2016 年新 SAT 官方样题——Critical Reading 部分-小马过
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Critical Reading 部分
Time-25 minutes
14 Questions
Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage.
This passage is adapted from a speech delivered by Congresswoman Barbara Jordan of Texas on
July 25, 1974, as a member of the Judiciary Committee of the United States House of Representatives.
In the passage, Jordan discusses how and when a United States president may be impeached, or charged
with serious offenses, while in office. Jordan’s speech was delivered in the context of
impeachment hearings against then president Richard M. Nixon.
Today, I am an inquisitor. An hyperbole would not be
fictional and would not overstate the solemnness that I
feel right now. My faith in the Constitution is whole; it is
Line complete; it is total. And I am not going to sit here and be
5 an idle spectator to the diminution, the subversion, the
destruction, of the Constitution.
“Who can so properly be the inquisitors for the nation
as the representatives of the nation themselves?” “The
subjects of its jurisdiction are those offenses which
10 proceed from the misconduct of public men.”* And that’s
what we’re talking about. In other words, [the jurisdiction
comes] from the abuse or violation of some public trust.
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It is wrong, I suggest, it is a misreading of the
Constitution for any member here to assert that for a
15 member to vote for an article of impeachment means that
that member must be convinced that the President should
be removed from office. The Constitution doesn’t say
that. The powers relating to impeachment are an essential
check in the hands of the body of the legislature against
20 and upon the encroachments of the executive. The
division between the two branches of the legislature, the
House and the Senate, assigning to the one the right to
accuse and to the other the right to judge—the framers of
this Constitution were very astute. They did not make the
25 accusers and the judges . . . the same person.
We know the nature of impeachment. We’ve been
talking about it a while now. It is chiefly designed for the
President and his high ministers to somehow be called
into account. It is designed to “bridle” the executive if he
30 engages in excesses. “It is designed as a method of
national inquest into the conduct of public men.”* The
framers confided in the Congress the power, if need be, to
remove the President in order to strike a delicate balance
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between a President swollen with power and grown
35 tyrannical, and preservation of the independence of the
executive.
The nature of impeachment: a narrowly channeled
exception to the separation of powers maxim. The Federal
Convention of 1787 said that. It limited impeachment to
40 high crimes and misdemeanors, and discounted and
opposed the term “maladministration.” “It is to be used
only for great misdemeanors,” so it was said in the North
Carolina ratification convention. And in the Virginia
ratification convention: “We do not trust our liberty to a
45 particular branch. We need one branch to check the
other.”
. . . The North Carolina ratification convention: “No
one need be afraid that officers who commit oppression
will pass with immunity.” “Prosecutions of impeachments
50 will seldom fail to agitate the passions of the whole
community,” said Hamilton in the Federalist Papers,
number 65. “We divide into parties more or less friendly
or inimical to the accused.”* I do not mean political
parties in that sense.
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55 The drawing of political lines goes to the motivation
behind impeachment; but impeachment must proceed
within the confines of the constitutional term “high
crime[s] and misdemeanors.” Of the impeachment
process, it was Woodrow Wilson who said that “Nothing
60 short of the grossest offenses against the plain law of the
land will suffice to give them speed and effectiveness.
Indignation so great as to overgrow party interest may
secure a conviction; but nothing else can.”
Common sense would be revolted if we engaged
65 upon this process for petty reasons. Congress has a lot to
do: appropriations, tax reform, health insurance,
campaign finance reform, housing, environmental
protection, energy sufficiency, mass transportation.
Pettiness cannot be allowed to stand in the face of such
70 overwhelming problems. So today we’re not being petty.
We’re trying to be big, because the task we have before us
is a big one.
* Jordan quotes from Federalist No. 65, an essay by Alexander Hamilton, published in 1788,
on the powers of the United States Senate, including the power to decide cases of impeachment
against a president of the United States.
1. The stance Jordan takes in the passage is best described as that of
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(A) an idealist setting forth principles.
(B) an advocate seeking a compromise position.
(C) an observer striving for neutrality.
(D) a scholar researching a historical controversy.
2. The main rhetorical effect of the series of three phrases in lines 5-6(“the diminution,
the subversion, the destruction”) is to
(A) convey with increasing intensity the seriousness of the threat Jordan sees to the
Constitution.
(B) clarify that Jordan believes the Constitution was first weakened, then sabotaged, then
broken.
(C) indicate that Jordan thinks the Constitution is prone to failure in three distinct ways.
(D) propose a three-part agenda for rescuing the Constitution from the current crisis.
3. As used in line 37, “channeled” most nearly means (A) worn.
(B) sent.
(C) constrained.
(D) siphoned.
4. In lines 49-54 (“Prosecutions . . . sense”), what is the most likely reason Jordan draws
a distinction between two types of “parties”?
