BIOLOGY – 2ND SEMESTER FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE – 2011
Chapter 12
1. What do all organisms have in common?
2. Identify a diagram of DNA, label the nitrogen bases, deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and
nucleotides.
3. What is a DNA nucleotide made of? What is an RNA nucleotide made of?
4. Where is the DNA in a eukaryotic cell? In a prokaryotic cell?
5. What has to happen to DNA in order to start mitosis?
6. What is replication? Describe the steps of the process.
7. Using a DNA strand, make the complementary strand.
8. How is RNA different from DNA? How is it similar?
9. List the 3 types of RNA involved in protein synthesis.
10. Describe transcription. Describe translation.
11. What is a codon? How can an amino acid be coded for by more than 1 codon?
12. What are genes?
13. What’s a point mutation? What’s a frameshift mutation?
14. How is gene expression regulated in eukaryotes?
Chapter 13
1. What is selective breeding? Give examples.
2. What is inbreeding? What are some of its ill effects?
3. What’s hybridization? Give an example. What does a hybrid have/not have?
4. What causes genetic variation?
5. Draw a double-stranded DNA molecule & show how a restriction enzyme will cut it. What are the
sticky ends? Between what bases does the restriction enzyme cut?
6. What’s the function of gel electrophoresis?
7. What is recombinant DNA? What are the steps involved in making it?
8. What does genetic engineering involve?
9. How do you make transgenic bacteria? Explain the steps. How is this process useful?
Chapter 14
1. List everything you can tell from a karyotype.
2. How are chromosomes in a male different from female?
3. What chromosomes do sperm contain? What do eggs contain?
4. Describe the symbols in a pedigree. What does a pedigree show?
5. Describe the genotypes & phenotypes for blood typing.
6. What are linked genes?
7. Where are sex-linked traits found? Give examples. Why are they more common in males?
8. What nondisjunction? What does it lead to?
9. Why is DNA fingerprinting a good identifier of people?
10. What’s the purpose of gene therapy?
Chapter 15
1. What are some observations Darwin made on the Galapagos Islands?
2. What was Lamarck’s explanation for evolution?
3. What was Darwin’s conclusion based on the similarities among the finches?
4. Explain Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. What is it also known as?
5. What are adaptations? Give examples.
6. What are vestigial structures? What do they indicate? Give examples.
7. What’s a species?
Chapter 16
1. What’s a mutation?
2. How’s a single-gene trait different from a polygenic trait? Give examples.
3. What’s a bell-shaped curve? What is it used for?
4. Describe & give examples of directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection.
5. What is allele frequency? What does it mean when there’s a high allele frequency in a gene pool? What
do you call it if allele frequencies in a population don’t change for a long time?
6. What is genetic drift? When does it happen? What kinds of populations does it affect?
7. Explain geographic isolation, temporal isolation.
8. What’s speciation? Give an example.
Chapter 17
1. List examples of fossils. Where do most fossils form?
2. What’s an index fossil? When is it useful?
3. What’s half-life? What is it used for?
4. What are the main geologic time divisions? List the big ones in chronological order.
5. What organisms 1st appeared on land? What are the main animals during Mesozoic era?
6. Define & give examples of coevolution, adaptive radiation, punctuated equilibrium.
Chapter 19
1. What’s the main difference between eubacteria & archaebacteria?
2. List & explain different ways to classify bacteria.
3. Describe some roles of bacteria in the environment.
4. What are some ways humans use bacteria?
5. Describe the parts of a virus.
6. How’s the lytic infection different from lysogenic?
7. How do bacteria cause disease? What do we call those bacteria?
8. How do we prevent food from being infected by bacteria? Why?
9. What are antibiotics for? Vaccines?
Chapter 35
1. What are the 4 basic types of tissues?
2. List the levels of organization in a living thing. Explain each.
3. What’s the function of the endocrine system? Nervous sytem?
4. What’s homeostasis?
5. What’s feedback inhibition? Name some of its functions.
6. What’s a neuron? Label & describe its parts.
7. What’s a nerve impulse? How is it transmitted along a neuron? Between neurons?
8. What’s the function of the CNS? Cerebrum? E.g.?
9. What’s the function of the PNS? Parts?
Chapter 36
1. What are the functions of the skeletal system?
2. What’s the function of the skull?
3. Identify types of muscles from diagrams. Explain their functions & characteristics.
4. Describe muscle contraction & what it involves.
5. Can you push a muscle? Explain.
6. What are tendons? Ligaments?
7. Explain the functions of skin. What’s the purpose of sweating?
8. What makes up the integumentary system?
Chapter 37
1. What are parts of the circulatory system?
2. Explain the types of blood vessels.
3. What’s the function of blood?
4. What’s the function of valves?
5. Which blood cells increase in number when you have an infection? Why?
6. What do red blood cells contain? What’s their job?
7. What’s respiration?
8. What muscles help control respiration?
9. What’s the function of alveoli?
Chapter 38
1. What are nutrients?
2. What are proteins made of?
3. What is chemical digestion? List all the places it happens.
4. List the organs through which food passes until wastes leave the body.
5. What’s the function of the large intestine? Small intestine?
6. Describe the function of the organs in the excretory system.
7. What’s the function of the excretory system?
Chapter 39
1. What is the function of the endocrine system?
2. List some endocrine glands. Be able to label them in a diagram. How are they different from exocrine
glands?
3. What’s the difference between steroid & non-steroid hormones?
4. What do insulin & glucagon do? Why is this important?
5. What is an example of a feedback system?
Chapter 40
1. How are infectious diseases spread?
2. List some diseases caused by viruses; by bacteria.
3. List the body’s nonspecific defenses.
4. What do antibiotics do? What types of infections do they fight?
5. What’s the inflammatory response?
6. What’s the difference between active & passive immunity?
7. What is humoral immunity? Where & how does it happen?
8. What do memory cells help with?
9. What triggers immune responses?
10. What is an autoimmune disease? How does it happen? Give examples.
11. What are allergies? Give examples.
12. How does HIV spread? How does it affect the body?