AP European History Chapter 25 Notes
Part 1: Expansion of Power and the New Imperialism
- The new developments in the 19th century made it possible for a few:
__________________________________________________________________
- Europeans also considered their civilization and way of life to be superior to all
others
- The expansion of European influence was not new but in the last third of the
century, the:
__________________________________________________________________
I.
The New Imperialism
- Imperialism’s most useful definition is: “the policy of extending a nation’s
authority by territorial:
__________________________________________________________________
- The new way of imperialism was to invest in capital goods in the
“underdeveloped” countries and then to protect these goods, make arrangements
w/ the local gov’t
-
II.
Participation in expansion came to be regarded as necessary for a great power and
was called New Imperialism
If these arrangements didn’t work: _____________________________________
Some nations established their “sphere of influence” w/out direct political
involvement
Motives for the New Imperialism
- The predominant interpretation of the motives for New Imperialism has been
economic, an idea: __________________________________________________
- However, this idea does not have facts to back it up as Europeans did not invest
heavily in capital goods overseas
- Also, the facts are discouraging for those who said Europeans needed new
-
markets and raw materials:
__________________________________________________________________
Economic motives certainly played a part:
__________________________________________________________________
One idea was that Europeans believed it was their duty to bring their higher
culture and superior civilizations to the “backward” peoples
Some supported the new imperialism:
__________________________________________________________________
1
III.
Joseph Chamberlain in Britain argued for the empire as a source of profit and
economic security that would help Britain internally
Another justification was that: _________________________________________
The “Scramble for Africa”
- During this so-called scramble, which occurred between the late 1870s and about
1900, the European:
__________________________________________________________________
- Motivated by economic and political competition, Europeans rationalized their
expansionary policies on both religion and cultural grounds
- The imperial powers eventually divided:
-
-
-
__________________________________________________________________
The long-term effect for the Africans was that their societies were forcibly
integrated into the modern world economy
In the process, new market economic and political structures developed:
__________________________________________________________________
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna had prohibited the Atlantic slave trade and this
ban was enforced along the African coast
This meant that Africa was no longer a source for slave:
__________________________________________________________________
The British, French, Belgians, Germans, Italians, and Portuguese sought to
maximize their access to these resources and competition soon became incredibly
fierce
It was so bad that the imperial nations continually had to:
__________________________________________________________________
The scramble for Africa was not based on a universal policy but the goal for each
nation was the same
Each nation wanted to gain control through diplomacy or superior force and then
place Europeans in control or:
__________________________________________________________________
The Europeans justified this by claiming these were “civilizing” missions
1. North Africa
- Because much of North Africa was still technically part of the Ottoman Empire,
the Europeans:
__________________________________________________________________
- By 1914 European powers controlled all of North Africa
2
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France had begun the conquest of Algeria in 1830 and also took:
__________________________________________________________________
Italy seized Libya from Turkey in 1911-1912, and Egypt fell under control of
Britain
2. Egypt
- For most of the 19th century, Egypt had been under Ottoman rule, and:
__________________________________________________________________
- To pay for the modernization, the Egyptians had borrowed from European
creditors and then forced their farmers to plant cash crops to help pay off the
loans, specifically cotton
-
-
Ultimately, the Egyptians: ____________________________________________
The construction of the Suez Canal was the final blow to Egypt’s finances
The Canal was opened in 1869 and was built:
__________________________________________________________________
It was one of the most remarkable engineering feats of the day and connected the
Mediterranean to the Red Sea
It increased the speed of international contacts and:
__________________________________________________________________
By 1876, the Khedive gov’t was bankrupt and most of his shares in the company
that ran the canal were sold to Britain
European creditors forced the gov’t to raise taxes to:
__________________________________________________________________
Britain wanted Egypt to be friendly so in 1881, when the rebellion occurred, it
sent a fleet and:
__________________________________________________________________
Egypt was never an official part of the British Empire but the British exercised
control through a small number of administrators and soldiers
Britain’s primary goal was stability: Debt:
__________________________________________________________________
The British established their dominance throughout Egypt and forbid Egyptians
from establishing a textile industry, which led to a growth of Egyptian
nationalism
3. The Belgian Congo
- In the 1880s, the lands drained by the vast Congo River:
__________________________________________________________________
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Leopold was determined to acquire colonies, despite Belgium’s small size, and no
doubt that he was inspired by neighboring Netherlands
The Belgian gov’t, however, had no such determination:
__________________________________________________________________
He did so under the guise of humanitarian concern for the Africans
He eventually received recognition from the U.S.:
__________________________________________________________________
Leopold continued to say his presence in the Congo was for humanitarian
purposes, but his real goal was economic
He used economic exploitation of the most brutal kind including slave labor,
intimidation, torture:
__________________________________________________________________
When some reporters learned of this, Leopold finally turned control over to the
Belgian gov’t
The cruelties in the Congo became the:
__________________________________________________________________
4. Southern Africa
- Southern Africa’s vast raw materials:
__________________________________________________________________
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-
IV.