(A) To counter the suggestion that impeachment is or should be about partisan politics.
(B) To disagree with Hamilton’s claim that impeachment proceedings excite passions.
(C) To contend that Hamilton was too timid in his support for the concept of impeachment.
(D) To argue that impeachment cases are decided more on the basis of politics than on justice.
5. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?
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(A) Lines 13-17 (“It . . . office”).
(B) Lines 20-24 (“The division . . . astute”).
(C) Lines 55-58 (“The drawing . . . misdemeanors’”).
(D) Lines 65-68 (“Congress . . . transportation”).
Questions 6-11 are based on the following passage
and supplementary material.
This passage is adapted from Ed Yong, “Turtles Use the Earth’s Magnetic Field as Global
GPS.” ©2011 by Kalmbach Publishing Co.
In 1996, a loggerhead turtle called Adelita swam
across 9,000 miles from Mexico to Japan, crossing the
entire Pacific on her way. Wallace J. Nichols tracked this
Line epic journey with a satellite tag. But Adelita herself had
5 no such technology at her disposal. How did she steer a
route across two oceans to find her destination?
Nathan Putman has the answer. By testing hatchling
turtles in a special tank, he has found that they can use the
Earth’s magnetic field as their own Global Positioning
10 System (GPS). By sensing the field, they can work out
both their latitude and longitude and head in the right
direction.
Putman works in the lab of Ken Lohmann, who has
been studying the magnetic abilities of loggerheads for
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15 over 20 years. In his lab at the University of North
Carolina, Lohmann places hatchlings in a large water tank
surrounded by a large grid of electromagnetic coils. In
1991, he found that the babies started swimming in the
opposite direction if he used the coils to reverse the
20 direction of the magnetic field around them. They could
use the field as a compass to get their bearing.
Later, Lohmann showed that they can also use the
magnetic field to work out their position. For them, this is
literally a matter of life or death. Hatchlings born off the
25 sea coast of Florida spend their early lives in the North
Atlantic gyre, a warm current that circles between North
America and Africa. If they’re swept towards the cold
waters outside the gyre, they die. Their magnetic sense
keeps them safe.
30 Using his coil-surrounded tank, Lohmann could
mimic the magnetic field at different parts of the Earth’s
surface. If he simulated the field at the northern edge of
the gyre, the hatchlings swam southwards. If he simulated
the field at the gyre’s southern edge, the turtles swam
35 west-northwest. These experiments showed that the
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turtles can use their magnetic sense to work out their
latitude—their position on a north-south axis. Now,
Putman has shown that they can also determine their
longitude—their position on an east-west axis.
40 He tweaked his magnetic tanks to simulate the fields
in two positions with the same latitude at opposite ends of
the Atlantic. If the field simulated the west Atlantic near
Puerto Rico, the turtles swam northeast. If the field
matched that on the east Atlantic near the Cape Verde
45 Islands, the turtles swam southwest. In the wild, both
headings would keep them within the safe, warm embrace
of the North Atlantic gyre.
Before now, we knew that several animal migrants,
from loggerheads to reed warblers to sparrows, had some
50 way of working out longitude, but no one knew how. By
keeping the turtles in the same conditions, with only the
magnetic fields around them changing, Putman clearly
showed that they can use these fields to find their way. In
the wild, they might well also use other landmarks like
55 the position of the sea, sun and stars.
Putman thinks that the turtles work out their position
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using two features of the Earth’s magnetic field that
change over its surface. They can sense the field’s
inclination, or the angle at which it dips towards the
60 surface. At the poles, this angle is roughly 90 degrees and
at the equator, it’s roughly zero degrees. They can also
sense its intensity, which is strongest near the poles and
weakest near the Equator. Different parts of the world
have unique combinations of these two variables. Neither
65 corresponds directly to either latitude or longitude, but
together, they provide a “magnetic signature” that tells the
turtle where it is.
2
Adapted from Nathan Putman, Courtney Endres, Catherine Lohmann, and Kenneth Lohmann,
“Longitude Perception and Bicoordinate Magnetic Maps in Sea Turtles.” ©2011 by Elsevier Inc.
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Orientation of hatchling loggerheads tested in a magnetic field that simulates a position
at the west side of the Atlantic near Puerto Rico (left) and a position at the east side of the
Atlantic near the Cape Verde Islands (right). The arrow in each circle indicates the mean direction
that the group of hatchlings swam. Data are plotted relative to geographic north (N = 0°).
6. The passage most strongly suggests that Adelita used which of the following to navigate
her 9,000-mile journey?
(A) The current of the North Atlantic gyre.
(B) Cues from electromagnetic coils designed by Putman and Lohmann.
(C) The inclination and intensity of Earth’s magnetic field.
(D) A simulated “magnetic signature” configured by Lohmann.
7. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?
(A) Lines 1-3 (“In 1996 . . . way”).
