culture at school is culture sphere the basis of which lies is activities aimed
at transforming (improving) a person's own physical nature. Like any activity physical (motor) activity
ensures development of a human him/herself, his/her way of thinking and creativity, uniqueness of
individual qualities and abilities, except for the transformation of the object to which it is directed (in this
case, the physical nature of a human). Fitness activities, as well as any activity type, has a complicated
systematic structural organization of its foundation, including information, operation and motivational
components:
- information component combines the knowledge of physical nature of a human (medical and biological
basics of activity), the mental nature of a human (psychological and pedagogical grounds of activity) and
social nature of a human (historical and sociological grounds of activity);
- Operational component is means, methods and forms of organization activities, methods and forms of
planning, monitoring and regulation of the transformation process;
- Motivational activity components include samples of movements and motor actions, types and variety of
athletic activities.
Each of these components is made of structural components of the physical culture discipline and is
described by existing training content:
Physical culture knowledge - the content is being selected and grouped by three grounds of cognitive
activity: natural studies, human studies, social studies.
Ways to activities organization - the content is being selected and grouped on three grounds of substantive
activities: means, ways (methods), types and varieties of activities.
Physical improvement - content of three types of athletic activities: physical culture, sports and applied
one. Every form of athletic activities includes physical exercises, motor skills selected on the basis of three
value orientations: subject-generic, personally relevant, socially relevant.
Such a selection of components of study discipline and its content focus in correlation with the basic
provisions of the ontogenesis leading activity let us suggest that priorities of physical culture content on
different education stages (Table 2).
Table 2
Priorities in study content orientation
by education stages
Subject’s Structural components
Primary school
Basic school
Senior school
Knowledge
Natural studies
Human studies
Social studies
Means
Ways
Forms and types of
activity
Subject-generic
values
Personally relevant
values
Socially relevant
values
Personal activity
Physical improvement (fitness –
health-improving, sport – healthimproving и applied activities)
Structure and orientation of physical culture content can be presented in a matrix focused on formation of
a pupil’s personality within study of physical culture at different education stages (Table 3).
Table 3
Conceptual grounds of structure and content of schoolchildren education in physical culture
Basics
Primary school
Basic school
Senior school
Personality formation
Identification within fitness
activity
Individualization
within fitness activity
Personalization
within fitness
activity
Pedagogical process
Teaching
Upbringing
Education
Goals of pedagogical
process
Introduction to fitness
activity
Self-determination
within fitness activity
Self-realization
within fitness
activity
Interaction principles
within pedagogical
process
Learn from a teacher
Learn with others
Study subject and its
values:
Physical culture
knowledge
Ways of personal
activity
Physical improvement
Learn to be a
teacher
Physical culture as means
of physical development
and health improvement
Planning, control and
handling by simple
workout forms
Fitness activity with
general developing applied
focus
Physical culture as
means to foster
personal qualities and
physical improvement
Planning, control and
handling by a system
of purposeful
workouts
Fitness activity with
health-improving and
sport focus
Physical culture as
means of a human
lifestyle
Planning, control
and handling by
different forms and
types of fitness
activity
Fitness activity with
individual and
applied focus
Development and promotion of health saving skills of school, lyceum and gymnasium pupils.
L. Muratova, post-graduate student, senior lecturer,
N. Arnst, Docent,
A. Komarov, Docent.
Siberian State Technological University.
The Krasnoyarsk territory, the city of Krasnoyarsk.
the Department of Physical Culture and Valeology,
The Health of the nation has been emphasized for the later years. It is highly important that every person is
aware of healthy lifestyle and health promotion. Educational system should contribute to this as well as
provide health education. The central role in this process rests to schools, as health status of schoolchildren
deteriorates gradually during the school years due to decrease in motor activity, insufficient knowledge
about health, healthy lifestyle, etc. Effective addressing this problem requires improvement of
schoolchildren physical education system, as well as pre-university training. Hence as a consequence of the
concept of continuous comprehensive and professional education innovative educational institutions
appear: gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges which assist in solving aforementioned problems and conduct
occupational guidance of schoolchildren. Physical and valeological education enhances specific knowledge
and a skill of pupils, increases conscientious attitude towards one’s healthy lifestyle, facilitates preservation
and improvement of one’s health. Moreover physical education enriched with valeological component
positively affects self-esteem of schoolchildren, formation of their psychological health, occupational
choice.
The present status of youth physical and moral health has fallen to the critical level. The most crucial and
urgent problem is poor physical condition and physical development of schoolchildren. For the time being
there is significant lack of data on pre-university training systems, which should be focused on not merely
“stuffing” a pupil for entry exams, but first of all on personal development of a prospective student.
Improvement of adolescents’ bodies functional capabilities is the key goal of physical education.
Appropriate motor activity accounts for 3 hours a week for lyceums, schools and gymnasiums pupils. Upon
this amount schoolchildren show the highest indexes of mental work capacity, and it is more stable within a
day span, academic achievements improve, as well as immune defense and adaptation to physical load.
What is more motor activity provision needs taking into consideration age peculiarities of pupils, their
physical condition, school facilities for carrying out sport and fitness events, motor activity intensity and
duration balance within a day and a week.
Calisthenics of 5-7 minutes duration are recommended for preparing pupils for learning activity before a
class. Once in 2-3 weeks exercise set should be renewed.
P.T. breaks during various classes have proven to be very efficient for improving well-being. These exercises
should include movements for muscles differing from those of subjected to learning static load. Exercises
and active games during breaks are aimed at decreasing and prevention of learning fatigue.
Carrying out of the physical activities mentioned above within a school day promotes increasing of pupils’
motor activity at least at 1.5 hour a week.
Creative activity of a schoolchild is also gaining more attention. Now universities are looking for prospective
students with a range of different qualities. Political, economic and social changes of our country could not
help but affected the system of education a lot. That’s why currently the emphasis is put on a learnercentered approach the outcome of it being a personal creative development. The inherent characteristics
of creativity are: novelty, individual and creative actions, combination and modification of knowledge and
skills, overcoming stereotypes, adequate self-esteem, self-assertion, ambitions, etc.
For example, competitive exercises contribute to moral development of a child. As competition rules are
based on fair play and competitiveness. Noone is looking for an easy victory, as moral rules of a group
become strict models of behavior.
However the following conditions and means should be taken into account upon fulfilling of the aim of
schoolchildren creative development:
1. Particular content of the pre-university training which ensures senior schoolchildren creative
development,
2. Determined methods and forms of senior schoolchildren creative development within
differentiation of teaching, based on individual and collective activity types,
3. Elaborated model of senior schoolchildren creative development explaining its structure, content,
methods, forms based on theory and practice interconnection.
Nowadays the education is one of the most rapidly changing spheres of life of our county which is
characterized by extremely complicated contradictory processes determined by the impact of multiple
objective and subjective factors. Different regions of Russia re testing new models of conducting State
Uniform Examination; many discussions at different levels are held on the education modernization issues.
Interrelation of physical and general valeological education contribute to improvement of particular
knowledge, conscious attitude to one’s health and promotion of healthy lifestyle, as well as to occupational
choice.
References:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
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Кофман Л.Б. Настольная книга учителя физической культуры. – М.: Физическая
культура и Спорт, 1998. – 496 с.
Чесноков Н.Н. Довузовская подготовка как этап непрерывного физкультурного
образования. М., 1997. – 126 с.
Абульханова-Славская К.А. Деятельность и психология личности. – М.: Наука, 1980.
– 333 с.
Лубышева Л.И. Концепция формирования физической культуры человека. – М.:
ГЦИФК, 1992. – 120 с.
Лях В.И. Развитие и совершенствование координационных способностей
школьников от 7 до 17 лет в процессе физического воспитания // Физиологические
особенности организма школьника и физическое воспитание: Сб. науч. тр.
Свердловского пединститута. Свердловск, 1988, с. 81-87.
Давыдов В.В. Проблемы развивающего обучения. – М.: Педагогика, 1986, - 240 с.
Виленский М.Я. Формирование физической культуры личности учителя в процессе
его профессиональной подготовки. – М., 1990, - 54 с.
Endurance sports as means of healthy lifestyle promotion and self-management skills constructing
Vyacheslav Ogarev,
PE teacher of higher qualification, kettlebell lifting trainer,
Vytegra Polytechnic School,
The city of Vytegra, Vologda region
Since 2006 I have been working as a PE teacher specializing in kettlebell lifting in the Vytegra Polytechnic
School in the settlement of Belousovo of Vytegra district of Vologda region. I have been engaged in
kettlebell lifting since 1976. Since 1993 I have been a head coach of the regional youth team in kettlebell
lifting. I have elaborated a particular training methods with a person-oriented approach as its essence. I
describe it below.
Workout should be conducted individually because, firstly, of personal technique building process,
secondly, a person’s capacity to do a particular number of repetitions varies a lot as everybody has a
different weight and physical condition. Workout starts with a warm-up, then a newcomer takes a 8kg
kettlebell and does as many repetitions by each arm as he is able to, but no more than 50 repetitions. If he
has completed 50 swiftly, 2 extra kilos are added and a person goes through the same procedure. If a
person can make only 8 repetitions, he should continue with general physical training. If from 10 to 50 then
next time a trainer should give an assignment in such a way that the total sets would make up for 50
repetitions, while every set consisting of no more than 30% of the record repetitions made. For example,
30 record repetitions in the first time mean that next time a person should do 3 sets of 10 repetitions. At
the same time a trainer has to carefully watch the training process controlling the technique, as it is easier
to teach that to correct a mistake in technique. After 6 workouts (3 times per week) and if 50 repetitions
are not a challenge for a boy, he should continue with a 10kg kettlebell the same way. Upon 50 repetitions
of 10 kg kettlebell rise by every arm training continues with 12kg kettlebell, then – 14kg, then – two 8kg
kettlebells arm thrust. Since this moment sets of the main part of a workout are measured in minutes not
repetitions. Next workout is compiled of 3 1-minute arm thrust sets and 6 1-minute jerk uprise sets (jerk
uprise is exercised in the same way as arm thrust). Next time – 6 1-minute arm thrust sets and 3 1-minute
jerk uprise sets and then alternating the number of sets at every workout. After 6 workouts and if the total
accomplishment is more than 100 repetitions (in jerk uprise and in arm thrust), a trainee may switch to
bigger load (extra 2kg to a kettlebell). A boy has to keep a diary and do homework (exercises for
abdominals, muscle of a back, leg and races). A trainee should have a choice out of 4-5 types of exercises
on every muscle group. Every workout finishes with exercises for abdominals and football playing, basket
throwing or slow running. Some auxiliary exercises contributing to mastering of double-event technique
may be included in a workout, for example, kettlebell swing, kettlebell breast up, mobility exercises, and to
increase muscle strength engaged in double-event performing, foe instance, half-knee bending with
kettlebells on shoulders, abdominals exercises, various swings.
Upon a trainee may perform 100 16kg arm thrust and jerk uprise, workout plan changes significantly. If at
the first workout a trainee performs 9 arm thrust sets, then he has to do 3 10minute jerk uprise sets. The
second workout – 6 sets in arm thrust and 6 sets in jerk uprise. The third workout – 3 3 arm thrust sets and
9 jerk uprise sets. The number of workouts per week is 4 now. Upon accomplishing advanced degree a
trainee starts to use kettlebell of different weight in arm thrust and jerk uprise, for example, first set with
8kg kettlebell, second – 10kg, third – 8kg (pyramid, as weightlifters call it). Upon a trainee may perform 100
24kg rises one more workout a week is added. Upon accomplishing Master of Sports of Russia degree the
number of workout is 6 a week.
Here is a raw method of arm thrust and jerk uprise training. Every trainee requires personal approach so
the number of minutes in a set and the number of repetitions per a minute may vary according to the
objectives stated. Cross-country race or cycling, or skiing are particularly important in achieving high
results.
In 2006 D. Benidze, who has been training in line with the method described since 2001, at the age of 15
accomplished Master of Sports of Russia qualification at the All-Russia Junior Championship and took 3rd
award. A year later he won the Cup of Russia accomplishing at the same time qualification of the Master of
Sports of International Class. Preparing for World and Europe Championship D. Benidze was training by the
caterpillar method, 6 workouts per week. Training plan was concluded on a weekly basis. At the first week
on Monday – 3 sets by 1 minute by 18-22 repetitions each 16, 20, 24kg kettlebells. Tuesday – 6 sets (two
series of 16, 20, 24kg kettlebells). Wednesday – 9 sets (3 series). Thursday, Friday, Saturday repeated
Monday program. At the second week every set lasted for 1.5 minutes. The third week was the repetition
of the first one. At the fourth week every set lasted for 2 minutes. The fifth week repeated the second one.
At the sixth week every set lasted for 2.5 minutes. The seventh week repeated the fourth one. At the eighth
week every set lasted for3 minutes. The ninth week repeated the sixth one. After the eighth week the
caterpillar started to go down. At the tenth week every set lasted for 2 minutes, eleventh – 2.5 minutes. At
the 12th week every set lasted for 1.5 minutes. At the 13th week every set lasted for 2 minutes and sets
were performed in inverted sequence - 9, 6, 3, 9, 6, 3. After two days rest competitions are to start. Apart
from all these exercises every training was accomplished with half-knee bending with kettlebells on
shoulders by the scheme 3, 6, 9 sets of 12-18 repetitions in each one. 9 sets fall into the workout with 3
sets of 2 kettlebells arm thrust. Weight of kettlebells was 36, 40 and 44kg. Abdominals exercises were also
performed.
Jerk uprise was performed at every workout for 10 minutes. The initial kettlebell weight was 20kg, then
gradually increasing at 2kg. At a competition D. Benidze was doing jerk uprise for all the 10 minutes with
32kg kettlebell thus setting the Records of Russia, Europe and the World in weight category below 63kg. D.
Benidze was covering 10km race every day for a month before a competition. The Cup of Russia 2009,
Europe and World Championships were won with the Records of Russia, Europe and the World.
Here are four training methods in kettlebell lifting used:
1. Percentage out of the maximum rises completed (no less than 30% and no more that 70%) which is
described in powerlifting guidance books.
2. Short 1-minute circuit, i.e. first workout – 3 1-minute sets, second – 6 1-minute sets, further
alternating the number of sets (mostly used by lifers of mass qualifications). It appeared after time
limit introduction.
3. Long 10minute circuit, i.e. first workout – 3 1-minute sets, second – 6 1-minute sets, third – 9 1minute sets, further alternating the number of sets. It is mostly used by lifters of 1 st grade and
Candidate to Master of Sports. It appeared after time limit introduction.
4. Caterpillar. It is used by Master s of Sports. Efficient for working with high-profiled athletes.
Avoiding overtraining is the central feature.
I never use now any kinds of kettlebell presses, as I found out during my training experience that these
exercises decrease flexibility, increase body weight thus prolonging the way to excellence. I neither use
specific hand strength exercises. I suggest that jerk uprise is enough. During training kettlebell weight
should be at lest 4kg less than at competitions in order to avoid injuries and increase strength endurance.
Half-knee bending with kettlebells on shoulders, abdominal exercises are performed too. Running is
important as well.
Taking into consideration personal characteristics of a trainee these simple methods produce good results.
Sometimes a trainee is not focused on high achievements but simple wants to keep fit. So the first and the
second methods are better for him.
Summarizing my experience I have made a conclusion that my method of kettlebell lifting training is
relevant, as it has produced high results:
1. Strength and endurance for draftees,
2. Promotion of healthy lifestyle among kettlebell lifters,
3. Self-management skills,
4. Providing conditions for trainees’ higher accomplishments.
I have trained 8 Masters of Sports of Russia (Sergey Shuvalov, Anatoly Kuznetsov, Alexey Arsenyev,
Alexander Ermolin, Denis Anikin, Alexander Ogarev, Jonny Benidze, Elena Yurysheva), 1 Master of Sport of
Russia of International Class (Jonny Benidze) more than 30 Candidates to Master of Sports of Russia.
Lifters from our club take awards at annual regional competitions. More than 80 Records of the Region, 15
Records of Russia, 9 Europe Records and 4 World Records have been set. Records of Russia, Europe and the
World, apart from 2 Russian ones, have been set in later years.
Sociological analysis of Lyceum pupils’ attitude to physical training and healthy lifestyle
D. Morozov, V. Panachev,
Lyceum №1,
Perm State Technical University,
city of Perm
Scientists started paying attention to mass schools pupils’ state of health in XIX century. Doctors
found that children suffer from shortsightedness, posture fault and neurasthenia, and the situation got
worse from class to class, for these diseases were inevitable consequence of school training. The diseases
were named «school diseases». At that time their principal causes were defined as well. They are
overloaded programs, a great number of lessons a day, static position of a child’s body for a long time not
corresponding to children's age features. The causes of school diseases have not disappeared, their
quantity has gone up instead, due to increase in information stream, computerization, TV domination, and
motor inactivity. At the same time pupils of specialized schools, gymnasiums and lyceums suffer from
diseases more often than pupils of comprehensive schools, and their health gets worse faster.
Pupils’ health deterioration is influenced not only by negative economic, socio-cultural and
environmental factors in the country, and intensification of educational process (when pupils’ physical
abilities are not considered), but also by breach of hygienic educational norms, and insufficient training of
teachers in pupils’ health protection.
The aim of any educational institution is not only to teach children, but also protect and strengthen
their health. Health schools, combining educational and health-improving processes, help to solve this
problem. Lyceum №1 has been engaged in this work since 1989. Since 2000 our Lyceum №1 PSTU has been
a health school. We consider important not just to copy experience of other schools, but to study various
factors influencing the lyceum pupils’ attitude to health promotion at school to make the Lyceum’s activity
purposeful, system and planned.
Various factors influence a pupil in educational process, and they all to some extent influence his/her
psychosomatic state. From the point of view of health improvement we can single out the following
influences: background, pedagogical, health-improving, juvenile, family and administrative. Background
influence is a constant throughout a certain period of time (for example, a lesson, a school day, an
academic year) influence of organizational and material environment of an educational institution on a
pupil. Optimization of the Lyceum’s operating mode is important. It includes introduction of trimesters
instead of quarters, dynamic breaks, obligatory staying of pupils in the open air, etc. Besides, it is necessary
to beautify the yard, to maintain housing utilities working well, to develop recreation rooms, to prevent
posture faults, to provide security for pupils. Such actions have long-term health-improving background
influence on pupils and create a positive spirit.
The concept of Russian education modernization and some other documents are concentrated on a
problem of improvement of lyceum students' training quality according to the modern requirements of the
State educational standard. Modern society needs healthy specialists with developed creative abilities, able
to make right decisions in non-standard situations and apply the fundamental knowledge received at
school.
Physical education is one of our culture components. The main objectives of physical education are
to improve pupils' health and cultivate a healthy lifestyle among them (the Concept of development of
physical training and sports in the Russian Federation). In the last years Russian children and the teenagers'
state of health has deteriorated. Medical examinations testify that during studying at school children's
health gets 4-5 times worse. The existing system of physical training at schools does not provide pupils with
good enough health. So, there is obvious contradiction between the society's requirements and pupils'
training conditions.
Modern pupils do not think Physical education lessons are necessary. It is important to find out the
reasons for such attitude and try to change it to a positive one. To solve this problem we questionnaired the
lyceum pupils and PE teachers conducting lessons at 10-11th grades. The questionnaire contained 10
questions for teachers and 15 questions for pupils.
The analysis of pupils and teachers' attitudes to physical training revealed discrepancy between
them which starts with motives. Pupils attend PE lessons because it is their duty, and teachers think that
pupils do it to keep fit and stay healthy. This pupils' attitude influences their physical fitness deterioration.
Most teachers (98,4%) consider that lyceum pupils are happy with PE lessons, while 13% of pupils do not
like them. The majority of teachers think that the most popular kinds of sports among pupils are sport
games, specifying that basketball takes the first place, volleyball - the second one and football - the third.
Though, the lyceum pupils put basketball on the third place; the first and second places, in their opinion,
take football and volleyball. In general, according to the lyceum pupils, sport games do not take the
leading position. Swimming is the most popular with pupils.
The lyceum pupils stated that they often miss PE lessons due to some illness. This once again
proves the importance of PE in health improving.
Comprehensive monitoring of schoolchildren psychophysical health and adaptation in educational
environment by “Diakoms” and “Sociomonitoring” methods
V. Panov
“Presnenskiy” center of psychological-pedagogical rehabilitation and correction,
Moscow
One of the factors foreseeing child abilities to study without affecting negatively his/her psychological and
somatic well-being is the scope of his/her adaptation in an educational environment. A pupil’s health is the
outcome of integration of all aspects of social life a child involved.
Preservation and promotion of pupils’ health is the central objective of any educational process.
Psychophysical health level as one of the key criteria of pupils wellbeing and development within an
educational process is considered as a starting point in elaboration and organization of an educational
process at all stages of education.
Present surveys indicate that 53% of pupils are medically fragile, 2/3 of above 14 have chronic diseases,
only 10% of graduates are healthy. Up to 80% of school leavers are limited within their occupational choice
due to health status. Health and physical development of more than 40% of below the draft age boys do
not meet military service requirements.
Preservation and promotion of health of pupils, formation of health and healthy lifestyle values, choice of
proper educational technologies have become a priority goal within the educational reform and
introduction of new educational standards.
Successful solution of these issues requires applying of innovative methods of pupils health examination
meeting the following criteria:
- Firstly, as the majority of modern examination methods tests structural state of various inner organs
primarily, a new approach should evaluate them in terms of their functional activity, so it should be
more “functional”;
- Secondly, as every modern examination method tests only a single or maximum several organ
(systems) of a body, a new one should examine all organs and systems at once, so it has to be
“systemic”;
- Thirdly, as all modern methods are sensitive to one or several inner or outer factors influencing a
person’s health, thus the speculated method should reveal and evaluate impact of all factors at once,
so it has to be “universal”.
“Diakoms” health express diagnostic and “Sociomonitoring” program-methodical set provide a
comprehensive solution to the challenges. They enable all-up examination of pupils psychophysical welbeing, interpersonal relations, educational activities implementing, children behavior handling. obtained
and estimate indicators undergo double statistical processing and are represented in percentage and
sigma.
“Diakoms” chart interpreting enables pretty precise evaluation of pupils psychophysiological condition by
the following indicators:
1. Mental tension – increment of activity of lymphatic system (LS) >+45%. Mental state determined by
anticipation of a negative or unfavorable for a person situation. It can be accompanied by a general
sense of discomfort, anxiety, sometimes fear, but unlike anxiety it implies readiness to handle a
situation, find a way out.
2. Proneness to conflict, aggression – increment of activity of meridians upon proneness to conflict –
stomach>+20%, upon aggression – liver>+20%.
Proneness to conflict is a discrepancy between the expected and the experience. In classical
psychology it is a confrontation of opposite incompatible tendencies in a person’s mind. At school this
can be in form of a conflict, proneness to arguing.
Aggression is an increased soreness, anger expression provoked by encroachment to an item of
affection of a person or spontaneously upon ingenerate aggressiveness as a trait of character what can
a feature of a choleric temperament.
Left branch of a meridian shows personal peculiarities, right branch – environment interaction
response.
3. Anxiety (interpersonal, self-evaluation) – decreased activity of meridians of liver (Lv) and stomach (S)
simultaneously or separately less than 30%. Correlation studies conducted in pilot school indicated
that aggregate and interpersonal anxiety is accompanied by decreased activity of a liver meridian, selfevaluation anxiety – decreased activity of a stomach meridian.
4. Proneness to phobias – decrement of an indicator of ergo-trophotrope activity less than 30%. It
matches expressed introversion in psychological terms. Introverts are prone to self-analysis, anxiety,
hypochondria. If introversion develops into a severe state different phobias occur, for example
carcinophobia, claustrophobia.
5. Proneness to exhaustion of central nervous system (CNS), attention concentration decrease, quick
attention exhaustion – decrement of activity of meridians of LS and Tl <-30%. Inhibitory processes in
the central nervous system predominate excitative processes. Determination of the cause of CNS
exhaustion can be fulfilled by functional loading: upon ingenerate defects or organic disorders LS and
Tl state does not change after loading. It should be pointed out that main causes of CNS exhaustion are
computer games, longitude computer activity without break, watching TV, listening to music or foreign
language in headphones in motion. All these may further lead to immunity deterioration, functional
imbalance of the whole body.
6. Hypermotivity of CNS, attention switch problems, attention deficit - increment of activity of meridians
of LS and Tl >30%. %. Excitative processes in the central nervous system predominate inhibitory
processes. This is often ingenerate peculiarity of CNS especially if a fetus experienced anxiety. Such
babies are born with nervous hypersthenia, they are hyperactive, anxious and watchful towards the
outer environment. CNS increased excitability can be a consequence of a disease, head injury, surgery
under general anesthesia, and can be accompanied with increment of intracranial pressure,
headaches.
7. Tendency to decrement of adaptation – decrement of activity of meridians PS and MP <-20%. In this
case even a tendency to decrement of these meridians is already negative sigh. Social disadaptation is
understood as rejection of social environment, search for meaning of life in regard to one’s aspirations
what may lead to unpredictable behavior and asocial acts: alcohol and drug abuse, criminal conduct.
Such state may lead to decrease of immune of a human, proneness to serious diseases increase.
8. Decrement of volition - <-30% decrease signifies of immature emotional-volitional sphere, that is
reluctance to make serious decisions, irresponsibility, inability to defend one’s opinion and show
initiative, easily subjected to suggestion.
9. Decrement of motivation to study – decreased activity of the antagonist pair – of colon and kidneys –
on 10%. Data acquired from the “Diakoms” survey in pilot school indicated that decrease on
motivation to study is accompanied by decrement of activity of this pair of organs. According to a
theory inclined in the program colon activity is linked with psychological moral sinew, while activity of
kidneys – with interest and attention to the external world. Thus it is clear that the higher the moral
sinew and the greater interest to the external world of a person the bigger motivation to study he/she
possesses.
10. Adaptation syndrome – cumulative adaptation responses of a body. At school adaptation syndrome is
pretty frequent in multinational groups. What is more this indicator is often traced in Asian children
and during mass virus diseases.
11. Decrement of intellectual activity – on 30%. It may be a sign of intellectual overload or decrease of
interest to any purposeful activity. This decrement does not imply mental disorders.
“Diakoms” chart interpreting enables evaluation of psychophysiological condition of every pupils as well as
health profile of the whole study group.
Bar chart 1. Health profile of a study group
The “Sociomonitoring” program-methodical set provides comprehensive evaluation of interpersonal
relations, as well as:
- Detection and prevention of mass and individual school (social) disadaptation;
-
Diagnostics, planning and support of developing potential of social environment of a group, the whole
institutional social environment;
- Defining personal effects and changes under developing pedagogical technologies, correctional
technologies, rehabilitation projects, trainings, etc;
- Study of motives and causes of aggressive, stress, suicide and other types of abnormal behavior of
children, adolescents in any educational institution;
- Study of gender relations in educational institutions, causes of gender transformations;
- Study of hidden factors determining formation of children and adults behavior in any educational
institution.
Right columns indicate the level of own social activity of a pupil which he/she is ready to express in
collaboration with group members for achieving optimal psychic comfort. Left columns show the degree of
demand of a child by a social class environment within educational activities (or social recognition of a
person by a group).
The scale is from +3 to -3.