Asia
-
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The Afrikaners, or Boers, descendants of 17th and 18th century Dutch settlers,
had long inhabited the area around the Cape of Good Hope, and the British settled
there as well and continued to expand
In 1910 after a series of wars w/ the Boers, the British granted them minority
control in South Africa which:
__________________________________________________________________
The emergence of Japan as a great power:
__________________________________________________________________
The U.S., fearing that the Chinese markets would be closed to it, proposed the
Open Door Policy in 1899, which would allow all nations to trade there on equal
terms
The U.S. had just entered the international:
__________________________________________________________________
The Spanish-American War drew the U.S. into international affairs and into the
colony search
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The U.S. after winning the war, became a protectorate over Cuba, and:
__________________________________________________________________
The U.S. also bought the Philippines from Spain, as well as Guam, and Germany
bought other Spanish islands in the Pacific
Also, the U.S. and Germany split Samoa between:
__________________________________________________________________
The U.S. had dominated Hawaii for some time and annexed it in 1898 and this
burst of activity made the U.S. an imperial and Pacific power
Part 2: Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873-1890)
I. Bismarck’s Leadership
- Until 1890, Bismarck: _______________________________________________
- After 1871, he insisted Germany was a satisfied power and wanted no further
territorial gains
- At the time, he meant it since he didn’t want a:
__________________________________________________________________
- He tried to pursue friendly relations w/ France and supported French colonial
aspirations
- Bismarck also prepared for the worst and sought to:
__________________________________________________________________
1. War in the Balkans
- Bismarck’s first move was to establish the Three Emperors’ League:
__________________________________________________________________
- The league soon collapsed over the Russo-Turkish War in 1877
- The weakness of the Ottomans encouraged Serbia and Montenegro to come to the
aid of their fellow:
__________________________________________________________________
- Soon the rebellion spread to Bulgaria and the Russians entered the fray, making it
an international crisis
-
-
The Russians hoped to gain control of Constantinople and the Dardanelles, and
also reflected the Pan-Slavic movement:
__________________________________________________________________
The Ottomans soon sued for peace in 1878 and Russia gained control of all the
Slavic states in the Balkans formally under Ottoman rule
Austria feared that the Russian victory would threaten its own:
__________________________________________________________________
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Benjamin Disraeli was determined to not allow Russia to become a Mediterranean
power
2. The Congress of Berlin
- Britain and Austria forced Russia to agree to an international:
__________________________________________________________________
- Bismarck was the presiding officer and wanted to avoid a war between Russia and
Austria which he feared Germany would be drawn into
- The rulings of the congress took away many of Russia’s:
__________________________________________________________________
- The settlement also annoyed the Balkan states and the south Slavic question was a
threat to the peace of Europe
3. German Alliances with Russia and Austria
- Bismarck could not ignore the Balkan problem:
__________________________________________________________________
- This Dual Alliance provided that Germany and Austria would come to each
other’s aid if Russia attacked either of them
- The treaty was renewed regularly until 1918 but:
__________________________________________________________________
- Bismarck, however, never allowed the treaty to drag Germany into Austria’s
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Balkan quarrels and made it clear that the alliance was purely defensive
Bismarck believed that monarchical Russia would not:
__________________________________________________________________
In 1881 he renewed the Three Emperors’ League on a firmer basis
The new agreement said that the three nations would:
__________________________________________________________________
The agreement helped to ease fears of a Russian-French alliance
Most importantly, the agreement reduced:
__________________________________________________________________
4. The Triple Alliance
- In 1882, Italy asked to join the Dual Alliance and:
__________________________________________________________________
- Bismarck’s policy was now a complete success since he was allied w/ three of the
great powers and friendly w/ Britain
- Bismarck maintained the alliances and system of secret:
__________________________________________________________________
6
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He was convinced that Germany should be stronger and he often clashed w/
Bismarck, and eventually dismissed him in 1890
II.