(B) Lines 30-32 (“Using . . . surface”).
(C) Lines 53-55 (“In the wild . . . stars”).
(D) Lines 64-67 (“Neither . . . it is”).
8. As used in line 3, “tracked” most nearly means
(A) searched for.
(B) traveled over.
(C) followed.
(D) hunted.
9. Based on the passage, which choice best describes the relationship between Putman’s and
Lohmann’s research?
(A) Putman’s research contradicts Lohmann’s.
(B) Putman’s research builds on Lohmann’s.
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(C) Lohmann’s research confirms Putman’s.
(D) Lohmann’s research corrects Putman’s.
10. The author refers to reed warblers and sparrows (line 49) primarily to
(A) contrast the loggerhead turtle’s migration patterns with those of other species.
(B) provide examples of species that share one of the loggerhead turtle’s abilities.
(C) suggest that most animal species possess some ability to navigate long distances.
(D) illustrate some ways in which the ability to navigate long distances can help a species.
11. It can reasonably be inferred from the passage and graphic that if scientists adjusted
the coils to reverse the magnetic field simulating that in the East Atlantic (Cape Verde Islands),
the hatchlings would most likely swim in which direction?
(A) Northwest
(B) Northeast
(C) Southeast
(D) Southwest
Questions 12-14 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.
This passage is adapted from Richard Florida, The Great Reset. ©2010 by Richard Florida.
In today’s idea-driven economy, the cost of time is
what really matters. With the constant pressure to
innovate, it makes little sense to waste countless
Line collective hours commuting. So, the most efficient and
5 productive regions are those in which people are
thinking and working—not sitting in traffic.
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The auto-dependent transportation system has
reached its limit in most major cities and megaregions.
Commuting by car is among the least efficient of all our
10 activities—not to mention among the least enjoyable,
according to detailed research by the Nobel Prize–
winning economist Daniel Kahneman and his
colleagues. Though one might think that the economic
crisis beginning in 2007 would have reduced traffic (high
15 unemployment means fewer workers traveling to and
from work), the opposite has been true. Average
commutes have lengthened, and congestion has gotten
worse, if anything. The average commute rose in 2008 to
25.5 minutes, “erasing years of decreases to stand at the
20 level of 2000, as people had to leave home earlier in the
morning to pick up friends for their ride to work or to
catch a bus or subway train,” according to the U.S.
Census Bureau, which collects the figures. And those are
average figures. Commutes are far longer in the big West
25 Coast cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco and the
East Coast cities of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore,
and Washington, D.C. In many of these cities, gridlock
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has become the norm, not just at rush hour but all day,
every day.
30 The costs are astounding. In Los Angeles, congestion
eats up more than 485 million working hours a year;
that’s seventy hours, or nearly two weeks, of full-time
work per commuter. In D.C., the time cost of congestion
is sixty-two hours per worker per year. In New York it’s
35 forty-four hours. Average it out, and the time cost across
America’s thirteen biggest city-regions is fifty-one hours
per worker per year. Across the country, commuting
wastes 4.2 billion hours of work time annually—nearly a
full workweek for every commuter. The overall cost to
40 the U.S. economy is nearly $90 billion when lost
productivity and wasted fuel are taken into account. At
the Martin Prosperity Institute, we calculate that every
minute shaved off America’s commuting time is worth
$19.5 billion in value added to the economy. The numbers
45 add up fast: five minutes is worth $97.7 billion; ten
minutes, $195 billion; fifteen minutes, $292 billion.
It’s ironic that so many people still believe the main
remedy for traffic congestion is to build more roads and
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highways, which of course only makes the problem
50 worse. New roads generate higher levels of “induced
traffic,” that is, new roads just invite drivers to drive
more and lure people who take mass transit back to their
cars. Eventually, we end up with more clogged roads
rather than a long-term improvement in traffic flow.
55 The coming decades will likely see more intense
clustering of jobs, innovation, and productivity in a
smaller number of bigger cities and city-regions. Some
regions could end up bloated beyond the capacity of their
infrastructure, while others struggle, their promise
60 stymied by inadequate human or other resources.
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2
12. The passage most strongly suggests that researchers at the Martin Prosperity Institute
share which assumption?
(A) Employees who work from home are more valuable to their employers than employees who
commute.
(B) Employees whose commutes are shortened will use the time saved to do additional productive
work for their employers.
(C) Employees can conduct business activities, such as composing memos or joining conference
calls, while commuting.
(D) Employees who have lengthy commutes tend to make more money than employees who have shorter
commutes.
13. As used in line 55, “intense” most nearly means
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(A) emotional.
(B) concentrated.
(C) brilliant.
(D) determined.
14. Which claim about traffic congestion is supported by the graph?
(A) New York City commuters spend less time annually delayed by traffic congestion than the
average for very large cities.