Bar chart 2. Aggregate impact of partners
We have carried out monitoring of psychophysical condition of final grades of primary school of
progymnasium №1768 and secondary school №59 of the Central Administrative District of Moscow within
the frames of experimental research. The study covered 6 groups of the 4th grade totaling 136 pupils.
The results indicated decreased intellectual activity (50-75%), significantly decreased adaptation activity
(30-70%) in 4 groups, pretty high level of self-evaluation anxiety (30-70%) in 4 groups, in 3 groups – CNS
arousal (40-55%), in 2 groups – high level of psychic tension.
So general psychophysical health status of pupils is characterized by higher claims for attention, difficulties
of interpersonal relations, psychic tension and constant expatiation of troubles, anxiety.
Psychological profile of a pupil indicates decreased interest towards school study, its content and obviously
teaching methods. Our recommendations to teachers and school administrations assist in considering
peculiarities of introduction of new state educational standards for primary school, determine risk zones
and educational process negative factors.
Physical training for students of extended education institutions
E. Pasalsky,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
Changes in the Russian society predetermine alterations in schoolchildren physical education.
One of the ways of addressing the issue of pupils’ insufficient motor activity is a pretty new approach of
senior schoolchildren’s sport majoring within PE classes; the basis of this approach is integration of basic
and extended physical education. So children sports collective groups should be established in order to
provide them with an opportunity to choose interested kind of physical activity and get pleasure out of
training. Hence most efficient forms of sports and physical activity are to be promoted.
It is obvious that the regular pedagogically organized physical exercising produce better result. Moreover
students get greater health-improving effect out of matching exercises, not a number of unrelated ones.
Anyway the emphasis should be out on health-improving aspect of physical education. Motor development
should not be an end in itself. And physical education should pursue achievement of quality indicators, not
quantity ones. The basis of physical education is ideally adaptation of efficient sport techniques and
methods to peculiarities of students physical education.
Available resources of secondary education system are not enough for overcoming lack of motor activity.
So scope of physical training opportunities has to be enhanced, utilizing facilities of extended education
system. Within this system physical-sport activities are provided in specialized extended education
institutions (Child-Adolescent Sports Schools) and in non-specialized Youth Creativity Centers and clubs.
The central goal of extended education is formation of spiritually rich, physically healthy , socially active,
creative personality. This goal is achieved by means of healthy lifestyle promotion, creation of educational
programs of new generation, scientific-methodological provision of extended education.
Pedagogical process in extended education institutions is different from that in schools by firstly voluntary
class attendance. Hence motivation issues stems from that; these should be taken in consideration like
health improvement issues. Health improvement emphasis means that training is aimed at not achieving
high sport results but promotion of regular exercising, increasing of students’ health status and physical
condition, developing of individual and collective qualities. Hence children collective groups’ activities
should be regarded as promotion and formation of bright emotional healthy lifestyle, what is a key feature
in education of a harmonic personality.
Poor facilities of non-specialized extended education institutions are to be considered as well. These are
lack of equipment, apparatus, etc.
Hence we encounter the issue of collaboration of a school and a sport extended education institution.
Experts emphasize this feature what is to contribute to enhance and diversify motor activity of pupils.
Anticipated results are physical condition and health improvement, positive changes of a schoolchild
him/herself, i.e. expanding circle of peer contacts, learning new skills, self=actualization and socialization.
Many experts point out necessity to create conditions for a free choice of a sport event by children, time
management in order to avoid overfatigue, negative emotions, boredom, but instead of that for stimulating
eagerness to exercising, commitment to healthy lifestyle by clear vision of one’s progress. Main principles
of extended education institutions work are mass scale and affordability of exercises based on voluntary
children associating by interests, development of children leadership skills and self-reliance.
Experts are convinced that nowadays issues of health status and physical condition of younger generation
are of utmost importance for the whole society. So social significance of physical training and healthy
lifestyle is addressed, as lack of motor activity is one of the causes of poor well-being.
Central means of health improvement of schoolchildren is active physical exercising. It contributes to sound
functioning of body organs systems and physical abilities development. Anyway exercises used should be
safe and comply with norm of physical load suitable a particular student.
Several years long studies indicated that:
- Recreational bodybuilding is an efficient means of advancement of senior schoolchildren physical
condition. Systematic exercising provokes positive changes in physical development, physical and
functional condition of pupils, increases work capacity.
- Increased need in communicating with peers during workouts, commitment to healthy lifestyle.
- Use of relaxation exercises increases functional and adaptive capabilities of schoolchildren,
contributes to proper organization of PE classes.
-
Analysis of physical condition changes proves high efficiency of health-improving bodybuilding
activities in non-specialized extended educational institutions. High degree of students’
contentment with these activities is also emphasized.
Bud’te zdorovy! Be healthy!
A. Pavlov, post-graduate student, the Department of Pedagogics, KSPA,
I.Achepovsliy, honored teacher of the Russian Federation,
city of Petrozavodsk
It is important to remember that the knowing of own roots, history of the ancestors, respect for cultural
heritage of the people is one of the ways of displaying internal personal culture, convictions, attitude to
what’s going on in the state. For this reason we should study not only grammar and lexis rules of the
mother tongue, but also be interested in its origin and development, as many usual, at first sight, words
may have a latent meaning attached to it by our ancestors.
The present work focuses on the origin of one of the most widely used and popular words of the Russian
language – "zdravstvuite" (hello). People of different ages, genders and social statuses use this word several
times a day. Since the early childhood parents teach the children to be polite, thus first of all acquainting
them to the word "zdravstvuite" (“hello”). Meanwhile not many people think about the genuine meaning of
this word given to it by our ancestors in very ancient times.
"Zdravstvuite" is a word used as the salutatory form in Russian upon meeting someone. However its
genuine meaning is wishing health. This expression originates from the word "zdravstvovat’" - to be
healthy/well, to exist safely. This national greeting wish differs the Russians from many Europeans, who
wish pleasure, happiness and the good in their greetings. A Russian has always seen health in everything.
Thus, it is possible to draw a conclusion that the initial meaning of the word "zdravstvuite" is a wish of
health, what is also proved by its radical – "zdrav", what means “health”. Our ancestors considered it
necessary to wish each other good health when meeting what was, in their opinion, the most important
matter in life. That is the same reason why such phrases as "bud’ zdorov” (be healthy), “zdraviya zhelayu”
(wishing you health), “zhelayu zdravstvovat’” (I wish you to be well), “dobrogo zdoroviya” (to good health),
etc are still used in everyday communication.
In modern speech the word "zdravstvuite” gradually loses its initial meaning. It is a part of etiquette and is
used only as a greeting. Thus almost no one considers health issue. Greeting formulas have great
importance in a communication process. Greeting is one of the most important forms of speech etiquette.
People come into contact through it, define human relations. Not knowing greeting formulas means being
unable to communicate. Greeting formulas connect people, strengthen contacts, give joy of human
dialogue.
Any language is historical memory of a nation embodied in words. Thousand-year spiritual culture is
reflected in a language. So the culture of language, culture of word is considered as continuous bond of
generations.
Mother tongue is a soul of a nation, its supreme and most apparent characteristic. Such important and
features as national psychology, national character, habit of thought, originality of art creativity, morality
and spirituality find their expression in and through language.
Knowing mother tongue, correct use of its forms and speech tokens is obligatory for every self-respecting
person.
References:
1. Введенская Л.А., Павлова Л.Г. Культура и искусство речи.- Ростов-н-Дону, 1995.- 345 с.;
2. Граудина Л.К., Ширяев Е.Н. Культура русской речи и эффективность общения. – М.: Наука, 1996.;
3. Сопер П.А. Основы искусства речи.- М., 1999.- 359с.
4. Янышев В.Г. Речь и этикет.- М., 1993.- 451 с.
Role of animation activities in formation of adolescents’ and youth healthy lifestyle.
V. Plotnikova,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
Several President’s Addresses to the Federal Assembly, in particular in 2001 and 2008, touched upon the
issue of the health status of the nation. Many academics also raise this problem, as deterioration of
nation’s physical, mental and moral health in circumstances of rapid technology development and
ecological disturbances is obvious. In Russia only 5% of school leavers comply with the norms of physical
development and health. So the most crucial issue of the country’s nowadays development stage is
preservation and promotion of nation’s health.
In the Address to the Federal Assembly 2008 the President stated that: “System of education forms a
personality and as a whole lifestyle of the nation. Revival of the Russian educational system is of utmost
importance for formation of new generations”. The President pointed out sound health of schoolchildren
as the key trends of national policy emphasizing priority of healthy lifestyle in an school’s educational
environment.
In this regard one of the central directions of state policy in addressing social problems related to the
population health is development of physical education and sport nationwide. Physical exercising,
recreation sports and tourism are efficient means of preservation and promotion of health; they decrease
risk of non-infectious diseases (cardio-vascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity, etc) and have
proved to be efficient measures for prevention deviant behavior, alcoholism, smoking and drug abuse.
Formation of person’s healthy lifestyle is positively affected not only by good living conditions and, physical
training, but also cultural and leisure events which are important for morality, physical and mental wellbeing.
Lately leisure and recreation activities, and entertainment are being called as animation. While people
engaged in these activities called animators. The term animation means stimulating full-scale recreation,
social-cultural leisure activities for a human through affecting his/her stamina. Animation activity is an
innovation activity aimed at involving participants of educational, social and cultural process into active,
creative, mutually beneficial interpersonal relations.
Sport animation is a specific type of animation activity. Sport animation is an innovation activity aimed at
involving its participants into active, creative interpersonal relations aiding to health improvement. It
includes as entertaining events, as various sport games, exercises and competitions thus enriching the
content of its programs also with health related goals.
Sport animation has a particular theoretical basis as its inherent part. Below I examine the logic structure of
animation activity: its subject, object, topic, forms, means, actions based on particular methods, and result.
A subject of sport animation is a leader, a manager of sport animation. A collective subject can be such
group of people or the society in general which are united by similar goals, acting in the same direction for
achieving a result suitable for all.
An object of sport animation is groups or individuals for whom a program is prepared. This is a central
element of a system of satisfying their cultural and physical needs. Factors as age, health status, attitude to
leisure, physical training and sport should be taken into consideration.
A topic of activity is a matter at which subject’s activity is focused on. Topic of sport animation is animation
programs. Sport animation programs are based on healthy lifestyle. Preservation and promotion of health
are central functions of sport animation. According to the definition by the World Health Organization,
health is a state of full physical, mental and social well-being. Comprehensive viewpoint on health can be
represented in a 4-component model, consisting of somatic, physical, mental and moral health:
1. Somatic health – current condition of organs and organ systems of a human body, based on
individual biologic development program, implying use of sport-recreation and tourist-recreation
active animation programs.
2. Physical health – level of development of body organs basing on body functional reserves, implying
application of medium active animation types such as sport-entertaining and contest-playing.
3. Mental health – condition of a mental sphere based on peace of mind, ensuring relevant behavioral
response. It is satisfied by sport-entertaining programs.
4. Moral heath – complex of motivations and needs based on a person’s values. It is satisfied by sportcognitive and teaching programs.
Every aforementioned type of animation programs may be a combination of different forms of animation
activity.
Forms of animation activity:
Sport-recreation and tourism-recreation programs – aimed at sport and active leisure enthusiasts; focused
on restoration of strength and health by means of physical activity on fresh air; such kinds as journeys on
foot, sport events, camps, festivals, etc.
Sport-entertaining programs – aimed at participants of any age and their involving into active movements
through alluring funny contests, active games, etc. For example, pirates and caves visiting role plays, etc.
Sport-cognitive programs – based on promotion of moral values through active leisure. These are journeys
on foot, excursions, short educational programs focused on learning different skills of various crafts. Upon
participation in such program its attendees point out they have learnt to communicate on local language,
learnt national musical instruments, dances, etc. So here more attention should be devoted to relaxed,
casual atmosphere.
Means. Among central means of animation activity are the following: participants inclusion into action,
diversification of animation programs.
Action. In animation activity it consists of three stages: elaboration and preparation stage, implementation
stage and analysis and control stage. The following means are utilized: illustration, drama performance,
games, competition, rhythmic movements, etc.
A result is the final phase of activity, proving that the goals set have been correct. A result of animation
activity may be the following:
- Harmonic physical and functional development; motor, strength, mobility, agility development;
- Development an strengthening of a human physical resources during leisure time, relieving of
fatigue, revival, psychological safety valve by games and entertainment;
- Broadening and deepening of knowledge on physical training and sport, their role in diseases
prevention and nation health status increase;
- Promotion of positive attitude towards physical training by fostering interest and habit of regular
exercising;
- Use of physical training and sports as an important component of moral and mental development,
cultivation of patriotic and civic values, creative development;
- Involving of all groups of population to physical training; use of physical training and sports in social
adaptation of the disabled, orphans; promotion of healthy lifestyle.
References
1. Гаранин Н.И., Булыгина И.И. Менеджмент туристской и гостиничной анимации. – М.:
Советский спорт, 2003 – 156 с.
2. Курило Л.В. Теория и практика анимации: Ч.1. Теоретические основы туристкой анимации:
Учебное пособие, М. Советский спорт, 2006. – 195 с.
3. Новиков А.М., Д.А. Новиков Обучение основам методологии // Педагогика. 2009, №7, с.1117.
Professional formation of adapted physical culture prospective teachers
O. Pokhorukov,
Kuzbass State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Novokuznetsk
Modern situation in the education let us state the uncertainty of the requirements from the
society’s and governments’ sides. According to the modern analysis, we suppose that professional training
of a modern teacher of physical education is aimed at acquirement of professional activity, in which
objective knowledge are very important. It Is aimed at his or her being ready to consistent teaching
activity, but not its separate pieces or forming the system of pedagogical knowledge and skills. Professional
and competent is the kind of teacher’s work, in which pedagogical activity is being carried out.
The word competent comes from Latin «competens (competentis)» - meaning having some
experience and knowledge in some sphere, and being able to judge according to it.
The necessity in the competency approach in educational process is because of the requirements of
the modern society. The European Union and Russian conception of modernizing educational system are
those, who implement th competency approach.
Bolotov, Lednev and many others emphasize the practical approaches of the competences.
Zimnyaya stresses that White in his work, called «Motivation reconsidered: the concept of competence»
(1959), fills competence with personal components, including motivation. This fact shows that in the 60-s
of the last century there has already been the understanding between competence and capacity.
The capacity approach in domestic psychology is introduced in the works of Bodrov, Klimov,
Kuzmina, and others. The capacity approach means integration of the theoretical and practical background
in the process of education, which provides the adaptation of a graduate to the labor market.
The specific character of this kind of approach in education is based on the knowledge and facts,
which are gained by the student him (her)self, because he (she) through finding solution to different
problems. The student becomes the subject of the educational process. This fact contributes into the
forming (building) of a steady cognitive process as a tool of increasing the quality of the proficiency of the
specialist.
Changes in education made the high schools prepare specialists of high proficiency. Though these
changes are already noticeable, they are not enough spread. The graduates of the physical departments
are not enough prepared to propaganda of a healthy lifestyle and they do not show a good example
themselves. Moreover the curriculum is not aimed at the children’s interests and gives only the school
program for studying.
Modernization of the physical education is made for overcoming difficult situation in which there is
a contradiction between requirements of the society and the proficiency of the teachers.
The aim of the modernizing is in building up devices of steady cognitive process of developing the
system of education of the professional training. The realize the mission of a teacher, a newly-made
teacher must be an example for the students and act according to the received knowledge and skills.
Under these circumstances the social importance of physical education and forming a thoroughly
developed individuality of a student is increasing.
Fitness Aerobics classes for preschoolers and primary school children
E.Ponomareva,
Elets State University named after I. Bunin
The program is concluded in accordance with key provisions of the Concept of Preschool Education where
the goal of the educational process is stipulated as strengthening health, physical and mental development
via fitness aerobics means.
We have opted for fitness aerobics as this kind of sport is affordable, popular, diverse and spectacular. It is
a modern and powerful tool in promoting healthy lifestyle.
Physical exercises as the essence of physical education is the central means of targeted impact on physical
development.
Systematic muscle training requires taking into consideration the following aspects: alternating muscle
tension and relaxation weary less that static tension. Taking into account quick fatigue a person should
avoid extreme physical load while exercising and alternate activity types every 20-30 minutes.
Types of PE classes
(by N. Kozhuhova)
Teaching-training classes. Implying formation of motor skills, physical qualities development, and
advancement of skills typical for fitness aerobics. This type of classes should account for at least 50% of the
total.
Comprehensive classes. Aimed at synthesis of different types of activity addressing objectives of physical,
mental, moral development.
Play classes. Based on various active games, shuttle runs, etc. motor skills advance, physical qualities
develop, interest to physical exercising, sport competitions and team spirit is breaded.
Choreographic class. The central objective is formation of correct posture, development of muscles,
flexibility.
Class structure
The structure is based on recommendations by M. Levin adapted to fitness aerobics peculiarities. There is a
typical class structure, nonetheless it is just a basis for addressing the objectives.
Preparatory phase of a class.
Introduces children to planned activities, establishes a contact between a teacher and pupils. A child body
is being prepared for upcoming exercising of the central class phase. The first phase involves marching
exercises, smart walk, slow run, jumps in place and forward, response and alertness drill, etc. The objective
of this phase is to arrange children in a group, pupils’ acquiring collective action skills; these exercises
promote discipline and attentiveness.
Central phase of a class.
The objective is to let children acquire basic and specific skills needed in fitness aerobics. The phase also
focuses on movement coordination, time and space orientation, self-reliance, and other psychophysical
qualities. This part of a class involves as traditional (walk, run, jump, breathing and balance stand
exercises), as specific fitness aerobics exercises such as classic aerobics, step aerobics, funk/hip-hop
aerobics, fitball aerobics. Wall bar, gymnastic bench, barre exercises are inherent part of such class. This
phase is to be finished with emotional active games primarily competitive ones.
Final phase of a class.
Its duration is about 5-10 minutes. The objectives to meet are to complete a class by gradual decrease of
load, let children calm down by means of slow walk, breathing exercises.
Annual training plan
(3 classes per week)
№ Types of physical training
Age group
5 – 6 year old
6- 7 year old
1
2
3
4
5
Teaching-training classes
Comprehensive classes
Choreographic classes
Play classes
Control class
64 hours
23
24
23
6
Total hours
At the end of each semester
140
144
Monthly plan
1st week
1
Choreographic
2
Teaching-training
3
Comprehensive
2nd week
Teaching-training
Play
Teaching-training
3rd week
Choreographic
Teaching-training
Comprehensive
67 hours
23
24
23
7
4th week
Teaching-training
Play
Teaching-training
( at the end of
semester - control)
Training equipment
Standard equipment + step platform, fitballs, etc.
The structure of class topics
Theory
History of physical
culture and sport
Practice
Managerial skills
Техника
основных движений
Use of marching
exercises
Hygienic knowledge and
skills
Basics of
choreography
Conduct of active
games
Basic of body
constitution and
functions
Basic steps and
elements of fitness
aerobics
Team interaction
The terms used
(fitness aerobics)
Standards’ control
Initial referee skills
Games
Medical supervision
References
1.
Аэробика. Теория и методика проведения занятий. Учебное пособие для студентов вузов
физической культуры/ Под ред. Е.Б. Мякинченко и М.П. Шестакова. – М.: СпортАкадемПресс,
2002. – 304с.
2.
Болонов Г.П. Физическое воспитание в системе коррекционно-развивающего обучения:
Программа закаливания, оздоровления, организации игр, секций, досуга. – М.: ТЦ Сфера, 2003.
– 160с.
3.
Буцинская П.П., Васюкова В.И, Лескова Г.П. Общеразвивающие упражнения в детском саду. –
М.:1990.
4.
Кожухова Н. Н., Рыжкова Л. А., Борисова М.М. Теория и методика физического воспитания
детей дошкольного возраста :схемы и таблицы. – М.: Гуманит. изд. центр ВЛАДОС, 2003. – 192 с
5.
Левин М.В. Гимнастика в хореографической школе. – М.: Терра-Спорт,2001. – 96 с., ил. ( Русская
театральная школа)
6.
Левченкова Т.В., Сверчкова О.Ю. Малыши на мячах. – М.: Центр Фитбол, 2005. – 130с.
7.
Лисицкая Т.С., Сиднева Л.В. Тестирование физической подготовленности в аэробике. – М.: 2001.
– 16 с.
8.
Спортивная аэробика в школе. – М.: СпортАкадемПресс, 2002. – 84с.
9.
Спортивные игры на уроках физкультуры/ Под общей редакцией О. Листова. – М.:
СпортАкадемПресс, 2001. – 276с.
10. Шебеко В.Н., Ермак Н.Н., Шишкина В.А. – Физическое воспитание дошкольников. – М.:1999.
IAAF Child track and field
Viktor Predbannikov,
Senior teacher, Russian Gymnasium, city of Iyhvi, Estonia,
Track and field coach of 4th category,
IAAF lecturer
Having worked for more than 20 years as a PE teacher at school I can tell for sure that general level of
physical condition of pupils has been decreasing in the later years. We should be aware that sound physical
development of children depends to a greater extent on motor activity. The nature itself has given children
an essential need in motor activity. It is determined by age peculiarities not depending on their
consciousness. In this regard the paramount role for children may and should play track and field during PE
classes and out-of-school time.
The International Association of Athletics Federations has studied the current situation with the popularity
of track and field among children and considered it necessary to make a proposal adapted to real state of
affairs.
Backed by this study IAAF experts have elaborated a form of training for children which meets
contemporary requirements; its goal is promotion of track and field training among junior children
ultimately aiming at making track and field #1 sport in a comprehensive school. IAAF Child track and field
involves a system of training in form of instruction cars and team competitions.
Having completed training at the international course for lectors of IAAF I have learned this program and
now use it in practice. Having organized and implemented IAAF program competition I claim that the
program is really interesting. New events and multifold motor tasks conducted in a team give pleasure to
children. Moreover this competition enables participation of a big number of children in limited space any
time.
Team work is the central principle of IAAF Child track and field. All races are conducted in form of either
relay of a team competition. All technical events (jumping, throwing) are classified the same way – by
summing results of all team members. As all participants compete as members of a team, even less capable
children can take part. Every individual performance is an input to a team performance thus empowering
the concept that every child’s participation matters.
Every team member takes part in different events of every group of events (sprint, jumping, throwing). As
well as long distance race. This strategy prevents early majoring and provides multifold and diverse
approach to track and field development.
All teams within IAAF Child track and field program are mixed (always made up of girls and boys). All events
are carried out as team events. IAAF Child track and field is for 3 age groups:
 Group 1: 7-8 year olds
 Group2: 9-10 year olds
 Group3: 11-12 year olds.
Amendments can be introduced but corresponding basic principles of IAAF Child track and field:
- Mixed teams competition
- Competition in simple and available events
- Brief competition organized in accordance with IAAF recommendations
- Immediate results and their obviousness within a competition process
- No child in any event can be given 0 result
- No direct conflict, no qualifications.
Competition forms recommended for children by IAAF should meet these principles in order to stay true to
the spirit of the Child track and field program. No new decisions can be made if they counteract these
principles.
Cmpetitions are conducted by a schedule to ensure that various events, constituting events groups: race,
jumping, throwing, are practiced in three different places. Long distance race is carried out for everyone
simultaneously.
The classical formula for IAAF Child track and field competition is 9 teams made up of 10 persons, 9 groupsstations (3 for race, 3 for jumping, 3 for throwing events + endurance). There can also be 6-8 participating
teams of 8-10 members.
Upon defining the number of teams, events for competing should be determined. IAAF proposes the
following events for Child track and field.
Events of IAAF Child track and field:
Race events
- 8 minute free run
- Shuttle-race (hurdling – flat race)
- Circuit relay race “Formula 1”
- Speed ladder
- Hurdling sprint and slalom relay
- Hurdling relay
- 1000m race
Throwing
- Foam javelin throwing
- Kneestand medicine ball throwing
- Discus throwing by exactitude
- Overhead medicine ball throwing
- “Ludi” discus throwing in a limited zone
- Javelin throwing
- Target tennis ball throwing over an obstacle
Jumping
- Long pole jump
- Standing frog long jump
- Triple jump
- Long jump by exactitude
- Rope jumping
- Crossed jump.
Teams should be distinctive differing by some elements (t-shirt, cap, etc) in order to make a competition
successful. A team should also have a name.
Competition venue should be determined far beforehand a competition date. A sports ground should be
safe, jolly and adapted for a competition. The ideal size is 60m * 40m.
The basic rule is to distribute stations by events ensuring safety of a competing process.
Particular equipment has been elaborated and proposed for training and conducting of IAAF competitions.
Its key characteristics are simplicity, bright and catching shape, utility and safety.
Child track and field and school
Why do I recommend Child track and field to my colleagues? Probably everyone knows that track and field
exercises are the best among various types of physical exercises in promoting physical development.
Different types of race, jumping and throwing are really part of every PE class.
IAAF Child track and field proposes an optimal way of educating a pupil track and field exercises. Our rapid
changing environment calls for school classes to change as well. Thus track and field exercising makes
benefit for a person and promotes this engrossing kind of sports. Training system with instruction cars and
practically tested team competitions elaborated by experienced professionals is offered to PE teachers for
aiding them in their work. It provides the content of a training and methods for its practical application.
Proposed competitive events give children an opportunity to acquire a range of motor actions. Preparation
of such competitions make children work in a particular mode adapting to requirement to their age group.
In summary.
IAAF Child track and field is a great aid for physical education at school. Due to its goals it can be
incorporated into the study process and children comprehensive training.
The essence of track and field exercises is provide all junior athletes with basic physical education, a
“platform” for their future physically active life, as well as ensure access to means of physical socially
recognized expression.
Adapted Physical Activity in Finland
Pauli Rintala,
professor in Adapted Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä
Finland
The term of Adapted Physical Activity (APA) is defined in Finland as follows: “physically active lifestyle
which is available for people with different disabilities, long-term illnesses or those whose functional
capacity is either physically, mentally or socially such that they are not able to participate in general
physical activity provision and whose participation needs modifications and special expertise”.
From the 1970’s the English term ’Adapted Physical Activity’ has been an umbrella term worldwide
(DePauw & Sherrill 1994). It is considered to cover both the traditional rehabilitation and physical
education and it means: (Adapted) = adaptations which can be educational (e.g., teaching methods),
technical (e.g., assistive devices) and/or administrative (e.g., facilities); (Physical) = physical activity
experiences and participation; and (Activity)= education, therapy, leisure time activity, and/or competition
(Doll-Tepper 1995). In Finland the term is also understood as described above.
The number of participants in APA has been growing rapidly in recent decades being now over one fifth of
the population in our society. In terms of equal opportunities, progress has been made with local sport
provision, the activities of specialized organizations, education and training in the field of sport and physical
activity, and international contacts. The latest Sport Act from 1999 calls for more attention to providing
opportunities for special groups in sports and physical activity. All this should be done in partnership
between sport, social welfare, public health and education authorities.
Definitive steps forward have been taken for instance in the following: local authorities have hired sport
instructors for special groups, the financial support of specialized organizations has grown, the sport, social
welfare and public health systems have intensified their information, research, training and publication
relating to APA, and sports facilities and recreational areas have been renovated with a view to adapted
physical activity. Finnish sport culture accommodates fairly well to the needs of special groups.
About 5% of the state funds in Finland is allocated for physical activity and sport to promote exercise for
individuals with disabilities and long-term illnesses, but also elderly population. Organizations concerned
with exercise for the disabled are represented on the decision-making bodies for the administration of
physical exercise; sport organizations for disabled persons receive state aid on the same basis and in the
same proportions as other sports organizations. In the future, the focus will remain on improvement of
training for physical exercise, teaching, and health care personnel.