Forging the Triple Entente (1890-1907)
1. Franco-Russian Alliance
- After Bismarck’s forced retirement: ____________________________________
- Political isolation and the need for foreign capital drove Russia towards France
- The French, who were even more isolated:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
- In 1894, France and Russia signed a defensive alliance against Germany
2. Britain and Germany
- Colonial rivalries pitted the British against the Russians and the French and there
was no reason to: ___________________________________________________
- Yet, w/in a decade of William II’s ascension, Germany had become the enemy in
British minds
- The British usually portrayed the French as enemies and the transformation to:
__________________________________________________________________
- But, while the economic rivalry was important, the real issues:
__________________________________________________________________
-
The idea was to demonstrate Germany’s worth as an ally to Britain by
withdrawing support for Britain
In 1898, William began to realize his dream of a German navy and formulated a
theory that the: _____________________________________________________
After the Boer War, Britain sought an alliance w/ Germany but the Germans held
out, hoping for greater concessions from Britain
3. The Entente Cordial
- Britain was fairly isolated but the isolation was:
__________________________________________________________________
-
__________________________________________________________________
Next, Britain concluded a series of agreements w/ the French in 1904, collectively
called the Entente Cordial
It settled all outstanding colonial differences between the two countries and gave:
__________________________________________________________________
The Entente Cordial was a step toward aligning the British w/ Germany’s great
potential enemy
4. The First Moroccan Crisis
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At this point, Germany tried to test the understanding:
__________________________________________________________________
He made a speech in favor of Moroccan independence and asserted Germany’s
right to participate in Morocco’s destiny
An international conference was held but most of the major powers sided w/:
__________________________________________________________________
The agreement between the British and French became more morally binding as
years passed
5. British Agreement with Russia
- Britain's fear of the growing Germany made it:
-
__________________________________________________________________
W/ French support in 1907, the British concluded an agreement w/ Russia much
like the Entente Cordial
The Triple Entente, an informal, but powerful, association of:
__________________________________________________________________
Bismarck had arranged his alliances to avoid war but now, William had placed
Germany directly in the path of a possible two-front war
Part 3: World War I
I. The Road to War (1908-1914)
- The Balkans were still a problem as the Ottoman Empire:
__________________________________________________________________
- Most of the inhabitants of the Balkans spoke the same Slavic languages and felt a
kinship w/ one another
- Nationalism and the long years of foreign rule:
__________________________________________________________________
- Many of the Balkan nations looked to Serbia to unite the Slavic provinces and to
drive out the foreigners
1. The Bosnian Crisis
- In 1908, a group called the Young: _____________________________________
- The Austrians and Russians decided to act before Turkey became strong enough
to resist
- They struck a bargain in which Russia agreed to support the Austrian annexation
of Bosnia and Herzegovina:
__________________________________________________________________
- Austria declared the annexation before the Russians could act and the British and
French quickly refused to allow Russia access to the Dardanelles
8
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Russia’s “little brothers,” the: _________________________________________
Germany was also unhappy b/c the Austrians hadn’t told the Germans about their
plans
However, Germany felt so dependent on the:
__________________________________________________________________
Also, the British and French had failed to support Russia and this strained the
Triple Entente
This made it harder for them to oppose Russian interests:
__________________________________________________________________
2. The Second Moroccan Crisis
- This event, in 1911, emphasized the: ____________________________________
- When the French sent an army to Morocco, the Germans sent troops also in order
to try to extort the other French colonies
- Since the Germans were racing w/ Britain over:
__________________________________________________________________
- This worried Britain and it drew closer to France, making plans to defend France
in case Germany attacked and this made the Entente Cordial into a de facto
alliance
3. War in the Balkans
- The second Moroccan crisis also: ______________________________________
- Italy sought to gain colonies and it wanted Libya and it feared that recognition of
the French protectorate in Morocco would encourage France to move into Libya