(B) Los Angeles commuters are delayed more hours annually by traffic congestion than are
commuters in Washington, D.C.
(C) Commuters in Washington, D.C., face greater delays annually due to traffic congestion
than do commuters in New York City.
(D) Commuters in Detroit spend more time delayed annually by traffic congestion than do
commuters in Houston, Atlanta, and Chicago.
答案及解析
1. The stance Jordan takes in the passage is best described as that of
A) an idealist setting forth principles.
B) an advocate seeking a compromise position.
C) an observer striving for neutrality.
D) a scholar researching a historical controversy.
content: Rhetoric / Analyzing point of view
focus: Students must use information and ideas in the passage to
determine the speaker’s perspective.
key: A
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Choice A is the best answer. Jordan helps establish her idealism by declaring that she is
an “inquisitor” (line 1) and that her “faith in the Constitution is whole; it is complete;
it is total” (lines 3–4). At numerous points in the passage, Jordan sets forth principles (e.g.,
“The powers relating to impeachment are an essential check in the hands of the body of the
legislature against and upon the encroachments of the executive,” in lines 18–20) and makes
reference to important documents that do the same, including the U.S. Constitution and Federalist
No. 65.
Choice B is not the best answer because although Jordan is advocating a position, there is
no evidence in the passage that she is seeking a compromise position. Indeed, she notes that she
is “not going to sit here and be an idle spectator to the diminution, the subversion, the
destruction, of the Constitution” (lines 4–6), indicating that she is not seeking compromise.
Choice C is not the best answer because Jordan is a participant (“an inquisitor,” line 1)
in the proceedings, not a mere observer. Indeed, she notes that she is “not going to sit here
and be an idle spectator to the diminution, the subversion, the destruction, of the Constitution”
(lines 4–6).
Choice D is not the best answer because Jordan is identified as a congresswoman and an
“inquisitor” (line 1), not a scholar, and because she is primarily discussing events happening
at the moment, not researching an unidentified historical controversy. While she refers to
historical documents and individuals, her main emphasis is on the (then) present impeachment
hearings.
2. The main rhetorical effect of the series of three phrases in lines 5–6 (“the diminution,
the subversion, the destruction”) is to
A) convey with increasing intensity the seriousness of the threat Jordan sees to the
Constitution.
B) clarify that Jordan believes the Constitution was first weakened, then sabotaged, then
broken.
C) indicate that Jordan thinks the Constitution is prone to failure in three distinct ways.
D) propose a three-part agenda for rescuing the Constitution from the current crisis.
content: Rhetoric / Analyzing word choice
focus: Students must determine the main rhetorical effect of the speaker’s choice of words.
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key: A
Choice A is the best answer because the quoted phrases — building from “diminution” to
“subversion” to “destruction” — suggest the increasing seriousness of the threat Jordan sees
to the Constitution
Choice B is not the best answer because the passage offers no evidence that the quoted phrases
refer to three different events that happened in a strict sequence. It is more reasonable to infer
from the passage that Jordan sees “diminution,” “subversion,” and “destruction” as
differing degrees to which the Constitution could be undermined. Moreover, the passage suggests
that Jordan sees these three things as products of the same action or series of actions, not as
three distinct stages in a process.
Choice C is not the best answer because the passage offers no evidence that the quoted phrases
refer to three distinct ways in which the Constitution is prone to failure. It is more reasonable
to infer from the passage that Jordan sees “diminution,” “subversion,” and “destruction”
as differing degrees to which the Constitution could be undermined. Moreover, the passage suggests
that Jordan sees these three things as products of the same action or series of actions, not as
three distinct “ways.”
Choice D is not the best answer because the passage offers no evidence that the quoted phrases
refer to three unique elements of a proposal to resolve a crisis. It is more reasonable to infer
from the passage that Jordan sees “diminution,” “subversion,” and “destruction” as
differing degrees to which the Constitution could be undermined. Moreover, the passage suggests
that Jordan sees these three things as products of the same action or series of actions, not as
three distinct “parts.”
3. As used in line 37, “channeled” most nearly means
A) worn. B) sent. C) constrained. D) siphoned.
content: Information and Ideas / Interpreting words and phrases in context
focus: Students must determine the meaning of a word in the context in which it appears.
key: C
Choice C is the best answer because the context makes clear that the kind of “exception”
(line 38) Jordan describes should be narrowly constrained, or limited. As lines 38–41 indicate,
the Federal Convention of 1787 “limited impeachment to high crimes and misdemeanors, and
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discounted and opposed the term ‘maladministration,’” presumably because the term implied too
broad a scope for the exception.
Choice A is not the best answer because while “channeled” sometimes means “worn,” it would
make no sense in context to say that the kind of “exception” (line 38) Jordan describes should
be narrowly worn.