Physical activity has a direct impact on prevention and cure of some illnesses. However, as the result of
many illnesses and impairments there can be a situation that the existing facts cannot be influenced any
more by exercising. In this case, physical activity can be used to delete or at least diminish the
consequences caused by the impairment. Many forms of physical activity do not directly have any specific
effects to different functions of the body, but they indirectly diminish the existing disabilities. Physical
activity can adhere to any phase of the rehabilitation process and many times it influences at the same time
on the different levels of illness, impairment, disability, and handicap.
The city of Jyväskylä provides an outstanding example and prototype of the continuum from special
programs in segregated facilities to fully integrated physical, recreational, and sport opportunities. In
addition it shows how diverse laws - both Public Health Act and Sport Act - and activities sponsored and
supported by different agencies can work together, complement and supplement one another. Dominant
factors in this process are interests and needs of each participant as an individual.
The city of Jyväskylä is a university and school town in Central Finland, surrounded by several lakes. A total
of 23 % of the surface area of the city is covered by lakes. The number of inhabitants is about 130 000 and
the image is youthful. There are tens of public schools, vocational schools and institutes, the University of
Applied Sciences and the University of Jyväskylä, where the only Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences in
Finland is situated. The total number of students in Jyväskylä is close to 30 000. Jyväskylä is also known as a
sports city. More than 70 different sports, including summer and winter sports, can be carried out in our
city. There are nearly 240 constructed sports facilities and 120 sports clubs. Many kinds of adapted physical
activity services complete the image of a sports city.
The adapted physical activity programs organized by the network are intended for persons who, for
reasons of disability, chronic illnesses, advanced age, diminished physical capability, or social situation are
unable to benefit from the usual range of physical activities available to the public.
According to legislation which came into force in 1980 and was renewed in 1999, the main duty for the
provision of adapted physical activities falls on the municipal departments responsible for physical activity
services in general. However, in practice, the provision of services for special groups is the result of
cooperative efforts involving other departments and agencies.
The main responsibility for planning and coordinating adapted physical activity services in the city of
Jyväskylä belongs to the Department of Sports and Physical Activity Services and to the Center for Social
Welfare and Health Services (Figure1). These two departments take care of e.g., planning activities and
courses, coordination, major part of implementation, organizing transportation for the groups with severe
handicapping conditions. They do vast cooperation with other administrative agencies and organizations,
associations of the disabled, pensioners and war veterans. They also take care of training and consulting of
instructors, and information of the services. Information about the special programs available is sent to
every household in the form of a newsletter. Also an annual Calendar of Adapted Physical Activities (2010)
is published in the web.
Department of Sports and
Physical Activity Services
Center for Social
Welfare and Health Services
Physical education teacher
in charge of special groups
Physical activity advisor in
cooperation with physiotherapy unit
HEALTH RELATED AND ADAPTED
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROGRAMS
• planning
•coordination
•implementation (major part)
•cooperation with other agencies
•information services
Workers` institute
& open colleges
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
Figure 1. MODEL OF NETWORK
Disabled & pensioners
associations
Dept
of
Education
Church organizations
Sport associations
Although the main responsibility for adapted physical activity services lies with the above-mentioned
municipal departments, these services are also provided by the associations for the disabled, pensioners,
war-veterans, the church, municipal school administration, workers' colleges and open folk colleges and, to
some degree also by sports clubs. The Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences of the University of Jyväskylä
provides a great amount of know-how for the development of adapted physical activity. Many research and
development projects over the years have been carried out in cooperation with the university. The adapted
physical activity groups also offer many opportunities for practice and employment for students of the
University of Applied Sciences and the University of Jyväskylä. This innovative cross - administrative
cooperation has enabled us to combine resources and, as a result of many years of development work, to
create excellent adapted physical activity services in Jyväskylä.
References
1. Calendar of Adapted Physical Activities (2010). City of Jyväskylä. See: http://www.jkl.fi/liikunta
2010.
2. DePauw, K. & Sherrill, C. (1994). Adapted physical activity: Present and future. Physical Education
Review, 17(1), 6-13.
3. Doll-Tepper, G. (1995). International perspectives on adapted physical activity. In H. van
Coppenolle, Y. Vanlandewijck, J. Simons, P. Van der Vliet, & E. Neerinckx (Eds.), First European
Conference on Adapted Physical Activity and Sports: A White Paper on Research and Practice (pp.
45-51). Leuven: Acco.
Role of physical education in formation of children abilities for music
A. Ryazantsev,
Acting Associate Professor of Astrakhan Institute of training and retraining,
Candidate of pedagogical science,
city of Astrakhan
The modern concept of physical education is aimed at enhancing the role of educational focus as the
defining condition of success of the formation of physical culture of a student. The national educational
initiative ‘Our new school’ says, ‘School education should be constructed so that graduates can
independently set and achieve important goals, skillfully respond to different life situations’. This is only
possible while preserving and strengthening their physical and mental health. For this purpose, in 2010 a
new standard of physical training was introduced, not less than three hours a week taking into account the
individual
characteristics
of
children.
But, even this progressive innovation does not completely solve the problem of low motor activity of
modern youth. The data of numerous studies suggest that the body's needs for school-age children in an
organized motor activity are 12-16 hours per week. Increasing the number of classes by itself can not solve
the problem of their effectiveness because the question is not so much the quantity, but more what
content is like, what their focus is. The focus here must be on the educational objectives, the successful
implementation of which could help prepare children for self-improvement of their own physical condition
in the process of self-study and other forms of physical training outside of school.
Particularly this problem is relevant to children starting to play music. These children of 7-8 years old spend
about 2 hours a day playing the instrument, and students-musicians of 11 years old are engaged in the
piano up to 6 hours daily. Students carry these additional loads in the inactive position already having the
deficiency of motor activity and the large amount of homework in secondary school.
I investigated the physical readiness of children of 7-15 years in 12 educational institutions in Astrakhan,
regularly involved in music from 5-6 years (242 boys and 341 girls). Physical readiness was determined by
tests
recommended
by
the
curriculum
for
physical
education.
The analysis of the results of testing of schoolchildren has shown that since 3 years of primary school (9
year old children) there is a significant lag in the development of physical qualities (for all indicators, except
for dynamometry) for boys and girls involved in music as compared to children not involved in music and
sports ( p <0,005). Each year, the lag increases and by the time of admission to musical educational
institutions
(15-16
year-old
students)
becomes
very
significant.
In physical education of students regularly engaged in the music, it is necessary to use various forms of
overtime work (exercises before classes, homework in Physical Education, outdoor games and physical
exercise during the breaks, and physical warm-ups in class). Some of them should be recommended for
introduction in the learning process in children's music school. Teachers- musicians, guided by the planning
documents and guidelines of the teacher of physical culture, taking into account the age and the
psychological characteristics of a person should be the organizers of athletic events in music schools. All
exercises should be aimed at the prevention of hypodynamia and should develop professionally important
qualities and functions, depending on the chosen musical instrument. That will show the level of
competence of a teacher of Physical Education and Music.
Parents of future musicians need to monitor homework in Physical Education and the necessary hygienic
and preventive requirements during individual music lessons at home. Both parents and teachers, and
especially the students themselves should be able to monitor the state of the organism dosing loading
while working out. Here one must once again return to the issue of the educational focus of physical
education class at school and the increased role of a teacher of physical culture. Following the principles of
the extensive search engine, support and maintenance of talented children, this is only possible by bringing
together teachers of different school subjects and their parents.
The pedagogical experiment carried out in three music schools of Astrakhan, showed that motivational and
emotional components are needed at the initial stage of introducing the elements of physical culture in the
process of learning music. Motivation for the children is that physical exercises help them in mastering the
future music profession and provide an opportunity to study together with their peers of physical
condition. The emotional component is that all the outdoor games, rhythmic exercises and choreography
are held with music. Fit ball and inflatable car tires are introduced as optional equipment. Exercises with
the transferring and catching the ball cause not only positive emotions and effectively restore the mental
work, but improve the function of vision. In addition to exercises for the development of large muscles of
the torso and limbs exercises for smaller muscles of the hand, fingers must be included in training, because
they not only develop the small muscles of the hand and improve fine motor coordination, which is very
important for a musician, but are also conducive to the development of children's speech.
For the prevention of myopia it is necessary to perform eye movements, fixing eyes on the hand or an
object in his hands, when performing a particular exercise, especially related to the movement of hands.
Working with students involved in music, it is necessary to avoid exercise in hanging and setting against
gymnastic apparatus, as well as exercises, under which some group of muscles can overload, causing
tension and convulsions.
All this information and much more must be reported to pupils during physical education classes with
educational and cognitive orientation, which is reflected in interdisciplinary results.
The recommendations given in this article may be useful not only for music school students, but also for all
children who have "sedentary" lifestyle, including students with "computer syndrome".
Role of physical education in modulation of emotion
A. Ryazantsev,
Acting Associate Professor of Astrakhan Institute of training and retraining,
Candidate of Pedagogical Science
Astrakhan
Very often in the process of studying a number of students experience significant neuro-psychological
tension, state of ‘emotional stress’. This condition may be called "emotional tension", ‘stage fright’ among
musicians, "anxiety of expectation" or "start fever" among athletes. Having different forms (poor body
coordination, "failures" of memory, deterioration of physical condition and performance, profuse sweating,
dryness in the throat, hand tremor, significant vegetative and bioelectric changes in the central nervous
system (CNS), this mental state, especially ‘emotional tension ‘, has a huge impact on the effectiveness of
educational and vocational activities (3).
Rather typical case of "emotional tension" is the one that occurs in humans in the examination situation.
The exam is the critical moment in a person’s principal activity, which largely determines his further life
Examination situation is characterized by well-known uncertainty of the outcome. All this makes the exam
situation
a
very
strong
emotional
factor
(3).
Taking into account the fact that not only the numerous examinees are prone to the phenomenon of
"emotional tension", but also people of practically all professions, this problem must be acknowledged
more than actual.
The first attempt to solve the scientific issue was taken by scientists and practitioners involved in musical
performance. Among professional musicians, whose work involves constant public performances, increased
level of "stage fright" occurs twice as often as among those with other occupations (4).
Individuals experiencing negative emotions of public speaking need to know that these factors not only
violate the peace of mind, but also lead to diseases (neurasthenia, mental disorders, etc.).
Musicians recommend various options for autogenic (AG) and psychoregulatory training (PRT) and some
medicines at various stages of psychological preparation for performance. But in my view, the practice of
training athletes for competitions and important performances accumulated a lot of positive experience,
which can be used to eliminate the negative effects of anxiety, on the condition of taking into consideration
specific musical performing and training activities.
Literature describes several methods of self-regulation of mental activity: with the help of other emotions,
by changing the posture, AG and PRT, the use of verbal and musical psychoregulation, normalization of
sleep. In this paper, I will highlight the pedagogical methods and especially the means of physical culture.
Noting the relevance of psychological readiness for exams, tests and presentations, it should be noted that,
in the first place, it is a pedagogical process. In order to influence the person directly and effectively it is
necessary to know a lot of his individual characteristics: anatomical, biochemical, physiological,
psychodynamic, psychological, personal, social, etc. In this process, the role of the teacher has a huge
significance
and
it
determines
the
level
of
his
competence.
The problem of mental states is also important for educational practice. Influenced by "emotional tension"
the student can not show the level of knowledge and skills, which he really has.
The subject of observation and analysis in a situation of anxiety for many teachers is the display of the
functional, mental states and personality traits: complexion, condition and movements of eyes, facial
expressions, changes in gait, habitual postures, pace of walking, sleep, daily routine, interests, desires,
habits etc., as well as the extent and nature of communication, where the central place is occupied by the
form and content of speech.
To worry less before the examination and performance a person should be more self-confident, and this
can only be with a better preparation.
The teacher should closely monitor the behavior of the student: categorically prohibit symptomatic
"walking around the room”, and offer to sit quietly, doing nothing. In addition, the teacher should offer to
use a simple method of breathing exercises: slow and deep breathing in through the nose, a small "breathholding" and quiet and slow breathing out through the mouth. Then some rest and repetition of the
exercise. The exercises should be repeated several times, each time extending the rest time between
them.
Every teacher and student should know that broad, free movements of hands are incompatible with a
sense of depression, stiffness.
Pupils shouldn’t be calmed down by the phrase: "Do not worry!" or the requirements: "Pull yourself
together!". In neither case the teacher achieves the desired result, and often encounters the irritated
response. It would be better to say: "Quiet" and even "Worry", reminding him thus, that excitement before
a performance is an assistant. Mental stress should not be managed directly.
Let me examine some facts of scientific research, noting the importance of physical culture and sport in
eliminating
the
negative
aspects
of
"emotional
stress".
While teaching at the same educational institution it was revealed that there is a significant difference in
initial values and in the manner of vegetative changes on the tests among athletes compared with students
who were not involved in sports. (2). This is explained by the fact that systematic training and participation
in competitions make people more emotionally stable and vegetative indicators of tension were decreased
because
of
the
weak
value
of
the
subject.
As a result of many studies it was proved that regular exercises can serve as an excellent natural
tranquilizer. Besides the fact that during exercise the negative emotions evaporate together with the
energy expended, there are positive biochemical changes in the body. During exercise endorphins which
contain morphine are released. They reduce sensitivity to pain and stress, cause the state of lightness
throughout the body. Regular aerobic exercises can help counter stress, or reduce it to a manageable level
(1).
It was found out that there is a decrease in anxiety regardless of the sport after training sessions. Even
under the influence of a one-time physical activity (not including competitive exercise) students get the
reduced level of situational anxiety (5).
I should note the positive role of various physical exercises as a means of creating a kind of distraction.
Psychophysical mechanism of these devices consists in the increased intake of the information to the CNS
and this information has a competing, distracting character. The flow of nerve impulses from these
distractions can be stronger than the negative influences that are caused by fear, excitement or anxiety of a
student, a musician or an athlete.
The use of special exercises (facial, respiratory, etc.) affects the regulation of the mental state also through
targeted control of release of certain hormones into the blood. For example, a gloomy face promotes
increased production of adrenaline, leading, in turn, to anxiety, depression, insecurity, as well as serotonin,
which affects the development of the phenomena of internal inhibition. A smile helps to release serotonin
and causes feelings of self-confidence, passion and enthusiasm. Obviously, at the same time, production of
certain fractions of endorphins is increased, which reduces the internal stress, it becomes easier to bear
pain and other feelings of physical and mental discomfort. Other exercises also have such an effect that
allows to influence the organism as a whole with the help of the mechanism of stimulation of biologically
important points and the entire zones (5).
CORRELATRION BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRIC AND KINEMATIC DATA IN SPRINT FOR STUDENTS IN THE
COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION.
Ben Saeed N.,
King Saud University College of Physical Education & Sport.
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Introduction: The anthropometric data play an important role in the performance. To achieve a high
performance the athlete must have adequate anthropometric data 2,3,4,5. Specialists often try to
determine the ideal anthropometric characteristics that support performance in different sports. Medved
pointed out the importance of body height in basketball and volleyball. Larin 3 confirmed the influence of
anthropometric data on the quality of execution of certain technical elements. Yaguello V. and Yaguello M.
6 have reported the importance of anthropometric characteristics as being factor of differentiation
between athletes and sedentary. Hoffman noted the strong relationship between the height, length of
lower limb and average length of stride as important in achieving a performance in the Sprint. Bulgakova
2 demonstrated the importance of limb length in swimming performance. Thus anthropometric data is
presented as an important factor
in the selection and in the achievement of a performance.
The performance in sprint depends on three factors 1,7: the first is the stride frequency, the second
factor
is
the
amplitude,
the
third
is
the
reaction
time.
The goal of this research is to determine the character of the correlation between anthropometric data and
kinematic factors determining performance in sprints. To do this we need to determine the anthropometric
data
of
the
subjects
and
kinematic
parameters
of
the
100
m
race.
To achieve our goal we used the following methods: the chronometry, the pedometry, the anthropometry
and mathematical statistics methods. The subjects of our research were represented by 26 students of the
College of Physical Education & Sport belonging to various sports clubs aged 20-24 years. During our
research we have fulfilled longitudinal and weight measurements. Based on longitudinal measurements
(height-H, lower limb length-Lmi and the length of the thigh-LC), we determine the following indices:
The index of the lower limb:
I1  100
length of lower limb
.
height
The index indicates the ratio between the length of the thigh and the length of lower limb:
I 3  100
The
index
I 4  100
length of the thigh
length of lower limb
indicates
the
ratio
between
the
length
of
the
thigh
and
height:
length of the thigh
height
We determine also the body mass (Mb) and the height-weight (ponderal) index of Livi (I2):
I 2  10
body mass
height
We have calculated the mass of segments using the formulas derived from the radioisotopic method of
Zatsiorsky and Selouianov 7, and we determined the mass of the thigh (Mt), leg (Ml) and lower limb
(Mlower.limb): the mass of the thigh: Mt = 2649 + (0.1463 x weight) + (0.0137 x height),
the mass of the leg: Ml = 1592 + (0.03616 x weight) + (0.0121 x height), the mass of the lower limb:
Mlower.limb = Mt + Ml + Mf. Mf = -0829+ (0.0076 x weight) + (0.0073 x height).
The second part of the experiment concerned determining certain kinematic parameters of sprint such as
amplitude and stride frequency and the average speed of 100 m, the average speed of the first 10 meters
(V1) and acceleration during the first 30 meters.
Results and Discussion: According to data presented in table 1, the height (H = 177.5cm  7.79). The
average value of the index of the lower limb (I1) is 49.26  1.99, that states that the subjects have the
short lower leg ( I1 55 ). On the other hand, the value of the index of Livi (I2) is 23.40  0.58, that indicates
that the subjects has middle weight development (23.0  I2  23.9).
Table 1: Values of anthropometric data.
anthropometric data
M
177.5
87.67
45.52
72.42
3.17
10.37
14.57
49.26
0.52
0.25
23.40
H (cm)
LMI (cm)
LC (cm)
Mb (Kg)
Ml (Kg)
Mt (Kg)
Mlower.limb (Kg)
I1
I3
I4
I2
e
7.79
6.12
3.76
9.06
0.40
1.41
1.94
1.99
2
1
0.58
statistique variables
V%
Min
4.39
166
6.98
76.5
8.26
38.5
12.51
59
12.62
2.55
13.60
8.26
13.31
11.64
4.04
43.46
3.85
46
4
23
2.48
21.98
Max
194
99.5
52.5
93
4
13.45
18.69
53.53
55
27
24.32
Extended
28
23
14
34
1.45
5.19
7.05
0.07
9
4
2.34
According to the data represented in table 2 the average speed of first 10 meters (V1) is equal to 4.49 m/s.
This value demonstrates the reaction time and speed at the start. The acceleration (a) expresses the change
in velocity versus time during the first 30 meters, its average value is equal to 1.34m/s². The average mean
of velocity (V) is 7.62 m/s, standard deviation indicates a low dispersion, it means that the average speed is
low.
Table 2: Values of kinematic parameters of sprint
Kinematic characteristics
statistique variables
M
4.49
1.34
195
3.91
7.62
V1 (m/s)
a (m/s2)
LF (cm)
FF (F/s)
V (m/s)
e
0.35
0.11
8
0.22
0.32
CV
7.79
8.21
4.10
5.63
4.20
Max.
5.23
1.61
213
4.39
8.29
Min
4.05
1.24
178
3.54
7.10
Extended
1.18
0.37
35
0.85
1.19
The analysis of data presented in table 3 showed that the correlation between height and acceleration is
positive (rH-a = 0.34). We also note a positive correlation between the length of lower limb and the
acceleration, and a negative correlation between lower limb length and average speed V1 (-0.398).
Regarding the length of the thigh we note a positive correlation with the average speed V1. The index of the
lower limb (I1) has a positive correlation with the acceleration and the speed V1 (0.459).
Table 3: Values of the correlation between anthropometric parameters and longitudinal kinematic sprint.
Longitudinal
anthropometric data
statistique variables
LF
FF
V
a
V1
H
-0.04
0.20
0.22
0.34
0.013
Mlower.limb
0.04
0.09
0.17
0.32
-0.398
Lc
0.12
0.06
0.20
0.26
0.319
I1
0.07
-0.008
0.07
0.29
0.459
I3
0.20
-0.03
0.16
0.02
0.231
I4
0.22
-0.06
0.14
0.19
-0.11
According to data depicted represented in Table 4 we see a strong negative correlation between weight
and speed V1 (r =- 0.873). This correlation is significant at P <0.001 which allows us to deduce, that the
weight inhibits progression speed on start . On the other hand, a strong positive correlation (r = 0.739)
between the mass of the thigh and the speed V1 is significant at P <0.01, we can say that more the mass of
the thigh, we can develop a better speed on start. It is important to note the presence of a strong negative
correlation between the weight index of Livi (I2) and acceleration (-0.873), it is significant at P <0.001. It
means that for two individuals who have the same height, that who has a lower weight, may develop a
better acceleration. This reflects that it is better able to improve his speed over time.
Table 4: The correlation between anthropometric parameters weight and sprint kinematics
Weight anthropometric data
Mb
Mmi
Mt
Ml
I2
LF
-0.21
-0.19
-0.19
-0.18
-0.28
FF
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.21
0.04
statistique variables
V
a
0.05
0.001
0.07
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.09
0.08
-0.25
-0.87
V1
-0.873
0.069
0.739
-0.354
-0.392
Conclusions: Basing on the gathered material, we can draw the following conclusions:
The speed of the first 10 meters (V1) and acceleration (a) are strongly correlated with anthropometric data
(body mass, mass of the thigh, weight index of Livi). These correlations are realized in the strong negative
correlation between (V1) and the weight on one hand and the acceleration with the weight index of Livi (I2)
on the other. The two kinematic parameters (V1) and (a) are weakly correlated with longitudinal
anthropometric data. Our results accord with the conclusions of Selouyanov and all that signal the presence
of correlations between performance in sprint (the 100 m race) and factors descripting modification of
circumferential data, the mass and height.
The absence of significant correlations correlation between the anthropometric data and the length and
stride frequency.
Thus, we can deduce that the anthropometric data (particularly the weight anthropometric data) have a
great importance to developing good speed at the start and its evolution during the actuation.
References
1. Arakilian E. et al.: The biomechanics of the actuation. G.C.O.L.I.F.K. edition Moscow 1986
2. Bulgakova N.: The selection and preparation of young swimmers. Vigo 1990 Paris edition
3. Larin Y.: The preparation of sporting yachtsmen .- M.: Terra.Sport, 1999. -192p.
4.
Platonov
V.:
The
general
theory
of
the
preparation
of
Olympic athletes
Olympic edition literature MOSCOW 1997.
5. Selouyanov V., Godina E., Khomyakov I., Feyofilaktov V.: The distribution of muscle mass in segments as a
basis for assessing the level of physical and functional status. 12-th International Congress "the Olympic
and Paralympic sport and modern sport" Moscow 2008 - p.73-74
6. Yaguello V. Yaguello M.: The somatic aspects of athletic performance among women practicing fencing.
12-th International Congress "the Olympic and Paralympic sport and modern sport" Moscow 2008 - p.8283.
7. Zattsiorsky V. : Metrology sport. edition of Physical Culture and Sport, Moscow 1984
The stressors
Galina Saunina,
lecturer, the Department of Physical Culture,
Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation,
city of Vologda
The mankind is living now in such a period when work efficiency is determined by first of all techniques of
operating sophisticated machines and technological processes, creative thinking and acting, handling
rapidly growing information flow. A human has to live at the limit of his/her capabilities in rapidly changing
environment. Unstable social-cultural and economic situation in the country only highlights this fact. So one
of the central trends of the national security state policy (the “Protection and Promotion of Health of The
Healthy” State Program for 2003-2010) is provision of health and healthy lifestyle. In this regard the key
goal is elaboration and introduction of labor organization rules and forms providing both maximal efficiency
of mental work and preservation of health. Rational mental work organization should contribute to
development of moral courage, endurance and stamina, mental abilities of a modern human. And it is
highly relevant to create a basis of this skills and techniques during a person’s school age.
Contemporary living conditions, rapid pace of science and technology development, study and work
processes advancement, cadet regiment, increasing amount of information acquired make influence on a
cadet’s body. Flexible functional systems of a young man enable pretty quick adaptation to a range of
various impacts of the environment. However military discipline, study load, motor activity exerting extra
stress on a young body may lead to functional disorders and later to diseases.
Big study load, unbalanced physical and mental work and leisure alternating, sport exercises, insufficient
sleeping time may result in overfatigue of a student. That’s why particular conditions eliminating negative
influence of the factors mentioned above on health should be created at home and in an institute.
A survey on stressors was conducted among 1, 2, 3 year cadets of the Vologda Institute of Law and
Economics of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation. The analysis of the collected data
showed that students encounter many factors negatively affecting their work abilities in everyday study
process. The survey methods include questions to students to assess how mentioned factors hamper their
work capacity and progress. The questionnaire was divided into 4 parts: proneness to conflict, overload,
field of activity, tension in relations with the administration. Part #2, mental and physical overload, got the
highest score. Part #4, tension in relations with the administration, took the second place. Part #1,
proneness to conflict, was the third in popularity. And part #3, field of activity, was the last one. Questions
to students from the part #2 were the following: “Do you experience overload?”, “Don’t you have enough
time to prepare your study assignment well?” Positive answer was complemented with a scale of intensity
of 1-5 points. The conducted survey among 237 students gives evidence of a big amount of stressors in
students activities.
The stress is considered a frequent phenomenon. Minor stresses are inevitable and harmless, nut severe
stress makes problems and difficulties in completing the set tasks both for a personality and an educational
institution.
Stress theory originates from the works of internationally recognized Canadian physiologist G. Selye (19071982). He created a universal concept of stress. A stress by its essence is a way of achieving sustainability of
an organism in response to negative factors.
Stressors are negative significant in their impact and duration external an internal influences leading to
stress conditions. The term of “a stress factor” (a stressor) is traditional for different concepts of stress and
is defined as a cause provoking a stress condition. Comprehension of stress development mechanisms,
emotional and behavioral responses can not be achieved without understanding of stress factors. For
example, stressors of a communicative stress are predetermined by relevant stressful situation – a conflict
in a study group, oral presentation at a seminar, an examination, a conference. For many students stay in
the higher educational institution of a federal law enforcement agency (living in barracks, duties, fatigue
duties, etc) and impelled communication with strangers, public presentations are stressful.
Stress factors can be conditionally divided into two big groups: objective (information difficult for
comprehension, presentation time limit, etc) and subjective (personal peculiarities). Senses of shame and
guilt as social emotions are important emotional expressions of a communicative stress. There are passive
and active types of emotional responses within a communicative stress development, mostly depending on
a temperament. Communicative stress also changes action patterns of a person. This depends on
experiencing either communicative eustress or communicative distress. Behavior of a person often changes
right-about in comparison to his/her ordinary quiescent state.
Stress may occur as a result of a definite social impact. According to a theoretical thesis of H. Heine a stress
gives a body “an opportunity to free itself from some types of behavior and develop new ones”. This point
is in line with a theoretical assertion of A. Maslow about “deficiency conditions and motivations to growth”,
as well as J. Nutten’s - about “stressors’ motivation function is not only initial need reduction but also
creation of new tensions”. Here social transformations and alterations of human relations can become
means of protection from stress.
