BIOL. 2421
Fall 2015
STUDY GUIDE FOR QUIZZES AND LAB PRACTICALS
EXERCISES
MEDIA & STERILIZATION
broths vs. agar media - types
agar
autoclave procedure and parameters for sterilization
complex vs. synthetic media
ASEPTIC TRANSFER TECHNIQUES
instruments used for transfer
aseptic technique
streak technique and why done that way
BACTERIAL COLONY MORPHOLOGY
major characteristics of colonies
DILUTION TECHNIQUES & PIPETTING
solving dilution problems
use (and reading) of the pipette
ISOLATION OF AN ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCER FORM SOIL
How do you go about isolating an antibiotic producer? What do you look for?
What microorganisms commonly produce antibiotics?
MICROSCOPE
parts and functions
features:
parfocal lens alignment
resolution and resolving power
refraction, refractive index, and oil immersion
magnification
3 types of light microscopy
MAKING SMEARS FOR STAIN PREPARATION
making a smear
simple vs. differential stain
types of dyes - acidic vs. basic - why they bind to the cell
STANDARD PLATE COUNTS (Isolation from a sponge)
determination of bacterial counts in a specimen
procedure for types of isolation techniquesBpours, spreads, and streak plates
pros and cons of each technique
EMB uses
interpretation of lactose fermenters and WHY
CNA BLOOD AGAR
types of hemolysis (see throat exercise)
visualization of different hemolytic reactions
GRAM STAIN
reagents & procedure
interpretation of reaction, shape, and arrangement
why incorrect results
IDENTIFICATION OF STAPH
media for Staph—SM110, hemolysis, coagulase, oxidase, catalase, DNAse, OF-glucose, MSA
Intepretation of above tests…+ and – results
types of hemolytic reactions
testing for Staph – tests used, how read
What test results are expected with the pathogenic Staph aureus species?
ANAEROBES
ways to culture according to oxygen needs
candle jar vs. GasPak/anaerobic container
thioglycollate broth
classification of microbes according to oxygen needs
O-F GLUCOSE
purpose of test
indicator
interpretation: oxidative, fermentative, inert
SPORE STAIN
reagents & interpretation
example of a spore former
ACID-FAST STAIN
reagents & interpretation of reaction
example of an acid-fast bacterium
CAPSULE STAIN
interpretation
MOTILITY
flagella stain
TTC motility media
hanging drop
interpretation
example of flagellation types
how to ID motility, indicator in medium
true vs. false motility (Brownian movement)
how performed
BACTERIAL NUMBERS
Purpose of and use of SpectropVis (computer spec)
use of a graph to quesstimate bacterial counts
calculation of number of cells in a sample
DIFFERENTIAL BIOCHEMICAL TESTS
reason for each test
+ and - test reaction
Reagent/ reagent, if needed
catalase test
oxidase test
lipid hydrolysis
starch hydrolysis
carbohydrates (sugar discs/phenol red broths)
mannitol salt
DNAse
coagulase
IMVIC tests: indole, methyl red,
Voges-Proskauer, citrate
API
what is happening in the medium
pH indicator in medium
end products being tested for
SIM: hydrogen sulfide, indole, motility
motility agar
ONPG (β- galactosidase)
urea hydrolysis
nitrate reduction
decarboxylase test
deaminase test
gelatin hydrolysis
pros and cons
ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
zones of inhibition
determination of S, R, and I (with a chart)
ANTIMICROBIALS
interpreting effectiveness of antiseptics, disinfectants, etc.
YOGURT & MEAD PRODUCTION
microorganisms involved
the fermentation reaction
procedures
ORAL BIOFILMS
biofilms and importance to industry and medicine
differences in bacterial counts and types between plaque and toothbrush
purpose of each type of medium and how interpreted
URINE CULTURES
determination of UTI/numbers
how to take a proper specimen
media used to find bacteria in urine
DNA RESTRICTION & GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
overall summary of procedures
how endonucleases used
interpretation
uses
WATER ANALYSIS & PETRIFILMS
petrifilms and interpretation
determination of coliform presence and importance
YEASTS & MOLDS
structural differences between yeasts and molds - morphology
asexual vs. sexual spores for yeasts and molds
the major classes of fungi - differentiation and examples
representative groups of fungi as distinguished on microscope
PROTOZOA
representative groups of protozoa as distinguished on microscope
general features of protozoa as a whole and each class
BACTERIOPHAGES
the major points in technique and reasoning
lytic vs. lysogenic infection
determination of number of viruses/ml
HELMINTHS
representative groups of worms as distinguished on microscope
general features of worms in each phylum: platyhelminthes vs. nematodes
the 2 classes of platyhelminthes: cestodes vs. trematodes
ALGAE
representative groups of algae as distinguished on microscope
general features of algae as a whole and of each class
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY TESTS
Testing for pathogenic Staph aureus
Testing for beta-hemolytic Strep:
Mono-spot test: infectious mononucleosis antibodies: testing and interpretation