Choice B is not the best answer because while “channeled” sometimes means “sent,” it would
make no sense in context to say that the kind of “exception” (line 38) Jordan describes should
be narrowly sent.
Choice D is not the best answer because while “channeled” sometimes means “siphoned,”
it would make no sense in context to say that the kind of “exception” (line 38) Jordan describes
should be narrowly siphoned.
4. In lines 49-54 (“Prosecutions . . . sense”), what is the most likely reason Jordan draws
a distinction between two types of “parties”?
A) To counter the suggestion that impeachment is or should be about partisan politics
B) To disagree with Hamilton’s claim that impeachment proceedings excite passions
C) To contend that Hamilton was too timid in his support for the concept of impeachment
D) To argue that impeachment cases are decided more on the basis of politics than on justice
content: Rhetoric / Analyzing arguments / Analyzing reasoning
focus: Students must interpret the speaker’s line of reasoning.
key: A
Choice A is the best answer. Jordan is making a distinction between two types of “parties”:
the informal associations to which Alexander Hamilton refers and formal, organized political
parties such as the modern-day Republican and Democratic parties. Jordan anticipates that
listeners to her speech might misinterpret her use of Hamilton’s quotation as suggesting that
she thinks impeachment is essentially a tool of organized political parties to achieve partisan
ends, with one party attacking and another defending the president. Throughout the passage and
notably in the seventh paragraph (lines 55–63), Jordan makes clear that she thinks impeachment
should be reserved only for the most serious of offenses — ones that should rankle people of
any political affiliation.
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Choice B is not the best answer because Jordan offers no objection to Hamilton’s notion that
impeachment proceedings excite passions. Indeed, she quotes Hamilton extensively in a way that
indicates that she fundamentally agrees with his view on impeachment. Moreover, she acknowledges
that her own speech is impassioned — that she feels a “solemnness” (line 2) and a willingness
to indulge in “hyperbole” (line 1).
Choice C is not the best answer because Jordan offers no objection to Hamilton’s level of
support for the concept of impeachment. Indeed, she quotes Hamilton extensively in a way that
indicates that she fundamentally agrees with his view on impeachment.
Choice D is not the best answer because Jordan suggests that she and her fellow members of
Congress are “trying to be big” (line 71), or high- minded, rather than decide the present case
on the basis of politics. Indeed, throughout the last four paragraphs of the passage (lines 37–72),
she elaborates on the principled, just basis on which impeachment should proceed. Moreover,
throughout the passage Jordan is focused on the present impeachment hearings, not on the justice
or injustice of impeachments generally.
5. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 13-17 (“It . . . office”)
B) Lines 20-24 (“The division . . . astute”)
C) Lines 55-58 (“The drawing . . . misdemeanors’”)
D) Lines 65-68 (“Congress . . . transportation”)
content: Information and Ideas / Citing textual evidence
focus: Students must determine which portion of the passage provides the best evidence for
the answer to question 4.
key: C
Choice C is the best answer because in lines 55–58, Jordan draws a contrast between political
motivations and “high crime[s] and misdemeanors” as the basis for impeachment and argues that
impeachment “must proceed within the confines” of the latter concept. These lines thus serve
as the best evidence for the answer to the previous question.
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Choice A is not the best answer because lines 13–17 only address a misconception that Jordan
contends some people have about what a vote for impeachment means. These lines thus do not serve
as the best evidence for the answer to the previous question.
Choice B is not the best answer because lines 20–24 only speak to a division of responsibility
between the two houses of the U.S. Congress. These lines thus do not serve as the best evidence
for the answer to the previous question.
Choice D is not the best answer because lines 65–68 serve mainly to indicate that the U.S.
Congress has an extensive and important agenda. These lines thus do not serve as the best evidence
for the answer to the previous question.
6. The passage most strongly suggests that Adelita used which of the following to navigate
her 9,000-mile journey?
A) The current of the North Atlantic gyre
B) Cues from electromagnetic coils designed by Putman and Lohmann
C) The inclination and intensity of Earth’s magnetic field
D) A simulated “magnetic signature” configured by Lohmann
content: Information and Ideas / Reading closely / Determining implicit meanings
focus: Students must draw a reasonable inference from the text.
key: C
Choice C is the best answer. The first paragraph describes the 9,000-mile journey that Adelita
made and raises the question, which the rest of the passage tries to answer, of how this loggerhead
turtle was able to “steer a route across two oceans to find her destination” (lines 5–6). The
answer comes most directly in the last paragraph, which presents Putman’s
belief that loggerhead turtles “work out their position using two features of the Earth’s
magnetic field that change over its surface” (lines 56–58): its inclination and its intensity.
It is reasonable, therefore, to infer from the passage that this was the method that Adelita used.