All in all the issue of communicative stress is multifaceted and deserves in-depth and comprehensive study
among youth. Stress is a very sophisticated phenomenon. It may lead to contraction of a mental disorder or
a disease. But stress is also an important tool for training and conditioning as it promotes body resistance
and adaptation capabilities.
Health promotion and healthy lifestyle matters are addressed in the educational process of the Vologda
Institute of Law and Economics. One of the most efficient measures of health promotion and improvement
of body stress resistance capabilities is physical training, i.e. “removing” of a mental stress by a physical
one. Physical exercises and sport are the best means of preventing negative aftereffects of stress.
The importance of physical training and sport and their promotion to daily life of the majority of the
population is increasing, particularly for the aims of promotion of health of the nation, harmonious
development of an individual, preparing youth for professional work and defense of the Motherland. We
are convinced that the matter be organized in the way of making every person aware and caring of his/her
health and physical advancement since childhood, possess hygienic and medical aid knowledge and skills,
lead a healthy lifestyle.
References:
1. Василюк Ф.Е. Психология переживания. Анализ преодоления критических ситуаций. -М. 1984.
2. Жириков Е.С. Психология управления. Книга для руководителя и менеджера по персоналу. М.
2002.
Конфликтология / Под ред. В.П. Ратникова.- М. 2002.
Маслоу А. Мотивация и личность. -М. 1998.
Менеджмент. Под ред. М.М. Максимцова - М. 1998.
Менеджмент. Под ред. Ф.М.Русинова - М.: Изд. ФБК-ПРЕСС- 1998
Нюттен Ж. Экспериментальная психология. -М. 1975.
Ожегов С.И. и Шведова Н.Ю. Толковый словарь русского языка. Российский фонд культуры. М. 1995.
9. Хайне Х. Биология стресса. Т.1. 2002.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
On experience of pedagogical practices modernization and state qualifying attestation conduct at the
Pedagogical Faculty of Physical Culture of the Udmurtia State University
G. Severuhin,
Udmurtia State University,
city of Izhevsk
In the light of market service system established in our country brand new requirements for educating
professionals arise. Independent institutions of higher education are competent enough for applying new
flexible educational technologies and making the process of education approach international standards.
Curricula must take into consideration a lot of strategies, aspects of values and motivation concerning
obtaining knowledge, abilities and skills. This enables teaching staff, faculty councils to utilize their
potential in search for ways to improve the efficiency level of educating future physical education
instructors.
The majority of specialists reckon that the weakest link of the old system of educating students is the lack
of professional and methodological equipment. That is, in comparison with other pedagogical branches PE
teacher holds practical lessons using basic sport rules for accomplishing tasks of health, education and
development according to biological, psychological and pedagogical laws.
It by no means belittles the value of theoretical basics and teaching methods how to pass knowledge on to
pupils in the framework of modern ideas of physical education for children and young people (V. K.
Balsevich, V. I. Lyah, L. I. Lubysheva, A. P. Matveev). On the contrary, it highlights the specific character of a
PE teacher’s job.
Therefore we can single out some contradictions in studying teaching methods, basic sport pedagogical
subjects, student teaching at schools and requirements of monitoring and final assessment of students that
influence the way future graduates obtain the basics of the job:
- Curricula of sport pedagogical subjects are basically aimed at obtaining the basics of theory and
practice of sport, physical exercises, in order to get a pass for teaching methods students have to
conduct a lesson in their academic group, the exam is based on teaching practice at school, the
chair is hardly connected with schools because another chair of theory and methods of physical
training deals with student teaching.
- Ways of student teaching do not consider peculiarities of teaching methods, the grade is made
upon the completion of tasks defined by the curriculum.
- Theoretical form of the final exam is unable to evaluate the readiness of graduates for the job and
does not motivate student teaching practice.
Taking into account all these contradiction the department of physical education in Udmurtia State
University has defined the ways to make the requirements tougher:
1. Special attention must be paid to making cross-curriculum connections, improvement of
student teaching according to the requirements of monitoring and final assessment of
students.
2. Enhancing motivation must take place for students to be more active in obtaining professional
knowledge, skills and abilities.
3. All chairs must take responsibility for their contribution to the system of student teaching.
4. The system of student teaching must be looked upon as a specific process of giving students all
chances to get first-hand knowledge based on laws of education but at the same time having its
own peculiarities concerning organization, management, equipment and motivation.
5. The main criteria in current and final assessments should be the level of professional awareness
of students.
The analysis of ways the student teaching is organized in other departments was followed by the
decision of Faculty Council to change the system of student teaching and to create rules for the final state
examination held in the form of a PE lesson in a comprehensive school so that the graduate could
demonstrate his professional abilities including gnostical, organizational, communicational, constructive
and planning abilities, knowledge of PE theory and practice, particular sport and pedagogical subjects and
also knowledge of pedagogics, psychology, physiology and hygiene of PE.
Student teaching sessions must get a student ready for his future profession as a PE teacher which
is the basic one for a graduate of the department of Physical Education. It does not contradict the
requirements of final assessment that are aimed at defining how well a student knows theory and practice
according to state educational standards.
Not ignoring main goals of student teaching process which is not simultaneous with studies, the
faculty demands four directions of student teaching typical of republic of Udmurtia: gymnastics, skiing,
track and field athletics and sport games.
Practice of gymnastics has a priority because students have to learn how to manage pupils (basic
commands, terminology, strong voice, arranging pupils in order, taking precautions etc). On top of that,
what is more important, a lesson in a gym excludes negative factors like those in the stadium, school
ground or park.
There is a set of general and particular requirements getting tougher for each student teaching
session. The level of difficulties enhances, the list of tasks is getting longer, professional level of students
should be getting higher resulting in independent and creative approaches.
The complication scheme is the following:
- From observations to actions according to the plan;
- From group work to individual work;
- From being an assistant to becoming a teacher.
Each sport-pedagogical subject is followed by a student-teaching session. The grade for teaching
methods applied at the lesson is essential for taking an exam and influences the final grade for sportpedagogical subject. Chairs of gymnastics and theoretical basics of PE prepare students for their first
student teaching session. Other chairs are responsible for reviewing lectures before all kinds of student
teaching sessions. It is connected with the fact that we’re working in a “human-human” system hence all
chairs must take charge for students being ready for student teaching at school and decrease possible
negative impact on educational process at school.
In order to get chairs more involved responsibilities of professors have been changed. General
managing of student teaching was taken by the chair of theoretical basics of PE. It contains faculty and
group instructors who manage students practicing in this or that school according to all rules. They are
responsible for individual work with students in fulfilling all tasks including those that used to be controlled
by pedagogical chairs (consulting, control, meetings), controlling how students have learnt means of
analysing a lesson, leading conversations, school activities.
Professors from those chairs act as teaching methods specialists who educate and consult students
about how to write lesson plans and conduct lessons using sport methods, observation, analysis, evaluation
of a lesson, i.e. they control methodological knowledge, abilities and skills.
On completion of student teaching a student gets 2 grades: the first one is given for knowing
teaching methods, the second one evaluates all fulfilled tasks. All grades are given by the “Expert Council”
(instructor, teaching methods specialist, PE teacher). In case of an unsatisfactory grade for teaching
methods a student won’t be allowed to take a current exam.
The new way of studying sport-pedagogical subjects:
- Obtaining theoretical and methodological knowledge of the subject, sport techniques;
- Learning basics of teaching methods in a student group;
- Learning teaching methods and skills during student teaching;
- Taking an exam in sport-pedagogical subject considering the grade for student teaching.
Student teaching sessions are held in the following order:
- 4th year students: gymnastics (November, December – 4 weeks); skiing (January, February – 4
weeks);
- 5th year students: track and field athletics (September – 4 weeks); sport games (Oktober – 4 weeks).
On the whole student-teaching sessions prepares students for the final state examination
in the form of a PE lesson at school that consists of different parts and motivates students and
enables to evaluate the contribution of all chairs into students’ professional level. Exam is taken in
the second half of May.
To hold the exam the university makes a contract with two best schools in Izhevsk where
student teaching sessions take place then a draw is held for defining a school and a class.
Before the exam students are given about 3 weeks to get acquainted with the school, its
facilities, traditions, to make contacts with teachers and pupils. Two days before the lesson the
second draw is held where a student picks up a card with the type of the lesson written on it.
Before the day of the lesson he is obliged to hand in the lesson plan made according to the example
and conduct the lesson with the state certification commission present which consists of the
chairman, representatives of different chairs and a PE teacher of highest rank.
Criteria of assessment singled out in the statute of the complex interdisciplinary
examination.
1. The readiness for the lesson.
- Lesson plan: a) correspondence of lesson tasks and the content of the card; b) consistent, concrete
and decent lesson aims; c) teaching methods should not contradict lesson aims and consider age
peculiarities and lesson conditions; d) lesson plan should be written according to standards.
- Preparing conditions for the productive lesson: place, equipment, stock, visual aids, audio-visual
aids, pupils’ coming on time prepared for the lesson, the appearance of the teacher.
2. Lesson conduct
- Organization: a) lesson starts and ends in time; b) making pupils occupied with setting the
equipment, c) frontal, group and individual kinds of work; d) teacher’s behavior, his abilities to
locate pupils rationally, being tactful and resourceful in finding solutions; e) managing pupils’
activities; knowledge of terms, timely commands, demands for abiding by the rules; f) providing
safety, aid.
- Educative work: a) ability to set, clarify and explain aims, give necessary knowledge; b) following
main didactic principles, connection with labour, moral, intellectual and aesthetic education; c)
using verbal, visual and practical methods; d) the ability to find out and tackle general and
individual mistakes in education, to assess progress and behavior objectively; e) the ability to solve
new problems and choose suitable patterns of behavior; f) the ability to allocate time and load,
considering pupils’ potential; g) using class assets.
- Productivity of pupils’ activities: a) how involved, active, interested and responsible pupils are; b)
how they treat the teacher, discipline issues; c) the ability to control emotions, actions, reflect on
the results of work, independence in taking decisions; d) mutual control and help, productivity of
assistants’ work and work of those who have been temporarily excused from PE lessons because of
health problems; e) how well pupils have studied the material and how satisfied they are with their
activities and teacher’s evaluation.
The faculty has been working according to this scheme of student teaching and conducting state
examinations for 20 years. It is approved by all chairmen of state certification commission and the
methodological Panel of the department of PE.
We were interested in our graduates’ opinions who’ve been through this new system of student
teaching sessions and taking final state examination. 123 people were surveyed. 95% believe that such a
division of student teaching sessions promotes professionalism of future PE teachers.
According to 63% of graduates, focusing on practice instead of theory during final state
examination enhances the readiness, to 72,4% - it promotes more mature attitude to obtaining
professional skills and abilities. The affirmative answer to the question of readiness for PE teacher job was
given by 80% of respondents.
Some aspects of KSPA students’ attitude to psychoactive substance abuse
L. Sevryukova, L. Ivanova,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
Health is mostly determined by life style. In the list of factors that negatively influence health and ruin it
first places take hypodynamia, smoking, alcohol and drug abuse. These ways of behavior have become a
special sphere of social pathology that represents social and biological danger, they are of global scale and
besides they are a threat for the national safety of Russia.
In Russia the percentage of smokers is the highest in the world. More that 50 % of population in Russia
smoke: 63 % of men ( about 44 mln.) and 9,7% of women( about 8 mln.). In Russia about half a million
persons dye in a year and 40% of the men’s’ death the reason of that were cardiovascular diseases were
caused by smoking.
The amount of people that drink alcohol is increasing. Now there are 18 liters of alcohol per capita in
Russia and 20 liters in Karelia. As World Health Organization say, 8 liters per capita in a year is a limit that
threatens gene pool of any nation. Officially there are 2 millions alcoholics in Russia. The amount of the
sold alcoholic drinks is 80% higher than the amount of produced drinks, this indicates the usage of
counterfeited drinks, that are increasing up to 40-50%. They are the reason of poisoning, that often leads to
death.
According to the official statistics of the 2009 there are 50 thousands drug addicts in Russia, that are on
regular medical check-up and the real amount, according to the mythology of U.N.O., is more than 2,5 mln.
Every day more than 250 persons in Russia become drug addicts and 80 persons dye from using drugs.
In our country 4,5 tons of drugs are sold every day and 820 in half a year. For the last years the amount of
synthetic drug consumers has increased from 28% to 74%. This tendency shows that many drug addicts
become incurable.
The issues of the problems developing are:
-the increasing of the usage
-decreasing of the first time taking
-feminization
Young people are especially prone to these disgusting things. As it said in the Ministry of Public Health, the
number of smokers is getting bigger on 10% thanks to teenagers.
More than 80% of children under 14 at least once tried alcoholic drinks. Children in the age from 10 to 14
started to drink more alcohol and 11 thousands suffer from alcoholism. Youth’s beer abuse causes a lot of
anxiety. Beer leads to alcoholism. The increase of beer usage in the country occurs thanks to teenagers and
women of childbearing age. Beer alcoholism quickly damages brain, leads to intellectual disorder,
psychotopological changes.
For the last 10 years the teenagers’ death rate in Russia caused by drugs has become 42 times bigger. The
number of drug addicts has grown up to 3,5 times higher. Taking into consideration, that most of them are
in the age from 12 to 20, we can say that the future generation of our country is under threat. Specialists
think that nowadays teenagers can be divided into two groups: those who tried drugs and those who
didn’t, but later the division will be impossible.
Students are a special sociological category. Every year teacher’s staff of personal and social safety
department makes researches on these problems. The respondents are the KSPA students. Under our
supervision a group of second-year students of historical and philological department takes part in these
researches. The aims of these researches are studying the following:
-The extent and activity of taking psychotropics.
-Students’ attitude and knowledge concerning these problems.
Type of the research is anonymous questionnaire.
Here’s the data of the sociological research that was made in 2010 among the first and second-year
students of historical and philological department of KSPA. 80 students (66 girls and 14 boys) were
questioned on the theme of Youth’s smoking and health. Almost every third student ( 34 person) smokes,
out of them is the every fourth girl ( 17 girls ) and every second boy ( 7 boys ), 7 girls and 3 boys smoke only
sometimes. Out of those who smoke systematically , half of the girls started smoking at the age of 13-14
and the other half did at the age of 15-16, boys – at the age of 15-16.
Smoking activity:
1-2 cigarettes smokes every third student (10 persons)
3-5 cigarettes smokes every fourth student (9 persons)
6-7 cigarettes smokes every third student who smokes systematically (8 persons)
There cases when students smoke up to 10, 15 and 20 cigarettes. Motives of smoking are the following:
relaxing, calming down, girls also say that they smoke to keep smb.'s company and just for fun.
Students mention about negative smoking effects only on the respiratory apparatus, cardiovascular and
nervous systems, appearance. But they don’t mention the other systems that shows that they have a lack
of knowledge concerning this issue.
The parents of those girls who smoke systematically are both smokers. Those who smoke occasionally have
siblings-smokers. Almost all students are aware of second-hand smoking (78 persons).There are those who
tried to give up smoking, 17 respondents failed and 5 succeeded.
There were 64 persons that were questioned on the problem “Youth and alcohol”, 54 of them were girls.
61 respondents ( 51 girls) take alcoholic drinks, more often wine (25 persons) and beer (32 persons), and
some of the respondents drink vodka ( 4 boys). Every third respondent ( 21 persons) drinks once in a
month, every fifth drinks more often and 14 students use alcohol more seldom than once in a month. Every
fifth student (12 persons) took alcohol for the first time at the age of 7-10, every third (20 persons) did at
13-14 years, every fourth (17 persons)- at 15-16 and 10 persons -at 17-18 years old. More than a half of
respondents took alcohol for the first time with parents. All respondents’ (64 persons) parents take alcohol
on holidays. Most of the students get the information about smoking effects from TV programs, school
discussions and parents. But not all the students are aware of the organs and systems that are influenced
by smoking: they mention only cardiovascular, digestive and nervous system. Almost all ( 60 persons) know
about the smoking effects on descendants and they are sure that taking alcohol is a factor that supports
sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS.
There were 103 respondents on the drug addiction and toxicomania problems, and the majority of them
were girls ( 80%).
One-third of the respondents (34%) tried drugs and 12,7% tried inghalts, more that the half who tried drugs
(24,3%) used them again. Most of the students think that drug addiction and toxicomania means taking
drugs. But only 44,7% of the respondents know about the peculiarities of the disease. Mostly students get
the information from their parents (49,5%), TV programs ( 41,7%), and unfortunately only one-third of
them gets it from the discussions in school. It’s strange that the students of the historical and philological
department name literature as the information source last of all ( 13,6% ).
There students don’t get any information about the problem (6.8%). The majority of the students (65%)
consider that they don’t need any extra information. Mostly the information that they get arouses negative
attitude to drugs (78,6%), 17,5% are not influenced, but 3,9% get a desire to try it. Only 17,5% of the
students don’t know where they can buy drugs. Half of the students (51,5%) name disco club as the place of
drug distribution, 40,8% name the institute of higher education, 28,2% - dormitory.
So, our research proves the contemporary tendency of the problems, shows that young people have a lack
of information about the characteristics and consequences of the abuse. So, the abuse preventing work can
not be reduced, but activated. It’s necessary to form a culture of healthy life style among young people and
responsible attitude to their health and health of the people around them.
In KSPU the abuse preventive works are the following:
- lectures
- seminars, for that students prepare their essays that are discussed
- courses ‘ Preventing socially dangerous diseases and their consequences on teenagers and young
people’
- conducting the groups that have the problems
- conducting students’ term papers
- preparing students for their reports on the theoretical and practical conference in KSPU that are
accompanied with multimedia presentations.
Physical education issues in modern socio-cultural context
A. Shahriev, M. Aliev,
Daghestan State Pedagogical University,
city of Makhachkala
Education is a unique public phenomenon defining the progress of human civilisation. Education
plays an important role in a person’s development. Nowadays physical education at higher educational
institutions is considered to be the main resource of training of highly skilled experts in physical training
and sports.
To train competitive experts it is important improve physical education (PE) teachers-to-be training
quality. This improvement depends not only on presence of well-equipped material base and higher
institution mental potential, but also on skilful construction of teaching and educational sports work in the
humanistic education context, on its humanisation and democratization.
Problems of humanisation and moral education are becoming extremely important today. Modern
society needs a physically and intellectually developed, humane person. To teach such a person is one of
major goals of education.
However, aspects of humane traits of character developing are poorly presented in the scientific
methodical literature devoted to humanisation and democratisation of education at institutions of higher
education. Pedagogical recommendations on humanisation and democratisation have not been developed
so far.
Most teachers use an authoritarian education method putting heavy demands on students. This
negatively affects sportsmen’s behaviour and does not give any positive result.
A teacher has a great influence on education of a humane person. A teacher has to develop students’
outlook, their thinking, activity and communication abilities, for humane education assumes selfdevelopment and self-improvement.
Teachers of higher education institutions are to create humane, student-focused environment for
education of a humane person, to give proper attention and pedagogical support to students.
The research done allows to draw the following conclusions:
1. Physical training and sports have great educational and developing potential. Higher education
institutions provide not only physical training, but also develop humane and moral traits of character
(kindness, mercy, humanity, sympathy). In sports activity humanity is developed through kind and
compassionate attitude to other people, sympathy, putting adequate demands, and personification of
education.
2. Realisation of humanisation in sports education allows to provide favorable conditions for
development of a sportsman’s personality, personification of education and recognition of a person as an
individual, as well as develops humane traits of character. Higher education institutions should be directed
not only on achievement of high sports results, but also on developing of moral socially significant traits
(purposefulness, responsibility, independence, kindness, mercy).
3. Ignoring of humanisation can make PE lessons become a source of negative traits development,
such as egoism, arrogance, aggression, cruelty, and disrespectful attitude to contemporaries. To avoid this
situation, a teacher should work with a student individually using a humane education method.
4. A teacher should refuse to use an authoritarian education method. A teacher should decide on a
democratic style of communication without suppressing students’ initiative and independence. It helps to
develop cooperation and benevolent attitude to them.
5. Questionnairing of students of the Daghestan State University revealed that the most popular
teachers are those who assist and support students, establish a kind rapport with them, are able to ease
tension and put interesting ideas forward. More than 60 % of respondents consider that cooperation,
mutual understanding and mutual respect between a teacher and a student are essential.
6.
Developing students’ positive motivation for studying, developing humane traits (kindness, mercy) and kind
and confidential relations between participants of pedagogical process are any teacher’s major goals. This
promotes creation of favorable conditions for humanisation of a person in educational process.
7. In modern life, inhumane and immoral traits are intrinsic to many young people (cruelty,
roughness, violence, cynicism, nihilism, unbelief). It is caused by absence of accurately considered sociallyoriented youth policy on moral education. Educational work at pedagogical universities should be directed
on overcoming of these negative phenomena.
8. To prevent the negative phenomena, it is necessary to develop the state target program on moral
education of the studying youth based on humanisation and democratisation.
9. Sports activity gives any person possibility to show his/her worth by constantly improving personal
results. Besides, sports activities establish importance of team spirit, mutual assistance and mutual respect,
develop students’ will, character, discipline and humane traits (kindness and mercy).
Influence of health and fitness activities on indicators of preschool children physical development in
Northern regions
E. Shaposhnikova, A. Talankina, V. Korchin,
Surgut State Pedagogical University,
city of Surgut.
Analysis of the health status of children and adolescents in Russia in recent years indicates that even at
preschool age a large amount of children (58 - 70%) have multiple functional disorders, and 15 - 26% of
children have chronic diseases. Preserving and strengthening the health of the child population in northern
Russia nowadays acquire significance. Today, the northern regions are allocated in a particular area that
requires careful attention as the proportion of chronic diseases among children and adolescents of the
North which has a tendency to a sharp increase with advancing age, determines the relevance of prediction
and qualified prevention measures at the population level.
Physical development is one of the key indicators of child population health. The level of physical
development significantly affects the flow of all major functions of the organism, their economy, and
defines the limits of their adaptive capacities. Growth and development are key indicators of child health.
General biological significance of growth is to achieve a level of development of the organism, which is
required for its reproductive, intellectual and social excellence. Growth of children is not the same at
different stages of age development. The most intensive increase in body length is observed in the first
year of life. In addition, there are distinguished half-growth and puberty growth spurts. The first one
coincides with the age of 5 - 7 years; the second one is realized from 11 to 15 years.
Objective: To study anthropometric indicators of preschool children living in the northern region.
The object of study. There were explored 102 children living in the largest industrial city of Tyumen region Surgut: 57 (55,9%) of them attended kindergarten "Romashka" and amounted to Group I (experimental)
and other 45 (44.1%)children attended kindergarten "Teremok" and amounted to Group II (control).
Among children from group I there were examined 20 (35.1%) boys and 37 (64,9%) girls, and from Group II
- 19 (42,2%) boys and 26 (57,8%) girls.
Methods of research. We studied three main anthropometric trait - body length (BL), body weight (BW) and
chest circumference (CC) in three dimensions. Measurements were made in the first half of the day
according to generally accepted standardized methodology of Aron - Slavitskaya using standardized,
methodologically proven tools.
Statistical data processing was performed using the program Statistica 6.0. and MICROSOFT EXSEL. The
significance of differences was determined by the method of Fisher-Student. Digital material was processed
at the IBM PC / Pentium IV.
Results. Anthropometric indices in both groups of surveyed children at the preschool age of the city of
Surgut were in the range of physiological variables specific to children of appropriate age (Table 1).
Average values of body length for boys and girls of the experimental group were slightly higher than those
in the control group, but did not differ significantly internally.
Average values of body weight for children of experimental group differed credibly from the indicators in
the control group: the boys - P <0,001, the girls - P <0,05.
In the group of boys in all three positions of chest circumference indices in the experimental group were
credibly (P <0,001) higher than similar values of the control group.
Comparative characteristics of anthropometric indicators of 6-year- old children, attending pre-school
educational institutions of the city of Surgut.
Index
BL, cm
M±m
BW, kg
M±m
Boys group I
Boys group II
Girls group I
Girls group Il
121,4±1,2
118,9±0,8
121,6±0,7
119,6±0,8
22,7±0,8
18,9±0,6***
22,3±0,9
19,5±0,6*
CC, cm
M±m
pause
61,7±0,7
57,7±0,6***
61,5±0,8
57,8±0,6**
breath
64,9±0,7
61,4±0,4***
64,9±0,8
60,6±0,6***
exhale
59,7±0,6
56,6±0,5***
60,1±0,8
56,8±0,6**
Note: credible difference between groups of girls and boys: * - P <0.05, ** - P <0.01, *** - P <0,001
Among the surveyed girls as well - the results of chest circumference on all indicators were credibly higher
compared to figures for the control group: pause and exhale - P <0,01, breath - P <0,001.
Research of the ratios between the basic indicators of physical development of children in the experimental
and control groups (based on scales of regression of body length and age) found that the body weight of
the half boys of the experimental group was in accord with body length. Minor deficiency (up to 1 kg) found
in 1 (5.0%) boy, and in 3 (15.0%) boys - 2 degree underweight (up to 3 kg). Slight 1 and 2 degree excess of
body weight was found in 3 boys in both cases: 15,0%in each group. A completely different picture was
presented in the study of the same indicators in boys of the control group.
Physiological suitable ratio of length and weight were found in 4 (21,0%) boys of a control group. In 5
(26,3%) of observations there was revealed a slight deficit of body weight in relation to its length. In the
vast majority of cases - in 8 (42,1%) boys – there was found moderate underweight, and 1 (5,3%) frank
underweight found.
For the majority of girls in the experimental group - 26 (70,3%) - body weight was adequate to its length. In
one case - 1 (2,7%) – there was detected a slight excess of body weight relative to the physiologically
optimal values. In 5 (13,5%) girls of the group there was recorded a minor underweight and in 5 (13,5%) moderate underweight.
In the control group of girls the optimal ratio of length and weight was recorded more than 2 times less
than in the experimental group - in 8 (30,8%) girls. Excess body weight of various severity was detected in 2
(7.7%) girls, the 1 degree deficit of body weight was found in 2 (7,7%) girls of the control group, 2 degree
deficit - in 10 (38.4%) girls, and 3 degree deficit - in 4 (15,4%) girls.
Thus, the surveyed preschool children of the city of Surgut who attend a pilot group of kindergarten
"Romashka" showed the optimal ratio of length and weight, compared with the control group of preschool
children who attend kindergarten "Teremok".
In the kindergarten "Romashka" healthy lifestyle is paid much more attention. In addition to traditional
health improvement activities exercises on Biofeedback machinery are regularly conducted. These
exercises help to improve muscle tone, strengthen muscular corset, and develop good posture. P.E.
pedagogue teaches children the skills of relaxing diaphragmatic breathing. In pre-school educational
institution "Romashka" there function sensory integration room and a cabinet of psychological
rehabilitation; a work on wellness tempering and corrective gymnastics is also being held. In addition,
seminars, conferences, lectures and discussions on issues of healthy lifestyle are regularly conducted for
parents with the participation of teachers, doctors, scientists, Surgut State Pedagogical University. Thus, the
joint efforts of educators, doctors, parents and teachers of high school have been crowned with success:
the surveyed preschool children of the city of Surgut who attend a pilot group of kindergarten " Romashka "
showed the optimal ratio of length and weight, compared with the control group of preschool children who
attend kindergarten "Teremok".