- So, in 1911, Italy attacked the Ottomans to preempt a French attack and the:
__________________________________________________________________
- In 1912, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia jointly attacked the Ottoman
Empire and won easily
- In 1913 a Second Balkan War erupted and this time, Turkey and Romania joined
Serbia and Greece against:
-
__________________________________________________________________
After the first war, Austria was determined to limit Serbian gains and prevent the
Serbs from gaining a port on the Adriatic
This meant keeping Serbia out of Albania:
__________________________________________________________________
An international conference sponsored by Britain in early 1913 resolved the
dispute in Austria’s favor and called for an independent principality of Albania
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Austria, however, felt humiliated by the public airing of Serbian:
__________________________________________________________________
Finally, in October 1913, Austria issued an ultimatum, and Serbia withdrew its
forces from Albania
During this whole crisis, many officials in Austria wanted:
__________________________________________________________________
Also, Pan-Slavic sentiment in Russia pressed Nicholas II to take a firm stand but
Russia allowed Austria to have its way w/ Serbia
II.
Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War (June-August 1914)
1. The Assassination
- On June 28, 1914, a young Serbian nationalist shot:
__________________________________________________________________
- The assassin was a member of the Black Hand, a political terrorist society, AKA
Union or Death
- The archduke was not popular in Austria and it was believed that he supported
equality for the Slavs: _______________________________________________
2. Germany and Austria’s Response
- Despite the unpopularity of the archduke:
__________________________________________________________________
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Many Austrians called for war, but the Austrians needed German support so the
final decision for war had to come from Berlin
William II and Chancellor Theobald von:
__________________________________________________________________
They urged Austria to move swiftly while the other powers were angry at Serbia
and also made the Austrians believe a failure would make them look weak in the
world’s eyes
As a result, the Austrians never wavered:
__________________________________________________________________
They were prepared to risk a general European conflict and the Germans knew
this as well, but hoped to keep the war “localized”
William II was outraged by the: ________________________________________
His chancellor was not so moved, but he was thought of being soft, so he couldn’t
go against the emperor
General Helmut von Moltke, Chief of the:
__________________________________________________________________
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Moltke repeatedly spoke of the need for a:
__________________________________________________________________
Many Germans also feared the future as Russia and the Triple Entente were
becoming more powerful each year
The chancellor recognized the danger of supporting:
__________________________________________________________________
His calculations proved to be incorrect as Austria moved too slow in sending their
ultimatum to Serbia on July 23 and then declaring war on July 28, w/out having
an army ready until August
3. The Triple Entente’s Response
- The Russians responded by ordering partial:
__________________________________________________________________
- From this point on, the general staff in Germany pressed for German mobilization
and war
- France and Britain were not eager for war and the British looked to reconcile the
crisis, but Austria:
__________________________________________________________________
- Privately, Germany supported the Austrians even though the chancellor knew it
would mean war w/ Britain if Germany attacked France
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The Germans tried to stop the Austrians after July 30, but it was:
__________________________________________________________________
On July 30, Austria ordered mobilization against Russia and Bethmann-Hollweg
resisted the pressure to mobilize b/c he wanted Russia to complete mobilization
first
He believed that this would gain support for the war from his:
__________________________________________________________________
The Schlieffen Plan went into effect, which had Germany occupy Luxembourg on
August 2, and invade Belgium on August 3
The invasion of Belgium brought the British into the war:
__________________________________________________________________
Germany then invaded France which made Britain declare war on August 4 and
the Great War had begun
The most common opinion today about the causes of the war is that German
ambitions for a:
__________________________________________________________________
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The deeper causes of the war are seen to be Germany’s new ambitions to become
a world power like Britain
III. Strategies and Stalemate: 1914-1917