Choice A is not the best answer because there is no evidence in the passage that Adelita used
the current of the North Atlantic gyre to navigate her 9,000-mile journey. The passage does discuss
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the North Atlantic gyre but only as the place where loggerhead turtle hatchlings “born off the
sea coast of Florida spend their early lives” (lines 24–25).
Choice B is not the best answer because there is no evidence in the passage that Adelita
navigated her 9,000-mile journey with the aid of cues from electromagnetic coils designed by Putman
and Lohmann. The passage does say that Putman and Lohmann use electromagnetic coils as part of
their research on loggerhead turtles, but the coils are part of tanks used in a laboratory to
study loggerhead hatchlings (see lines 13–17).
Choice D is not the best answer because there is no evidence in the passage that Adelita
navigated her 9,000-mile journey with the aid of a simulated “magnetic signature” configured
by Lohmann. The passage does describe how Lohmann and Putman manipulate magnetic fields as part
of their research on loggerhead turtle hatchlings (see, for example, lines 15–20), but there
is no indication that the two scientists used (or even could use) the kind of equipment necessary
for this project outside of laboratory tanks or with Adelita in the wild.
7. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?
(A) Lines 1-3 (“In 1996 . . . way”).
(B) Lines 30-32 (“Using . . . surface”).
(C) Lines 53-55 (“In the wild . . . stars”).
(D) Lines 64-67 (“Neither . . . it is”).
content: Information and Ideas / Citing textual evidence
focus: Students must determine which portion of the passage provides the best support for
the answer to question 1.
key: D
Choice D is the best answer because in lines 64–67, the author indicates that “together,
[inclination and intensity] provide a ‘magnetic signature’ that tells the turtle where it is.”
These lines thus serve as the best evidence for the answer to the previous question.
Choice A is not the best answer because in lines 1–3, the author establishes that Adelita
made a 9,000-mile journey but does not explain how she navigated it. These lines thus do not serve
as the best evidence for the answer to the previous question.
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Choice B is not the best answer because in lines 30–32, the author indicates that Lohmann
is able to “mimic the magnetic field at different parts of the Earth’s surface” in his laboratory
but does not explain how Adelita navigated her 9,000-mile journey or suggest that Lohmann had
any influence over Adelita’s trip. These lines thus do not serve as the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question.
Choice C is not the best answer because in lines 53–55, the author notes that loggerhead
turtles “in the wild” may make use of “landmarks like the position of the sea, sun and stars”
but does not indicate that Adelita used such landmarks to navigate her 9,000-mile journey. These
lines thus do not serve as the best evidence for the answer to the previous question.
8. As used in line 3, “tracked” most nearly means
(A) searched for.
(B) traveled over.
(C) followed.
(D) hunted.
content: Information and Ideas / Interpreting words and phrases in context
focus: Students must determine the meaning of a word in the context in which it appears.
key: C
Choice C is the best answer because the context makes clear that Nichols followed Adelita’s
“epic journey with a satellite tag” (line 4).
Choice A is not the best answer because while “tracked” sometimes means “searched for,”
it would make little sense in context to say that Nichols searched for Adelita’s “epic journey
with a satellite tag” (line 4). It is more reasonable to conclude from the passage that Nichols
knew about Adelita and her journey and used a satellite tag to help follow it.
Choice B is not the best answer because while “tracked” sometimes means “traveled over,”
it would make no sense in context to say that Nichols traveled over Adelita’s “epic journey
with a satellite tag” (line 4).
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Choice D is not the best answer because while “tracked” sometimes means “hunted,” it would
make no sense in context to say that Nichols hunted Adelita’s “epic journey with a satellite
tag” (line 4).
9. Based on the passage, which choice best describes the relationship between Putman’s and
Lohmann’s research?
(A) Putman’s research contradicts Lohmann’s.
(B) Putman’s research builds on Lohmann’s.
(C) Lohmann’s research confirms Putman’s.
(D) Lohmann’s research corrects Putman’s.
content: Information and Ideas / Understanding relationships
focus: Students must characterize the relationship between two individuals described in the
passage.
key: B
Choice B is the best answer. Putman “works in the lab of Ken Lohmann, who has been studying
the magnetic abilities of loggerheads for over 20 years” (lines 13–15). Lohmann had earlier
demonstrated that loggerhead turtles “could use the [magnetic] field as a compass to get their
bearing” (lines 20–21) and “use their magnetic sense to work out their latitude— their position
on a north-south axis” (lines 36–37). Putman has since (“now,” line 37) built on Lohmann’s
work by demonstrating that the turtles “can also determine their longitude—their position on
an east- west axis” (lines 38–39).
Choice A is not the best answer because the passage does not indicate that Putman’s research
contradicts Lohmann’s. In fact, Putman’s work complements Lohmann’s. Lohmann had demonstrated
that loggerhead turtles “could use the [magnetic] field as a compass to get their bearing” (lines
20–21) and “use their magnetic sense to work out their latitude— their position on a north-south
axis” (lines 36–37). Putman has, in turn, demonstrated that the turtles “can also determine
their longitude—their position on an east-west axis” (lines 38–39).