Estimation of physical fitness level of Petrozavodsk comprehensive schools pupils
Y. Shlykov,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
In the present work preliminary results of studying of Petrozavodsk comprehensive schools pupils’
physical fitness level are presented. This is a 5-year-research. It began in 2006 and will finish in 2010.
For estimation of the pupils’ general level of physical fitness, the test system of the «Presidential
competitions» program was used. The survey was done annually in May. Petrozavodsk comprehensive
schools pupils of the 4th, 9th and 11th grades (12 schools in total) took part in the research. One of the goals
of the research is to study whether the pupils’ motor age corresponds to their biological age.
Nowadays the society is anxious about pupils’ health deterioration. Half of them have chronic
diseases and cardiovascular system diseases. One of the reasons is the lack of motor activity. Hypodynamia
(physical inactivity) is widely spread among children and teenagers. According to experts’ research, only 1020% of comprehensive school leavers can be considered almost healthy that is a consequence of an
inactive lifestyle.
1. Estimation of the 11th-grade pupils’ general level of physical fitness (table 1).
Table 1
Sex;
years
Estimation, %
Super
Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
Poor
Dangerous
Boys
2006
0.92
47.8
51.3
-
Girls
2007
1.05
1.32
27.85
47.90
21.88
-
2008
2.55
3.70
35.51
35.0
22.22
-
2009
3.76
14.9
40.34
25.77
15.13
-
2006
39.26
60.74
-
2007
3.85
41.25
31.20
23.70
-
2008
0.62
9.17
44.67
24.65
21.49
-
2009
3.8
17.70
36.95
19.21
24.27
-
The results of physical fitness level shown in different years are not the same. It is caused by the
fact that there are new pupils in the presented classes every year. At the same time every year the majority
of results are within the zones of “Good” and “Satisfactory”, in a range accordingly from 27.85 to 44.80%
and from 19.21 to 60.74%. Percent of pupils with the results “Super” and “Excellent” is very small. So, only
1.05-3.76% of the boys and 0.62 to 3.80% of girls have “Super” results. “Excellent” results showed only 0.92
to 14.9% of boys and 3.85 to 15.70% of girls. The percent of pupils, both boys and girls, showing “Poor”
results is considerably high (15.13 – 24.27). Pupils of 9th and 4th grades showed the similar results.
2. Estimation of the pupils’ level of physical fitness in individual kinds of «Presidential competitions»
(Table 2). The best results of the 11th-grade pupils are in the test «Standing long-jump», the majority of
boys and girls showed “Good” results, that is accordingly, in 2006 – 92.1 and 88.4%, in 2007 – 89.3 and
92.3%, in 2008 – 72.7%. The pupils showed very low results in 1000 m race. In 2006 the percent of
satisfactory results reached 87.5% (boys), and 67.7% (girls). Good and satisfactory preparation showed both
boys and girls in the “Lifting of the body” exercise within 30 seconds: in 2008 33.3% of boys showed
“Super” results, 51.9% - “Excellent” ones, and 52.6% of girls showed “Excellent” results.
It is necessary to state low preparation in performance of «Bending ahead» exercises by boys: the
percent of “Poor” results reached 62.5%, as well as in performance of «Bent suspension».
3. Pupils’ motor age, 2008.
Studying of the results of estimation of the pupils’ general level of physical fitness showed
inhomogenuity in pupils’ physical fitness. Only a few pupils have high level of physical fitness. Most pupils
are quite good in some kinds of sports and bad in other ones. So, we consider it important to study
whether the pupils’ motor age (their physical fitness) corresponds to their biological age (Table 3).
Table 2
th
Estimation of the 11 -grade pupils’ level of physical fitness in individual kinds of «Presidential competitions»
Kinds
1000 m race (sec)
Press-up
suspension Lifting of the body (30 Standing long-jump
sec)
2007 2008 2006 2007 2008
2006 2007 2008
Bending ahead
2008
Bent
(sec)
2006
Year
Estimation%
BOYS
Super
Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
Poor
Dangerous
GIRLS
Super
Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
Poor
Dangerous
2006
2007
2008
2006
2007
2006
2007
2008
12.5
87.5
-
57.3
41.3
1.4
-
36.4
54.6
9.1
-
62.5
37.5
-
2.7
12.0
66.7
18.6
9.1
72.7
9.1
9.1
-
68.7
31.3
-
13.3
2.7
41.3
42.7
-
18.2
36.4
45.4
-
50.0
50.0
-
8.0
37.3
54.7
-
33.3
51.9
3.7
11.1
-
7.9
92.1
-
8.0
89.3
2.7
-
9.1
72.7
18.2
-
6.25
12.5
18.75
62.5
-
8.00
1.30
17.3
14.7
58.7
-
36.4
36.4
27.2
-
32.3
67.7
-
33.8
36.2
30.0
-
31.6
42.1
20.4
-
7.7
7.7
38.5
46.1
-
2.2
15.2
28.2
37.0
17.4
-
15.8
31.5
42.1
5.3
5.3
-
3.8
11.6
84.6
-
4.3
6.5
27.4
61.6
-
21.1
15.8
63.1
-
61.5
38.5
-
18.1
65.2
16.7
-
5.3
52.6
21.0
15.8
5.3
-
3.8
88.4
7.6
-
1.5
92.3
4.2
-
73.7
10.5
15.8
-
11.6
53.8
23.0
11.6
-
1.5
15.9
38.4
24.6
19.6
-
5.3
31.6
26.4
36.7
-
Table 3
Estimation of pupils’ motor age in 2008, %
Grades
Motor age
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
11th grade
boy
12.5
25.0
12.5
12.5
25.0
12.5
-
girl
9th grade
boy
8.3
25.0
16.7
25.0
16.7
8.3
-
3.0
21.2
6.1
27.3
27.3
12.1
3.0
girl
4th grade
boy
girl
2.4
12.2
7.3
29.3
19.5
7.3
17.1
4.9
-
9.1
4.5
13.6
31.8
4.5
9.1
27.4
-
9.4
12.5
9.4
9.4
21.8
12.5
9.4
15.6
-
The analysis of results testifies a wide range of motor age in each class. So in the 11th grade the
level of physical fitness is very low, those pupils’ motor age corresponds to 10-13 years among boys and
to 9-12 years among girls.
The situation is slightly better in the 9th grade, where 69.7% of boys prove that their physical
fitness corresponds to the biological age. There is a wide range among girls - their physical fitness
corresponds to the age from 6 to 14 years.
The situation in the 4th grade is quite good. Boys and girls’ physical fitness corresponds to their
biological age in 86.7 and 78.1% cases.
In conclusion it is necessary to notice that the 11th-grade pupils’ level of physical fitness does not
meet the requirements of a modern life. It is necessary for schools to widely use all forms of physical
activity.
''Fitness'' extended education program for 5th to 7th grade pupils.
M. Shtoda, M. Rostovtseva,
Russian Fitnees-Aerobics Association,
city of Moscow
The federation of the fitness-aerobic in Russia prepared ''An approximate program of the
additional education for the students from 5th to 7th grade ''Fitness'' in 2008. The program was evaluated
and nowadays is successfully used in many schools of Moscow.
The program calls the students for physical development, preventive measures and correction of
the body posture. And also the program helps to form the positive attitude towards physical training,
sport and healthy way of living.
This program is very up-to-date. According to the statistics the physical development and
children's health have declined because of many reasons. 2 P.T. Lessons per week for children in order
to develop them physically is not enough. That's why it is very important to arrange the additional
programs concerning physical training.
There is a certain novelty in this program because nowadays there are not many programs of that
kind, devoted to fitness. In those extracurricular activities can be involved music in order to develop
physical qualities of the students.
The aim of the program is to form the positive student's attitude towards P.T. as an
extracurricular activity to raise the level of health and also to inform students about physical training
and sport in general.
The tasks of the program are: 1)Educational
-to raise the level of rhythmic training by using music tracks
-preventive measures and correction of the body posture
-the development of strength and flexibility with the help of using stretching
2) developing
-to teach how to organize the activities of daily living in harmony with healthy way of living
(physical activity, giving up bad habits, the day's routine etc.)
-to raise the level of student's health
-to enlighten the students concerning the basics of anatomy, the relation of music and movement
3) upbringing
-a student's ability to deal with a group of people
-to raise children's interest to the P.T.
The major functions of the program are:
-the use of music on P.T. lessons
-a wide range of methods that are used on those lessons
-the educational effect of the program is that the students broaden their knowledge of anatomy
and physiology.
The lessons consist of 70 hours. They are held from September to May and end with the
competitions between the teams from different schools.
These classes are extracurricular activities and are held 2 times per week.
The structure of academic activity:
The students sequentially study different topics. Every lesson consists of the exercises focused on
durability development, development of strength and flexibility.
The structure of the program ''Fitness''
The program consists of the following parts:
Part1) Classical aerobic and dancing aerobic
Part2) Fitness-aerobic (aerobic and hip hop aerobic)
Part3) The program ''Healthy back''
Part4) Power training (with and without equipment)
Part5) Stretching
Part6) Feetball
Part7) Training is aimed at development of strength and flexibility
Part8) Training with the pauses
Part9) Theory courses
The whole program is aimed at 5th-7th grades but,nevertheless, there are some differences
concerning physical exercises. Boys and girls are highly recommended to exercise together. In this
program are used such kinds of exercises as front-face exercises, combining the instructor's explanation
and visual methods. The instructor does the exercises with the students. He or she uses verbal and
visual techniques. The rhythm of music depends on the rhythm of the movement.
The results of the program:
-Fitness-aerobic increased the rhythm of children, music hearing and health. Furthermore, there is
a certain progress in durability, flexibility, strength, coordination.
In order to define the effectiveness of the program there were held some tests and competitions.
During the year of studying the tests were held 3 times: in the beginning (September-October), in the
middle (December-January) and at the end (April-May). More over, in May there were held final
competitions on fitness-aerobic between the teams of different schools ''Aerobic'' and ''Hip hop
aerobic''.
Ski training of children and adolescents with metal disorders in Kolar polar region
A. Smetanina,
Child-Adolescent Sport-Adapted School #15,
city of Murmansk
Development of a human being proceeds in accordance with his/her intellectual, social and motor
capabilities. Mental retardation is the most frequent and severe development defect by its social
consequences out of all functional health deviations.
The importance of adapted physical culture for schoolchildren with mental disabilities can not be
overestimated. Here we see that physical training has no parallel comparable to its efficacy in different
types of rehabilitation of the disabled.
Adapted physical culture classes account for the major part of corrective work with a person. Apart from
solving traditional tasks – health improvement and conditioning of a child body, ensuring of correct
physical development, teaching of motor skills and techniques – PE classes in special (correction) school
of 8th type assist to addressing correction tasks through overcoming of physical development defects
and motor disorders of mentally retarded pupils.
At present the PE syllabus for special (correction) schools of 8th type includes the following basic
training: track and field, gymnastics, sport and active game, skiing. Skiing is not included into PE syllabus
for children with moderate or severe mental retardation studying in Murmansk boarding schools,
special (correction) schools of 8th type, rehabilitation centers. But it is recommended for senior
schoolchildren as extra classes in health-improving clubs. At the same time skiing classes make
significant health-improving, healthful impact as an outdoor activity hence assisting to health promotion
and body conditioning.
Skiing contributes to better development of muscular system, blood circulation and respiratory organs
of a child. Hence skiing can be successfully used in all kinds of adapted physical culture for mentally
retarded.
The conducted analysis of scientific literature indicated that ski classes for mentally retarded are aimed,
first of all, at correction of basic motor disorders. They contribute to correction and overcoming of
motor physical development disorders, stimulate mental and motor activity of mentally retarded,
develop abilities of undertaking motor activities of different complexity by him/herself.
Skiing contributes to development of social activity of the mentally retarded even out of sport activity
sphere. They get sick more rarely, express less aggressive or detrimental behavior. Regular ski classes, as
well as other types of physical activity, contribute to and favor formation of positive social-emotional
traits, socialization and normalization of life cycle of the mentally retarded.
Living, study and leisure conditions of children residing in Polar regions are influenced by a range of
extreme environmental factors not inherent in mid and low latitudes which have effect on child body
development.
Extended period of low temperature, extreme weather volatility, strong winds, rapid change of
atmospheric pressure, negative annual balance of solar radiation and its misdistribution during a year
due to long polar day and polar night periods, proximity of permafrost to the ground surface, great
geomagnetic perturbation, regional compulsive hypokinesia as a result of mixed influence of
environmental factors (extreme environment) and artificially created living quarters comfort zone - all
these factors exert negative impact on a body development.
The bulk of experts (E. Lapitskaya, S. Lapitskaya, E. Sivkov, V. Lyah, L. Tarasov, S. Pushkarev) emphasize
the leading role of physical training in proper development of a motor function, physical viability of a
child. Outdoor activities with use of aerobic training (skiing) contribute to improvement of functional
abilities of a child body.
Scientific reasoning of educational methods used at PE classes is of great importance in preparing and
conducting physical training in north regions. Extreme climate and geographical peculiarities of high
latitudes determine specific living conditions and adaptation mode of a child to education.
The climate of Kolar polar region provides a unique opportunity for use of skiing and via it a broad range
of health-improving nature factors for adapted physical activity. Ski walk and ski training may
compensate for the needed volume of movements.
Exercising every day keeps you healthy all the way!
Short-time limited-variety physical exercises at school and home
Irina Smirnova
Senior teacher, Petrozavodsk Pedagogical College
Nowadays physical education is being reorganized. V.I. Lyah thinks that it is necessary to transfer
the emphasis from physical training to healthy lifestyle developing by means of Physical Education (PE)
lessons. Potential possibilities of personal physical culture developing depend on the content and
organisation of physical training at home, school and pre-school educational institutions. One of the
objectives of health-improving education is using small forms of physical training both at school and at
home to ease the tension.
It is very important to combine learning and health improving during the educational process.
We should introduce additional kinds of motor activity, such as "Hour of your health", daily dynamic,
motor and physical training breaks, introductory gymnastics and others.
The goals of "Hour of your health" are active rest, increase of working capacity, perfection of
physical development, and health improving. This hour is always various in forms and content, and
never repeats PE lessons. The most widespread variants of "Hour of your health" for primary school are
action-oriented games, relay races and walking in the open air; for secondary school - rhythmic
gymnastics, sports and national games, cycling in summer and sledging in winter; for senior high school
pupils – competitions on various kinds of sports, sports entertainment or skating.
«Motor breaks» are aimed at maintenance of working capacity, easing the tension and dealing
with exhaustion. Games are chosen depending on the age of children. All the games have to be finished
3–4 minutes prior the lesson.
Additional kinds of motor activity are also used in the first grade. It is a so-called daily dynamic
break lasting not less than 40 minutes. Children usually walk in the open air, play outdoor games, take
part in mini relay races.
Physical training breaks at lessons help to restore intellectual working capacity, prevent increase
of exhaustion, and ease the tension. Physical training breaks are essential for primary school and middle
school aged pupils. Each system consists of 4-5 exercises repeated for 4-6 times. It is better to choose
easy exercises, such as stretching, bending, half-bending, and knee bending. Physical training breaks are
to take place at each lesson between the 20th and 25th minutes and last for 1.5-2 minutes.
Introductory gymnastics usually consist of 5-8 easy gymnastic exercises without any sport
equipment which last for 5-7 minutes prior to the beginning of the lessons. It activates functional
systems of a child's body and helps to study effectively.
Morning exercises are one of the most popular forms of physical training at home. Its main goal is
to optimise transition from long rest (dream) to daily activity. Besides, it is possible to develop a normal
posture and maintain level of development of some motor skills. Morning exercises include gradual
stretching in bed or in a standing position, gradual knee bending, bending or twisting of the body, turns,
jumping, running for 3-5 minutes, walking, etc. Morning exercises usually last for about 10-15 minutes.
Short-time limited-variety physical exercises differ from long-time various ones mostly in rather
narrow orientation of activity and rather small duration. These forms are additional but very significant.
8th-10th grade pupils’ attitude to extracurricular physical education lessons
O. Stepanenkova,
I. Achepovsky,
N. Listkov,
city of Petrozavodsk
To organize extracurricular physical and health education lessons for pupils effectively, the authors
prepared an anonymous questionnaire for the pupils. The aim was to learn the pupils and their parents’
attitude to extracurricular physical exercise, as well as their favourite kinds of sport. 300 8 th-10th grade pupils
of Petrozavodsk state schools took part in the questionnaire.
The research showed that 40% of respondents think that the amount of compulsory PE lessons is not
enough to be fit and healthy. The result proves that pupils need extracurricular physical and health education
lessons. The pupils’ favourite kinds of sport include the following:
- sport games: volleyball, basketball, football – 50%;
- fitness-aerobics: hip-hop, fitball, yoga, step, dance – 43%;
- martial arts, extreme sports: climbing, parachuting, snowboard, skateboard, surfing – 14%;
- athletics – 11%;
- skiing with possibility to rent high quality sports equipment- 8%;
- athletic gymnastics – 7%.
The Federal law “Self-financing in education” made it necessary to find out whether parents are ready to
pay for extracurricular lessons on the chosen kinds of sport for their children. 42% of the respondents are
ready to pay for extracurricular lessons. 31% of the pupils find it necessary to organize a fee-paying rent of
high quality sports equipment. 34% of pupils’ parents are willing to do healthy gymnastics and some other
physical activities in a sports club. 18% of pupils want to do sports together with their parents. Wishes on
organization and conducting of the lessons and extracurricular activities differ among pupils of different ages.
The 8th-grade pupils suggest doing sports in the open air; they would like to play various exciting sport games
more often, to have more lessons in a swimming pool and fitness gym. In winter they are eager to ski and
skate, in summer they want to cycle and rollerblade. Besides, the 8th-grade pupils would like to have more
competitions between schools and classes, to have a fitness gym and a treadmill. The 9 th-grade pupils would
like to have more lessons on sport games and muscle-strengthening exercises, to use fitness machines more
often, to include all year round swimming, step-aerobics, yoga, and skiing and skating in winter. The 10-thgrade pupils’ main wish is to cancel standard control tasks and marks. They would like to do aerobics, to play
sport games (volleyball, basketball, football) and to have free extracurricular lessons.
The research revealed next organizational actions on introducing of extracurricular lessons for pupils
and their parents in a sports club.
Games with elements of Kalmyk national wrestling as means of preparation for martial arts school
course
V. Tsandykov,
State Educational Institution Children Recreation-Educational Center “South-Eastern”,
city of Moscow
Modern teaching methods utilized in many sports imply use of preliminary exercises at different stages
of training. These exercises are aimed at reaching several goals: development of physical qualities
needed for the chosen kind of sports, learning of specific motor activities and creating background for
further sport specialization.
Unfortunately today school curriculum foes not include preliminary exercise for martial arts course in
senior school. Anyway I suppose that this preliminary phase should be introduced as this is determined
by the specific character of this kind of sports requiring abilities to concentrate the maximum efforts at a
particular moment, resist adversary’s actions and respond to them, act in tough circumstances, etc.
Solution of these problems requires to my mind applying various games with martial arts elements to
physical training classes prior to Martial Arts course. As this feature is to contribute to better pupils’
learning of the course mentioned.
Different researches prove that skills learnt within a game are everlasting and rooted. A game smoothly
mobilizes body latent recourses. Pupils repeat many times study material while playing even without
realizing it.
The goal of the present article is to render methodical support to PE teachers and experts in enhancing
their expertise in games with martial arts elements in particular Kalmyk national wrestling for applying
them to physical activities with schoolchildren of different ages by describing them.
“Pick skittles up!” game
The goal: development of physical qualities of schoolchildren - speed, movements coordination,
differentiated efforts, etc.
Equipment: skittles (cones, small balls, etc), two belts (of different color).
Game rules: participants stay back by back to each other, regular grip of each others’ belts. In front of
each participant a line is drawn, skittles are placed on the lines. Every child has to drag an adversary with
one hand and pick up skittles with another hand. Competitors are not allowed to break the grip.
Upon the first round is completed and the winner is decided, competitors go on to the second round
and change a hand of the grip.
Recommendations: a teacher has to always be able to spot for a competitor.
Tips for increasing the difficulty:
1. Increase the number of skittles,
2. Decrease the size of a skittle,
3. Increase a distance to the skittles line,
4. Increase the weight category of an adversary,
5. Repeat the game,
6. Concede a weaker adversary.
Pic.1 Pick skittles up!
“Elevate an adversary of the floor and take out of the circle” game
The goal: development of elementary wrestling skills and physical qualities.
Equipment: twp belts (of different color).
Game rules: competitors enter a circle, stand against one another, cross (right or left) belt handclasp,
the objective for a competitor is to rise an adversary of the floor and bring out of the drawn circle. A
person can keep on contending if he is being elevated of the floor till he is taken out of the circle.
Upon the first round is completed and the winner is decided, competitors go on to the second round
and change a handclasp.
Recommendations: a teacher has to always be able to spot for a competitor.
Pic.2 Elevate an adversary of the floor and take out of the circle!
Tips for increasing the difficulty:
1. Increase the circle diameter,
2. Increase the weight category of an adversary,
3. Repeat the game,
4. If competitors are equal a game can be prolonged or shortened.
“Drag an adversary behind your line” game
The goal: development of elementary wrestling skills and physical qualities.
Equipment: twp belts (of different color).
Game rules: one participant stands with his/her back to another competitor. The second one grips the
first one’ belt with both hands. The objective for a competitor is to drag an adversary behind the a
drawn line.
Upon the first round is completed and the winner is decided, competitors go on to the second round
and may change position or a grip.
Recommendations: a teacher has to always be able to spot for a competitor.
Tips for increasing the difficulty:
1. Increase the circle diameter,
2. Increase the weight category of an adversary,
3. Repeat the game,
4. If competitors are equal a game can be prolonged or shortened.
Pic.3 Drag an adversary behind your line!
“Drag an adversary out of the circle by belt reverse grip” game
The goal: development of elementary wrestling skills and physical qualities.
Equipment: twp belts (of different color).
Game rules: competitors enter a circle, stand against one another, holding each other’s belts with
reverse grips. The objective for a competitor is to drag an adversary out of the circle. Competitors are
not allowed to break the grip.
Recommendations: a teacher has to always be able to spot for a competitor.
Tips for increasing the difficulty:
1. Increase the circle diameter,
2. Increase the weight category of an adversary,
3. Repeat the game,
4. If competitors are equal a game can be prolonged or shortened.
Pic.4 Drag an adversary out of the circle by belt reverse grip!
Use of aforementioned games with elements of Kalmyk national wrestling on the regular basis at PE
classes before the Martial Arts course let pupils prepare for this course by improving physical qualities
needed in this kind of sport, create elementary wrestling skills and decrease injury risk.
References
1. Подвижные игры: учебник / Л.В.Былеева, И.М.Коротков, Р.В.Климкова, Е.В.Кузьмичева.М.: Физическая культура, 2006.-288 с.
2. Подвижные игры: Учебное пособие для студентов ВУЗов [текст] – М.: ТВТ Дивизион, 2009.216 с.
3. Цандыков В.Э. Использование игр с элементами калмыцкой национальной борьбы для
детей с ослабленным физическим развитием / «Спорт и образование»: Материалы V
Региональной науч.-практич. конфер. по физической культуре и спорту.- Москва, 2010.- С.44-48.
4. Цандыков В.Э. Использование игр с элементами калмыцкой национальной борьбы в
учебно-тренировочном процессе студентов, занимающихся борьбой / Актуальные проблемы
совершенствования физической подготовленности студенческой молодежи в современных
условиях: сборник научных трудов / под науч. ред. канд. мед. наук, доц. Т.И.Волковой.Чебоксары: ЧИЭМ СПбГПУ, 2010.- С.180-185.
5. Цандыков В.Э. Усложнение игр с использованием элементов калмыцкой национальной
борьбы как фактор дальнейшего повышения уровня развития физических качеств / Психология и
педагогика: методика и проблемы практического применения. Сборник материалов XI
Международной научно-практической конференции. В 3-х частях. Часть 3 / Под. общ. ред.
С.С.Чернова.- Новосибирск: Изд-во «СИБПРИНТ», 2010.- С.162-167.
National sports as means of promoting physical training among schoolchildren
(case study of Kalmyk national wrestling)
V. Tsandykov,
State Educational Institution Children Recreation-Educational Center “South-Eastern”,
city of Moscow
Preservation and promotion of ethnocultural values is the important issue nowadays. As these values
contribute to achievement of personhood and its development, civic development what is essential for
the younger generation.
One example of these values inherited from our ancestors is Kalmyk national wrestling called “Beki
barildan”.
It is so popular in the Republic of Kalmykia that almost every holiday was and is being held accompanied
with competitions on this wrestling. People of all ages are aware of its rules, everybody can wrestle
regardless of age.
Almost every people living in the vast territory of the Russian Federation has its national wrestling. The
Tatars have “Keryash”, the Yakuts – “Hapsagai” and “Kurdatsan-tustuu”, peoples of the Northern
Caucasus – “Tutush”, the Tuvan people – “Huresh”, the Buryats – “Buhe barildaan”, the Chuvash people
– “Kureshu”, the Russians – “V shvatku” and “Ne v shvatku”, the Bashkirs – “Kuryash”, the Kalmyks –
“Beki barildan”, the Chukchis – “Teikev”, etc.
Importance and influence of centuries-old folk heritage – Kalmyk national wrestling – for formation of
outlook, tolerance and individuality of a youngster is enormous. Though this national sport has not been
studied well enough in modern science. So detailed in-depth research on the subject should be
conducted.
The goal of the article is promotion of Kalmyk national wrestling among schoolchildren by exposure to
its traditions thus creating pupils’ wants in systematic physical training and healthy lifestyle.
Several ancient traditions of Kalmyk national wrestling are still kept alive, for example, to arrange a date
of competition beforehand and inform all the people possible. The second one is that a wrestler should
have seconds who guard him to the floor covered in fabric in order not to let spectators and an
adversary recognize a competitor. The second tradition is still observed but only as a ritual.
Traditional warm-up is held bright before a warsle: wrestlers perform a short foot tapping dance to tune
of Kalmyk dombra or harmonica. The best dancer gain additional score thus if wrestlers are equal this
feature may assist one’s victory. That’s why some wrestlers dance like professionals.
Dancing warm-up pursues several goals:
- Mental approach to a wrestle,
- Exposure to Kalmyk culture,
- Learning dance movements,
- Decrease of injury risk,
- Motivation to better dance performance.
Other traditions are embroidery on sport clothes, welcoming each other and a referee, awards.
In ancient times wrestlers were awarded significant expensive prizes, sometimes they were awarded
with cows, horses and sheep. Nowadays winners in Kalmyk national wrestling also get prizes. It can be a
sheep, but a car or a bicycle as well.
Kalmyk national wrestling “Beki barildan” and traditions embodied in it are factors of exposure the
younger generation to ethnocultural values hence breeding tolerance to cultures of many peoples of the
Russian Federation and provoke interest to systematic physical training.
Use of Kalmyk national wrestling and its elements in PE classes in various educational institutions is one
of the components contributing to formation of physical, mental, cultural and moral development of a
personality.
References
1. Джангр: Калмыцкий народный эпос / Пер. с калм. С.И. Липкина.- 5-е изд. Элиста:
Калмыцкое книжное издательство, 1989.- 363 с.
2. Калмыцкая национальная борьба. Правила соревнований.- Элиста: Калмиздат., 1997.
3. Лесгафт П.Ф. Руководство по физическому образованию детей школьного возраста.Часть II.- Издание 2-ое пересмотренное и дополненное.- С-Пб., 1909, с. 415.