- Throughout Europe, jubilation had broken out over:
__________________________________________________________________
- The popular press fanned the flames of patriotism and both sides expected to the
take the offensive and win a quick victory
- The Triple Entente, or the Allies, held superiority in:
__________________________________________________________________
- Germany and Austria had the advantages of possessing internal lines of
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communication and having launched the first attack
Germany’s war plan, based on the ideas of Count Alfred von Schlieffen, aimed to
outflank the French:
__________________________________________________________________
The goal was to draw France into attack at the wrong place while Germany was
attacking on the other side
In the east, the Germans planned to stand:
__________________________________________________________________
The execution of the plan fell to von Moltke and he tried to strengthen the
German weak left front, but the plan still failed
1. The War in the West
- The French put their faith in the offensive:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
- They also overestimated the courage and spirit of their troops against machine
guns and heavy artillery
- The French offensive on Germany’s western frontier totally failed, but this freed
up troops to fight Germany’s main force:
-
__________________________________________________________________
Thereafter, the war in the west became one of position instead of movement
Both sides dug into trenches protected by:
__________________________________________________________________
Machine gun nests made assaults difficult and dangerous but both sides still
attempted massive attacks preceded by artillery bombardments
Still, the defensive was always able to recover and to:
__________________________________________________________________
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Assaults that cost hundreds of thousands of lives produced advances of hundreds
of yards
Poison gas proved ineffective as well, but the British:
__________________________________________________________________
2. The War in the East
- The Russians advanced into Austrian territory but:
__________________________________________________________________
- Erich Ludendorff, under the command of Paul von Hindenburg, destroyed or
captured an entire Russian army at the Battle of Tannenberg and defeated another
at the Masurian Lakes
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In 1915, the Central Powers pressed their advantage in the east and drove into the
Baltic states and:
__________________________________________________________________
The sides soon sought new allies: Turkey joined the:
__________________________________________________________________
In the Far East, Japan honored its alliance w/ Britain and joined the war, and
quickly overran the German colonies in China and the Pacific
Both sides also appealed to nationalism in the enemies’ colonies:
__________________________________________________________________
In 1915, the Allies tried to go around the deadlock by attacked the Dardanelles
and Constantinople, but the plan was a failure and the British lost 150k in the
process
3. Return to the West
- Both sides turned back to the west in 1916 and General von Falkenhayn:
__________________________________________________________________
- His plan was to inflict major casualties on the French who would have to defend
Verdun against superior firepower from several directions
- The French held Verdun, and the commander:
-
__________________________________________________________________
The Allies launched a major offensive along the River Somme but couldn’t break
through
4. The War at Sea
- As the war continued, control of the sea became more important:
__________________________________________________________________
- The Germans responded w/ submarine warfare meant to destroy British shipping
and both nations’ policies were unwelcome to neutrals, including the U.S.
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In May 1915, a German U-boat sunk the British liner:
__________________________________________________________________
President Wilson warned that there would be consequences and the Germans
desisted for the time being
5. America Enters the War
- In December 1916, President Wilson: ___________________________________
- Neither side was willing to renounce war aims that is opponent found acceptable
- Two events in 1917 changed things: first, the:
__________________________________________________________________
- Second, on April 6, the U.S. declared war w/ Germany and Wilson called the war
a crusade to “make the world safe for democracy” but had failed to join earlier b/c
of autocratic Russia joined w/ the Allies
Part 4: The Russian Revolution
- No political faction planned or led the March Revolution:
__________________________________________________________________
- The war had overtaxed Russia’s resources and the efficiency of the tsarist gov’t
- Nicholas II was weak and incompetent and:
__________________________________________________________________
- Military and domestic failures produced massive casualties, widespread hunger,
I.