Choice C is not the best answer because the research of Lohmann that the passage describes
came before that of Putman. Putman “works in the lab of Ken Lohmann, who has been studying the
magnetic abilities of loggerheads for over 20 years” (lines 13–15). Lohmann had earlier
demonstrated that loggerhead turtles “could use the [magnetic] field as a compass to get their
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bearing” (lines 20–21) and “use their magnetic sense to work out their latitude—their position
on a north-south axis” (lines 36–37). Putman has since (“now,” line 37) built on Lohmann’s
work by demonstrating that the turtles “can also determine their longitude—their position on
an east-west axis” (lines 38–39).
Choice D is not the best answer because the passage does not indicate that Lohmann’s research
corrects Putman’s. First, the research of Lohmann that the passage describes came before that
of Putman (see explanation for choice C) and thus could not “correct” Putman’s later research.
Second, the passage does not indicate that Putman’s research contradicts Lohmann’s (see
explanation for choice A), meaning that there is nothing for Lohmann to “correct” with his own
research.
10. The author refers to reed warblers and sparrows (line 49) primarily to
(A) contrast the loggerhead turtle’s migration patterns with those of other species.
(B) provide examples of species that share one of the loggerhead turtle’s abilities.
(C) suggest that most animal species possess some ability to navigate long distances.
(D) illustrate some ways in which the ability to navigate long distances can help a species.
content: Rhetoric / Analyzing text structure / Analyzing part-whole relationships
focus: Students must determine the main rhetorical effect a part of the passage has on the
passage as a whole.
key: B
Choice B is the best answer because the author indicates that reed warblers and sparrows,
like loggerhead turtles, had previously been known to have “some way of working out longitude”
(lines 49–50).
Choice A is not the best answer because although the author notes that loggerhead turtles,
reed warblers, and sparrows are all “animal migrants” (line 48), he offers no specifics about
reed warblers’ and sparrows’ migration patterns, and the only connection he draws among the
three animals is their recognized ability of somehow “working out longitude” (line 50).
Choice C is not the best answer because the author only mentions three “animal migrants”
by name (loggerhead turtles, reed warblers, and sparrows) and indicates that “several” such
migrants had previously been known to have “some way of working out longitude” (lines 48–50).
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He makes no claim in the passage that most animal species have some long-distance navigation
ability.
Choice D is not the best answer because although the author indicates that reed warblers and
sparrows, like loggerhead turtles, are “animal migrants” (line 48), he offers no specifics about
how the ability to navigate long distances might help reed warblers and sparrows (nor, for that
matter, much information about how this ability might help loggerhead turtles).
11. It can reasonably be inferred from the passage and graphic that if scientists adjusted
the coils to reverse the magnetic field simulating that in the East Atlantic (Cape Verde Islands),
the hatchlings would most likely swim in which direction?
(A) Northwest
(B) Northeast
(C) Southeast
(D) Southwest
content: Synthesis / Analyzing quantitative information
focus: Students must interpret a graphic and synthesize information from both the text and
the graphic.
key: B
Choice B is the best answer. The passage notes that Lohmann, who studied loggerhead turtle
hatchlings “in a large water tank surrounded by a large grid of electromagnetic coils” (lines
16–17) capable of manipulating the magnetic field around the turtles, discovered that the
hatchlings would start “swimming in the opposite direction” when he “reverse[d] the direction
of the magnetic field around them” (lines18–20). The graphic (whose caption establishes that
geographic north is represented by 0 degrees) indicates that loggerhead hatchlings tested in a
magnetic field that simulates a position at the east side of the Atlantic near the Cape Verde
Islands would normally travel in a southwesterly direction (around 218 degrees). Given the above
information, it is reasonable to infer that if the magnetic field were reversed, the turtles would
travel in a northeasterly direction.
Choice A is not the best answer because information in the passage and graphic suggests that
the loggerhead turtle hatchlings would travel in a northeasterly, and not a northwesterly,
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direction if scientists reversed the magnetic field simulating a position at the east side of
the Atlantic near the Cape Verde Islands.
Choice C is not the best answer because information in the passage and graphic suggests that
the loggerhead turtle hatchlings would travel in a northeasterly, and not a southeasterly,
direction if scientists reversed the magnetic field simulating a position at the east side of
the Atlantic near the Cape Verde Islands.
Choice D is not the best answer because information in the passage and graphic suggests that
the loggerhead turtle hatchlings would travel in a northeasterly, and not a southwesterly,
direction if scientists reversed the magnetic field simulating a position at the east side of
the Atlantic near the Cape Verde Islands. The graphic indicates that the hatchlings travel
southwesterly under the normal (nonreversed) simulated conditions.