4. Небольсин П. Очерки быта калмыков Хошеутовского улуса. – С.- Петербург, 1852. – с.
114.
5. Смирнов П. Путевые записки по калмыцким степям Астраханской губернии. / Тексты
статей по изданию: Астраханские Епархиальные Ведомости, 1879.- Элиста: Калмыцкое книжное
издательство., 1999.- 248 с.
6. Цандыков В.Э. Калмыцкий народный эпос «Джангар» о месте и роли национальной
борьбы в системе воспитания и подготовки к жизни / В.Э.Цандыков // Вестник Калмыцкого
Университета. Научный журнал.- № 6.- 2008.- С.90 – 93.
7. Цандыков В.Э. Калмыцкая национальная борьба: традиции от прошлого к настоящему //
Молодежь и наука: реальность и будущее: Материалы II Международной научно-практической
конференции (г. Невинномысск, 3 марта 2009): Т. III.- Невинномысск: НИЭУП, 2009.- С.169-171.
8. Цандыков В.Э. Страницы истории и основы базовой техники калмыцкой национальной
борьбы «Бөки барилдан».- Элиста: ЗАОр «НПП «Джангар». 2009.- 190 с., ил.
Active and sport games as an instrument of pupils’ social competences development.
L. Tsoboleva
P.E. teacher,
Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary school #10”,
city of Severodvinsk
Games can be considered as anticipation and training of activities that must take place later. (A. Vallon)
The Concept of modernization of Russian education till the year 2010 states that "a developing society
needs modernly educated, ethical, active people who can make their own decisions in a situation of
choice, who are able to work, who can be characterized by mobility, dynamism and constructability."
This task is supposed to be solved in case that during a period of school education a pupil is taught how
to live in a society, in other words, if he/she gains necessary social competence.
Analyzing the term “competence”, we can point out that with all multifold definitions competence is a
personal trait and experience in a given sphere. Competence of a pupil assumes a set of certain personal
traits. Among key competences the important position is taken by social one that is a combination of
knowledge and skills vital for living in a society. Some school graduates are diffident, extremely shy or
some are vice versa very aggressive and too active. Both edges disturb not only surrounding people but
teenagers themselves. Undoubtedly, the best results in development of social competence can be
reached when a pupil participate actively in the process of his/her formation a personality.
Implementation of a «Physical Culture" training program along with other subjects has a positive effect
on the development of social competence. As shown by experience, it is heavily contributed by active
and sport games, which take a significant share of the program on physical culture and which are widely
practiced in extracurricular activities.
The game is an activity which represents a conscious, proactive efforts aimed at achieving conventional
goals, voluntarily established by players. Features of games are determined by specific competitive
activity, which distinguishes it from other sports. Competitive rivalry in a game follows established rules,
using unique competitive action - playing techniques. Presence of an opponent is obligatory. In team
games a winner or a loser is team as a whole, rather than a single participant. A single player may play
very good but if a team loses then he/she loses as well. Conversely, if a student plays badly, but the
team wins, he/she wins with the team. It is nice to see how, carried away by the game, students forget
about their weaknesses and literally surpass themselves, demonstrating the results which are impossible
in conditions of normal activity. Fillings that are inseparably connected with the game, such as
exhilaration and insatiable desire to win legitimately cause the participants’ display of courage, wits,
strength, and develop such valuable personal qualities as determination, focus, operational thinking, a
sense of responsibility, a partnership that will help achieve success in various situations in future.
Victory in the game increases self-confidence and stimulates further activity of students, encourages
explicitly or covertly, consciously or subconsciously strives for excellence in other important activities, as
well as develops interest to overcome the difficulties and obstacles to target.
Specifically incorporated properties of games such as fair, equitable competition and public
encouragement of pursuit of superiority, excellence, which are important in modern society are
extremely useful for realization of educational purposes.
Specificity of team games defines a number of requirements to participants, their views, attitudes,
personal traits and the nature of action in the match. Consequently, the game promotes collectivism,
the ability to sacrifice own interests for the sake of team wins, the desire to see and understand a
common interest in every moment of competition. The impact of a team on its member can be very
tough, strong, and efficient, that contributes to the development of relevant personal qualities: mutual
understanding, respect, honesty, because in the game, students learn how to win honestly and to lose
with dignity. In active and sport games there are recreated quite complex and vivid emotive
interpersonal relationships such as cooperation, mutual assistance, and mutual aid, as well as
competition, confrontation, when oppositely directed desires face each other. Thus, we can say that in
the game, scholars get into social interaction, and therefore, they develop social competence. The main
criteria of social competence of pupils being shown in the active and sport games are the following:
- Ability to work with adults and peers;
- Willingness to follow the rules of the game;
-Willingness to systematically acquire new knowledge and skills and share them with others;
- The ability to respond properly to the views, positions, attitudes of other team members;
- Ability to understand other players as representatives of the interests of the team;
- The ability to specifically interact with the team in the game;
-Ability to use non-verbal, specific for this game, symbols and signs;
- Ability to use originality of the functions assigned to the player.
The experience lets us suggest that the vast majority of pupils understand that the relationships in the
game and outside it are very different. Accepting my provisions to a game as provisions of more
experienced and knowledgeable person, they learn to listen to the elders, not to reject their opinions
and advice, which is an important factor of successful socialization. The desire to express themselves in
the game better motivates pupils to acquire new skills and abilities, they have a need for additional
physical education and sport: many of them attend sports sections for football, volleyball and
basketball, annually my graduates continue their studies in universities on "Physical Education" and are
involved in coaching. It should be noted that the game is constantly modeling the situation where, with
limited time and constantly changing environment it is necessary to assess the situation, choose the
desired action. As a result, the students gain psychological resilience: the ability to control their
emotions, listen and take criticism by classmates and a teacher properly, which will also affect successful
socialization in future. As a part of extracurricular activities I implement independently compiled
additional educational programs with currently 63% of pupils involved. I hold activities, many of which
have become traditional: school tournaments in basketball, volleyball and etc. Our pupils are the future
of the country. In order to prevent child neglect and delinquency, together with form masters I organize
work on attraction pupils to a healthy lifestyle and skills of social adaptation. In our school we have a
Weekend Club - family sporting events that bring such positive results as following: they allow spending
some free time, that a mother or a father dedicate to a child profitably, they also can be considered as a
pattern for a pupil of the further family life. The positive changes are noted in the analysis of
participation in city Olympics among schools: in the 2005-2006 academic year – 5th place on volleyball
among males older age group, in 2006 - 2007 account. PM – 5th place on volleyball among males in
older age group, 3rd place in the game "Sniper" among pupils in the younger age group: in 2007 - 2008
academic year – 7th place in volleyball , 2nd place in the city championship in volleyball among males in
older age groups: in 2008 - 2009 academic year – 1st place in volleyball among males in older age group.
Each year our pupils become members of the city youth team in volleyball, which successfully performes
in the regional competitions: 3rd place in 2007 and 4th place in 2008.
Within a school methodical week “The role of my subject in social adaptation of schoolchildren” in 2009
we questioned pupils of the 11th grade on “How do you benefit from sport games at P.E. lessons for
future adult life?” Typical responses were as follows: developing their skill, coordination, strength and
endurance, developing such traits as solidarity, partnership, and improving health.
Thus, active and sport games are the strongest means of socialization of students. On the one hand,
games improve physical indicators at the expense of life conditions of a human body, and on the other
hand- demonstrate and reveal certain traits of character that affect a pupil’s future adult life, learn how
to adapt to changing circumstances.
Psycho-physiological characteristics of physical training stages
V. Umnov,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
In general, education efficiency depends on physical education teachers and coaches’ ability to
organize the educational process in accordance with pedagogical, psychological and physiological
regularities forming the basis of modern educational theories and conceptions (Zh.K. Holodov, V.S.
Kuznetsov, 2009). However, artificial division of studying of physical education and sporting activities
among the scientific disciplines leads to duplications and contradictions in interpretation of some
statements. Besides, the facts of related disciplines are not taken into account. By the way, a famous
Russian psychologist B.F. Lomov (1978) said that, while explaining the behavior as a whole, any
psychological theory not including neurophysiological mechanisms, as well as any physiological theory
ignoring the psychic, is one-side. So, we think that it is efficient to study the physical actions training
(PAT) process from both psychology-pedagogical and phychophysiological points of view.
In the modern theory of PAT in accordance with peculiarities of didactic goals and teaching
methods, the PAT process can be divided into stages, the number of which differs depending on the
author. Physiologists say there are 3 stages, while teachers and psychologists think there are from 3 to 6
ones. We prefer the theory of V.D. Maznichenko (1981) including 5 stages of training and explained
psychophysiologically by E.P. Ilyin (1983, 2009). Let’s analyze them.
Stage 1. The aim is to teach a pupil the basics of a physical action, as well as to give a pupil a
visual form of the action. On this stage a pupil gets information through the optic and auditory canals.
Pupils get just a general idea of the physical action and do not train it yet. A pupil understands the aim
but does not know how to reach it.
This stage is fundamental because the adequate image of a physical action lets then master it
successfully. On this stage the physical action basic (PAB) is being formed, which is essential for its
performance. This idea was proved by such psychologists as P.J. Galperin, A.V. Zaporozhets, and N.A.
Menchinskaya, as well as L.P. Matveev (1991). PAB includes some general logical plan of the action and
basic initial points of its performance, so pupils understand what the basic movements are and how to
perform them.
It is proved that mistakes and failures are often caused not by little number of exercise, but by
not giving a proper PAB. When a pupil is not given the full system of instructions about the action to be
performed, he has to act by trial and error. But if a proper PAB is given beforehand, there are fewer
mistakes and the action is mastered more successfully.
Stage 2 (equals to Stage 1 in physiological theories). The aim is to give the basic of a physical
action technique and to teach a pupil to perform an action roughly at least. On this stage a pupil tries to
perform an action for the first time. This stage is characterized by broad irradiation of excitation to the
nerve centers while the internal inhibition is retarded and processes of the central nervous system are
random. Irradiation of excitation causes generalization of responses and excessive fixity of motor
system, for irrelevant muscle groups are being involved.
The physiological situation is added to psychological one. Emotional reaction to novelty,
excessive activation of conation, diffidence and sometimes anxiety are intrinsic to this stage. This causes
shielding motor responses and constrained movements. The action performance control is realized with
the help of visual and acoustic analyzers. But muscular sensations are weakly differentiated. That’s why
interoceptive (inner) control on this stage is on the background compared to exteroceptive (external)
one. So, the idea about a physical action is formed with the help of external feedback, which means
information a person gets while performing an action and analyzing the results.
Stage 3 (equals to Stage 2 in physiological theories). The aim is to form a “comprehensive
motional skill” (Zh.K. Holodov, V.S. Kuznetsov, 2009). On this stage the excitation is concentrated in the
nerves centers which are essential while performing a physical action. Internal inhibition is being
developed that helps to more precise differentiate the signals about an action especially from
proprioreceptors. This time exteroceptive control (“external” feedback) is equal to proprioceptive
(interoceptive) control (“inner” feedback). The proper performance of the physical actions, ensured by
the physiological changes stated above, helps to remove diffidence and anxiety. Shielding motor
responses interfering with proper physical action performing are gradually being removed as well.
Motional dynamic stereotype is starting to be formed. According to E.P. Ilyin (2009), motional dynamic
stereotype is a system of movements or behavioral habits which are being performed in a certain
sequence and are combined into a chain where the end of a previous action is the beginning of the
following one.
Dynamic stereotype lets repeat a movement technically correctly within the same conditions
and reasonably change it if the conditions vary (running on various kinds of surface, wrestling with
various contestants and so on). When the motional dynamic stereotype is formed, a pupil understands
ways of performing an action, but his attention is intense and he/she is concentrated mostly on
movements. If his/her attention is turned to the surrounding situation or classmates, the performance
quality gets worse.
Stage 4 (equals to Stage 3 in physiological theories). The aim is to transfer a motional skill to a
technique. This stage is characterized by stabilization, high rank coordination and automatic movement
performance. The technique of a physical action is stable. The movement control is realized with the
help of proprioceptive signals while visual feedback is left behind.
On this stage a motional technique, or partially automatic physical action in psychology, is being
developed. It means that when developing a motional action, the role of its conscious control is not
being reduced: the movement is controlled when attention is moderately concentrated and sometimes
distracted, or when attention is concentrated casually (quick movement control without enough
understanding). E.P. Ilyin (1983) is concerned that the opinion proving that a technique is realized
without conscious participation and that technique managing is transferred from the cortex to
subcortex, is not true. Of course, some movements are performed like inborn reflexes (for example,
withdrawing a hand when it is hurt) and some simple physical actions are performed at the
subconscious level. But A.N. Krestovnikov believes that a compound physical action is an intricate chain
conditioned proprioceptive reflex and is controlled by the conscious which has the following functions:
a) launching (an adequate action programme is chosen)
b) monitoring;
c) estimating.
So, a footballer estimates the situation and consciously chooses a pass to use: low or high, long
or short, cross or diagonal, etc. Depending on conditions and goals of an action that has become a
technique, the studied movements being its part can be performed automatically or not, while the
action on the whole is conscious because a pupil understands the aim, goals, means and results of the
performance. This means that automatic performance in physical education and sports is minor, though
very important.
What are the features of a motional technique? A.T. Puni, a famous Russian psychologist, tried
to answer this question and single some of them out (table 1).
Table 1
Features of a motional technique (A.T. Puni, 1978)
On the character of an action
Physiologically
On peculiarities of perception
performance
Forming of a motional dynamic Conscious directed to conditions Integrity of an action.
stereotype with the help of the and quality of performance. Absence of excessive muscle
first and second signal systems Conscious control and regulation tension
and
unnecessary
working together.
Automatic of an action on the base of movement. Lightness. Efforts
performance.
muscular feeling, specialized and time economy. Exactness
senses of perception, recepts and stability of a movement
and speech and thought structure..
processes.
Attention
concentrated on initial points of
movement performance and
final efforts.
Gradualness and irregularity of a technique developing (curves of exercise)
Gradualness of a motional technique development is reflected in its phases: a technique occurs
thanks to a range of partial transformations during a relatively long time. Irregularity of its developing is
expressed in various quality growth on different stages.
There are various curves of exercise, but in psychology they can be divided into two types (pic.
1):
1) curves with negative acceleration (at first a technique is developed quickly but then its
developing becomes slower and slower),
2) curves with positive acceleration (at first a technique is developed slowly but then its developing
becomes quicker and quicker).
Quality growth of a technique
Plateau
Negative
acceleration
Positive
acceleration
Repeated trials of a physical action performance
Pic. 1. Phases of technique developing
According to professor L. B. Itelson, the first type of curves is intrinsic to the process when a
pupil mostly learns by trial and error. The second type of curves is intrinsic to the process when a pupil
performs well thanks to good understanding. However, researches in sports psychology prove that
people with flexible nerve processes and high excitation master motional techniques the quickest:
balancing position (I.V. Kuznetsov, 1970; V.M. Shadrin, 1978), bending and straightening the body while
learning simultaneous one-step skiing step (V.P. Merlinkin, M.E. Bubnov, 1974). People with inert nerve
processes master motional techniques slower, but then they reach the performance level of people with
flexible nerve processes. So, we can say that the stated above curves of exercise depend on the main
peculiarities of nervous system. It is proved that people with flexible nerve processes make a lot of
corrective movements while mastering a technique, and this may explain why they learn by trial and
error. People with inert nerve processes first try to understand the basic of the action and only then
master it.
Stage 5. The aim is to master high proficiency skills. A mastered motional technique must be
variable and consistent with conditions in which a physical motion is to be performed. Variability is
reached thanks to multiple repeats of a movement in various situations changing its kinematic, dynamic
and rhythmic characteristics. Variability of situations can be expressed by the following:
a) making conditions more difficult (room restriction, contrary weather, etc.)
b) changes in a pupil’s physical and psychic state (tiredness, attention distraction, nervousness,
other emotions)
c) combination with other actions
d) increasing of physical efforts and nervous tension
This lets a sportsman learn to change details of a physical action in order to reach the result in
various situations. Variability of a technique shows a sportsman’s professionalism.
Therefore, the stated above characteristics of motional skills and techniques express both their
peculiarities and correlation. According to L.P. Matveev (1991), correlation of motional skills and
techniques is limited because a skill is the main condition of a technique mastering. A technique here is
an automated skill. A technique may become a precondition for mastering a new, more difficult skill.
Here is a scheme of a process of teaching physical actions to pupils on physical education lessons and
teaching sportsmen:
Motional skill
Motional technique
High proficiency
motional skill
Correction of psychological state of students majoring in “Sport Management” within the study
process
B. Usoltsev, G. Gorbunov, G. Ponomarev, M. Shanskov,
Baltic State Technical University “Voenmekh” named after D. Ustinov,
Russian State Pedagogical University named after A. Herzen,
City of Saint-Petersburg
Professional reliability of a future specialist is largely determined by personal psychological
characteristics and mental abilities, developed with the use of targeted corrective influence.
The effectiveness of students training can be assessed by the psychological results, i.e. mental changes
that form during study-professional activity. Higher professional school estimates psychological results
mostly by formation of professionally and socially significant qualities of a trained specialist which
determine his/her professional competence and professional skills (A. Karavanov, 2004).
Sport Management is a relatively new field ofstudy in our country. That’s why some its aspects as an
educational and professional discipline in universities are not sufficiently developed (B. Usoltsev, M.
Shan, 2009).
University study is characterized by significant emotional and intellectual stress, hypokinesia and
stressful situations that negatively affect students psychological and physiological state. Course has
been worked out focused on uncovering the resource capabilities and creative potential of students for
the aims of correction of students study-professional activities. For these aims control group (CG) and
experimental (EG) group were formed, consisting of BSTU sport management students. Work with the
EG used special methods of self-evaluation, psychological trainings and self-adjustment sessions. The
course includes not only acquisition of knowledge and formation of useful life and career skills, but also
relevant development, self-improvement of listeners within the training process. The course includes 10
classes, which were conducted by the author of this program G. Gorbunov. Doctor of Pedagogical
Sciences, Professor. The most important topics of the course are:
1. From self-cognition to self-improvement.
2. Emotional-volitional regulation of behavior.
3. Psychology of success.
4. Mental overstrain - how to combat it.
5. How to keep calm and confidence in important situations, and others.
Correction of psychological state of students majoring in “Sport Management” "by the developed
course of psychological regulation, showed an established trend towards the improvement of students’
psychological condition. Introduction of such designs contributes to students; overcoming stressful
situations in the university study process and help in solving crucial problems related to professional
training and development of information resources needed for elaboration of the state standard on
"Sport Management".
Peculiarities of physical development of 4-6 year old children in the High North
Svetlana Vadyuhina,
FSI SPE “Northern College of Physical Culture and Sport”,
city of Monchegorsk
Body of a healthy human always functions in response to outward conditions. That’s why many body
indicators of some northern dweller good adapted to extreme northern conditions distinguish from
those living in moderate climate. In other words mid-latitude standard is not suitable for well adapted
northern dwellers. They have their own standard reached after long adaptation to extreme northern
conditions.
Kolar polar area is one of the most challenging for living regions where physiological mechanisms
tension may lead to disorders in growth processes and development of a child. Negative environmental
factors are known t o have greater impact on children than adults (V. Bunak, 1941, Z. Rappoport, 1978,
A. Purundzhan, 1990, V, Khrushchev, 1994).
Moreover children adapted to cold climate more often have disassociation of indexes of growth and
development – increase of several development indicators in particular related to tissues oxygen supply
– cardio-vascular and respiratory systems, blood oxygen content – and decrease of growth pace –
decline of anthropometric indicators, retention of pubescence.
Already 3rd-4th generation of first newcomers from various Russian regions lives in the Kolar polar area.
In our opinion there are certain factors contributing to rather quick adaptation and capable to pertly
compensate for negative impact of the environment. One of these positive factors for children and
adolescents is reasonable motor activity organization (A. Sukharev, 1968, 1972, Z. Rappoport, 1976, V.
Khrushchev, 1994).
In Murmansk Region schoolchildren physical development studies were carried out in 1937, 1947, 1952,
1957, 1964, 1970, 1974, 1982-84, 1990-92, 1997. Data on study of preschoolers is too various. A
comprehensive study has not been conducted. That’s why there are no specific methods of preschoolers
physical development.
Having analyzed curriculum of preschool educational institutions (PEI) of the city of Monchegorsk of the
Murmansk Region we have deduced that the majority of PEI’s have been using the typical program
“Education in a kindergarten program” (1985) for carrying out physical education. Anyway it does not
provide an opportunity to consider differences in level of children physical development and physical
condition affected by negative outward conditions.
The goal of our study is to determine the level of physical development and the most commonly
encountered somatic types of preschoolers (4-6 years old) permanently living in the High North.
The study has been conducted in PEI since 2006 till now covering 90 girls and 90 boys of 4-6 year old.
The objectives of the study are:
1. To determine the level of physical development of 4-6 year old children living in a polar area,
2. To determine the most commonly encountered somatic types of preschoolers living in the High
North.
For addressing the first objective we have carried out anthropometric measurements of – height,
weight, shoulder width, width of pelvis, circumferences of – thorax, shoulder, brachium, thigh and
surae, distal epiphyses of shoulder, brachium, thigh and surae, rolls of fat of 4-6 year olds and compared
them with indicators of children living in mid-latitude of Russia (T. Panasyuk, 2008).
Significant differences are obvious in 5 year old girls by all indicator and in 4 and 6 years – by
circumference. Insignificant differences in 4 and 6 years girls are noticed in height and weight. Boys have
no insignificant differences only in weight.
Physical development indexes have been calculated:
Age
Indexes
Pinye
4 year old (n=30)
girl
boy
33.18889±0.538 33.633±0.958
5 year old (n=30)
girl
boy
36.305±0.881
38.75714±0.713
6 year old (n=30)
girl
boy
39.545±1.257
38.294±1.34
Ketle 1
0.165169±0.005
0.15936±0.004
0.164583±0.004
0.164775±0.0037
0.178817±0.0056
0.1811±0.007
Erisman
2686.986±66.77
2723.604±64.11
2862.975±54.199
2956.851±62.62
3168.488±93.95
3227.47±73.84
Somatotype have been defined in line with Heath-Carter scheme. 4 year old children have prevailingly
endomesomorphic constitutional type; 5 year old girls – endomesomorphic, boys – ektomesomorphic, 6
year old – ektomesomorphic type.
The study results let us conclude that:
 High North climate conditions influence growth and development of preschoolers. 4 year old
girls in 16.6% (3 persons) have very weal development, in other cases – weak. Boys – 27.8% (5
persons) – very weak, other cases – weak. 5 year old: girls 66.67% and boys 85% - very weak, the
rest – weak. 6 year old boys: 5.55% - good, 5.55% - weak, the rest – very weak; girls: 11% - weak,
the rest – very weak.
 the most commonly encountered somatic types among the children studied are mesomorphic,
endomesomorphic, ekzomesomorphic.
References:
1. Лях В.И., Лапицкая Е.М. Мониторинг физического и моторного развития детей, подростков
и молодежи Кольского Заполярья: Учеб. пособие. – М.:ИВФ РАО, 2008. – 47 с.
2. Панасюк Т.В. Антропологический мониторинг дошкольников: учебное пособие /
Т.В.Панасюк, С.И. Изаак, Е.Н.Комиссарова/ под общ. ред. С.И. Изаак. – М.: Физическая
культура, 2005. – 110 с.
3. Панасюк Т.В. Конституциональная принадлежность как основа прогноза роста и развития
детей от 3 до 17 лет: диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора биологических
наук защищена 17 сентября, 2008г.
4. Хрущев В.Л. Здоровье человека на Севере: ( медицинская энциклопедия северянина)/ В.Л.
Хрущев. – Новый Уренгой, 1994.-508с.
Pilates in vocational schools as means of construction employees professional diseases prevention
T. Verina, M. Shkurpit
Southern Federal University, Pedagogical Institute,
city of Rostov-on-Don
Promotion of healthy life style among youth is an important component of healthy well-being
nationwide.
Health and education are interconnected and interdependent. Efficiency of educational process
depends on health status of a pupil. A teacher should create conditions for students adaptation to
educational environment, preservation and promotion of their health. Upon completing a PE course a
young specialist is to reveal his/her own motivation to physical training, regular physical exercising for
the aims of career longevity and professional diseases prevention.
Our vocational school #7 of the city of Rostov-on-Don trains specialists for construction sphere.
Construction-related occupation claims high demands to personal peculiarities and physical qualities of
a specialist. These are physical endurance, quick motor response, good motion coordination, proper
lower and upper limbs functioning, etc.
Training of a construction specialist takes one year in our school. Scarce quantity of hours devoted to
physical training within a curriculum is certainly not sufficient for ensuring comprehensive preparedness
of a graduate for professional work. At the same time his/her individual physical training skills are not
formed. The majority of students finish physical exercising upon receiving diplomas. Anyway this is just a
starting point in person’s individual health saving activity.
Skilled workmen poll results indicated that 10.1% of respondents do physical exercises in their free time
and 2% in work time. What is more 67.1% of the polled are ready to get engaged in physical training, but
cannot chose a kind of physical exercises for professional diseases prevention.
Most typical diseases are:
- Spinal diseases (degenerative disk diseases – 62.7%);
- Those of visual analyzer (49.3%);
- Varicosity (27.9%);
- Nasal diseases (26.8%).
They occur due to negative work positions, monotonous labor. Many hour work and hygienic norms
neglecting lead to professional diseases.
Having analyzed labor activity and professional diseases of construction workers we have made up a
conclusion that one of preventive measures can be J. Pilates exercises complex. It is to assist prospective
specialists not only in needed physical qualities development and professional diseases prevention but
also in turning students to individual utilization of acquired skills in the future.
That’s why we have undertaken to use this method in our vocational school as extracurricular and
individual exercising.
Pilates is an unique and diverse exercise complex involving physical and breathing exercises, which ay
once tone up various muscle groups and relieve spinal load. At present it is considered a unique system
exerting no negative impact on deformed spine. Repetitions of exercises are minimize, movements are
smooth, weak muscles affected and trained. Pilates focuses on joint work of main body muscles.
Training methods
Pilates exerts the following positive impact:
- Training deep muscles needed for body walk balance and healthy and flexible spine,
- Affecting emotional state positively, calming nervous system,
- Eliminating backache, other pains, correcting posture, easing muscle tension,
- Improving oxygen metabolism, supporting immune system, preventing osteoporosis,
- Not requiring expensive equipment.
The principles of Pilates:
1. Relaxation. Exercising in relaxed manner, almost leisurely. Finishing exercises are used for
muscle recovery.
2. Concentration. Concentrating on every movement.
3. Alignment. Watch correct body and limbs alignment.
4. Breathing. When breathing in Pilates muscles should always be in tension – “lateral breathing” –
breath in into the lower part of breast. All exercises consider that correct breathing assists
mobilizing specific muscles, strengthening.
5. Centering. Particular attention is given to strong abdominals. Transverse muscle of abdomen
plays the key role. It lays deeper in abdomen and often neglected by other exercises. Before
starting exercising and in order to mobilize transverse muscle of abdomen one should activate
pelvic floor and underbelly at same time.
6. Fluidity. Movements are performed slowly in direction from the “strong center”.
7. Endurance. Toning up body deeper stabilizing muscles enables increase of endurance.
Endurance is improved gradually.