The Provisional Government
- In early March 1917, strikes and worker:
__________________________________________________________________
- Troops in the city refused to fire on the workers, and the tsar abdicated on March
15
- The gov’t of Russia fell into the hands of the Duma, who:
-
II.
strikes, and disorganization in the army
In 1915, the tsar took command of the army:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The collapse of the last Russian offensive in the summer of 1917 sealed the fate
of the new gov’t, since many socialists didn’t support it, even w/ Alexander
Kerensky, a moderate socialist, as prime minister
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
- The Germans rushed Lenin to Russia b/c they hoped:
__________________________________________________________________
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III.
Lenin saw the opportunity to ally the workers and peasants and he made speeches,
hammering the idea of peace, bread, and land
The Bolsheviks demanded that all power go to the:
__________________________________________________________________
The failure of a countercoup brought Lenin’s collaborator, Leon Trotsky, to led
the soviet and the coup took place on November 6, after which saw the
Bolsheviks leading Russia
The Communist Dictatorship
- The provisional gov’t had decreed for an:
__________________________________________________________________
-
-
-
-
The Social Revolutionaries won a large majority over the Bolsheviks and the
assembly gathered for a day in January, before the Red Army, controlled by the
Bolsheviks, dispersed it
All other political parties ceased: _______________________________________
In November and January, the Bolshevik gov’t nationalized the land and turned it
over to the peasants
Factory workers were put in charged of their plants, and:
__________________________________________________________________
Property of the church reverted to the state and the Bolshevik gov’t also took
Russia out of the war
They signed an armistice with Germany in December 1917 and in March 1918,
accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk:
__________________________________________________________________
The Bolsheviks also agreed to pay a heavy war indemnity
The price was high but Lenin had no:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Lenin believed that the war and the Russian example would soon lead to
communist revolutions across Europe
The new gov’t met major domestic resistance as the Red Russians:
__________________________________________________________________
In the summer of 1918, the Bolsheviks murdered the tsar and his family
Loyal army officers continued to fight the revolution but under Trotsky:
__________________________________________________________________
Part 5: The End of World War I
I. Germany’s Last Offensive
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II.
The Armistice
- William II abdicated on November 9, 1918, and the SPD:
-
III.
In March 1918, Germany decided to gamble everything:
__________________________________________________________________
The arrival of American troops bolstered the Allies and the Germans had no
reserves
Ludendorff wanted peace before complete defeat and asked for peace under the
basis of the:
__________________________________________________________________
They were idealistic principles, including the creation of the League of Nations
__________________________________________________________________
Two days later, this republican, socialist-led gov’t signed the armistice that ended
the war by accepting German defeat
Many German people did not know that their army had:
__________________________________________________________________
Many came to believe that Germany had been tricked by socialists and
republicans
The casualties on all sides came to about ten:
__________________________________________________________________
The victorious Allies became debtors to the new American colossus, which the
calamites of war had barely touched
The Great War caused terrible damage, killing millions of soldiers and civilians
alike and: _________________________________________________________
Overseas empires would never again be as secure and Europe was no longer the
center of the world, an idea which scared the victorious Western powers when
dealing w/ postwar issues
The End of the Ottoman Empire
- The decision to become Germany’s: ____________________________________
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Major defeats by the British and Russians drove the Ottomans out of the war by
October 1918
The peace treaty signed in Paris in 1920 between Turkey and the Allies
dismembered the:
__________________________________________________________________
Turkey became independent of the Ottoman Empire but the Arab portions of the
old empire were dominated by the British and French, which created problems
later in the 20th century
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Part 6: The Settlement at Paris
I. Obstacles the Peacemakers Faced
- The representatives of the victorious states gathered:
__________________________________________________________________
- Wilson speaking for the U.S., David Lloyd George for Britain, Georges
Clemenceau for France, and Vittorio Orlando for Italy made up the Big Four
- The conference often worked in the glare of public:
__________________________________________________________________
- Europe’s many ethnic groups could not be relied on to remain quiet while the
great powers distributed them on a map
-
II.