12. The passage most strongly suggests that researchers at the Martin Prosperity Institute
share which assumption?
(A) Employees who work from home are more valuable to their employers than employees who
commute.
(B) Employees whose commutes are shortened will use the time saved to do additional productive
work for their employers.
(C) Employees can conduct business activities, such as composing memos or joining conference
calls, while commuting.
(D) Employees who have lengthy commutes tend to make more money than employees who have shorter
commutes.
content: Rhetoric / Analyzing arguments / Analyzing reasoning
focus: Students must reasonably infer an assumption that is implied in the passage.
key: B
Choice B is the best answer because details in the third paragraph (lines 30–46) strongly
suggest that researchers (“we”) at the Martin Prosperity Institute assume that shorter commutes
will lead to more productive time for workers. The author notes that “across the country,
commuting wastes 4.2 billion hours of work time annually” and that “the overall
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cost to the U.S. economy is nearly $90 billion when lost productivity and wasted fuel are
taken into account” (lines 37–41). Given also that those at the institute “calculate that every
minute shaved off America’s commuting time is worth $19.5 billion in value added to the economy”
(lines 42–44), it can reasonably be concluded that some of that added value is from heightened
worker productivity.
Choice A is not the best answer because there is no evidence in the passage that researchers
at the Martin Prosperity Institute assume that employees who work from home are more valuable
to their employers than employees who commute. Although the passage does criticize long commutes,
it does not propose working from home as a solution.
Choice C is not the best answer because there is no evidence in the passage that researchers
at the Martin Prosperity Institute assume that employees can conduct business activities, such
as composing memos or joining conference calls, while commuting. The passage does discuss
commuting in some detail, but it does not mention activities that commuters can or should be
undertaking while commuting, and it generally portrays commuting time as lost or wasted time.
Choice D is not the best answer because there is no evidence in the passage that researchers
at the Martin Prosperity Institute assume that employees who have lengthy commutes tend to make
more money than employees who have shorter commutes. The passage does not draw any clear links
between the amount of money employees make and the commutes they have.
13. As used in line 55, “intense” most nearly means
(A) emotional.
(B) concentrated.
(C) brilliant.
(D) determined.
content: Information and Ideas / Interpreting words and phrases in context
focus: Students must determine the meaning of a word in the context in which it appears.
key: B
Choice B is the best answer because the context makes clear that the clustering of jobs,
innovation, and productivity will be more concentrated in, or more densely packed into, “a smaller
number of bigger cities and city-regions” (lines 56–57).
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Choice A is not the best answer because although “intense” sometimes means “emotional,”
it would make no sense in context to say that the clustering of jobs, innovation, and productivity
will be more emotional in “a smaller number of bigger cities and city-regions” (lines 56–57).
Choice C is not the best answer because although “intense” sometimes means “brilliant,”
it would make no sense in context to say that the clustering of jobs, innovation, and productivity
will be more brilliant in “a smaller number of bigger cities and city-regions” (lines 56–57).
Choice D is not the best answer because although “intense” sometimes means “determined,”
it would make no sense in context to say that the clustering of jobs, innovation, and productivity
will be more determined in “a smaller number of bigger cities and city-regions” (lines 56–57).
14. Which claim about traffic congestion is supported by the graph?
(A) New York City commuters spend less time annually delayed by traffic congestion than the
average for very large cities.
(B) Los Angeles commuters are delayed more hours annually by traffic congestion than are
commuters in Washington, D.C.
(C) Commuters in Washington, D.C., face greater delays annually due to traffic congestion
than do commuters in New York City.
(D) Commuters in Detroit spend more time delayed annually by traffic congestion than do
commuters in Houston, Atlanta, and Chicago
content: Synthesis / Interpreting quantitative information
focus: Students must interpret data presented graphically.
key: C
Choice C is the best answer. Higher bars on the graph represent longer annual commute delays
than do lower bars; moreover, the number of hours of annual commute delay generally decreases
as one moves from left to right on the graph. The bar for Washington, D.C, is higher than and
to the left of that for New York City, meaning that D.C. automobile commuters experience greater
amounts of delay each year.
Choice A is not the best answer because the graph’s bar for New York City is higher than
and to the left of that for the average for very large cities, meaning that New York City automobile
commuters experience greater, not lesser, amounts of delay each year.
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Choice B is not the best answer because the graph’s bar for Los Angeles is lower than and
to the right of that for Washington, D.C., meaning that Los Angeles automobile commuters experience
lesser, not greater, amounts of delay each year.
Choice D is not the best answer because the graph’s bar for Detroit is lower than and to
the right of those for Houston, Atlanta, and Chicago, meaning that Detroit automobile commuters
experience lesser, not greater, amounts of delay each year.
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