8. Coordination. Coordinating movements and breathing.
9. Regular basis. At least three times a week.
10 reasons to use Pilates for preventing professional diseases:
1. Decrease of diseases risk. Various researches prove that physical activity significantly decreases
risk of many illnesses, including diabetes, cardio-vascular diseases, cholesterol related diseases,
heart attack, osteoporosis, arthritis, backache, breast cancer, etc.
2. Dignity. Sense of accomplishment appearing after active physical load is one of the most
pleasant feelings of a human body. Physical exercising improve not only constitution but also
self-esteem.
3. Fast weight reduction. Physical training regulate appetite within a day.
4. Improvement of immune protection.
5. Achieving peace of mind and emotional balance. Stress provokes a reaction in a body releasing
hormone of cortisone, which increased concentration may affect health negatively. Physical
exercising contribute to decreasing of cortisone and release hormones of “well-being” –
serotonin, adrenalin, dopamine, endorphins, which produce feelings of joy, pleasure.
6. Abolition of insomnia.
7. Reenergizing.
8. Significant improvement of brain activity upon doing exercises aimed at stimulating cardiovascular system, according to 3-month Japanese survey. Canadian researches claim that regular
exercising decreases risk of Alzheimer disease.
9. Great well-being. Regular exercising alternately compress and ease spinal disks thus keeping
them flexible and elastic, spinal bones – healthy.
10. Incentive to communication and active life. Apart from exercising itself pilates is to give people
going in for it additional impetus to communication in a gym.
As the conclusion we recommend to use pilates at PE classes in vocational construction schools as well
as to conduct extra-curricular pilates classes for prevention of professional diseases.
Innovation activity in a municipal sports school
Olga Vesnina,
Headmaster, Municipal Educational Institution «Specialized Children and Adolescent Sports
School of the Olympic Reserve №1»
Yuri Shlykov,
Docent, Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Culture and Gymnastics,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy, Candidate of Biological Sciences
Protecting the health of the younger generation is of high importance for both the state and the
society, because childhood is a critical period for forming the person’s physical and mental health and
laying the foundations of his/her morality.
One of the main principles of the state educational policy is declared to be “the humanistic
character of education and top priority of human values, human life and health…” (Russian Federation
Education Law, Art. 2).
However, from year to year the statistics points to the gradual decline of the children’s average
health level, which is caused to a considerable degree by economic and ecological deterioration. Poor
health among children living in the Far North and regions with similar climate is also caused by the lack
of iodine in the organism and ultraviolet starvation, which result in children’s lower physical
development (height in particular) compared to other regions.
A further reason for children’s health impairment is hypodynamia (which is organism’s
dysfunction caused by the lack of motion activity). Indeed, researches demonstrate the fact that the
majority of modern children suffer from what can be called “motion shortage”, i.e. during the day they
move less than they should at their age, which has a negative influence on the skeleton and muscles,
their respiratory, digestive and vascular systems.
In this paper we would like to describe how we organize the innovation programs of a sports
school concerning the introduction of additional physical training activities (such as gymnastics and
aerobics) in the curriculum of pre-school educational institutions of our city. This will also enable us to
follow the influence of physical exercises on the pre-school children’s health and the improvement of
their level of physical development. One of the main tasks set to school teachers is to involve in sports
all the children aged between 4 and 6 who attend pre-school educational institutions without splitting
them into promising and not promising ones.
The aim of the research is to justify the possibility of organizing activities focused on the
improvement of the pre-school children’s health within the framework of children and youth sports
schools.
The represented research was conducted within the framework of the CYSS-1 (Children and
Youth Sports School) of Petrozavodsk, which specializes on the three following sports: artistic
gymnastics (men and women), rhythmic gymnastics and aerobics.
The experimental work in the school is aimed at involving all the children of the city aged
between four and six in regular exercising (three times a week) without splitting them into promising
and not promising ones.
It has become possible to conduct this research thanks to the fact that the CYSS # 1 possesses
highly qualified staff (which includes 70 coaches and teachers) and a network of pre-school educational
institutions where the officials are concerned with the children’s health and are able to provide with the
necessary equipment. Gymnastics and aerobics coaches introduce the children to regular sports
activities and stimulate the young generation’s need for the healthy lifestyle. The children involved in
this program which lasts three years are stronger, healthier and familiar with the basics of physical
education, gymnastics and aerobics when they come to school. Their carriage, the culture of movement
and familiarity with elementary sports vocabulary distinguishes them from those who for some reasons
were not able to attend pre-school educational institutions that cooperate with the CYSS’s specialists.
Those children who demonstrated particular aptitude for gymnastics continued attending training
sessions in the CYSS # 1.
In order to organize such experimental research we envisaged the following stages:
4.
To choose the trend of experimental research according to the city’s health-improving
program and corresponding with the social demand.
5.
To outline the schedule of the experiment.
6.
To create the necessary conditions for carrying out the experiment.
Terms and stages of the experiment.
After three years of attending sports classes at the pre-school educational institution a group of
children with evident physical abilities continue advanced training in artistic gymnastics, rhythmic
gymnastics and aerobics in the CYSS # 1. The rest of the children are given recommendations on further
physical development.
The experiment is planned for the period of 12 years (which is the complete period of studying
in the CYSS) and is divided into three phases four ears each. After each year of studies a deep analysis is
done at each stage and if necessary appropriate adjustments are made to the further work. After each
stage the results of the work are assessed.
Stages of the experiment
Academic years
Yrs 1994Yrs 1995Yrs 19961995
1996
1997
Stage I
Yrs 19931994
The minimum number of pre-school
educational institutions included
into the experiment
20
24
28
32
Stage II
Yrs 19981999
Yrs 19992000
Yrs 20002001
Yrs 20012002
The minimum number of pre-school
educational institutions included
into the experiment
40
44
48
52
III этап
Yrs 20022003
Yrs 20032004
Yrs 20042005
Yrs 20052006
The minimum number of pre-school
educational institutions included
into the experiment
54
58
62
66
Yrs 19971998
36
The experimental program is realized by teachers and coaches who share the main ideas of the
experiment and who possess high professional qualifications. Other professionals are also welcome to
take part in the experiment.
In order to transform pedagogical activity into research one we have outlined the following plan:
№
1
Activities
Preparation of a list of bibliography to work over within the experiment.
Yrs of
development
1
2
3
+
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Introduction of innovative and advanced technologies into the discussion practice
during pedagogical councils on the topic.
Working out a range of topics for individual research based on the individual
resource of the teachers.
Selecting the topics for the research (on the individual and group basics).
Organizing individual work with teachers in order to provide help in the
development of innovation process in the department.
Bringing the professional skills of the teachers to the level of research work
founded on experiment.
During visits to trainings defining a group of creative teachers in order to involve
them in experimental activities.
Developing and putting into practice science-based consulting.
Working out the system of diagnostics in order to support experimental and
methodological work.
Organizing a workshop “The Basics of Pedagogic Technologies”.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Doing gymnastics in all its forms (such as basic, rhythmic, artistic and applied ones) including the
elements of artistic gymnastics and acrobatics was considered top priority.
Forms and methods of work with children. Classes in kindergartens are held to music
accompaniment. They select pieces of music which determine the training pace. Music shouldn’t be
monotonous and therefore tiresome for the children’s nervous system, it should fit their age and the
level of aesthetic development. Positive emotions arising during the practice intensify their physiological
effect. Playing active games is given special attention during these practices.
Each year we plan to organize group competitions: “New Year’s Cup”, “The 8 th of March”, “The
Sunlight Spot”. At the end of each academic year we hold the traditional Gymnastics Festival called “The
Spring Swallows” among the city’s kindergartens. The festival program (worked out by Olga Vesnina)
includes elements of gymnastics, choreography and acrobatics. Each kindergarten brings forward a
combined team which shows group gymnastics exercises to music accompaniment. This year 400
children from 50 kindergartens took part in the 9th Festival.
In the course of the experimental work, during the past nine years, each year changes and
adjustments were introduced into the program. The decisions on the improvements of the program
were made collectively during methodological and coaches’ councils.
The research work conducted by the experimental section of the school showed the following:
the morbidity level concerning respiratory diseases dropped sharply (by 30-40%), and the level of the
children’s physical development increased by 50-60% compared to the beginning of the academic year.
This research has been conducted during nine years with experimental groups of 600 – 800 children
each year.
Conclusion:
1.
Organizing similar innovative activity is possible and expedient. We can see that as the
result of such activity the increase of the level of physical development led to the decrease in the rate of
respiratory diseases.
2.
We recommend other sports schools in the city and the republic to make use of our
organizational experience in involving large groups of pre-school children in additional physical
activities.
3.
We consider it possible to extend this experience and introduce three additional lessons
of physical education in the secondary school curriculum as well as in kindergartens. This will be the
responsibility of sports schools. This will be a contribution of sports schools to improving the health of
all the children, not just promising ones.
The experimental work proved its usefulness, and since 2007 it has been transformed into a
permanent scheme of teaching children the basics of gymnastics. Today the sports school has been
granted the status of the School of Olympic reserve (SCYSSOR № 1). Working with pre-school children
enables the sports school to carry out quality selection of children, a large part of who continue training
in the sports school and reach the established standards of Master of Sports of Russia (35 members).
Alexey and Alexander Balandins can serve as a vivid example. Alexander is the member of the national
Russian sports team and the candidate to the Olympic national team.
The results of such innovative activity confirm that the line of working with pre-school children
was properly chosen by the CYSS’s # 1 specialists.
Health Education
A.Voronov, O.Teselkina,
Faculty of Physical Culture,
Karelian State Pedagogical Academy,
city of Petrozavodsk
At present deterioration of nation health status is a critical problem in Russia, it demands drastic
cooperative efforts of medics, psychologists, teachers and all citizens of the country. The greatest
concern is the health of the younger generation who will determine the quality of labor and social
resources of the country in the future. The President of Russia D. Medvedev emphasized this issue in his
Address to the Federal Assembly saying that “Children spend the greater part of a day at school, so
teachers have to deal with the questions of pupils health as well. I believe that if priority of healthy
lifestyle is fulfilled at school, this is to contribute to successful modernization of the health care system
in general”.
In this regard constituting a value of healthy lifestyle shared by the younger generation is put in the
center of the dispute. This goal can be achieved by utilization of new efficient methods, technologies
and techniques within educational process. Anyway these novelties require alteration of a curriculum.
Health Education as a separate subject should cover all schoolchildren of all ages. For example, in
Finland Health Education is taught in 1-6 grades as a part of other disciplines, in 7-9 grades – as a
separate subject once a week, and also in senior school. Introduction of this new discipline in 2001
resulted in improvement of health status of children and adolescents of Finland.
In this article we want to illustrate the experience of promotion of healthy lifestyle in school of Karelia
based on Finnish expertise.
Health Education is divided into 3 parts:
1. General health improvement and knowledge about health,
2. Development of social and everyday skills,
3. Learning life safety skills.
A pattern scheme of Health Education is presented below:
Primary school
Secondary school
Senior school
I stage
II stage
III stage
1-4 grades
5-6 grades
7-9 grades
10-11 grades
Health as a central
As a part of Biology,
As a separate subject
As a separate subject
element of Nature
Geography, Chemistry,
Study
Physics
The goal of the project “Promotion of healthy lifestyle in schools of the Republic of Karelia” which
started in 2006 has been elaboration and introduction of valid methods for Karelian schoolchildren
health improvement jointly by Karelian and Finnish specialists on the basis of Finnish experience which
has shown good results.
The first phase of the program “Promotion of healthy lifestyle in schools of the Republic of Karelia” is
creation of a school health team involving project participants, PE, biology, geography teachers,
psychologists, parents and pupils and a representative of a school administration. Participation of a
school principal in a health team adds more authority to its decisions. A health group may also attract
experts from the outside – employees of medical and youth organizations, etc.
A perfect health group has to know all ways of promotion healthy lifestyle, i.e. guidance, planning,
information transfer, education, marketing and publishing, networking, influencing activity principles
and behavior models.
Forms of promotion of the program is very diverse: in 1-4 grades health education is integrated into
Nature Studies, in 5-6 grades – Biology, Geography, Physics, Chemistry. Central topic of Health
Education are growth and development, everyday well-being, society and culture.
A memo for schoolchildren has been prepared titled “having learnt how to take care of oneself you will
create your own prosperous, promising and joyful future and make your dreams a reality”.
Students of 7-9 grades need a comprehensive package of knowledge on leading healthy lifestyle. So for
reaching this category of schoolchildren we have utilized Finnish study books “Health Education” for 7-9
grades.
We have begun to prepare these books with the support of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of
Karelia. Finnish study books “Health Education” have been translated to Russian and adapted by
Karleian experts S. Goranskaya, N. Predtechenskaya, M. Burkin, Y. Shlykov, N. Dmitryakova, N. Listkov,
O. Gavrilova, N. Skibina. A book for teacher has been also prepared.
Three study books and a teacher book constitute a uniform package of knowledge on leading healthy
lifestyle for students of 7-9 grades. The book series tracks physical, mental and social development of a
teenager. While choosing material for the books we were taking into consideration the level of
development, skills and interests of a pupil, as well as rich pedagogical expertise of Karelian and Finnish
specialists.
7th grade study book can be called “Basics of Healthy Life”. It consists of 6 chapters and describes
changes a teenager notices in him/herself and others. The book speculates on the points of nutrition,
physical culture and leisure, as well as personal hygiene. It give introduction to most wide-spread
illnesses and infectious diseases. The issues of smoking and drugs are argued. The book provides
relevant information on factors influencing a teenager’s personal choice.
8th grade study book “Basics of Growth and Development” teaches to understand problems arising in
the awkward age. The book consists of 5 chapters. The starting figure is a teenager him/herself: changes
of the awkward age, development of self-comprehension and emotional storm. Disappointment and
problems are a part of life but having overcome them a person gets strength reserves for the whole life.
Discussion of interpersonal relations begins within a family, then proceeds to friendship and sympathy.
Development of sexuality is an important part of a teenager’s life. So provision of relevant knowledge on
prevention of unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases is essential.
9th grade study book “Basics of Survival” provides some vital advice. Chapter on proper nutrition tells
about choice of a diet, weight control, and useful products. Healthy balanced diets help prevent many
diseases. Smoking cessation can be relevant already for teenagers. Discussion of drugs and alcohol
issues, psychotropic substances illustrates consequences of their use. First aid skills are also described. A
teenager is inspired to consider not only his/her health but well-being of the whole society, role of mass
media in influencing healthy behavior and health-related ethical problems. In conclusion of the book its
authors speculate on the issue of strategic health reserve and its impact on the whole future life.
Teacher book provides a comprehensive and ample material for everyday practice. Teaching should
become an example of interconnection of a teacher and a pupil focused on challenges of study and life.
7th grade study book and teacher book have already been finalized and issued on CDs. In prospects we
plan introduction of the subject in pilot schools (Schools #39, #42, #46, #48, Lyceums #1 and #40) which
to begin teaching Health Education in 7th grade in annual amount of 35 hours (allocated from the school
component) in 2010 study year. All teachers to be engaged in this activity have completed advanced
training in the field at the Karelian State Pedagogical Academy in amount of 36 hours.
In Finland Health Education is considered to be a school subject of the utmost importance. The result of
its introduction is improvement of health of children and teenagers. The subject is demanding, but a
patient understanding pupils teacher is to be acknowledged. We believe that healthy lifestyle science
and series of these books will be successful in Karelia. Thus our reward will be health of our children.
In conclusion it should be pointed out that we have taken only first steps in implementation of the
project on creation of all the needed materials and facilities for conduct of schoolchildren health
improvement program.
Adapted physical culture for schoolchildren
N. Zaitseva
The Center of phychologic-medical-social support,
Frunzensky district of Saint-Petersburg,
city of Saint-Petersurg
The “Adapted physical culture for schoolchildren” program includes practical, extra-curricular activities
focused on schoolchildren who fall into special medical group due to their health status.
Relevance of the program.
Motor activity is one of the basic factors of health of a human being. Any types of movements
corresponding to the physiological capabilities of a child always bear therapeutic impact.
The process of study at school applies extra load on a child body. Pupils are less physically active, spend
more time in sitting position. Hence a child experiences the deficit of muscular activity and increase of
static tension. Moreover a pupil should also acquire and process different information what leads to eye
strain (reading, writing, drawing, etc). These factors predetermine development of health deviations:
fault of posture, visual disorders, elevation of arterial pressure, overweight, what in its turn predispose
to different illnesses of cardio-vascular and respiratory systems, metabolic disorders, etc.
In accordance with the Regulations on medical control of physical education all pupils are devided into
several medical groups by their health status. Schoolchildren with major continuing or temporary health
disabilities, whose load of physical activity should be significantly reduced, fall into special medical
group.
The rotation of physical exercises and brain work ensure quick recovery of labor capacity. This is
particular important for schoolchildren of special medical group as they experience undue fatigability.
Nowadays when not so many pupils belong to the first group of health, and 40% of pupils suffer from
scoliosis and 90% - from fault in posture, the “Adapted physical culture for schoolchildren” program is
highly relevant.
The program is an extra-curricular form of adapted physical activity, and carried out in form of sectional
training. The recommendation is to divide children of special medical group into two sub-groups
depending on severity and type of illness for the aims of approaching more differentially to assigning
modes of motor activities to these pupils.
The first sub-group consists of pupils with reversible heath deviations impaired by different diseases.
Basic diseases of schoolchildren are fault if posture, weak foot, 1 and 2 degree obesity, decrement in
visual acuity, initial and noncomplicated forms of chronic bronchitis. The classes should be conducted by
specialists with higher and secondary vocational education on adapted physical culture or teachers who
completed advanced training in this field.
The second sub-group consists of schoolchildren with organic irreversible changes of organs and
systems (cardio-vascular, urinary and liver involvements, superstandard refraction with changes of
fundus of eye, etc). Such pupils are registered in a medical institution and only a person with higher
medical education can be a PE teacher for such a child.
Sectional training of adapted physical culture are conducted twice a week for 45 minutes each class
during the whole study year.
The groups are formed according to the health status and age of pupils.
The groups:
#1 (7-10 years old schoolchildren),
#2 (11-14 years old schoolchildren),
#3 (15-17 years old schoolchildren).
The number of pupils per group is 10-15 children.
The goal of the program is to teach and train children and teenagers health-improving and prophylactic
exercises as well as to elevate a person’s commitment to regular individual physical training.
The program objectives:
1. To establish pupils’ health, improve functional and adaptive capabilities of basal systems of
organs,
2. To develop and improve basic physical qualities forming basic physical condition of a person,
3. To introduce pupils to basics of healthy lifestyle, principles of labor and leisure division system,
sensible nutrition, and organizing individual health-improving physical training.
Indications to physical exercises are diseases of musculoskeletal system, respiratory and water-salt
metabolic disorders.
The structure and content of the program.
A pupil is admitted to adapted physical culture classes upon a medical certificate on absence of
contradictions for adapted physical training.
Functional measurements of the following figures determine the progress of the program:
- Measurement of lumbar-spine mobility,
- Measurement of body muscle power endurance.
The measurements are carried out three times a year for watching the dynamic changes.
The components of the program.
Physical exercises are basic and specific means of physical development, particular type of motor
activity through which targeted impact on a pupil is exerted.
1. combined developing exercises (with accessories, with accessories, in motion, with a ball),
2. breathing exercises
3. eye exercises (by Y. Mendel, T. Avetisov),
4. exercise therapy:
a. exercises for correct posture
b. exercises for prophylactic and treatment of flat foot
c. exercises on scoliosis of 1,2 degree
d. exercises on obesity of 1, 2 degree
e. exercises on chronic bronchitis.
5. “Health path” special exercises in a fitness gym (individual approach, limitations of load, special
exercise equipment).
6. Active games for sub-group #1. Active games are introduced into the program for the aims of
diversification of classes and helping pupils in overcoming their diffidence and constrain in
motor activity.
The achieved results.
The “Adapted physical culture for schoolchildren” program has received approval in The Center of
phychologic-medical-social support of Frunzensky district of Saint-Petersburg. In 2007/2008 study year
63 schoolchildren from 7 to 17 years old (6 groups) participated in the program. By the end of the study
year the majority of pupils would have experienced improvement in posture, by measurements of
muscle power endurance, decrease in morbidity rate.
In 2008/2009 study year already 130 pupils participated in the program (10 groups). According to the
acquired results 70% of them improved their measurement indicators, and on 50% (by normative data)
they improved lumbar-spine mobility and muscle power endurance.
In 2009/2010 study year already 140 pupils participated in the program (12 groups). According to
functional study out of 127 persons, 45 pupils improved their indicators in lumbar-spine mobility (35%),
75 pupils – in muscle power endurance (60%). The acquired data shows the dynamic of progress and
significant improvement in musculoskeletal system status.
Summarizing, the “Adapted physical culture for schoolchildren” program is successfully implemented in
the Center of phychologic-medical-social support of Frunzensky district of Saint-Petersburg for
schoolchildren of special medical group for 3 years (more than 100 pupils annually). Improvement of
posture is achieved as a result of physical exercises; muscle power endurance is 70% higher. All these
features assist to rehabilitation of a child and speed up his/her transfer to preparatory and main groups.
Concept of the center of innovative sports and health-improving technologies as means of Kuzbass
mass sports movement promotion
R. Zhukov, A. Sapego, E. Budanova
Kemerovo State University,
city of Kemerovo
Nowadays innovations are necessary to be a success in a competition. Innovations are a great
driving force, making progressive transformations in all spheres of society including education, physical
training and sports.
The problem of the workforce’s health protection and promotion is actual for Kuzbas, as
restoration and development of industrial productions cause inevitable growth in number of workrelated diseases. Corporate physical health-improving programs influence each employee of the
company positively because a person participating in the program feels that the company cares for
his/her health and lifestyle. It is significant to develop and strengthen motivation for self-education and
self-improvement through physical training and sports.
Innovative processes get special value in elite sport as the retrospective analysis of preparation
and participation of top world athletes in Olympic, world, European and other large competitions show
that modern record achievements in sports are an end result of cumulative intellectual and physical
energy of a wide range of experts, materialized in the training process. Intellectualization of sports
training is the central and dominating factor of sport achievement in modern system of sportsmen
preparation. Sport became sphere of high technologies application. It has its own secrets and methods
of information analysis, specific scientific and technical potential, its own methodological role of such
integrated sciences, as cybernetics, theory of systems and theory of information.
In these conditions the problem of innovative technologies introduction in Russian physical
training and sports becomes extremely important as its solution will allow to more effectively use
various sources of financing, including state and commercial, and also will promote quality improvement
of the services in physical training and sports.
Nowadays the Moscow Center of innovative sports technologies of Moscow Department of
physical training and sports is solving problems of elite sports, but innovative physical health-improving
directions for people of different age needs further studying as well.
We think that the Center of innovative sports and health-improving technologies should solve the
following problems:
1. Introducing of innovative technologies to the physical sports branch of the region, strengthening
of its innovative infrastructure, increasing of scientifically-innovative activity financing at the
expense of economic contracts performance and participation in federal and regional scientific
programs;
2. Modernisation and updating of educational and scientific laboratory base of the Faculty of
physical training and sports at the Kemerovo State University at the expense of opening of
Laboratory of medical and biologic problems of physical training and sports and realisation of
research activity using available instruments and laboratory equipment;
3. Working out of the most effective methods and programs for training of sportsmen specialising
in various kinds of sports;
4. Functional testing in elite sports, scientific support of leading sport teams and sportsmen of
individual kinds of sports;
5. Monitoring of health of pupils, students and teachers of educational institutions, examination of
employees’, as well as fitness clubs and other health-improving institutions visitors’, body
functional capabilities;
6. Performance of applied researches in physical training and sports sphere, providing employees,
students and post-graduate students of the Faculty of physical training and sports with work on
scientific and computer equipment available in the laboratory.
It is supposed that on the basis of the Centre modern innovative technologies will be developed.
Principal kinds of the Center’s activity are as follows:
- participation in developing and realisation of the long- and medium-term city, regional and federal
target programs directed on development of physical training and sports;
- development and realisation of methodology of training process organisation, as well as realisation of
methodical management of the processes of organisation and carrying out of competitions at various
levels;
- methodical supplying of sports-oriented additional education institutions;
- studying and analysing of sportsmen’s professional skills growth dynamics, and development of
methodical recommendations on improvement of forms and methods of training process organisation;
- organisation and coordination of work of complex scientific groups in various kinds of sports, and
support of complex scientific groups activity;
- organisation of scientific-methods and biomedical supply of sportsmen and sport teams training;
- consulting, research, and scientific-methods support of organisation of city sports-entertainment
events, inspections, competitions, etc.;
- development and realisation of complex target, investment, charitable and other programs directed on
solving of social problems in physical training and sports, and carrying out of a complex of practical
measures on analysis and their support;
- developing of complex regulatory framework to insure qualitative functioning of the region's sports
organisations;
- participation in accreditation of athletic sports organisations;
- control of implementation of the current physical training and sports legislation requirements while
rendering of athletic health-improving and sports services;
- organisation and carrying out of scientific-methods seminars, conferences, exhibitions and lectures on
sports and athletic health-improving subjects;
- assistance in establishment and development of direct communication between sport organisations,
federations and sport clubs of the region with the similar federal and international organisations;
- experts of the Centre can consult on preparation of course and graduation papers, scientific works and
theses, as well as select information materials on various physical training and sports subjects.
Stages of the project realisation should include a system of interconnected actions. So, at the
first stage it is supposed to do the following:
1. Analysis of the problem under study status;
2. Analitycal review of the problem under study;
3. Setting up of the laboratory of biomedical physical training and sports problems, realisation of
research activity on available equipment;
4. Functional testing in elite sports, scientific support of top sport teams and athletes in individual kinds
of sports;
5. Consulting, research, and scientific-methods support of organisation of sports-entertainment events,
inspections, competitions, etc.;
6. Analysis of training methodic and educational work status in additional education sport institutions
and athletic sports organisations, working out of actions to increase its efficiency.
The second stage implies:
1. Monitoring of health of pupils, students and teachers of educational institutions, examination of
employees’, as well as fitness clubs and other health-improving institutions visitors’, body functional
capabilities;
2. Performance of applied researches in physical training and sports sphere;
3. Participation in accreditation of athletic sports organisations;
4. Studying and analysing of sportsmen’s professional skills growth dynamics, and development of
methodical recommendations on improvement of forms and methods of training process organisation;
5. Working out of methodic and information materials, reviewing of training methodic documentation,
and other didactic materials;
6. Generalisation and analysis of the results of experimental work of additional education sport
institutions, generalisation and distribution of the most productive experience of heads and experts of
athletic sports institutions;
7. Organisation and working out of the necessary documentation on carrying out of sports competitions,
exhibitions, etc.;
8. Updating of scientific-methodics support of training process.
9. Working out of long-term plans on manuals edition and methodic materials, selection of their
authors, giving assistance to them;
10. Reception and distribution of the information on high technologies of training and education;
11. Control over training methodic work planning and training of physical culture and sports experts.
Suggesting opening, changing and evaluating of sports organisations and their divisions' work;
The third stage implies:
1. Organisation and coordination of complex scientific groups' work in various kinds of sports, as well as
support of their activity;
2. Organisation of scientific-methods and biomedical supply of sportsmen and sport teams training;
3. Participation in working out and realisation of the complex target, investment, charitable and other
programs directed on the decision of social problems in sphere of physical training and sports, and also
carrying out of a complex of practical measures under the analysis and their support;
4. Participating in development of complex regulatory framework to insure qualitative functioning of the
city's sports organisations;
5. Control of implementation of the current physical training and sports legislation requirements while
rendering of athletic health-improving and sports services;
6. Organisation and carrying out of scientific sports seminars, sports conferences, exhibitions, lectures
etc.;
7. Assistance in establishment and development of direct communication between sport organisations,
federations and sport clubs of the city with the similar federal and international organisations;
8. Insuring participating of pupils, students and employees of educational institutions of professional
training and members of their families in regular athletic health-improving classes;
9. Formation of scientific knowledge about health, increase of motivation for a healthy lifestyle,
promotion of athletic health-improving technologies among pupils of educational institutions of
professional training and students of high schools;
10. Stimulation of innovative technologies developing, means and methods of health-improving physical
training and sports in solving of problems of social and economic development of society. Promotion of
progressive ideas in health improving field, development of a person's culture.