Propaganda had transformed WWI into a moral crusade to:
__________________________________________________________________
The Fourteen Points set forth the right of nationalities to self-determination as an
absolute value, but in fact, no one could draw the map of Europe to match ethnic
groups perfectly w/ their homelands
Wilson’s idealism soon came into conflict with the other:
__________________________________________________________________
Some of the alliance treaty terms contradicted one another and the Allies fought
among themselves over who would get what
The continuing national goals of the victors presented:
__________________________________________________________________
France was eager to weaken Germany permanently and preserve French
superiority
Britain looked to its imperial interests and Japan:
__________________________________________________________________
The U.S. insisted on freedom of the seas, which favored American commerce
The Allies were still threatened by Bolshevism as well:
__________________________________________________________________
The Peace
- The Paris settlement consisted of five separate:
__________________________________________________________________
- The Soviet Union (formally Russia) and Germany were excluded from the peace
conference
- The Germans were simply presented w/ a treaty and compelled to accept it:
__________________________________________________________________
- The exclusion of small nations angered the diplomats from these nations
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1. The League of Nations
- Wilson put great faiths in the League of Nations, which was a body of sovereign
states that agreed to pursue:
__________________________________________________________________
- The members promised to submit differences among themselves to arbitration, an
international court, or the League Council
- The league would take action if these steps were:
__________________________________________________________________
- The league excluded the Soviet Union and Germany which caused later problems
2. Colonies
- Another provision of peace: ___________________________________________
- These were called mandates and were placed under “tutelage” of one of the great
powers under league supervision and were encouraged to advance toward
independence
- Little advance was made since: ________________________________________
- Members of the league remained fully sovereign and continued to pursue their
national interests and only Wilson put much faith in the league
3. Germany
- The main territorial issue in the West was Germany:
-
__________________________________________________________________
Instead, the French received Alsace-Lorraine, and Germany west of the Rhine and
fifty kilometers east of it was to be a demilitarized zone
The treaty also said that Britain and the U.S.:
__________________________________________________________________
Germany’s army was limited to 100k and was forbidden from having major
military weapons
4. The East
- Germany lost part of Silesia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire:
-
-
__________________________________________________________________
The Czechs joined the Slovaks and Ruthenians to form Czechoslovakia, and this
new state included several million unhappy Germans, Poles, Magyars, and
Ukrainians
The southern Slavs were united in the:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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Bulgaria lost territory to Greece and Yugoslavia and Russia lost vast territories
including Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, plus Poland
5. Reparations
- Germany had promised to pay for the damages:
__________________________________________________________________
- This was called war reparations and Germany was to pay between $15 and $25
billion
- It was agreed that Germany couldn’t pay that much so it was agreed to:
__________________________________________________________________
- To justify these huge payments, the Allies inserted the War Guilt Clause, which
made Germany take all the blame for the war and also had to accept the treaty
w/out argument
III. Evaluating the Peace
1. The Economic Consequences of Peace
- Keynes was a major critic of the peace, who in The Economic Consequences of
Peace (1920) made an:
__________________________________________________________________
- Keynes argued that the Treaty of Versailles was immoral and unworkable and that
such a peace would bring economic ruin and war to Europe unless it was changed
-
Britain tried to revise the treaty to favor France but the U.S.:
__________________________________________________________________
2. Divisive New Boundaries and Tariff Walls
- While the peace was not as bad as people made it:
__________________________________________________________________
- Economically it was disastrous as new borders and tariff walls separated raw
materials from manufacturing and producers from their markets
- This separation caused friction and hostility that:
__________________________________________________________________
-
Many nations contained unhappy minorities and they didn’t find it easy to live
together
Moreover, the peace rested: ___________________________________________
3. Failure to Accept Reality
- The great weakness of the peace: _______________________________________
- Russia and Germany would play major roles in the future yet they were excluded
from peace talks and the League of Nations
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France had to enforce the new arrangements and it was:
__________________________________________________________________
The problem was that the Treaty of Versailles was not conciliatory enough to
prevent another war, nor harsh enough to make another war impossible
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