We believe that the practical importance of creation of the Center of innovative sports and healthimproving technologies will be expressed in reduction of budget expenses thanks to active promotion of
a healthy lifestyle, creation of health-improving activity conditions; insuring of people's participation in
regular health-improving classes; promotion of athletic health-improving technologies; creation of
objective conditions promoting activization of athletic health-improving work in Kuzbass, etc.
The project of development of the Center of innovative sports and health-improving technologies is
honored by the letter of appreciation of Kemerovo Administration for participation in the competition
"Best city innovative project".
Role of the “Physical culture at school” journal in schoolchildren physical education
E. Zhukunov
Chief editor,“Physical culture at school” journal,
Honored worker of culture of the Russian Federation,
Member of the Journalists Union of the Russian Federation,
Master of sports of the USSR
First of all, I’m happy to be in Petrozavodsk again. Close cooperation between the journal and educators
of Karelia started a long time ago, since the first All-Russia contest “Master of pedagogical work” in
Karelian Kostomuksha, when Gekken was a Minister of education and his deputy was Sinitsina who
played an important role in development of school physical culture.
Secondly, the present congress takes together representatives of the majority of Russian regions and
our communication, business and friendly meetings will by far make benefit to work of our journal and
in its turn it will help l Russian pedagogues.
Now I’d like to talk about some critical issues of the current system of Russian education, of course,
mostly about school physical education and its coverage in our journal.
During the last decades there have been a lot of education system reforms that are actually now called
“modernization”. And our journal always tries to respond to all these novelties that both have already
been accomplished, shaped or abandoned (as, for example, transition to 12-year education, however
now it seems to be helpful in decrease of academic load within curricula and in saving pedagogical staff
in schools) and have recently appeared by problematic, round-up, theoretical and practical articles.
Successful solving of the tasks of school physical education (I remind that our journal is entitled as
“Physical culture at school”)is possible only with complex application of P.E. lessons, health and fitness
activities during a school day and extracurricular and out-of-school forms of physical education, certainly
with necessary facilities and adequate wage for school teachers.
During the period of life of the journal, that is 52 years, we have boon discussing possible solutions of
these problems.
Task work usually starts with syllabus. First, as you know, there was a common syllabus, the there
appeared a lot of them, and now there are only two – by V. Lyaha and by A. Matveev. Previously we
used to publish in the journal all new syllabi. Now we can’t do it, however the authors agree. But offices
publishing these syllabi make copyright claims for reprinting these materials and we have no funds for
that purpose. Federal Expert Service doesn’t provide us with the syllabi.
But meeting the wishes of school teachers head of physical culture office of Teachers Advanced Training
Institution of Kurgan region, candidate of biological science E. Abramov told the journal how to use
approved and recommended syllabi, how to adopt them to local opportunities, how to create allowed
author syllabi based on them meeting requirements of the State standard.
The journal regularly writes about physical culture lessons and its types – theoretical, instructional and
methodological, practical and of different purposes – teaching and training, health improving,
educational, as well as about all parts of syllabi. In this work are oriented not to the experience og
several privileged schools of Moscow, Saint-Petersburg or Surgut, but to the experience of ordinary city
and rural schools. In general our writing team usually represents all regions of the country. For example,
issue 6 that will be published in September, 2010, is made by 21 authors, only 2 of them are from
Moscow, 18 people are from other regions of Russia and 1 person is from Belarus.
The articles are devoted to motor education and improvement of physical qualities, development of
interests and needs in physical culture, and building-up a system of knowledge about physical culture.
We put our attention as on learning results of a pupils as on his-her socialization progress. We regularly
write about theoretical issues (for example, articles of V.Lyaha, a doctor of pedagogical science about
different theories of physical advancement, article of candidate of pedagogical science V. Karpushin
from Saint-Petersburg “Problems of training” in issues 1-3 of 2010 and his counterpart V. Shaposhnikova
from former Institution of physical culture n.a. Lesgaft (her latest article was published in issue 2 in
2010). Of course, there are a lot of other theoretical and truly scientific articles.
Each issue of the journal includes a lot of articles on all major parts of syllabi: track-and-field, gymnastics
and acrobatics, skiing, sport games and on improvement of physical qualities. Obviously, we should
emphasize ones on track-and-field - cycle of articles by winner of the All-Russia contest “Master of
pedagogical science”, well-known pedagogue from city of Kimra G. Fokin “Lessons of track-and-field” (by
grades) and articles ”Zolushka” or “Koroleva” by recent school teacher V. Kucaev (on teaching different
field-and-track exercises). Both series proceed, but we are waiting for some new articles: on gymnastic –
articles by spouses Povalyaeves, pedagogues from Samara “About lessons of gymnastic”,
multidirectional materials by candidate of pedagogical science M. Gorbachev from Yaroslavl and by R.
Kuchkildin and E. Kuchkildin; on sport games – articles “Teaching basketball” and “Basketball secrets” by
V. Dihtyarev and B. Torkunov, “Volleyball lessons ” by N. Trutneva, “Preparing of volleyball players via
action games” by I. Karceva. And a lot of articles are in stock. But we experience lack of attention to
handball and football, so we are waiting for your articles on the issues.
One of the contemporary innovations is profile training. In our journal we published articles of V.
Lukyanenko and I. Latypova that explained the meaning of military-sporting profile and showed how it
could be enlarged and improved. But for now this profile has not stricken roots yet. Many reasons of
that are figured out in the article “About profile orientation of high school children” by S. Sokolova.
Unified state examination on P.E. is not likely to be introduced. But testing is being applied widely, for
example, testing of theoretical knowledge at the All-Russia Olympiad on our subject. The latest article
on that topic was published in issue 3 for the year 2010 (the authors are V. Balashov and N. Chesnokov).
A responsible part of the work on physical education at school is examination of physical fitness of
schoolchildren. Previously we considered this topic. Now we turned our attention back to this issue. We
will publish articles “Basis of monitoring of physical fitness of schoolchildren” and “Information support
of physical education at school” by doctor of pedagogical science L. Semenov. One of the modern
requirements is to attract schoolchildren to P.E. lessons, to interest them with new content as well by
including of elements of aerobics, martial arts, Indian yoga, dance exercises, table tennis, etc. All it was
covered in the journal. For example, we had a very interesting series of the articles devoted to using of
elements of tourism at lessons in primary school authored by T. Klimanova, a pedagogue from
Kolomensk state pedagogical university.
We also regularly publish articles on content, different fulfillment of the third lesson of P.E. They were
devoted to health improving third lessons (2007 – J. Kopylov and co-authors, Moscow), judo lessons
(2008 – V. Kuznecov, Moscow), lessons with prior use of action games (M. Ishmuhametov). In issue 3 of
the current year we started publishing articles of M. Ishmuhametov “Breathing exercises and selfmassage at the third lesson”.
The most important requirement of the contemporary world is improvement of schoolchildren’s health.
We have articles on that topic almost in every issue of the journal. Some articles are theoretical (for
example “Medical and pedagogical control in an educational institution” and “Health and fitness activity
at lessons” by O. Vodyanickaya, “Management of children vacation in a school camp - hygienic
requirements” by M. Stepanova and M. Voronova), the others are based on work experience. They are
published in columns devoted to educational work, school-day activity, out-of-school activity. Herewith
we never call a P.E. teacher as a teacher of health, as against the officials and journalists do, because it
doesn’t fit the truth, his/her official status and opportunities.
And this opinion of our editorial staff gets in line with the documents of the World Organization of
Health declaring that among factors that influence children’s health motor physical activity accounts
only for 15%, other factors are heredity, family living standards, common welfare, nutrition, level of
health services, ecology, environment, all-school regime and of course genuine health care by a state.
And a P.E. teacher cannot be responsible for all these elements.
That’s why we pay great attention to the articles that tell about positive physical training activities of all
school pedagogical staff or even the whole territories but not about some separate teachers, however,
we also publish articles like that.
The issue of schoolchildren health is closely linked with work with children of special medical group. This
type of work is not being done satisfactory. And again the key problem is poor funding. P.E. teachers
cannot undertake everything including work that has to be provided by medical establishments as it can
lead to negative consequences for both pupils and teachers. This topic is coveren by articles of O.
Kamishanova “Conduct of lessons for special medical group pupils”, E. Sazhneva “About adapted
physical education”.
The journal also reflects the questions of safety at P.E. lessons because it is another crucial factor of
healthsaving of children. The latest articles on the issue are “Trauma prevention at the lessons” by V.
Snigerev and “Accident prevention at P.E. lessons” by G. Bezmenov.
Many different reforms affected rural schools and educational institutions for orphaned children and for
children left without parental care. We always cover problems of physical education at rural schools but
the issue of orphanages and boarding schools has been considered only for the last four years. Many
authors touch upon this question – V. Chikishev “At a rural school”, V. Malinin “Physical activity of rural
schoolchildren: results of the research”, etc.
The major challenge set in the sphere of physical education of schoolchildren is to teach them to
understand themselves, recognize and estimate state and real abilities of their bodies and to do physical
exercises on their own and to have a healthy lifestyle. These all are promoted by physical condition
monitoring, project activities, new forms of self-control, improvement of academic training, homework
assignments for P.E. These topics are regularly covered in the journal.
It’s very important to elevate pupils’ mind constantly, to develop, analyze, synthesize knowledge they
get at school. Here in particular articles on intersubject communications and integrated lessons can be
helpful. One of them will be published in issue #5 2010. Its authors are A. Voronov, A. Fedorov, E.
Fedorova and G. Yanushkina.
The key challenge of the modern world is necessity to improve special methodical and common teacher
training. This question is considered in special theoretical materials (e.g. in a column “Science to
practice”). We also cover omnifarious competitions for pupils and teachers, All-Russia and international
conferences, business meetings, foreign experience.
Everything that happens at school must follow State standard of secondary education. Its principles,
content and some other points were covered in two big interviews with vice-president of the Russian
academy of education A. Kuznecov and academic secretary of the Academy M. Ryzhakov (#4, 2009) and
with the president of the Academy N. Nikandrov.
Doctor of pedagogical science V. Balasevich, recent head of the Federal agency for physical culture and
sports V. Fetisov and other respected people express offerings to exclude P.E. lessons from school
calendar scale hours. However the journal has not a single article on this question. There is a simple
explanation for that. For all 52 years of the journal life, its activity was aimed at creation, but realization
of such proposals is a direct way to eliminate such a school discipline as P.E. It becomes more critical in
the situation of commercialization of educational activity, because according to all legislations
everything that happens not during a school day is not obligatory for pupils. It is they who can choose
what they prefer to do, but not a school. Some can argue that this is exactly the point when children
choose P.E. lessons because they want to. This system works in the USA… But Russia is not the USA.
Here we don’t have their facilities, coaches on different sports and even teachers.
There are a lot of proposals about changing of a system of estimating of pupils at lessons, about
transition to 10-point system, etc. We cover this question in details (I. Abramovsky “Use of fractional
marks”, E. Abramov “About alternative monitoring and evaluation system”).
New proposals on health and fitness activity are a return to ideas promoted and implemented 30 years
ago (e.g. hygienic gymnastics, prolonged active recreations, physical training breaks, etc). This initiative
is positive and the journal responds to the proposals with a number of articles.
The third component of successful settlement of the existing tasks in the sphere of physical education is
out-of-school physical activity. The journal covers it in several aspects: common physical activity
arrangement, sport sections, sport events and their connection with all school departments. The tasks
are the same – popularization and quality improvement of the work itself. The journal covers all forms
of this work.
It is hard to solve all school problems, including ones about physical education, without cooperation
with parents of pupils. And this is also what we talk about in our journal.
Another demanding challenge is educational work at school, including patriotic and military-patriotic
one. Schools face a lot of problems in this sphere and we try to help pedagogues about it.
In order to understand what a P.E. teacher, pupils and their parents need, we should now their concerns
and demands. This information can be found in the series of articles by S. Schetinina.
In the editorial portfolio there are a lot of other interesting articles, however with each issue of the
journal it is getting reduced thus needing continuing replenishment. That is why we call our colleagues
from all regions of the country for both reading our journal and writing articles of current interest for it.
The journal is made not by us but by you – scientists, pedagogues, coaches and school teachers. Our
task is to help you to increase the quality of your articles in order for other pedagogues to have an
opportunity to use your recommendations.
And one more thing to mention. The journal is in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission
publications. So published articles in the journal are considered academic works, what is important at a
defense of a Candidate or Doctor theses.
Draft Concept of Special Olympics Movement in the Republic of Karelia
and prospects of its development
Sergey Zuev,
Chairman of Karelian Regional Organization “Special Olympics of Russia”,
city of Petrozavodsk
Special Olympics Movement is originated in the USA; its central goal is provision of regular physical
exercising and competitions participating for persona with intellectual disorders. The initiator of the
Movement was the well-known Kennedy family which that time had mentally disabled child.
Contrary to traditional point of view on learning disability of children with intellectual disorders,
impossibility to adapt them to real life, obligatory constant supervision, etc, American psychologists and
pedagogues proposed to use PE and sport methods and techniques and relevantly organized motor
activity for adaptation and social integration of these people.
Central idea was that mentally disabled get more out of not traditional education means but of those
based on physical exercises, natural need of a human body in motor activity. This need is predetermined
genetically and does not depend on any pathology, but certainly limiting opportunities of its
actualization.
Practical application of Special Olympics programs has proved this suggestion. Use of adapted models of
Olympic sports events has contributed to inclusion of this people into society life, acquisition of social
practices and behavioral norms, i.e. socialization. Properly organized physical activity assists to a
person’s physical and ethical development.
The essence of the Special Olympic Movement is not merely inclusion of mentally disabled into socially
recognized form of activity, provision of their business, leisure, entertainment, but also giving them a
real opportunity for adaptation for life, finding own place in it. Adapted physical activity is not a end in
itself, bare spending time of the fated, on the contrary it provides benefits for these people, developing
their bodies and minds, easing entry into the society, aiding in learning the world, feeling oneself a part
of public life through, for example, World Special Olympic. To these ends it is extremely important to
actively develop Special Olympics programs, aspire to increase the number of athletes with mental
disorders background.
Joint workouts of special and ordinary athletes (United Sports program) positively affect the Movement
and its outcomes in general. This concerns not only sport results but this practice arises personal
feelings of mercy, benevolence, compassion, wish to help a weaker, etc. this important aspect can not
be neglected especially in modern cruel times.
For making up an own model of Special Olympics in the Republic of Karelia we have aggregated
practices of special education, physical education, administrators, medics, other experts. Analysis of the
situation has led to the following conclusions and draw a strategy of Special Olympics development in
Karelia:
- in 2011 to open a new major in “Adapted physical culture” at the Faculty of Physical Education
of the Karelian State Pedagogical Academy, due to absence of human resources, facilities and
academic potential for development of adapted physical culture and sports in the Republic of
Karelia at present;
- to promote joint activities of PE teachers and trainers of Child-Adolescent Sport Schools;
- to integrate efforts of state and public organizations for overcoming the problem of
“interagency barriers”;
- to establish new official infrastructure for adapted physical culture and sports in the Republic of
Karelia, including opening of Child-Adolescent Adapted Sports Schools and Adapted Sports
Clubs, etc;
- study the possibility of creation of an international club for adapted physical culture and sports
in cooperation with Finnish colleagues;
-
to complement Special Olympics program with Special Arts program ensuring their coordination
for better social integration of the mentally disabled;
- to establish a system of Special Olympics and Special Arts for the disabled children studying at
home by individual programs.
These conclusions are a roadmap guiding activities of the Karelian republican non-governmental
organization for assisting the mentally disabled “Special Olympics of Russia”.
The strategic goals of the Karelian branch of Special Olympics of Russia are:
- engagement of maximum number of people with intellectual disorders (regardless of their
departmental affiliation) to regular physical exercising and sports (persons above 8 years
recognized mentally retarded or “disabled due to cognitive disorders and experiencing
significant difficulties in learning and undergoing professional training” can participate in Special
Olympic competitions);
- creative development;
- engagement of maximum number of people with intellectual disorders to Special Olympic
competitions, creativity festivals, contests for their adaptation and social integration.
Competitions in individual events are held in age groups of 12-15 years old, 16-21 years old, 22-29 years
old, 30 years and above; in team event – 12-15, 16-21, 22 and above.
The priority is integration of efforts, mobilization of operating and newly created resources,
coordination of activities of all official and public agencies dealing with the disabled regardless of their
departmental affiliation and founders statuses.
Algorithm of addressing the issue:
1. working out and concluding of a collective agreement amid the Karelian regional organization
“Special Olympics of Russia”, State Committee of the Republic of Karelia on Physical Culture and
Sports, Departments on Physical Culture and Sports, Education, Social Welfare of the
Petrozavodsk City Administration, special (correctional) educational institutions, boarding
schools, extended education institutions of sports, etc.
2. Institutions and organizations where the disabled and/or persons with mental disorders study
and/or live take responsibility to organize regular physical exercising on Special Olympics
programs for their pupils and their participation in relevant competitions, as well as elaboration
of various creativity projects and representing them at festivals, contests. For achieving these
objectives all physical training related work has to revised, including payroll schedule for
introducing new employees (trainers), auditing and, in some cases, overhaul and modernization
of facilities, arrange leasing of such facilities if these are absent.
3. The Karelian regional organization “Special Olympics of Russia” provides all members to the
agreement with didactic materials on adapted physical activity classes arrangement, conducts
advanced training (on cooperation with the Faculty of Physical Culture) of trainers-teachers and
PE teachers attracting experts in the field from the Academy named after P. Lesgaft and
International University of Family and Child named after R. Vallenberg. The Organization works
out and implements Regulations on holding of sports events by the Special Olympics program. It
establishes and considers an unified annual events plan with state agencies, manages
institutions and organizations members to the joint agreement, cooperates with sponsors in
fundraising for awarding competitions winners, etc.
4. The Karelian State Pedagogical Academy, the Faculty of Physical Culture, opens new major in
adapted physical culture (including trainer-teacher and instructor-supervisor of adapted physical
culture).
"International School League" extended education innovative project in the sphere of physical culture
S. Zykov
"International School League",
city of Moscow
Developing the draft “International School League” (ISL), we assumed that formation of physical training
habits and publicity of sports among school children can be promoted by regular weekend sports events
that include sports competitions and creative contests. For venues for sports events there have been
selected school stadiums, built with the participation of "SportStroySiti" enterprise in the Southern and
South-Western districts of Moscow. This choice was determined by the fact that these stadiums belong
to modern facilities of a new generation appropriate for school competitions.
The purpose of the project.
The purpose of this phase of the "ISL" project is: popularization of physical culture and sport, promotion
of aesthetics of healthy lifestyle, increase of the proportion of people actively engaged in physical
culture and sport.
Project tasks.
1. To develop ideological principles, conceptual solutions that create the basis for the design of
technologies and forms of pilot innovative projects on permanent recreational activities for all
groups of population and, above all, for teenagers keen on physical culture;
1.1. Organize the work of research and inculcation group, whose mission is:
- to invent and adopt new formats that are aimed at cultivating an ideology of a new society,
working out forms that are consistent with the modern challenges and that can set out the
directions of development of the society (for example, the cultivation of team spirit, skills of
cooperation, the ability to integrate into society, to adapt to different cultural environments,
cultivate tolerance, to accept social values, "to work on the team" to develop a sense of
patriotism, encourage regular participation, ...);
- to develop organizational forms of elaboration and management of events that allow the
participants to participate in activities on their own, to develop a format based not on "for the
people", but on "by the people” principle, to create participatory mechanisms for the project to
become popular and self-organizing;
- to develop various types of "areas of nonprofessional sport" - communication grounds, focused
on the aesthetics of a healthy lifestyle, and creative projects aimed at co-creation and personal
enhancement;
- to develop various leisure projects on promotion of places, where sports and entertainment
events are not regularly cultivated today (culture and recreation parks, beaches, etc.);
- to elaborate popular events entitled "Family Weekend" that give an opportunity for collective
pastime for all age categories;
- to develop different formats of fun races for younger pupils aimed at holding competitions in
the form of a game, so that trainers from various sports could detect a predisposition of a child
to a particular sport;
- to develop technical, technological and organizational background for implementing the project
activities in different conditions;
- to design creative contests, technology of training and participation in events, aimed at
developing of individual skills and abilities and confirming the desire for self-fulfillment that
promotes enlargement of the audience;
- to develop forms of organization and conduct activities that consider cooperation of
generations;
- to develop activities on placemaking, the results of which can be recorded and reflected in
various ways (for example, in the Internet)
- to create forms of events within the “ISL" in accordance with contemporary aesthetics of public
events, to develop original concepts of the events associated with art, to initiate "ISL" events in
the modern aestheticized space;
- to create an innovative system of accountability to sponsors, investors and partners;
- to design a web-site aimed at joint creativity of the project participants.
2. Testing and implementation
2.1. To carry out work on the study of places, suitable for the activity of the League.
2.2. To develop a program of technical re-equipment of the territories and premises necessary for
successful organization of pilot events of the League.
2.3. To establish a working group tasked with:
- making arrangements for the activities of the League;
- recruitment of stuff and volunteers for activities of the League;
- organization of the events of the League;
- financial support for project demonstrational activities, including the establishment of sponsorship
package.
2.4. To carry out promotional activities of the League in/at:
- the territory of school stadiums;
- Recreational Complexes;
- territory of culture and recreation parks;
- suburban areas, suitable for competitions in skiing, nonprofessional biathlon, mountain biking;
- territories, suitable in competitions on roller sports;
- Sports Palaces, where it is possible to organize the work of the project "Palace of nonprofessional
sport”;
2.5. To write reports on activities and to prepare presentation materials;
2.6. To conduct presentations of the project at exhibitions, forums, business events;
2.7. To design web-site of the project in the Internet.
3. Development of the project.
- to draw public attention to the arrangement of school stadiums according to the projects of new
generation;
- to draw public attention to the arrangement of recreation parks and sports fields and to holding
regular sports and recreational events;
- To draw public attention to necessity of providing urban environment with "Palaces of non
professional sport" - areas of fashion to an active lifestyle, that are appropriate for weekly sports
and leisure holiday weekends, regular creative contests, leisure festival programs.
4. Strategic Development and Partnerships.
- to create a supposition for increase of participants audiences in the competitions of the League
and its transition from "school" format to "school-student" format;
- to create presentations of the League activities in the student format, together with Russian
universities interested in a joint realization of the project;
- to work out the concept of sports weekend in the "student format" - "Sports and Youth Creativity";
-to design new formats of regular sport festivals and to develop existing ones, that are oriented at a
family audience and create a precedent of design and holding of events by the means of
cooperation between different generations;
- to create formats that allow to include samples of higher sporting skills into a program "Palace of
nonprofessional sport";
- to develop and carry out the program "Summer Sports and Creativity Camp ", which is a logical
extension of the regular season of the League.
- to create patterns of the competitions and other activities of the "ISL” aimed at promotion of
sports tourism (including the organization of summer sports recreation camps);
- to create patterns of the competitions and other activities of the "ISL” aimed at promotion of
cultural exchange between regions and states;
- to design a web-site that promotes remote cooperation between regions in implementation of the
various projects of the League;
- to create a system of training and retraining of specialists in the sphere of management of sports
events through educational seminars and workshops;
- to create our own mass media and communication media.
To date, the tasks assigned for the season 2009/2010 are implemented in full. The last event of the
“International School League” in the season 2009/2010 was the festival "Sporting Day of Victory".
Presentation of the annual project took place in May, 15, 2010 under the auspices of celebration of
the 65th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The festival was held in the athletics
and football complexes of CSKA.
The focus of the festival activities was military-patriotic aesthetics. Given the need of Russian society
in the availability of effective tools of education of youth and lack of modern projects on the issue
we are interested in cooperation with organizations and individuals willing to work with us to solve
these problems.
For an exemplary content of the regular sports festival we present the program of the festival
"Sporting Victory Day".
1. "Palace
of
non
sport"
Programs of School League, student leagues, family holiday.
2. "International School League"
All events in the athletics complex CSKA were held by International School of the League. The
events included honoring of the winners of the season, gives start to the summer season.
3. Festival
“Sporting
Victory
Day"
Presentation of the modern leisure format that includes competitiveness, sports and militarypatriotic bases. The festival is timed to the 65-th anniversary of Victory. The competitions
involve teams of clubs of the Association of Knights and other associations affiliated to the
Council of children's associations of Moscow and other Russian cities.
4. Moscow
City
Superiority
on
Taekwondo
among
schoolchildren.
Organizers: Moscow Sports committee, Moscow Federation of Taekwondo
5. Football
Cup
of
the
Brotherhood.
Tournament on futsal among children and youth national teams of Moscow local communities.
6. 1-st corporate tournament on futsal “PR- brotherhood of Russian State University of Physical
Education,
Sport
and
Tourism
(RSUPES&T)”.
Tournament on mini-football with the involvement of other teams from the number of partners
of the university. The teams were made up of students and lecturers, sports journalists,
university graduates.
7. Gallery
of
Modern
Art
"Sport-Art”
Photo projects "Poetry of a yard sport," Sport and Advertising "," P.E. teacher of the 21-st
century”.
8. The resulting photo exhibition of 2-nd Moscow contest for the 65-th anniversary of Victory "The
Winners".
The contest was organized under the patronage of the Moscow Government, with support of
the Department of Consumer Market and Services of Moscow.
9. Photo Races “NEO-winners”, “Moment of Victory”, “Sport report”
All events were provided with nonprofessional photographing by students of RSUPES&T
according to the topics declared.
10.
Presentation of the Central Historical museum of sports and physical. The presentation is
held in the form of information stands and slide-show with archival materials on the topic
“Sportsmen – combatants of the Great Patriotic War”.
11.
Field-type Cinema. Non-stop demonstration of a documentary film “Death match” about
the game between a Kiev team “Dinamo” and a fascist team, slide-show on the materials of
photo exhibitions organized within the Festival.
Organizers: “International School League”, Moscow State Department of Education, Centre of
nonprofessional sport, RSUPES&T, PR-laboratory of RSUPES&T “PRules of Sports”, magazine “Photo
travel”, construction company “Sportstroycity”, department of culture study, sociocultural
anthropology and social communications of RSUPES&T.
Successful implementation of the project can be possible only in condition of cooperation between
designers, sponsors, educational institutions, construction companies that create modern school
buildings and stadiums, and sports agencies.
We are interested in the development of the International School League, and ready to share the
methodological plans, technologies and experience. We are confident that the fashion for sports
starts with passion to culture at school.